| Commit message (Collapse) | Author | Age | Files | Lines |
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commit 8e74568ed5725a9782c1f6306e1832e34713e6ec upstream.
WireGuard uses skb->protocol to determine packet type, and bails out if
it's not set or set to something it's not expecting. For AF_PACKET
injection, we need to support its call chain of:
packet_sendmsg -> packet_snd -> packet_parse_headers ->
dev_parse_header_protocol -> parse_protocol
Without a valid parse_protocol, this returns zero, and wireguard then
rejects the skb. So, this wires up the ip_tunnel handler for layer 3
packets for that case.
Reported-by: Hans Wippel <ndev@hwipl.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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commit c39295d5e8146e0bdad534f7b88000df76878e8d upstream.
The napi_gro_receive function no longer returns GRO_DROP ever, making
handling GRO_DROP dead code. This commit removes that dead code.
Further, it's not even clear that device drivers have any business in
taking action after passing off received packets; that's arguably out of
their hands.
Fixes: a8f1bc7bdea3 ("net: WireGuard secure network tunnel")
Fixes: 6570bc79c0df ("net: core: use listified Rx for GRO_NORMAL in napi_gro_receive()")
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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commit be0d977e56c769b2610db430604ad7ff1ed31408 upstream.
Before, we took a reference to the creating netns if the new netns was
different. This caused issues with circular references, with two
wireguard interfaces swapping namespaces. The solution is to rather not
take any extra references at all, but instead simply invalidate the
creating netns pointer when that netns is deleted.
In order to prevent this from happening again, this commit improves the
rough object leak tracking by allowing it to account for created and
destroyed interfaces, aside from just peers and keys. That then makes it
possible to check for the object leak when having two interfaces take a
reference to each others' namespaces.
Fixes: a8f1bc7bdea3 ("net: WireGuard secure network tunnel")
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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commit 3c48e60a5a2b3670a3230f831ed35ca02ac80ff3 upstream.
Fixes an error condition reported by checkpatch.pl which caused by
assigning a variable in an if condition in wg_noise_handshake_consume_
initiation().
Signed-off-by: Frank Werner-Krippendorf <mail@hb9fxq.ch>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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commit 7f416ac091e207b7b0dc91fc1e59be8a77c17e6e upstream.
In "wireguard: queueing: preserve flow hash across packet scrubbing", we
were required to slightly increase the size of the receive replay
counter to something still fairly small, but an increase nonetheless.
It turns out that we can recoup some of the additional memory overhead
by splitting up the prior union type into two distinct types. Before, we
used the same "noise_counter" union for both sending and receiving, with
sending just using a simple atomic64_t, while receiving used the full
replay counter checker. This meant that most of the memory being
allocated for the sending counter was being wasted. Since the old
"noise_counter" type increased in size in the prior commit, now is a
good time to split up that union type into a distinct "noise_replay_
counter" for receiving and a boring atomic64_t for sending, each using
neither more nor less memory than required.
Also, since sometimes the replay counter is accessed without
necessitating additional accesses to the bitmap, we can reduce cache
misses by hoisting the always-necessary lock above the bitmap in the
struct layout. We also change a "noise_replay_counter" stack allocation
to kmalloc in a -DDEBUG selftest so that KASAN doesn't trigger a stack
frame warning.
All and all, removing a bit of abstraction in this commit makes the code
simpler and smaller, in addition to the motivating memory usage
recuperation. For example, passing around raw "noise_symmetric_key"
structs is something that really only makes sense within noise.c, in the
one place where the sending and receiving keys can safely be thought of
as the same type of object; subsequent to that, it's important that we
uniformly access these through keypair->{sending,receiving}, where their
distinct roles are always made explicit. So this patch allows us to draw
that distinction clearly as well.
Fixes: a8f1bc7bdea3 ("net: WireGuard secure network tunnel")
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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commit 6e40878c56cd694583f76665edc718b257ef716e upstream.
It's important that we clear most header fields during encapsulation and
decapsulation, because the packet is substantially changed, and we don't
want any info leak or logic bug due to an accidental correlation. But,
for encapsulation, it's wrong to clear skb->hash, since it's used by
fq_codel and flow dissection in general. Without it, classification does
not proceed as usual. This change might make it easier to estimate the
number of innerflows by examining clustering of out of order packets,
but this shouldn't open up anything that can't already be inferred
otherwise (e.g. syn packet size inference), and fq_codel can be disabled
anyway.
Furthermore, it might be the case that the hash isn't used or queried at
all until after wireguard transmits the encrypted UDP packet, which
means skb->hash might still be zero at this point, and thus no hash
taken over the inner packet data. In order to address this situation, we
force a calculation of skb->hash before encrypting packet data.
Of course this means that fq_codel might transmit packets slightly more
out of order than usual. Toke did some testing on beefy machines with
high quantities of parallel flows and found that increasing the
reply-attack counter to 8192 takes care of the most pathological cases
pretty well.
Reported-by: Dave Taht <dave.taht@gmail.com>
Reviewed-and-tested-by: Toke Høiland-Jørgensen <toke@toke.dk>
Fixes: a8f1bc7bdea3 ("net: WireGuard secure network tunnel")
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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commit b1bd1c4d9a6a1354ad85d404956b49ae1b2d4fad upstream.
Prior we read the preshared key after dropping the handshake lock, which
isn't an actual crypto issue if it races, but it's still not quite
correct. So copy that part of the state into a temporary like we do with
the rest of the handshake state variables. Then we can release the lock,
operate on the temporary, and zero it out at the end of the function. In
performance tests, the impact of this was entirely unnoticable, probably
because those bytes are coming from the same cacheline as other things
that are being copied out in the same manner.
Reported-by: Matt Dunwoodie <ncon@noconroy.net>
Fixes: a8f1bc7bdea3 ("net: WireGuard secure network tunnel")
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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coalescing
commit 61c48fcac482c102f13b5c50a2875285a5f86c96 upstream.
It's very unlikely that send will become true. It's nearly always false
between 0 and 120 seconds of a session, and in most cases becomes true
only between 120 and 121 seconds before becoming false again. So,
unlikely(send) is clearly the right option here.
What happened before was that we had this complex boolean expression
with multiple likely and unlikely clauses nested. Since this is
evaluated left-to-right anyway, the whole thing got converted to
unlikely. So, we can clean this up to better represent what's going on.
The generated code is the same.
Suggested-by: Sultan Alsawaf <sultan@kerneltoast.com>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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commit 169e8bbc1d39088a46931e5edbb7ad6bb75616d3 upstream.
Without setting these to NULL, clang complains in certain
configurations that have CONFIG_IPV6=n:
In file included from drivers/net/wireguard/ratelimiter.c:223:
drivers/net/wireguard/selftest/ratelimiter.c:173:34: error: variable 'skb6' is uninitialized when used here [-Werror,-Wuninitialized]
ret = timings_test(skb4, hdr4, skb6, hdr6, &test_count);
^~~~
drivers/net/wireguard/selftest/ratelimiter.c:123:29: note: initialize the variable 'skb6' to silence this warning
struct sk_buff *skb4, *skb6;
^
= NULL
drivers/net/wireguard/selftest/ratelimiter.c:173:40: error: variable 'hdr6' is uninitialized when used here [-Werror,-Wuninitialized]
ret = timings_test(skb4, hdr4, skb6, hdr6, &test_count);
^~~~
drivers/net/wireguard/selftest/ratelimiter.c:125:22: note: initialize the variable 'hdr6' to silence this warning
struct ipv6hdr *hdr6;
^
We silence this warning by setting the variables to NULL as the warning
suggests.
Reported-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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commit 1f65905c9f926f0bf7a98cb7f51ded3a6c2d0a8a upstream.
Users with pathological hardware reported CPU stalls on CONFIG_
PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY=y, because the ringbuffers would stay full, meaning
these workers would never terminate. That turned out not to be okay on
systems without forced preemption, which Sultan observed. This commit
adds a cond_resched() to the bottom of each loop iteration, so that
these workers don't hog the core. Note that we don't need this on the
napi poll worker, since that terminates after its budget is expended.
Suggested-by: Sultan Alsawaf <sultan@kerneltoast.com>
Reported-by: Wang Jian <larkwang@gmail.com>
Fixes: a8f1bc7bdea3 ("net: WireGuard secure network tunnel")
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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commit 41635c188d350bdd94d4e6b4724f154fdc559dde upstream.
It's already possible to create two different interfaces and loop
packets between them. This has always been possible with tunnels in the
kernel, and isn't specific to wireguard. Therefore, the networking stack
already needs to deal with that. At the very least, the packet winds up
exceeding the MTU and is discarded at that point. So, since this is
already something that happens, there's no need to forbid the not very
exceptional case of routing a packet back to the same interface; this
loop is no different than others, and we shouldn't special case it, but
rather rely on generic handling of loops in general. This also makes it
easier to do interesting things with wireguard such as onion routing.
At the same time, we add a selftest for this, ensuring that both onion
routing works and infinite routing loops do not crash the kernel. We
also add a test case for wireguard interfaces nesting packets and
sending traffic between each other, as well as the loop in this case
too. We make sure to send some throughput-heavy traffic for this use
case, to stress out any possible recursion issues with the locks around
workqueues.
Fixes: a8f1bc7bdea3 ("net: WireGuard secure network tunnel")
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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commit e8c72696cd7e7bc6abd0be69ce2abea476685e37 upstream.
WireGuard currently only propagates ECN markings on tunnel decap according
to the old RFC3168 specification. However, the spec has since been updated
in RFC6040 to recommend slightly different decapsulation semantics. This
was implemented in the kernel as a set of common helpers for ECN
decapsulation, so let's just switch over WireGuard to using those, so it
can benefit from this enhancement and any future tweaks. We do not drop
packets with invalid ECN marking combinations, because WireGuard is
frequently used to work around broken ISPs, which could be doing that.
Fixes: a8f1bc7bdea3 ("net: WireGuard secure network tunnel")
Reported-by: Olivier Tilmans <olivier.tilmans@nokia-bell-labs.com>
Cc: Dave Taht <dave.taht@gmail.com>
Cc: Rodney W. Grimes <ietf@gndrsh.dnsmgr.net>
Signed-off-by: Toke Høiland-Jørgensen <toke@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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commit c21baa8fd865c29b17d814ba22220e3c0e08632c upstream.
Prior, if the alloc_percpu of packet_percpu_multicore_worker_alloc
failed, the previously allocated ptr_ring wouldn't be freed. This commit
adds the missing call to ptr_ring_cleanup in the error case.
Reported-by: Sultan Alsawaf <sultan@kerneltoast.com>
Fixes: a8f1bc7bdea3 ("net: WireGuard secure network tunnel")
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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commit f32b6afc4fa68dbffe6c791aee39f595be1067f5 upstream.
This commit removes a useless newline at the end of a scope, which
doesn't add anything in the way of organization or readability.
Signed-off-by: Sultan Alsawaf <sultan@kerneltoast.com>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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commit c5e5f40e27f6b87324ae89d175879cf35498632c upstream.
We precompute the static-static ECDH during configuration time, in order
to save an expensive computation later when receiving network packets.
However, not all ECDH computations yield a contributory result. Prior,
we were just not letting those peers be added to the interface. However,
this creates a strange inconsistency, since it was still possible to add
other weird points, like a valid public key plus a low-order point, and,
like points that result in zeros, a handshake would not complete. In
order to make the behavior more uniform and less surprising, simply
allow all peers to be added. Then, we'll error out later when doing the
crypto if there's an issue. This also adds more separation between the
crypto layer and the configuration layer.
Discussed-with: Mathias Hall-Andersen <mathias@hall-andersen.dk>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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commit b3ab061a424b6e0639b0b09b147cad3083c53adb upstream.
The situation in which we wind up hitting the default case here
indicates a major bug in earlier parsing code. It is not a usual thing
that should ever happen, which means a "friendly" message for it doesn't
make sense. Rather, replace this with a WARN_ON, just like we do earlier
in the file for a similar situation, so that somebody sends us a bug
report and we can fix it.
Reported-by: Fabian Freyer <fabianfreyer@radicallyopensecurity.com>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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commit f0f7b639eb88ae0dd49b7f2e2979145a43c9e3ba upstream.
We carry out checks to the effect of:
if (skb->protocol != wg_examine_packet_protocol(skb))
goto err;
By having wg_skb_examine_untrusted_ip_hdr return 0 on failure, this
means that the check above still passes in the case where skb->protocol
is zero, which is possible to hit with AF_PACKET:
struct sockaddr_pkt saddr = { .spkt_device = "wg0" };
unsigned char buffer[5] = { 0 };
sendto(socket(AF_PACKET, SOCK_PACKET, /* skb->protocol = */ 0),
buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0, (const struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));
Additional checks mean that this isn't actually a problem in the code
base, but I could imagine it becoming a problem later if the function is
used more liberally.
I would prefer to fix this by having wg_examine_packet_protocol return a
32-bit ~0 value on failure, which will never match any value of
skb->protocol, which would simply change the generated code from a mov
to a movzx. However, sparse complains, and adding __force casts doesn't
seem like a good idea, so instead we just add a simple helper function
to check for the zero return value. Since wg_examine_packet_protocol
itself gets inlined, this winds up not adding an additional branch to
the generated code, since the 0 return value already happens in a
mergable branch.
Reported-by: Fabian Freyer <fabianfreyer@radicallyopensecurity.com>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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commit 5c80736eb84941b393338b8af1e032a829d78654 upstream.
synchronize_net() is a wrapper around synchronize_rcu(), so there's no
point in having synchronize_net and synchronize_rcu back to back,
despite the documentation comment suggesting maybe it's somewhat useful,
"Wait for packets currently being received to be done." This commit
removes the extra call.
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Suggested-by: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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commit c28f11bf68bb34f9f0ead94b9eee0123dc86aad5 upstream.
It turns out there's an easy way to get packets queued up while still
having an MTU of zero, and that's via persistent keep alive. This commit
makes sure that in whatever condition, we don't wind up dividing by
zero. Note that an MTU of zero for a wireguard interface is something
quasi-valid, so I don't think the correct fix is to limit it via
min_mtu. This can be reproduced easily with:
ip link add wg0 type wireguard
ip link add wg1 type wireguard
ip link set wg0 up mtu 0
ip link set wg1 up
wg set wg0 private-key <(wg genkey)
wg set wg1 listen-port 1 private-key <(wg genkey) peer $(wg show wg0 public-key)
wg set wg0 peer $(wg show wg1 public-key) persistent-keepalive 1 endpoint 127.0.0.1:1
However, while min_mtu=0 seems fine, it makes sense to restrict the
max_mtu. This commit also restricts the maximum MTU to the greatest
number for which rounding up to the padding multiple won't overflow a
signed integer. Packets this large were always rejected anyway
eventually, due to checks deeper in, but it seems more sound not to even
let the administrator configure something that won't work anyway.
We use this opportunity to clean up this function a bit so that it's
clear which paths we're expecting.
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Cc: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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commit 11717797814ecc227f5bc4759d3f39f3cc22ddcf upstream.
This is a small optimization that prevents more expensive comparisons
from happening when they are no longer necessary, by clearing the
last_under_load variable whenever we wind up in a state where we were
under load but we no longer are.
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Suggested-by: Matt Dunwoodie <ncon@noconroy.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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commit 4b8c8cb8cb4b48a351e3349a1d305a555b9c93f8 upstream.
Because wireguard is calling icmp from network device context, it should
use the ndo helper so that the rate limiting applies correctly. This
commit adds a small test to the wireguard test suite to ensure that the
new functions continue doing the right thing in the context of
wireguard. It does this by setting up a condition that will definately
evoke an icmp error message from the driver, but along a nat'd path.
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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commit 298f25ad3d9c59072bfb730469dedc6897fa3d85 upstream.
Our static-static calculation returns a failure if the public key is of
low order. We check for this when peers are added, and don't allow them
to be added if they're low order, except in the case where we haven't
yet been given a private key. In that case, we would defer the removal
of the peer until we're given a private key, since at that point we're
doing new static-static calculations which incur failures we can act on.
This meant, however, that we wound up removing peers rather late in the
configuration flow.
Syzkaller points out that peer_remove calls flush_workqueue, which in
turn might then wait for sending a handshake initiation to complete.
Since handshake initiation needs the static identity lock, holding the
static identity lock while calling peer_remove can result in a rare
deadlock. We have precisely this case in this situation of late-stage
peer removal based on an invalid public key. We can't drop the lock when
removing, because then incoming handshakes might interact with a bogus
static-static calculation.
While the band-aid patch for this would involve breaking up the peer
removal into two steps like wg_peer_remove_all does, in order to solve
the locking issue, there's actually a much more elegant way of fixing
this:
If the static-static calculation succeeds with one private key, it
*must* succeed with all others, because all 32-byte strings map to valid
private keys, thanks to clamping. That means we can get rid of this
silly dance and locking headaches of removing peers late in the
configuration flow, and instead just reject them early on, regardless of
whether the device has yet been assigned a private key. For the case
where the device doesn't yet have a private key, we safely use zeros
just for the purposes of checking for low order points by way of
checking the output of the calculation.
The following PoC will trigger the deadlock:
ip link add wg0 type wireguard
ip addr add 10.0.0.1/24 dev wg0
ip link set wg0 up
ping -f 10.0.0.2 &
while true; do
wg set wg0 private-key /dev/null peer AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= allowed-ips 10.0.0.0/24 endpoint 10.0.0.3:1234
wg set wg0 private-key <(echo AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=)
done
[ 0.949105] ======================================================
[ 0.949550] WARNING: possible circular locking dependency detected
[ 0.950143] 5.5.0-debug+ #18 Not tainted
[ 0.950431] ------------------------------------------------------
[ 0.950959] wg/89 is trying to acquire lock:
[ 0.951252] ffff8880333e2128 ((wq_completion)wg-kex-wg0){+.+.}, at: flush_workqueue+0xe3/0x12f0
[ 0.951865]
[ 0.951865] but task is already holding lock:
[ 0.952280] ffff888032819bc0 (&wg->static_identity.lock){++++}, at: wg_set_device+0x95d/0xcc0
[ 0.953011]
[ 0.953011] which lock already depends on the new lock.
[ 0.953011]
[ 0.953651]
[ 0.953651] the existing dependency chain (in reverse order) is:
[ 0.954292]
[ 0.954292] -> #2 (&wg->static_identity.lock){++++}:
[ 0.954804] lock_acquire+0x127/0x350
[ 0.955133] down_read+0x83/0x410
[ 0.955428] wg_noise_handshake_create_initiation+0x97/0x700
[ 0.955885] wg_packet_send_handshake_initiation+0x13a/0x280
[ 0.956401] wg_packet_handshake_send_worker+0x10/0x20
[ 0.956841] process_one_work+0x806/0x1500
[ 0.957167] worker_thread+0x8c/0xcb0
[ 0.957549] kthread+0x2ee/0x3b0
[ 0.957792] ret_from_fork+0x24/0x30
[ 0.958234]
[ 0.958234] -> #1 ((work_completion)(&peer->transmit_handshake_work)){+.+.}:
[ 0.958808] lock_acquire+0x127/0x350
[ 0.959075] process_one_work+0x7ab/0x1500
[ 0.959369] worker_thread+0x8c/0xcb0
[ 0.959639] kthread+0x2ee/0x3b0
[ 0.959896] ret_from_fork+0x24/0x30
[ 0.960346]
[ 0.960346] -> #0 ((wq_completion)wg-kex-wg0){+.+.}:
[ 0.960945] check_prev_add+0x167/0x1e20
[ 0.961351] __lock_acquire+0x2012/0x3170
[ 0.961725] lock_acquire+0x127/0x350
[ 0.961990] flush_workqueue+0x106/0x12f0
[ 0.962280] peer_remove_after_dead+0x160/0x220
[ 0.962600] wg_set_device+0xa24/0xcc0
[ 0.962994] genl_rcv_msg+0x52f/0xe90
[ 0.963298] netlink_rcv_skb+0x111/0x320
[ 0.963618] genl_rcv+0x1f/0x30
[ 0.963853] netlink_unicast+0x3f6/0x610
[ 0.964245] netlink_sendmsg+0x700/0xb80
[ 0.964586] __sys_sendto+0x1dd/0x2c0
[ 0.964854] __x64_sys_sendto+0xd8/0x1b0
[ 0.965141] do_syscall_64+0x90/0xd9a
[ 0.965408] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x49/0xbe
[ 0.965769]
[ 0.965769] other info that might help us debug this:
[ 0.965769]
[ 0.966337] Chain exists of:
[ 0.966337] (wq_completion)wg-kex-wg0 --> (work_completion)(&peer->transmit_handshake_work) --> &wg->static_identity.lock
[ 0.966337]
[ 0.967417] Possible unsafe locking scenario:
[ 0.967417]
[ 0.967836] CPU0 CPU1
[ 0.968155] ---- ----
[ 0.968497] lock(&wg->static_identity.lock);
[ 0.968779] lock((work_completion)(&peer->transmit_handshake_work));
[ 0.969345] lock(&wg->static_identity.lock);
[ 0.969809] lock((wq_completion)wg-kex-wg0);
[ 0.970146]
[ 0.970146] *** DEADLOCK ***
[ 0.970146]
[ 0.970531] 5 locks held by wg/89:
[ 0.970908] #0: ffffffff827433c8 (cb_lock){++++}, at: genl_rcv+0x10/0x30
[ 0.971400] #1: ffffffff82743480 (genl_mutex){+.+.}, at: genl_rcv_msg+0x642/0xe90
[ 0.971924] #2: ffffffff827160c0 (rtnl_mutex){+.+.}, at: wg_set_device+0x9f/0xcc0
[ 0.972488] #3: ffff888032819de0 (&wg->device_update_lock){+.+.}, at: wg_set_device+0xb0/0xcc0
[ 0.973095] #4: ffff888032819bc0 (&wg->static_identity.lock){++++}, at: wg_set_device+0x95d/0xcc0
[ 0.973653]
[ 0.973653] stack backtrace:
[ 0.973932] CPU: 1 PID: 89 Comm: wg Not tainted 5.5.0-debug+ #18
[ 0.974476] Call Trace:
[ 0.974638] dump_stack+0x97/0xe0
[ 0.974869] check_noncircular+0x312/0x3e0
[ 0.975132] ? print_circular_bug+0x1f0/0x1f0
[ 0.975410] ? __kernel_text_address+0x9/0x30
[ 0.975727] ? unwind_get_return_address+0x51/0x90
[ 0.976024] check_prev_add+0x167/0x1e20
[ 0.976367] ? graph_lock+0x70/0x160
[ 0.976682] __lock_acquire+0x2012/0x3170
[ 0.976998] ? register_lock_class+0x1140/0x1140
[ 0.977323] lock_acquire+0x127/0x350
[ 0.977627] ? flush_workqueue+0xe3/0x12f0
[ 0.977890] flush_workqueue+0x106/0x12f0
[ 0.978147] ? flush_workqueue+0xe3/0x12f0
[ 0.978410] ? find_held_lock+0x2c/0x110
[ 0.978662] ? lock_downgrade+0x6e0/0x6e0
[ 0.978919] ? queue_rcu_work+0x60/0x60
[ 0.979166] ? netif_napi_del+0x151/0x3b0
[ 0.979501] ? peer_remove_after_dead+0x160/0x220
[ 0.979871] peer_remove_after_dead+0x160/0x220
[ 0.980232] wg_set_device+0xa24/0xcc0
[ 0.980516] ? deref_stack_reg+0x8e/0xc0
[ 0.980801] ? set_peer+0xe10/0xe10
[ 0.981040] ? __ww_mutex_check_waiters+0x150/0x150
[ 0.981430] ? __nla_validate_parse+0x163/0x270
[ 0.981719] ? genl_family_rcv_msg_attrs_parse+0x13f/0x310
[ 0.982078] genl_rcv_msg+0x52f/0xe90
[ 0.982348] ? genl_family_rcv_msg_attrs_parse+0x310/0x310
[ 0.982690] ? register_lock_class+0x1140/0x1140
[ 0.983049] netlink_rcv_skb+0x111/0x320
[ 0.983298] ? genl_family_rcv_msg_attrs_parse+0x310/0x310
[ 0.983645] ? netlink_ack+0x880/0x880
[ 0.983888] genl_rcv+0x1f/0x30
[ 0.984168] netlink_unicast+0x3f6/0x610
[ 0.984443] ? netlink_detachskb+0x60/0x60
[ 0.984729] ? find_held_lock+0x2c/0x110
[ 0.984976] netlink_sendmsg+0x700/0xb80
[ 0.985220] ? netlink_broadcast_filtered+0xa60/0xa60
[ 0.985533] __sys_sendto+0x1dd/0x2c0
[ 0.985763] ? __x64_sys_getpeername+0xb0/0xb0
[ 0.986039] ? sockfd_lookup_light+0x17/0x160
[ 0.986397] ? __sys_recvmsg+0x8c/0xf0
[ 0.986711] ? __sys_recvmsg_sock+0xd0/0xd0
[ 0.987018] __x64_sys_sendto+0xd8/0x1b0
[ 0.987283] ? lockdep_hardirqs_on+0x39b/0x5a0
[ 0.987666] do_syscall_64+0x90/0xd9a
[ 0.987903] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x49/0xbe
[ 0.988223] RIP: 0033:0x7fe77c12003e
[ 0.988508] Code: c3 8b 07 85 c0 75 24 49 89 fb 48 89 f0 48 89 d7 48 89 ce 4c 89 c2 4d 89 ca 4c 8b 44 24 08 4c 8b 4c 24 10 4c 4
[ 0.989666] RSP: 002b:00007fffada2ed58 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 000000000000002c
[ 0.990137] RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 00007fe77c159d48 RCX: 00007fe77c12003e
[ 0.990583] RDX: 0000000000000040 RSI: 000055fd1d38e020 RDI: 0000000000000004
[ 0.991091] RBP: 000055fd1d38e020 R08: 000055fd1cb63358 R09: 000000000000000c
[ 0.991568] R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 000000000000002c
[ 0.992014] R13: 0000000000000004 R14: 000055fd1d38e020 R15: 0000000000000001
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Reported-by: syzbot <syzkaller@googlegroups.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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commit 01b283806577fcc1c9c7481eef9fc4261a08c938 upstream.
In the unlikely case a new node could not be allocated, we need to
remove @newnode from @peer->allowedips_list before freeing it.
syzbot reported:
BUG: KASAN: use-after-free in __list_del_entry_valid+0xdc/0xf5 lib/list_debug.c:54
Read of size 8 at addr ffff88809881a538 by task syz-executor.4/30133
CPU: 0 PID: 30133 Comm: syz-executor.4 Not tainted 5.5.0-syzkaller #0
Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 01/01/2011
Call Trace:
__dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:77 [inline]
dump_stack+0x197/0x210 lib/dump_stack.c:118
print_address_description.constprop.0.cold+0xd4/0x30b mm/kasan/report.c:374
__kasan_report.cold+0x1b/0x32 mm/kasan/report.c:506
kasan_report+0x12/0x20 mm/kasan/common.c:639
__asan_report_load8_noabort+0x14/0x20 mm/kasan/generic_report.c:135
__list_del_entry_valid+0xdc/0xf5 lib/list_debug.c:54
__list_del_entry include/linux/list.h:132 [inline]
list_del include/linux/list.h:146 [inline]
root_remove_peer_lists+0x24f/0x4b0 drivers/net/wireguard/allowedips.c:65
wg_allowedips_free+0x232/0x390 drivers/net/wireguard/allowedips.c:300
wg_peer_remove_all+0xd5/0x620 drivers/net/wireguard/peer.c:187
wg_set_device+0xd01/0x1350 drivers/net/wireguard/netlink.c:542
genl_family_rcv_msg_doit net/netlink/genetlink.c:672 [inline]
genl_family_rcv_msg net/netlink/genetlink.c:717 [inline]
genl_rcv_msg+0x67d/0xea0 net/netlink/genetlink.c:734
netlink_rcv_skb+0x177/0x450 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2477
genl_rcv+0x29/0x40 net/netlink/genetlink.c:745
netlink_unicast_kernel net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1302 [inline]
netlink_unicast+0x59e/0x7e0 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1328
netlink_sendmsg+0x91c/0xea0 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1917
sock_sendmsg_nosec net/socket.c:652 [inline]
sock_sendmsg+0xd7/0x130 net/socket.c:672
____sys_sendmsg+0x753/0x880 net/socket.c:2343
___sys_sendmsg+0x100/0x170 net/socket.c:2397
__sys_sendmsg+0x105/0x1d0 net/socket.c:2430
__do_sys_sendmsg net/socket.c:2439 [inline]
__se_sys_sendmsg net/socket.c:2437 [inline]
__x64_sys_sendmsg+0x78/0xb0 net/socket.c:2437
do_syscall_64+0xfa/0x790 arch/x86/entry/common.c:294
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x49/0xbe
RIP: 0033:0x45b399
Code: ad b6 fb ff c3 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 66 90 48 89 f8 48 89 f7 48 89 d6 48 89 ca 4d 89 c2 4d 89 c8 4c 8b 4c 24 08 0f 05 <48> 3d 01 f0 ff ff 0f 83 7b b6 fb ff c3 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00
RSP: 002b:00007f99a9bcdc78 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 000000000000002e
RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 00007f99a9bce6d4 RCX: 000000000045b399
RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000020001340 RDI: 0000000000000003
RBP: 000000000075bf20 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 0000000000000000
R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 0000000000000004
R13: 00000000000009ba R14: 00000000004cb2b8 R15: 0000000000000009
Allocated by task 30103:
save_stack+0x23/0x90 mm/kasan/common.c:72
set_track mm/kasan/common.c:80 [inline]
__kasan_kmalloc mm/kasan/common.c:513 [inline]
__kasan_kmalloc.constprop.0+0xcf/0xe0 mm/kasan/common.c:486
kasan_kmalloc+0x9/0x10 mm/kasan/common.c:527
kmem_cache_alloc_trace+0x158/0x790 mm/slab.c:3551
kmalloc include/linux/slab.h:556 [inline]
kzalloc include/linux/slab.h:670 [inline]
add+0x70a/0x1970 drivers/net/wireguard/allowedips.c:236
wg_allowedips_insert_v4+0xf6/0x160 drivers/net/wireguard/allowedips.c:320
set_allowedip drivers/net/wireguard/netlink.c:343 [inline]
set_peer+0xfb9/0x1150 drivers/net/wireguard/netlink.c:468
wg_set_device+0xbd4/0x1350 drivers/net/wireguard/netlink.c:591
genl_family_rcv_msg_doit net/netlink/genetlink.c:672 [inline]
genl_family_rcv_msg net/netlink/genetlink.c:717 [inline]
genl_rcv_msg+0x67d/0xea0 net/netlink/genetlink.c:734
netlink_rcv_skb+0x177/0x450 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2477
genl_rcv+0x29/0x40 net/netlink/genetlink.c:745
netlink_unicast_kernel net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1302 [inline]
netlink_unicast+0x59e/0x7e0 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1328
netlink_sendmsg+0x91c/0xea0 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1917
sock_sendmsg_nosec net/socket.c:652 [inline]
sock_sendmsg+0xd7/0x130 net/socket.c:672
____sys_sendmsg+0x753/0x880 net/socket.c:2343
___sys_sendmsg+0x100/0x170 net/socket.c:2397
__sys_sendmsg+0x105/0x1d0 net/socket.c:2430
__do_sys_sendmsg net/socket.c:2439 [inline]
__se_sys_sendmsg net/socket.c:2437 [inline]
__x64_sys_sendmsg+0x78/0xb0 net/socket.c:2437
do_syscall_64+0xfa/0x790 arch/x86/entry/common.c:294
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x49/0xbe
Freed by task 30103:
save_stack+0x23/0x90 mm/kasan/common.c:72
set_track mm/kasan/common.c:80 [inline]
kasan_set_free_info mm/kasan/common.c:335 [inline]
__kasan_slab_free+0x102/0x150 mm/kasan/common.c:474
kasan_slab_free+0xe/0x10 mm/kasan/common.c:483
__cache_free mm/slab.c:3426 [inline]
kfree+0x10a/0x2c0 mm/slab.c:3757
add+0x12d2/0x1970 drivers/net/wireguard/allowedips.c:266
wg_allowedips_insert_v4+0xf6/0x160 drivers/net/wireguard/allowedips.c:320
set_allowedip drivers/net/wireguard/netlink.c:343 [inline]
set_peer+0xfb9/0x1150 drivers/net/wireguard/netlink.c:468
wg_set_device+0xbd4/0x1350 drivers/net/wireguard/netlink.c:591
genl_family_rcv_msg_doit net/netlink/genetlink.c:672 [inline]
genl_family_rcv_msg net/netlink/genetlink.c:717 [inline]
genl_rcv_msg+0x67d/0xea0 net/netlink/genetlink.c:734
netlink_rcv_skb+0x177/0x450 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2477
genl_rcv+0x29/0x40 net/netlink/genetlink.c:745
netlink_unicast_kernel net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1302 [inline]
netlink_unicast+0x59e/0x7e0 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1328
netlink_sendmsg+0x91c/0xea0 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1917
sock_sendmsg_nosec net/socket.c:652 [inline]
sock_sendmsg+0xd7/0x130 net/socket.c:672
____sys_sendmsg+0x753/0x880 net/socket.c:2343
___sys_sendmsg+0x100/0x170 net/socket.c:2397
__sys_sendmsg+0x105/0x1d0 net/socket.c:2430
__do_sys_sendmsg net/socket.c:2439 [inline]
__se_sys_sendmsg net/socket.c:2437 [inline]
__x64_sys_sendmsg+0x78/0xb0 net/socket.c:2437
do_syscall_64+0xfa/0x790 arch/x86/entry/common.c:294
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x49/0xbe
The buggy address belongs to the object at ffff88809881a500
which belongs to the cache kmalloc-64 of size 64
The buggy address is located 56 bytes inside of
64-byte region [ffff88809881a500, ffff88809881a540)
The buggy address belongs to the page:
page:ffffea0002620680 refcount:1 mapcount:0 mapping:ffff8880aa400380 index:0x0
raw: 00fffe0000000200 ffffea000250b748 ffffea000254bac8 ffff8880aa400380
raw: 0000000000000000 ffff88809881a000 0000000100000020 0000000000000000
page dumped because: kasan: bad access detected
Memory state around the buggy address:
ffff88809881a400: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
ffff88809881a480: 00 00 00 00 00 fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
>ffff88809881a500: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
^
ffff88809881a580: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
ffff88809881a600: 00 00 00 00 00 00 fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
Fixes: a8f1bc7bdea3 ("net: WireGuard secure network tunnel")
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com>
Reported-by: syzbot <syzkaller@googlegroups.com>
Cc: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Cc: wireguard@lists.zx2c4.com
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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commit 937f24d132a86b82a9d43ad4b9a7e5a627ed630f upstream.
Certain drivers will pass gro skbs to udp, at which point the udp driver
simply iterates through them and passes them off to encap_rcv, which is
where we pick up. At the moment, we're not attempting to coalesce these
into bundles, but we also don't want to wind up having cascaded lists of
skbs treated separately. The right behavior here, then, is to just mark
each incoming one as not on a list. This can be seen in practice, for
example, with Qualcomm's rmnet_perf driver.
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Tested-by: Yaroslav Furman <yaro330@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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commit ff33c59320444d9f5a005598480b74903933963a upstream.
Before 8b7008620b84 ("net: Don't copy pfmemalloc flag in __copy_skb_
header()"), the pfmemalloc flag used to be between headers_start and
headers_end, which is a region we clear when preparing the packet for
encryption/decryption. This is a parameter we certainly want to
preserve, which is why 8b7008620b84 moved it out of there. The code here
was written in a world before 8b7008620b84, though, where we had to
manually account for it. This commit brings things up to speed.
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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commit 4340ee1dafe3334901590ec73536c8d622af427c upstream.
The callback function of call_rcu() just calls a kfree(), so we
can use kfree_rcu() instead of call_rcu() + callback function.
Signed-off-by: Wei Yongjun <weiyongjun1@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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commit 22a0b15195cef1f17208d1c9165a6153ff4b3b63 upstream.
Remove <linux/version.h> from the includes for main.c, which is unused.
Signed-off-by: YueHaibing <yuehaibing@huawei.com>
[Jason: reworded commit message]
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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commit 964a2a53d9c7a6f9c7bb63a4e12fe667f28736ee upstream.
This fixes two spelling errors in source code comments.
Signed-off-by: Josh Soref <jsoref@gmail.com>
[Jason: rewrote commit message]
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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commit a8f1bc7bdea3e5d4076f4e45a59c040d4c034f1f upstream.
WireGuard is a layer 3 secure networking tunnel made specifically for
the kernel, that aims to be much simpler and easier to audit than IPsec.
Extensive documentation and description of the protocol and
considerations, along with formal proofs of the cryptography, are
available at:
* https://www.wireguard.com/
* https://www.wireguard.com/papers/wireguard.pdf
This commit implements WireGuard as a simple network device driver,
accessible in the usual RTNL way used by virtual network drivers. It
makes use of the udp_tunnel APIs, GRO, GSO, NAPI, and the usual set of
networking subsystem APIs. It has a somewhat novel multicore queueing
system designed for maximum throughput and minimal latency of encryption
operations, but it is implemented modestly using workqueues and NAPI.
Configuration is done via generic Netlink, and following a review from
the Netlink maintainer a year ago, several high profile userspace tools
have already implemented the API.
This commit also comes with several different tests, both in-kernel
tests and out-of-kernel tests based on network namespaces, taking profit
of the fact that sockets used by WireGuard intentionally stay in the
namespace the WireGuard interface was originally created, exactly like
the semantics of userspace tun devices. See wireguard.com/netns/ for
pictures and examples.
The source code is fairly short, but rather than combining everything
into a single file, WireGuard is developed as cleanly separable files,
making auditing and comprehension easier. Things are laid out as
follows:
* noise.[ch], cookie.[ch], messages.h: These implement the bulk of the
cryptographic aspects of the protocol, and are mostly data-only in
nature, taking in buffers of bytes and spitting out buffers of
bytes. They also handle reference counting for their various shared
pieces of data, like keys and key lists.
* ratelimiter.[ch]: Used as an integral part of cookie.[ch] for
ratelimiting certain types of cryptographic operations in accordance
with particular WireGuard semantics.
* allowedips.[ch], peerlookup.[ch]: The main lookup structures of
WireGuard, the former being trie-like with particular semantics, an
integral part of the design of the protocol, and the latter just
being nice helper functions around the various hashtables we use.
* device.[ch]: Implementation of functions for the netdevice and for
rtnl, responsible for maintaining the life of a given interface and
wiring it up to the rest of WireGuard.
* peer.[ch]: Each interface has a list of peers, with helper functions
available here for creation, destruction, and reference counting.
* socket.[ch]: Implementation of functions related to udp_socket and
the general set of kernel socket APIs, for sending and receiving
ciphertext UDP packets, and taking care of WireGuard-specific sticky
socket routing semantics for the automatic roaming.
* netlink.[ch]: Userspace API entry point for configuring WireGuard
peers and devices. The API has been implemented by several userspace
tools and network management utility, and the WireGuard project
distributes the basic wg(8) tool.
* queueing.[ch]: Shared function on the rx and tx path for handling
the various queues used in the multicore algorithms.
* send.c: Handles encrypting outgoing packets in parallel on
multiple cores, before sending them in order on a single core, via
workqueues and ring buffers. Also handles sending handshake and cookie
messages as part of the protocol, in parallel.
* receive.c: Handles decrypting incoming packets in parallel on
multiple cores, before passing them off in order to be ingested via
the rest of the networking subsystem with GRO via the typical NAPI
poll function. Also handles receiving handshake and cookie messages
as part of the protocol, in parallel.
* timers.[ch]: Uses the timer wheel to implement protocol particular
event timeouts, and gives a set of very simple event-driven entry
point functions for callers.
* main.c, version.h: Initialization and deinitialization of the module.
* selftest/*.h: Runtime unit tests for some of the most security
sensitive functions.
* tools/testing/selftests/wireguard/netns.sh: Aforementioned testing
script using network namespaces.
This commit aims to be as self-contained as possible, implementing
WireGuard as a standalone module not needing much special handling or
coordination from the network subsystem. I expect for future
optimizations to the network stack to positively improve WireGuard, and
vice-versa, but for the time being, this exists as intentionally
standalone.
We introduce a menu option for CONFIG_WIREGUARD, as well as providing a
verbose debug log and self-tests via CONFIG_WIREGUARD_DEBUG.
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Greg KH <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Cc: linux-crypto@vger.kernel.org
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Cc: netdev@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
[Jason: ported to 5.4 by doing the following:
- wg_get_device_start uses genl_family_attrbuf
- trival skb_redirect_reset change from b67bd6847a96 is folded in
- skb_list_walk_safe was already backported prior]
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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