path: root/0455.json

{
    "2002": {
        "0455_w02_qp_1.pdf": {
            "1": "this question paper consists of 12 printed pages. sp (nf/jb) s30889/1 \u00a9ucles 2002 [turn overinternational general certificate of secondary education cambridge international examinations economics 0455/1 paper 1 multiple choice october/november session 2002 1hour additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet soft clean eraser soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended) time 1 hour instructions to candidates do not open this booklet until you are told to do so.write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided unless this has already been done for you. there are forty questions in this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible answers, a, b, cand d. choose the one you consider to be correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet. read very carefully the instructions on the answer sheet. information for candidates each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.",
            "2": "2 0455/1/o/n/021although people may satisfy their basic needs there is always something more that they want. to what economic issue does this statement refer? aexchange bmarket forces cscarcity dincome distribution 2the diagram shows the choices for an individual between leisure and earnings. what is the opportunity cost to the individual of the extra earnings when moving from position x to position y? a$20 b$80 c4 hours leisure d8 hours leisure 3which asset is not part of the factor of production \u2018land\u2019? aa forest ba natural harbour can oilfield da road24 2016 12 8 4 0 02 0 4 0 6 0 8 01 0 0 120leisure hours per day $ earningsx y",
            "3": "3 0455/1/o/n/02 [turn over4a student records her income and spending for the past month. what function is money performing in this situation?amedium of exchange bstandard of deferred payments cstore of value dunit of account 5a claim for higher wages by a trade union would notbe helped by an increase in aconsumers\u2019 demand. blabour productivity. cprofit. dunemployment. 6what is meant by \u2018the separation of ownership and control\u2019 in business organisations?aincreased control by the workforce bgovernment intervention in business organisations cthe employment of managers who are not shareholders dthe expansion of private enterprise 7which organisation controls the banking system in most countries?acentral bank bcommercial bank cinvestment bank dworld bank 8many countries have been extending the role of market forces in their economies.what is intended to result from this action?agreater economic efficiency bgreater equality of income cless specialisation dmore government control",
            "4": "4 0455/1/o/n/029the diagram shows the supply and demand curves for a good. the market is in equilibrium at point x. what would be the new equilibrium situation if this good were successfully advertised and the cost of raw materials for the good rose? 10the table shows rover car sales in the uk in 1999 and 2000. in 1999 the sales followed the usualseasonal pattern. in which month of 2000 did an aggressive price cutting policy disturb the usual pattern? ajanuary bmarch capril dmay 11many workers from pakistan and india go to work in dubai for short periods to overcome unemployment in their home country. which of the following is correct about the effect on the supply of labour and unemployment? supply of labour unemployment adecrease in dubai increase in pakistan bdecrease in pakistan decrease in india cincrease in dubai increase in india dincrease in india decrease in dubaiab xc dsupply demand oprice quantity     month sales 1999 sales 2000 january 8 445 7 767 february 4 524 3 348 march 18 765 15 210 april 7 109 20 150 may 7 157 7 793",
            "5": "5 0455/1/o/n/02 [turn over12changes in the market for gasoline (petrol) in zimbabwe in 2000 resulted in fuel shortages and long queues. which combination of changes would have been certain to cause this situation? 13what is an increase in advertising likely to cause? aa fall in demand bthe demand curve to shift downwards to the right cthe demand curve to shift upwards to the right dthe supply curve to shift downwards to the left 14what would be most likely to encourage a farm worker to move to a job in a town?aan increase in journey time to work to the job in town ban increase in the amount of training needed for the job in the town can increase in the hours of work required in the job in town dan increase in wages for the job in town 15in 2000 the governments in a number of european countries had decided to reduce the amount of gold held in their central banks. what was likely to happen to the price of gold and the wages of gold miners as a result of this decision?demand supply for gasoline of gasoline a decreased decreased b decreased increased c increased decreased d increased increased price of gold wages of gold miners a fall fall b fall rise c rise fall d rise rise",
            "6": "6 0455/1/o/n/0216which of the following factors is likely to cause wages in an occupation to be low? aextra responsibility brising unemployment cthe need for special skills dunpleasant working conditions 17on completing your studies, you decide you want to work in an organisation which is big enough to give you a chance of promotion, but where shift work will not normally be required. which of the following would be the best one to choose? aa government office ba hairdressing salon ca hospital emergency department da local electrician\u2019s 18which worker is likely to have the highest wages?aa hospital doctor ban office clerk ca rubbish collector da shop assistant 19the table shows the total costs and profits of a firm making bracelets. what is the average revenue from selling bracelets? a$1 b$2 c$100 d$200sales of bracelets total costs ($) profit ($) 100 400 \u2013200 200 500 \u2013100300 600 0400 700 +100",
            "7": "7 0455/1/o/n/02 [turn over20which statement must be true if a firm maximises profits? ait could not make any more profit by changing the size of the output. bit makes goods at the lowest possible cost. cit makes more profit than its competitors. dit sells as many goods as it possibly can. 21which statement about fixed costs is correct?athey exist only in the long run. bthey include raw material and direct labour costs. cthey increase at the same rate as output. dthey must be paid even if there is no output. 22in 2000 there was a proposal for british airways to merge with the dutch airline klm. as a result one in six of the workforce and some offices would no longer be required. what does this statement suggest would happen if the two companies merged? aair fares would rise. baverage cost would rise. cfixed and variable costs would decrease. dtotal revenue would decrease. 23a firm sells its products for $10 each. it produces 100 units. its average variable cost is $5 and its average fixed cost is $2. how much profit does the firm make from selling 100 units? a     $1000           b     $700           c     $500           d     $300",
            "8": "8 0455/1/o/n/0224the table shows the information that managers of a company have from a week of business activity. assuming that there are no other costs, what is the value of the fixed costs? a $300 b $10 000 c $20 000 d $30 000 25a government increases pension payments to its retired employees.what must increase immediately?agross domestic product bpublic expenditure cthe budget surplus dthe cost of living 26the graph shows the rate of economic growth in country x. which of the following statements is true? agross domestic product fell from 1996 to 1997. bgross domestic product was lowest in 1998. cgross domestic product rose from 1995 to 1996. dthere was no economic growth between 1996 and 1999.95 96 97 98 99 002.5 2.01.5 1.00.5 0 \u20130.5 \u20131.0 \u20131.5annual % changein gdpnumber of employees 100 average wage $900 value of output $100 000 rent $10 000 raw materials $20 000",
            "9": "9 0455/1/o/n/02 [turn over27the following are a government\u2019s receipts from taxation. what is the total amount of revenue raised from direct taxes? a$340 m b$585 m c$670 m d$785 m 28a government wishes to raise the general standard of living in its country.in the short run, which policy would be the most likely to achieve this aim?apreventing the merger of two companies into a monopoly braising taxation to repay a loan creducing the rate of income tax while maintaining the services it provides dspending more on roads in rural areas and less in city centres 29the rate of inflation in the uk in 2001 was very low. which of the government objectives does this directly meet? abalance of payments stability beconomic growth cfull employment dprice stability 30what is the most obvious evidence of inflation? aa rise in imports ba rise in the gross domestic product (gdp) ca rise in the national debt da rise in the retail price index$m corporation tax 85 customs duties 20 income tax 550 inheritance tax 35 sales tax 200",
            "10": "10 0455/1/o/n/0231the bar chart shows details of three economic indicators of several asian economies in 1992 and 1993. which country improved its economic performance in all three indicators? 32two important industries in zimbabwe are tourism and tobacco. during the 1990s people in zimbabwe found that their currency was not worth as much in terms of other currencies. if there were no other changes what would this mean? aimported goods in zimbabwe shops became cheaper. bzimbabwe tobacco sold in foreign markets became cheaper. czimbabwe exports decreased in volume. dtourists visiting zimbabwe would be discouraged by higher prices. 33the economy of the usa grew by approximately 4% a year between 1990 and 2000.what must have increased from 1990 to 2000?aaverage price level bgross domestic product clabour productivity dlevel of employment 34suppose germany sells more cars to spain and buys less insurance from britain. how do these changes affect the german balance of payments?avisible exports rise invisible imports fall bvisible exports rise invisible imports rise cvisible imports fall invisible imports fall dvisible imports rise invisible imports fallgdp growth, % inflation, % current-account balance, $bn1992 1993 11.3 5.5 12.0 \u20132.111.7 7.6 5.8 6.8\u20131.34.8 3.6 2.3 1.7 13.3 10.8\u20135.7 \u20136.112.2 8.5 7.6 5.3 6.0 3.9 5.4asian economies a china b malaysia c singapore d india",
            "11": "11 0455/1/o/n/02 [turn over35the diagram shows the changes predicted in population and resources between 1990 and 2010. according to the diagram what will increase between 1990 and 2010? aall resources bfood production cliving standards dresources per head of population 36what is most likely to cause an immediate increase in the size of the dependent population? aa decrease in net migration ba fall in the average size of families ca lowering of the age of retirement da rise in the death rate 37given the following information, which country is most likely to have the highest standard of living?+33 +20 +17 +5 +4 \u20137population fish catch irrigated land crop land rangeland and pasture forestsprojected percentage change from 1990 to 2010population changes and resources abcd bangladesh bhutan botswana brunei birth rate 27 36 31 25 death rate 10 14 21 5life expectancy 58 53 40 72infant mortality 93 107 57 22",
            "12": "12 0455/1/o/n/0238the table shows the rice yield in four selected countries. what may be concluded from this information? abangladesh and thailand produce the same amount of rice. bjapan produces more than three times as much rice as bangladesh. cjapan produces the largest amount of rice per hectare. djapan produces the largest amount of rice per person employed. 39what is an advantage of specialisation in jobs?adifferent abilities are fully used. bjobs are repetitive. cproduction becomes dependent on several groups of workers. dthe possibility of unemployment increases because of automation. 40a company has the choice of either producing at home and exporting finished goods or establishing factories in its export markets. other things being equal, what is most likely to encourage the company to set up a plant in another country? ahigh tariffs are imposed on manufactured imports by most countries. binvestment grants are available to companies producing in the home market. clabour and other costs tend to be the same in all countries. drestrictions are placed on companies wishing to invest in other countries.country (kilos per hectare) japan 64 china 53 bangladesh 20thailand 20"
        },
        "0455_w02_qp_2.pdf": {
            "1": "time 1 hour 30 minutes instructions to candidates write your name, centre number and candidate number in the spaces provided on the answer booklet/ answer paper. answer all questions. write your answers on the separate answer paper provided.if you use more than one sheet of paper, fasten the sheets together. information for candidates the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.international general certificate of secondary education cambridge international examinations economics 0455/2 paper 2  structured questions october/november session 2002 1 hour 30 minutes additional materials: answer paper this question paper consists of 4 printed pages. sp (sm) s34745 \u00a9 cie 2002 [turn over",
            "2": "2 0455/2/o/n/02answer all questions. 1in august 2000 navistar, a truck manufacturer in north america, announced plans to reduce the number of workers by 1100, as increased fuel prices and higher interest rates had caused areduction in sales. it said it would also reduce its $600 m annual capital spending. navistar reported a net profit for the third quarter of 2000 of $96 m. this was a reduction from $255m for the same quarter a year earlier. revenue for the year 2000 was $1.92 billion; in theprevious year revenue was $1.87 billion. (a) (i) calculate the reduction in profit between the third quarter of 1999 and the third quarter of2000. [1] (ii) calculate the change in the company\u2019s revenue between 1999 and 2000. [1] (iii) why might a company have an increase in revenue and a fall in profits at the same time? [2] (b)what evidence is there in the extract that navistar is likely to be a public limited company? [4] (c)explain how higher interest rates might have affected the company. [5] (d)the article says that the net profit of the company was reduced. what might be the likelyeffects of this? [7] 2 (a) identify three causes of a change in the demand for a good. [3] a combination of excess supply, weak consumer demand and competition from new channelssuch as the internet has pushed prices down in shops for goods from clothing to electricalproducts. (b)using demand and supply analysis, explain whether the reasons given in the above extractwould lead to the stated effect on prices. [7] 3a us trade agency ruled that us imports of steel bars from china and south korea might beunfair to us companies because they were sold at below market price. the agency wanted a tariffto be imposed on the imports. (a)how would the trade in steel bars be classified in the chinese balance of payments? [2] (b)what is the difference between a tariff and a quota? [4] (c)consider how cheap imports might affect us companies. [4]",
            "3": "3 0455/2/o/n/024in 2000 the singapore government revenue from income tax, motor vehicle tax, betting tax and the tax on goods and services all increased. however, the revenue from the tax on goods andservices doubled while that from income tax rose 7%. singapore depends on its tourist trade forpart of its wealth. (a)explain the difference between direct and indirect tax and identify onedirect and oneindirect tax in the above statement. [4] (b)discuss why governments impose taxes. [6] 560% of the workforce in java, which contains a large proportion of indonesia\u2019s population, are ricefarmers. (a)given this information, explain why indonesia is likely to be a developing rather than adeveloped economy. [3] (b)describe the difference in living standards that might be found in a developing economycompared with a developed economy. [7]",
            "4": "4 0455/2/o/n/02copyright acknowledgements: question 1.  \u00a9 international herald tribune , 16 august 2000. question 4.  \u00a9 the straits times , 24 may 2000. cambridge international examinations has made every effort to trace copyright holders, but if we have inadvertently overlooked any we will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity."
        },
        "0455_w02_qp_3.pdf": {
            "1": "time 1 hour instructions to candidates do not open this booklet until you are told to do so. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided unless this has already been done for you. there are forty questions in this paper. answer allquestions. for each question, there are four possible answers, a, b, cand d. choose the oneyou consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet. read very carefully the instructions on the answer sheet. information for candidates each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet. this question paper consists of 12 printed pages. sp (at/jb) s25748/2 \u00a9cie 2002 [turn overinternational general certificate of secondary education cambridge international examinations economics 0455/3 paper 3 multiple choice october/november session 2002 1hour additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet soft clean eraser soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)",
            "2": "2 0455/3 o/n021although people may satisfy their basic needs there is always something more that they want. to what economic issue does this statement refer? aexchange bincome distribution cmarket forces dscarcity 2the diagram shows the choices for an individual between leisure and earnings. what is the opportunity cost to the individual of the extra earnings when moving from position x to position y? a$20 b$80 c4 hours\u2019 leisure d8 hours\u2019 leisure 3which asset is notpart of the factor of production \u2018land\u2019? aa forest ba natural harbour can oilfield da road24 2016 12 8 4 0 02 0 4 0 6 0 8 01 0 0 120leisure hours per day $ earningsx y",
            "3": "3 0455/3 o/n02 [turn over4a student records her income and spending for the past month. what function is money performing in this situation? amedium of exchange bstandard of deferred payments cstore of value dunit of account 5a claim for higher wages by a trade union would notbe helped by an increase in aconsumers\u2019 demand. blabour productivity. cprofit. dunemployment. 6what is meant by \u2018the separation of ownership and control\u2019 in business organisations? aincreased control by the workforce bgovernment intervention in business organisations cthe employment of managers who are not shareholders dthe expansion of private enterprise 7which organisation controls the banking system in most countries? acentral bank bcommercial bank cinvestment bank dworld bank 8many countries have been extending the role of market forces in their economies. what is intended to result from this action? agreater economic efficiency bgreater equality of income cless specialisation dmore government control",
            "4": "4 0455/3 o/n029the diagram shows the supply and demand curves for a good. the market is in equilibrium at point x. what would be the new equilibrium situation if this good were successfully advertised and the cost of raw materials for the good rose? 10the table shows rover car sales in the uk in 1999 and 2000. in 1999 the sales followed the usual seasonal pattern. in which month of 2000 did an aggressive price cutting policy disturb the usual pattern? ajanuary bmarch capril dmay 11a product has totally inelastic price elasticity of demand. what will happen to total revenue if the price of the product rises by 10%? ait will fall by 10%. bit will fall to zero. cit will remain unchanged. dit will rise by 10%.ab xc dsupply demand oprice quantity     month sales 1999 sales 2000 january 8 445 7 767 february 4 524 3 348 march 18 765 15 210 april 7 109 20 150 may 7 157 7 793",
            "5": "5 0455/3 o/n02 [turn over12changes in the market for gasoline (petrol) in zimbabwe in 2000 resulted in fuel shortages and long queues. which combination of changes would have been certain to cause this situation? 13in the 1970s and 1980s coffee was a high proportion of brazil\u2019s exports. brazil is now also a major exporter of sugar, orange juice, tobacco and beef. what is this change an example of? adiversification beconomies of scale cexpansion of the secondary sector dspecialisation 14which type of saving will appeal most to a saver whose main motive is a secure current income? acurrent account bgovernment stocks cpension funds dshares 15in 2000 the governments in a number of european countries had decided to reduce the amount of gold held in their central banks. what was likely to happen to the price of gold and the wages of gold miners as a result of this decision?demand supply for gasoline of gasoline a decreased decreased b decreased increased c increased decreased d increased increased price of gold wages of gold miners a fall fall b fall rise c rise fall d rise rise",
            "6": "6 0455/3 o/n0216which of the following factors is likely to cause wages in an occupation to be low? aextra responsibility brising unemployment cthe need for special skills dunpleasant working conditions 17on completing your studies, you decide you want to work in an organisation which is big enough to give you a chance of promotion, but where shift work will not normally be required. which of the following would be the best one to choose? aa government office ba hairdressing salon ca hospital emergency department da local electrician\u2019s 18which combination of government actions is likely to increase borrowing in an economy? 19the table shows the total costs and profits of a firm making bracelets. what is the average revenue from selling bracelets? a$1 b$2 c$100 d$200direct tax interest rates rates a lower lower b lower raise c raise lower d raise raise sales of bracelets total costs ($) profit ($) 100 400 \u2013200 200 500 \u2013100 300 600 0 400 700 +100",
            "7": "7 0455/3 o/n02 [turn over20the table shows how a firm\u2019s total costs rise with output in the long run. over which range of output does the firm achieve economies of scale? aonly up to 2000 units bonly up to 4000 units conly up to 6000 units dover the whole range of output shown 21which statement about fixed costs is correct? athey exist only in the long run. bthey include raw material and direct labour costs. cthey increase at the same rate as output. dthey must be paid even if there is no output. 22in 2000 there was a proposal for british airways to merge with the dutch airline klm. as a result one in six of the workforce and some offices would no longer be required. what does this statement suggest would happen if the two companies were merged? aair fares would rise. baverage cost would rise. cdiseconomies of scale would occur. dfixed and variable costs would decrease. 23a firm earned the same profits after it invested in new equipment but reduced its workforce. what was the result of the firm\u2019s actions? afixed costs of production fell. blabour was replaced by capital. cthe productivity of labour fell. dvariable costs of production rose.output (units) total cost ($) 2000 40 000 4000 60 000 6000 72 000 8000 80 000",
            "8": "8 0455/3 o/n0224what is an example of forward vertical integration? aa car manufacturer takes over a tyre manufacturer. ba tyre manufacturer takes over a firm selling cars. ca tyre manufacturer takes over a rubber plantation. da tyre manufacturer takes over another tyre producer. 25a government increases pension payments to its retired employees. what must increase immediately? agross domestic product bpublic expenditure cthe budget surplus dthe cost of living 26the graph shows the rate of economic growth in country x. which of the following statements is true? agross domestic product fell from 1996 to 1997. bgross domestic product was lowest in 1998. cgross domestic product rose from 1995 to 1996. dthere was no economic growth between 1996 and 1999.95 96 97 98 99 002.5 2.01.5 1.00.5 0 \u20130.5 \u20131.0 \u20131.5annual % changein gdp",
            "9": "9 0455/3 o/n02 [turn over27the following are a government\u2019s receipts from taxation. what is the total amount of revenue raised from direct taxes? a$340 m b$585 m c$670 m d$785 m 28a government wishes to raise the general standard of living in its country. in the short run, which policy would be the most likely to achieve this aim? apreventing the merger of two companies into a monopoly braising taxation to repay a loan creducing the rate of income tax while maintaining the services it provides dspending more on roads in rural areas rather than in city centres 29the rate of inflation in the uk in 2001 was very low. which of the government objectives does this directly meet? abalance of payments stability beconomic growth cfull employment dprice stability 30the table gives selected details of the uk trade in goods in 1998 and 1999 in \u00a3 billion. what happened to the balance of trade in goods between 1998 and 1999? athe deficit decreased. bthe deficit increased. cthe surplus decreased. dthe surplus increased.$m corporation tax 85 customs duties 20 income tax 550 inheritance tax 35 sales tax 200 year exports of imports of goods goods 1998 164.1 184.9 1999 165.0 191.2",
            "10": "10 0455/3 o/n0231the bar chart shows details of three economic indicators of several asian economies in 1992 and 1993. which country improved its economic performance in all three indicators? 32two important industries in zimbabwe are tourism and tobacco. the value of the currency of zimbabwe fell in the 1990s. if there were no other changes what resulted from the fall? aimported goods in zimbabwe shops became cheaper. bthe price of zimbabwe\u2019s tobacco sold in foreign markets became cheaper. cthe volume of zimbabwe\u2019s exports decreased. dtourists were discouraged by higher prices in zimbabwe. 33the economy of the usa grew by approximately 4% a year between 1990 and 2000. what must have increased from 1990 to 2000? aaverage price level bgross domestic product clabour productivity dlevel of employment 34suppose germany buys less insurance from britain. how does this change affect the german balance of payments? ainvisible exports fall binvisible exports rise cinvisible imports fall dinvisible imports risegdp growth, % inflation, % current-account balance, $bn1992 1993 11.3 5.5 12.0 \u20132.111.7 7.6 5.8 6.8\u20131.34.8 3.6 2.3 1.7 13.3 10.8\u20135.7 \u20136.112.2 8.5 7.6 5.3 6.0 3.9 5.4asian economies a china b malaysia c singapore d india",
            "11": "11 0455/3 o/n02 [turn over35the diagram shows the changes predicted in population and resources between 1990 and 2010. according to the diagram what will increase between 1990 and 2010? aall resources bfood production cliving standards dresources per head of population  36what is most likely to cause an immediate increase in the size of the dependent population? aa decrease in net migration ba fall in the average size of families ca lowering of the age of retirement da rise in the death rate 37given the following information, which country is most likely to have the highest standard of living?+33 +20 +17 +5 +4 \u20137population fish catch irrigated land crop land rangeland and pasture forestsprojected percentage change from 1990 to 2010population changes and resources abcd bangladesh bhutan botswana brunei birth rate 27 36 31 25 death rate 10 14 21 5life expectancy 58 53 40 72infant mortality 93 107 57 22",
            "12": "12 0455/3 o/n0238a government intends to build a new road through a forest. what will be an external cost of this? athe cost of building the road bthe forest that is lost cthe improved transport system created dthe new jobs created 39in 1994 the government of singapore removed taxes from 406 products imported into the country. 96% of all imports are now tax-free. what will be the effect of this change on the cost of living and on government revenue? 40a company has the choice of either producing at home and exporting finished goods or establishing factories in its export markets. other things being equal, what is most likely to encourage the company to set up a plant in another country? ahigh tariffs are imposed on manufactured imports by most countries. binvestment grants are available to companies producing in the home market. clabour and other costs tend to be the same in all countries. drestrictions are placed on companies wishing to invest in other countries.cost of livinggovernment revenue a fall fall b fall rise c rise fall d rise rise"
        },
        "0455_w02_qp_4.pdf": {
            "1": "time 2 hours instructions to candidates write your name, centre number and candidate number in the spaces provided on the answer booklet/ answer paper. answer question 1(section a) and any three questions from section b. write your answers on the separate answer paper provided.if you use more than one sheet of paper, fasten the sheets together. information for candidates the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.international general certificate of secondary education cambridge international examinations economics 0455/4 paper 4  structured questions october/november session 2002 2 hours additional materials: answer paper this question paper consists of 4 printed pages. sp (at) s19254/3 \u00a9 cie 2002 [turn over",
            "2": "2 0455/4/o/n/02section a answer all questions. 1in august 2000 navistar, a truck manufacturer in north america, announced plans to reduce the number of workers by 1100, as increased fuel prices and higher interest rates had caused areduction in sales. it said it would also reduce its $600m annual capital spending. navistar reported a net profit for the third quarter of 2000 of $96m. this was a reduction from $255m for the same quarter a year earlier. revenue for the year 2000 was $1.92 billion; in theprevious year revenue was $1.87 billion. (a) (i) calculate the reduction in profit between the third quarter of 1999 and the third quarter of2000. [1] (ii) calculate the change in the company\u2019s revenue between 1999 and 2000. [1] (iii) why might a company have an increase in revenue and a fall in profits at the same time? [2] (b)what evidence is there in the extract that navistar is likely to be a public limited company? [4] (c)explain how higher interest rates might have affected the company. [5] (d)the article says that the net profit of the company was reduced. what might be the likelyeffects of this? [7]",
            "3": "3 0455/4/o/n/02 [turn oversection b answer three questions. 2 (a) identify three causes of a change in the demand for a good. [3] a combination of excess supply, weak consumer demand and competition from new channels such as the internet has pushed prices down in shops for goods from clothing to electricalproducts. (b)using demand and supply analysis, explain whether the reasons given in the above extractwould lead to the stated effect on prices. [7] (c)define what is meant by price elasticity of demand and explain how it is calculated. [3] (d)discuss whether clothing and electrical products would be likely to have an elastic or aninelastic price elasticity of demand. [7] 3a us trade agency ruled that us imports of steel bars from china and south korea might beunfair to us companies because they were sold at below market price. the agency wanted a tariffto be imposed on the imports. (a)how would the trade in steel bars be classified in the chinese balance of payments? [2] (b)what is the difference between a tariff and a quota? [4] (c)consider how cheap imports might affect us companies. [4] (d)why is free trade often considered advantageous to a country? [6] (e)discuss how the use of a protective measure such as a tariff might be better than allowingfree trade. [4] 4in 2000 the singapore government revenue from income tax, motor vehicle tax, betting tax andthe tax on goods and services all increased. however, the revenue from the tax on goods andservices doubled while that from income tax rose 7%. singapore depends on its tourist trade forpart of its wealth. (a)explain the difference between direct and indirect tax and identify onedirect and oneindirect tax in the above statement. [4] (b)discuss why governments impose taxes. [6] (c)an increase in revenue from taxes is mentioned in the extract. discuss whether you can drawconclusions about what might have happened in singapore to (i)the numbers of tourists, [4] (ii) the level of unemployment. [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/4/o/n/02560% of the workforce in java, which contains a large proportion of indonesia\u2019s population, are rice farmers. (a)given this information, explain why indonesia is likely to be a developing rather than adeveloped economy. [3] (b)describe the difference in living standards that might be found in a developing economycompared with a developed economy. [7] (c)why do some countries have lower standards of living than others? [6] (d)discuss two economic indicators that can be used to measure the standard of living in a country. [4] 6protestors often oppose large companies that wish to erect large buildings on open rural landrather than in more expensive city centres. the protestors regard this as a destruction of theenvironment rather than the use of natural resources. (a)explain the concept of opportunity cost and illustrate it by using the above statement. [5] (b)explain what is meant by (i)external cost, [2] (ii) social benefit. [3] (c)discuss the possible costs and benefits of developing a site in a rural area rather than in acity centre. [10] 7\u2018even after a decade of economic growth, with record trade and global investment, 24% of theworld\u2019s population are still very poor and live on an income of less than $1 a day per person.\u2019 (a)explain what is meant by economic growth. [5] (b)discuss how trade and investment can help economic growth. [5] (c)discuss whether economic growth should be the main aim of government economic policy. [10] copyright acknowledgements: question 1 \u00a9 international herald tribune , 16 august 2000 question 4 \u00a9 the straits times , 24 may 2000 question 7 \u00a9 international herald tribune , 14 september 2000 cambridge international examinations has made every effort to trace copyright holders, but if we have inadvertently overlooked any we will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity."
        },
        "0455_w02_qp_6.pdf": {
            "1": "this question paper consists of 4 printed pages. sjf2298/cg  s15730/3 \u00a9 cie 2002 [turn overinternational general certificate of secondary education cambridge international examinations  economics 0455/6 paper 6  alternative to coursework october/november session 2002 1 hour 30 minutes additional materials: answer paper time 1 hour 30 minutes instructions to candidates write your name, centre number and candidate number in the spaces provided on the answer paper/answer booklet. answer all questions. write your answers on the separate answer paper provided. if you use more than one sheet of paper, fasten the sheets together. information for candidates the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/6/o/n021 kenya fights to keep ivory ban. trade in ivory was thought to encourage the deliberate killing of elephants. in 1989 an international agreement therefore prohibited this trade. however, in april 2000 some africancountries (zimbabwe, namibia, botswana and south africa) wanted to end the ban. kenyaresisted this proposal and wanted to keep the ban on ivory trading in place. part of the agreement had already been changed. in 1997 zimbabwe, namibia and botswana were allowed to sell 60 tonnes of ivory to japan. in 2000, these countries were joined by southafrica, which wanted to sell 30 tonnes of ivory worth $2.7m. they all argued that the controlledsale of legal ivory, from elephants that die naturally, brings valuable revenue for wildlife researchand conservation. it also makes possible the protection of rural villages and crops which hadpreviously been destroyed by elephants. however, south africa can afford to patrol its wildlife parks to keep out the people who kill elephants illegally but kenya, which relies heavily on elephants as a tourist attraction, cannot.kenya has only 200 rangers to patrol a park that covers an enormous area. in the 20 years beforethe ban, in kenya, the elephant population fell from 45 000 to 6000 because traders were able tomake a lot of money selling the ivory tusks on the international market. since the ban, theelephant population has recovered to 8000. the park\u2019s director said \u2018lifting the ban would bedisastrous. the level of illegal killing here is determined by the market elsewhere.\u2019 (a) (i) if the price of ivory was the same in 1997 as 2000, how much did japan pay for the ivory? [1] (ii) how much did south africa wish to charge for one tonne of ivory? [1] (b)what information would you require to assess the effects of controlled sales of legal ivory onwildlife conservation and rural communities in south africa? [7] (c)calculate the approximate percentage decline in the elephant population of kenya in the  20 years before the ban. [2] (d)elephants are a tourist attraction for kenya. how would you discover whether tourism hadbenefited the people of kenya? [8] (e) (i) what is meant by the park director\u2019s statement that \u2018the level of illegal killing here isdetermined by the market elsewhere\u2019? [5] (ii) is there any evidence in the article to support the park director\u2019s statement? [2]",
            "3": "3 0455/6/o/n022 population changes in the united kingdom new official statistics show that in the uk the number of people over 65 will, within eight years, be greater than the number of children under 16. during this period the number of births will continue tofall, and will be exceeded by the number of deaths after about 2028. the figures come as ministers place a growing emphasis on policies for older people. another study, published at the same time as the official statistics, warned that it was too early to assume that the nextgeneration of people over 65 would be wealthier and healthier than their predecessors. previous projections, based on 1996 data, have been changed because it is now thought that immigration would be higher and the death rate lower than previously assumed. earlier projections didnot take account of the increase in the annual number of refugees applying to live in the uk. it is nowthought that the uk population will be 62.2 million in 2021, 1.4 million more than previously thought, ofwhom 12.2 million will be over 65, rising to almost 16 million over 65 by 2040.  by 2040, one in four people will be over 65 and half the population will be under 45. (a)how far can you tell from this information what is likely to happen to the size of the total population after 2028? [2] (b)calculate the percentage of people who will be (i)over 65 in 2021, [2] (ii) between 45 and 65 in 2040. [1] (c)what changes have occurred since 1996 to make earlier predictions unreliable? [2] (d)how would you discover whether the next generation of people over 65 is likely to be betteroff than their predecessors? [7]projected uk population by age, millions 12.5 12.0 11.511.0 10.510.0 1998 2003 2008 2013 2018under 16 over 65",
            "4": "4 0455/6/o/n02copyright acknowledgements: question 1 extract: kenya fights to keep ivory ban. declan walsh. the independent, 10 april 2000. question 2 extract and graph: population changes in the uk. the guardian, 29 march 2000."
        }
    },
    "2003": {
        "0455_s03_qp_1.pdf": {
            "1": "cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education economics0455/01 paper 1  multiple choice may/june 2003 1 hour additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet soft clean eraser soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended) read these instructions first write in soft pencil. do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided unless this has been done for you. there are forty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible answers a, b, c, and d. choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet. read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully. each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet. this document consists of 12 printed pages. /g211 cie 2003  [turn over",
            "2": "2 0455/1 jun031an unemployed worker accepts a job. which of the following is the opportunity cost of this decision? athe cost of travel to work bthe income from the new job cthe leisure time lost dthe training in the new job 2a hospital cannot treat all the people that need treatment. this is an example ofaexcess supply. blimited wants. cscarcity. dunlimited resources. 3economic growth in russia and china used to be led by the public sector. now it results more from activities in the private sector. however, both sectors are important. which term describes the current system in russia and china? amarket bmixed cplanned dsubsistence 4the table shows how employment in five industries changed in a country between 1985 and 2000. 1985 (thousand) 2000 (thousand) banking and finance 2336 2881 distribution and catering 4678 5323 extraction of minerals 2278 1794 manufacturing 4102 3128 transport 2550 2304 according to the table, which type of employment has increased? aprimary bsecondary ctertiary dtotal",
            "3": "3 0455/1 jun03 [turn over5what is necessary for a company to be classified as a multi-national? ait diversifies its range of products. bit exports most of its output. cit increases its scale of production. dit produces some of its output in different countries. 6which advantage is most likely to enable a small retailer to compete with larger stores?aa convenient location ba wide range of products cinternal economies of scale dnational advertising 7in 2001 some countries, including india and pakistan, criticised the european union for continuing to protect european farmers with a subsidy while expecting poorer african countriesnot to restrict trade. identify the concepts that are not involved in this situation. adeveloping and developed economies bfree trade and protection cmarket prices and official intervention dmulti-nationals and public corporations 8a commercial bank is appointed to act as a country\u2019s central bank. what new function would it now have? acontrolling monetary policy bdealing in foreign exchange censuring security for loans dholding liquid assets 9which trade union action is most likely to have harmful effects on the productivity of a firm? aacceptance of new technology bagreement to a bonus system copposition to planned redundancies dparticipation in a profit-sharing scheme",
            "4": "4 0455/1 jun0310the diagram shows the demand for chocolate. oquantity demanded per weekpriced dx y what could cause the movement from point x to point y? aa change in tastes ba fall in the price of chocolate can increase in income da successful advertising campaign for chocolate 11the table shows the price of, demand for and supply of x per week. price ($) demand (tonnes) supply (tonnes) 20 16 10 30 12 12 40 10 14 what will be the effect if the government imposes a minimum price of $40 per tonne? aa fall in the price of x ba shortage of x ca surplus of x da waiting-list for x 12the diagram shows the market for white sugar which is in equilibrium at x. a report is published stating that brown sugar is healthier to eat than white sugar. what will be the new equilibrium position for white sugar? xa b c d oprice quantity",
            "5": "5 0455/1 jun03 [turn over13in many countries, extra staff are employed by the postal service and additional collections of post are made to clear the large amount of mail before holiday periods. what happens to the demand and supply curves for postal services during these periods? demand curve supply curve a moves to left moves to left b moves to left stays the same c moves to right moves to right d stays the same moves to right 14in the south of spain, a man sells oranges from his garden to passers-by. the demand curve (dd) for oranges is shown in the diagram. d d10 8 642 0 10 20 30 40 50price  (euros) oranges 0 what price per orange should he charge to maximise his revenue? a2 euros b4 euros c6 euros d8 euros",
            "6": "6 0455/1 jun0315the graph shows the market for rice. it was in equilibrium at x. later, there is a very good harvest of rice. what is the new equilibrium point? 16nazmin uddin works in a local office as a secretary three days a week. she lives with her parents in a small apartment. meer ali owns a successful fitness centre that employs about twenty people and lives in a large house. which is likely to be true? anazmin spends a smaller proportion of her income than meer. bnazmin saves most of her income. cnazmin would find it easier than meer to borrow money. dnazmin has a lower disposable income than meer. 17in a country, male workers on average earn more than female workers, although male and female workers receive equal pay for equal work. what could explain this? afemale workers are more experienced. bfemale workers are more likely to achieve promotion. cmale workers are more likely to be in trade unions. dmale workers have fewer qualifications.oprice quantityab dcx",
            "7": "7 0455/1 jun03 [turn over18which of the following groups of workers is most likely to be successful in obtaining a wage increase? abuilding workers during a period of bad weather bcomputer operators when firms are installing new computers cdoctors when entrance qualifications to the profession are reduced dfarm workers as farming becomes more mechanised 19there is an increase in interest rates. what is the likely effect on saving and borrowing? saving borrowing a falls falls b falls rises c rises falls d rises rises 20the diagram shows the costs of a firm. 0102030405060 output 100cost  $ (000s) what is the firm's total variable cost at an output of 100 units? a$100 b$500 c$10 000 d$50 000",
            "8": "8 0455/1 jun0321a firm is producing an output which enables it to make more than normal profit. what must be true at that output? aaverage revenue must equal average cost. baverage revenue must be greater than total revenue. ctotal revenue must be greater than total cost. dvariable cost must equal price. 22the table shows how a firm's total cost rises with output. output total cost ($) 0 40 000 2000 48 000 4000 56 000 6000 64 000 8000 72 000 what is the average fixed cost of producing 8000 units? a$4 b$5 c$32 000 d$40 000 23the price of a firm\u2019s product is $10. it sells 2000 units. what is the firm\u2019s total revenue (tr) and average revenue (ar)? tr ($) ar ($) a 10 10 b 2 000 200 c 20 000 10 d 20 000 200 24what would improve a firm's profits in the short run? agovernment controls on its prices bgrants for the purchase of new machines can increase in the wages paid to its workers drising costs of raw materials",
            "9": "9 0455/1 jun03 [turn over25what is likely to result in the creation of a large business rather than a small business? aexpensive technology that reduces the average cost of producing standardised products bhigher incomes that allow consumers to be more selective in purchases cunemployment that causes people to set up their own companies dwidely scattered markets that cause high transport costs 26which of the following is likely to be a disadvantage of economic growth? agovernment tax revenue falls. bresources are depleted. cthe level of unemployment rises. dthe standard of living of the population falls. 27the government of a country used fiscal policy to achieve price stability. what is another way of saying this?athe government increased taxes to achieve low inflation. bthe government reduced the money supply to achieve low inflation. cthe government used interest rates to achieve economic growth. dthe government used restrictions on banks to achieve stable exchange rates. 28which is a description of indirect taxes? athey are easy to avoid and deter effort. bthey are levied on income and cause inflation. cthey are levied on spending and are regressive. dthey are progressive and discourage consumption. 29in a country, income tax is charged at $50 on an income of $500. compared with this, which of the following would indicate that the income tax scale was progressive? a$150 tax on $2000 income b$300 tax on $3000 income c$450 tax on $4000 income d$480 tax on $5000 income",
            "10": "10 0455/1 jun0330which of the following is an example of cyclical unemployment? aan airline cuts jobs in a world recession. bcleaners lose their jobs as more machines are used. cfishermen sell their boats owing to a reduction in fish stocks. dhotels employ fewer people in the rainy period. 31in constructing a retail price index, what is not used? aa base year bthe prices of a basket of goods cthe wage rate da weight given to each good 32the table shows some changes in the output of namibia between 1998 and 1999. agriculture +11.7  % fishing +1.3  % diamond mining +9.4  % manufacturing \u20130.8  % construction \u201318.3  % fish processing \u20139.6  % what can be concluded from this information about the namibian economy between 1998 and 1999? aexports of fish increased. bnamibia\u2019s primary sector production became more important. cstocks of fish increased. dunemployment rose by 0.8  % in manufacturing. 33two industries in namibia are fishing and tourism. the value of the currency of namibia fell in 2001. if there were no other changes what resulted from the fall? aimported goods in namibian shops became cheaper. bthe price of namibia\u2019s fish sold in foreign markets became cheaper. cthe volume of namibia\u2019s exports decreased. dtourists were discouraged by higher prices in namibia.",
            "11": "11 0455/1 jun03 [turn over34as a result of two months of bad weather, the demand for hotel rooms decreases and staff are not required. what type of unemployment is this? acyclical bfrictional cseasonal dstructural 35the most common way of comparing the living standards of two countries is to study each country\u2019s aaverage weekly working hours. bconsumer expenditure. cgnp per head. dnational income. 36the chart shows the birth rate and death rate  in 1983 and 1993 in the european union (eu) as a whole and in italy. european unionitalybirths and deaths per 1000 population birth rate death rate 891012 11 1983 1993 1983 1993 what does this chart show? athe average age of the population rose in italy but not in the eu as a whole. bthe birth rate remained above the death rate in the eu as a whole. cthe size of the population increased in the eu as a whole but not in italy. dpeople tended to live longer in italy but not in the eu as a whole.",
            "12": "12 0455/1 jun0337many developed countries are faced with an ageing population. what is the likely result of this? aa reduced dependency ratio bincreased mobility of labour cincreased spending on medical care dreduced tax levels 38a country which itself produces copper puts a 10  % tariff on imports of copper. what is likely to decrease in that country\u2019s copper industry? athe amount of investment bthe level of employment cthe price of copper dthe stock of copper reserves 39what is most likely to be a reason for taxing oil?ato conserve oil resources bto encourage economic growth cto create employment dto reduce oil prices 40what directly sets a fixed limit on the quantity of goods which can be imported?aadministrative regulations bforeign exchange control ca quota da tariff"
        },
        "0455_s03_qp_2.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 3printed pages and 1blank page. br s48682/1 \u00a9 cie 2003 [turn overcambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education economics 0455/02 paper 2  structured questions may/june 2003 1 hour 30 minutes additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. answer allquestions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "answer all questions. 1private home ownership is increasing in china. for years the urban chinese relied on overcrowded housing rented from the state and often waited a long time to have their ownapartment. now, with the increase in the market economy, the government is encouraging city-dwellers to buy their own homes by giving cheap loans and tax-relief. home buying will helpchina\u2019s economy. new home-owners need to spend money on furniture, appliances anddecorating. gdp grew by 8% in 1999, of which the housing industry contributed about a fifth. the housing changes will affect social and political issues as well as the economy. in the old system people had to live close to their work, and it was difficult to change jobs because no otherhousing was available. single people had no hope of being allocated an apartment. now anyonewith money can buy a home and choose where they wish to live. (a)explain what is meant by the market economy. [4] (b)explain the meaning of complements and substitutes, giving an example of each from thepassage. [4] (c)identify four factors that might influence a worker\u2019s choice of occupation. [4] (d)how far do you think the change in the provision of housing is likely to affect a worker\u2019s choiceof occupation? [3] (e)discuss whether the change in the provision of housing is likely to benefit everybody. [5] 2the most important status symbols for the emerging black middle class in south africa areclothing and footwear, together with certain perfumes, hair-styles, cell-phones and householdappliances. some of these are expensive products that can be linked to a luxurious life style. (a)according to economic theory, what determines the demand for a product? [5] (b)discuss why different income groups have different spending patterns. [5] 3some car manufacturers are multi-national companies with plants in several countries. theseplants produce thousands of cars a year and are capital-intensive. (a)define the term \u2018capital-intensive\u2019. [3] (b)why are some organisations capital-intensive and others labour-intensive? [7] 4in 2001 it was announced that two german organisations responsible for training personnel wereto merge to form a new organisation with a staff of 900. it was said that this would make theorganisation more efficient.  (a)why might companies spend money on training to increase the skills of their workforce? [4] (b)discuss whether the provision of education and training should be the responsibility of thegovernment. [6]2 0455/02/m/j/03",
            "3": "3 0455/02/m/j/035the mining and export of minerals and precious stones is a very important part of the namibian economy. it was reported that despite a sharp decrease in the quantity of these exports between1995 and 1999 the export value of the items rose in that period. (a)where would the minerals and precious stones be recorded in the namibian balance ofpayments? [2] (b)discuss whether it is beneficial for a country to specialise in the production and export of alimited range of products. [8]",
            "4": "4 0455/02/m/j/03blank page"
        },
        "0455_s03_qp_3.pdf": {
            "1": "cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education economics0455/03 paper 3  multiple choice may/june 2003 1 hour additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet soft clean eraser soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended) read these instructions first write in soft pencil. do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided unless this has been done for you. there are forty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible answers  a, b, c, and d. choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet. read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully. each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet. this document consists of 12 printed pages. /g211 cie 2003  [turn over",
            "2": "2 0455/3 jun031an unemployed worker accepts a job. which of the following is the opportunity cost of this decision? athe cost of travel to work bthe income from the new job cthe leisure time lost dthe training in the new job 2a hospital cannot treat all the people that need treatment. this is an example ofaexcess supply. blimited wants. cscarcity. dunlimited resources. 3economic growth in russia and china used to be led by the public sector. now it results more from activities in the private sector. however, both sectors are important. which term describes the current system in russia and china? amarket bmixed cplanned dsubsistence 4the table shows how employment in five industries changed in a country between 1985 and 2000. 1985 (thousand) 2000 (thousand) banking and finance 2336 2881 distribution and catering 4678 5323 extraction of minerals 2278 1794 manufacturing 4102 3128 transport 2550 2304 according to the table, which type of employment has increased? aprimary bsecondary ctertiary dtotal",
            "3": "3 0455/3 jun03 [turn over5what is necessary for a company to be classified as a multi-national? ait diversifies its range of products. bit exports most of its output. cit increases its scale of production. dit produces some of its output in different countries. 6which advantage is most likely to enable a small retailer to compete with larger stores?aa convenient location ba wide range of products cinternal economies of scale dnational advertising 7in 2001 some countries, including india and pakistan, criticised the european union for continuing to protect european farmers with a subsidy while expecting poorer african countriesnot to restrict trade. identify the concepts that are not involved in this situation. adeveloping and developed economies bfree trade and protection cmarket prices and official intervention dmulti-nationals and public corporations 8a commercial bank is appointed to act as a country\u2019s central bank. what new function would it now have? acontrolling monetary policy bdealing in foreign exchange censuring security for loans dholding liquid assets 9which trade union action is most likely to have harmful effects on the productivity of a firm? aacceptance of new technology bagreement to a bonus system copposition to planned redundancies dparticipation in a profit-sharing scheme",
            "4": "4 0455/3 jun0310the diagram shows the demand for chocolate. oquantity demanded per weekpriced dx y what could cause the movement from point x to point y? aa change in tastes ba fall in the price of chocolate can increase in income da successful advertising campaign for chocolate 11the table shows the price of, demand for and supply of x per week. price ($)demand (tonnes)supply (tonnes) 20 16 10 30 12 12 40 10 14 what will be the effect if the government imposes a minimum price of $40 per tonne? aa fall in the price of x ba shortage of x ca surplus of x da waiting-list for x 12a bus company knows that demand for travel before 09 00 hours is inelastic and that after 09 00 hours it is elastic. how is the company certain to increase total revenue? aby increasing all fares bby increasing fares before 09 00 hours cby reducing all fares dby reducing fares before 09 00 hours",
            "5": "5 0455/3 jun03 [turn over13in many countries, extra staff are employed by the postal service and additional collections of post are made to clear the large amount of mail before holiday periods. what happens to the demand and supply curves for postal services during these periods? demand curve supply curve a moves to left moves to left b moves to left stays the same c moves to right moves to right d stays the same moves to right 14which of the following is true for any inelastic demand curve? aa price cut causes a fall in expenditure. ba price rise has no effect on demand. ca price rise has no effect on total profit. dthe percentage change in demand is greater than the percentage change in price. 15the graph shows the market for rice. it was in equilibrium at x. later, there is a very good harvest of rice. what is the new equilibrium point? oprice quantityab dcx",
            "6": "6 0455/3 jun0316nazmin uddin works in a local office as a secretary three days a week. she lives with her parents in a small apartment. meer ali owns a successful fitness centre that employs about twenty people and lives in a large house. which is likely to be true? anazmin spends a smaller proportion of her income than meer. bnazmin saves most of her income. cnazmin would find it easier than meer to borrow money. dnazmin has a lower disposable income than meer. 17in a country, male workers on average earn more than female workers, although male and female workers receive equal pay for equal work. what could explain this? afemale workers are more experienced. bfemale workers are more likely to achieve promotion. cmale workers are more likely to be in trade unions. dmale workers have fewer qualifications. 18the table shows the proportion of income saved for different age groups. age 15 - 29 30 - 39 40 - 49 50 - 62 62+ % of income saved \u201334  %\u2013  4 %1 8  %2 9  % \u201323  % what can be concluded from this data?athe youngest age group spends more than the oldest age group. bthe 50 - 62 age group saves the highest proportion of its income. cthe 50 - 62 age group has the highest level of income. dthe older age groups earn more than the younger age groups. 19there is an increase in interest rates. what is the likely effect on saving and borrowing? saving borrowing a falls falls b falls rises c rises falls d rises rises",
            "7": "7 0455/3 jun03 [turn over20the diagram shows the costs of a firm. 0102030405060 output 100cost  $ (000s) what is the firm's total variable cost at an output of 100 units? a$100 b$500 c$10 000 d$50 000 21in a company fixed costs are a high proportion of the total costs. what will result in the short run if production is cut by 50  %? aaverage costs will rise. bfixed costs will fall. ctotal costs will remain constant. dvariable costs will rise. 22the retail store woolworth\u2019s has expanded the range of products it sells to include sweets, toys and compact discs. what term describes this change? adiversification bintegration cmerger dspecialisation",
            "8": "8 0455/3 jun0323which is an external economy of scale? abuying machines from other companies bcarrying out research with other companies clending money to other companies dselling output to other companies 24what is unlikely to be a feature of a large firm in a monopoly position in a market?ait achieves economies of scale. bit will attract government attention. cit charges high prices. dit experiences intense competition in that market. 25the government puts a $2.00 tax on each $8.00 video tape sold. as a result, the price of a video tape rises from $8.00 to $8.50. what can be concluded from this? athe demand for video tapes is price inelastic. bthe government will receive only 25  % of its expected tax revenue. cthe incidence of the tax will fall mainly on the producer. dthe tax is progressive. 26which of the following is likely to be a disadvantage of economic growth? agovernment tax revenue falls. bresources are depleted. cthe level of unemployment rises. dthe standard of living of the population falls.",
            "9": "9 0455/3 jun03 [turn over27in a country where the government pays the unemployed a small weekly income, there is a reduction in consumer expenditure and, as a result, unemployment increases. what will be the effect on tax revenue of the government and on government expenditure? tax revenuegovernment expenditure a decrease decrease b decrease increase c increase decrease d increase increase 28which is a description of indirect taxes? athey are easy to avoid and deter effort. bthey are levied on income and cause inflation. cthey are levied on spending and are regressive. dthey are progressive and discourage consumption. 29in a country, income tax is charged at $50 on an income of $500. compared with this, which of the following would indicate that the income tax scale was progressive? a$150 tax on $2000 income b$300 tax on $3000 income c$450 tax on $4000 income d$480 tax on $5000 income 30which of the following is an example of cyclical unemployment?aan airline cuts jobs in a world recession. bcleaners lose their jobs as more machines are used. cfishermen sell their boats owing to a reduction in fish stocks. dhotels employ fewer people in the rainy period.",
            "10": "10 0455/3 jun0331in constructing a retail price index, what is not used? aa base year bthe prices of a basket of goods cthe rate of interest da weight given to each good 32the exchange rate of the jamaican $ changed from us$ 4 to us$ 5. what is a possible reason for this change? afewer exports from jamaica were being bought in the usa. bless investment was made in jamaica by us firms. cmore imports from the usa were bought in jamaica. dmore tourists from the usa visited jamaica. 33the table shows the percentage changes in income and consumer prices for four countries for one year. which country is likely to have experienced the greatest increase in real income during the year? countrypercentage change in incomepercentage change in consumer prices a italy +13.0 +15.0 b france +12.5 +9.5 c uk +8.5 +5.0 d germany +4.0 +4.0 34inflation in argentina fell from 400  % in the 1980s to 15  % in the 1990s. what could have been a result of this change? afalling prices bfewer exports from argentina clower wage rises da trade deficit",
            "11": "11 0455/3 jun03 [turn over35the most common way of comparing the living standards of two countries is to study each country\u2019s aaverage weekly working hours. bconsumer expenditure. cgnp per head. dnational income. 36many developed countries are faced with an ageing population. what is the likely result of this? aa reduced dependency ratio bincreased mobility of labour cincreased spending on medical care dreduced tax levels 37the chart shows the birth rate and death rate in 1983 and 1993 in the european union (eu) as a whole and in italy. european unionitalybirths and deaths per 1000 population birth rate death rate 891012 11 1983 1993 1983 1993 what does this chart show? athe average age of the population rose in italy but not in the eu as a whole. bthe birth rate remained above the death rate in the eu as a whole. cthe size of the population increased in the eu as a whole but not in italy. dpeople tended to live longer in italy but not in the eu as a whole.",
            "12": "12 0455/3 jun0338a country which itself produces copper puts a 10  % tariff on imports of copper. what is likely to decrease in that country\u2019s copper industry? athe amount of investment bthe level of employment cthe price of copper dthe stock of copper reserves 39in 2001 a government enquiry approved a major new air terminal for london, which will create many new jobs. however, it will cause extra noise and pollution. compensation will have to bepaid to some people whose houses will be demolished. what is not involved in this exploitation of resources? aexternalities bfree market economy cincome creation dopportunity cost 40which effect is an external benefit when a new motorway is built through the outskirts of a town? aincreased air pollution breduced accident levels creduction in property values dthe profits of the construction company copyright acknowledgements: question 37 \u00a9 the economist cambridge international examinations has made every effort to t race copyright holders, but if we have inadvertently overlooked any we will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity."
        },
        "0455_s03_qp_4.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4printed pages. br s41403/2 \u00a9 cie 2003 [turn overcambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education economics 0455/04 paper 4  structured questions may/june 2003 2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. answer question 1 (section a) and any three questions from section b. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "section a answer this question. 1private home ownership is increasing in china. for years the urban chinese relied on overcrowded housing rented from the state and often waited a long time to have their ownapartment. now, with the increase in the market economy, the government is encouraging city-dwellers to buy their own homes by giving cheap loans and tax-relief. home buying will helpchina\u2019s economy. new home-owners need to spend money on furniture, appliances anddecorating. gdp grew by 8% in 1999, of which the housing industry contributed about a fifth. the housing changes will affect social and political issues as well as the economy. in the old system people had to live close to their work, and it was difficult to change jobs because no otherhousing was available. single people had no hope of being allocated an apartment. now anyonewith money can buy a home and choose where they wish to live. (a)explain what is meant by the market economy. [4] (b)explain the meaning of complements and substitutes, giving an example of each from thepassage. [4] (c)identify four factors that might influence a worker\u2019s choice of occupation. [4] (d)how far do you think the change in the provision of housing is likely to affect a worker\u2019s choiceof occupation? [3] (e)discuss whether the change in the provision of housing is likely to benefit everybody. [5]2 0455/04/m/j/03",
            "3": "3 0455/04/m/j/03section b answer three questions. 2the most important status symbols for the emerging black middle class in south africa are clothing and footwear, together with certain perfumes, hair-styles, cell-phones and householdappliances. some of these are expensive products that can be linked to a luxurious life style. (a)according to economic theory, what determines the demand for a product? [5] (b)discuss why different income groups have different spending patterns. [5] (c)what is meant by price elasticity of demand? [5] (d)discuss why the price elasticity of demand for the items mentioned in the article might differ.  [5] 3some car manufacturers are multi-national companies with plants in several countries. theseplants produce thousands of cars a year and are capital-intensive. (a)define the term \u2018capital-intensive\u2019. [3] (b)why are some organisations capital-intensive and others labour-intensive? [7] (c)identify three possible advantages for the car manufacturer of establishing production in another country. [3] (d)discuss how an increase in car production through the establishment of a new plant mightaffect a country\u2019s gross national product. [7] 4in 2001 it was announced that two german organisations responsible for training personnel wereto merge to form a new organisation with a staff of 900. it was said that this would make theorganisation more efficient.  (a)why might companies spend money on training to increase the skills of their workforce? [4] (b)discuss whether the provision of education and training should be the responsibility of thegovernment. [6] (c)explain why a merger might make an organisation more efficient. [4] (d)explain whether you think large organisations are necessarily better organisations. [6] [turn over",
            "4": "4 0455/04/m/j/035the mining and export of minerals and precious stones is a very important part of the namibian economy. it was reported that despite a sharp decrease in the quantity of these exports between1995 and 1999 the export value of the items rose in that period. (a)where would the minerals and precious stones be recorded in the namibian balance ofpayments? [2] (b)discuss whether it is beneficial for a country to specialise in the production and export of alimited range of products. [8] (c)the statement above says that the exports of minerals and precious stones decreasedsharply yet the export value rose. how might this happen? [4] (d)discuss what measures a government might take to influence its country\u2019s balance ofpayments. [6] 6expenditure in an economy may be either private expenditure or public expenditure. (a)explain the difference between these types of expenditure, giving oneexample of each. [3] (b)why might public expenditure fall if an economy comes to rely more on the market system? [3] (c)explain how public expenditure can be paid for. [8] (d)discuss, with examples, how decisions on public expenditure might illustrate the idea of opportunity cost. [6] 7 (a) describe what differences might be found in the standard of living of the average person in adeveloped country compared with an average person in a developing country. [6] (b)if a country had good natural resources, would the standard of living of its populationnecessarily be high? [6] (c)what policies might a government adopt in order to try to improve the standard of living in itscountry? [8]"
        },
        "0455_s03_qp_6.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4printed pages. br s41404/3 \u00a9 cie 2003 [turn overcambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education economics 0455/06 paper 6  alternative to coursework may/june 2003 1 hour 30 minutes additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. answer allquestions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "1 benefit for morocco\u2019s fishermen morocco is a developing country in north africa with a population of 28 million. its fishermen report that the stocks of fish in their sea are increasing again, after they were severely reduced bythe extensive fishing by the highly equipped fleets of the european union (eu). morocco has hugemarine resources with over 840 species of fish. the sector employs nearly 400000 workers.under a four-year agreement with morocco, as many as 600 european ships, mostly spanish andportuguese, had the right to fish in moroccan waters. the eu fleet paid the moroccan governmentfor this right to fish. however, in 1999 the moroccan fisheries minister said that the agreement would not be renewed because of the reduction in the fish stocks. \u2018there will be no suicide agreement with the eu\u2019 hesaid. morocco expects the eu not only to decrease its fishing effort, but also to encouragemorocco\u2019s fishing-related sectors such as ports, shipyards, ship maintenance, and sea-foodprocessing industries. morocco\u2019s fishermen are benefiting from the end of the agreement. fish catches are expected to rise to 1.5 million tons in 2003 compared with 700 000 tons in 2001. in the first year after theagreement ended, morocco exported nearly 250000 tons of fish, earning the country $633 million.the impact of the departure of the eu fleet is also very visible in the local markets whereabundant fish are put for sale at very reasonable prices. \u2018everybody can now buy fish, even thespecies that were considered luxuries, and the local fish sellers are rejoicing.\u2019 (a) (i) identify twocharacteristics of a developing country. [2] (ii) what evidence is there in the article to suggest that morocco has a large fishing sector? [3] (b) (i) what did morocco agree to in 1995? [1] (ii) what did the moroccan minister mean when he said \u2018there will be no suicide agreementwith the eu\u2019? [3] (c) (i) explain with the help of a demand and supply diagram what has happened in the localmoroccan fish markets since the eu stopped fishing. [5] (ii) how would you assess the extent to which these changes have benefited the localfishermen? [6] (d)the article says morocco expects the eu \u2018not only to decrease its fishing but also toencourage morocco\u2019s fishing-related sectors such as shipyards, ship maintenance and foodprocessing.\u2019 discuss whether there is any evidence in the article to justify morocco\u2019s wish forcompensation. [5]2 0455/06/m/j/03",
            "3": "3 0455/06/m/j/032 namibian inflation namibia\u2019s inflation rate in january 2001, measured as an annual percentage change in the consumer price index (retail price index), was estimated at 10.6%. examples of some of theannual increases in prices of the major components that make up the weighted price index werehousehold goods (4.2%), imported goods (10.6%), food (11.7%), housing, fuel and power(12.2%), transport and communications (13.8%).  examples of increases in prices of some of the minor items in the index were tobacco (9%), recreation and entertainment (4.7%), medical care and health services (20%). (a)what is meant by inflation? [2] (b)the information above relates inflation to a weighted consumer price index. how doresearchers calculate the rate of inflation? [7] (c)study the information above and assess whether it might be a source of concern for thenamibian government. [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/06/m/j/03copyright acknowledgements: question 1 development and cooperation. entwickllung und zusammenarbeit. question 2 the namibian cambridge international examinations has made every effort to trace copyright holders, but if we have inadvertently overlooked any we will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity."
        },
        "0455_w03_qp_1.pdf": {
            "1": "cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education economics0455/01 paper 1  multiple choice october/november 2003 1 hour additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet soft clean eraser soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended) read these instructions first write in soft pencil. do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided unless this has been done for you. there are forty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible answers  a,b,c, and d. choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet. read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully. each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet. this document consists of 12 printed pages. /g211 cie 2003  [turn over",
            "2": "2 0455/1 nov031which of the following is an advantage of the market economic system? ait aims for equality of income. bit ensures the provision of defence and law and order. cit gives an incentive to produce. dit reduces pollution and congestion. 2a student defined opportunity cost as \u2018the alternative given up when a course of action is followed\u2019. why is this definition inadequate? athe \u2018next best\u2019 alternative is not stressed. bthe type of economic system is not identified. cthere is no mention of money values. dthere is no reference to finite resources and unlimited wants. 3why did planned economies often experience long queues for consumer goods? athe factors of production were able to move freely. bthe distribution of goods was inefficient. cthe output decisions were taken to maximise profits. dthe needs of consumers determined production. 4the table shows how employment in five industries changed in a country between 1985 and 2000. 1985 (thousand)2000 (thousand) banking and finance 1336 1881 distribution and catering 3678 4323 extraction of minerals 1278 1094 manufacturing 3102 2128 transport 1550 1304 which statement about these industries can be concluded from the table? aoutput in the primary industries decreased. boutput in the tertiary industries increased. cemployment in the tertiary industries increased. demployment in the tertiary industries was less than the secondary industries.",
            "3": "3 0455/1 nov03 [turn over5which of the following is likely to be the most suitable form of business organisation for a group of four doctors? apartnership bprivate company cpublic company dpublic corporation 6mr lee bought shares in intel, a computer company producing throughout the world. sandip patel owns and runs a grocery store. which of the following is not represented by the above businesses? aco-operative bmulti-national company cpublic company dsole proprietor 7the graph shows the price of a company\u2019s shares from january to july 2001. 1020304050 515253545 jan feb mar apr may jun jul$ month0 for the buyer of these shares ajanuary was the best time to buy shares as an investment. bshares bought in april would be worth more in july. cthe company's profits were highest in january. dthe company's goods were cheapest in april.",
            "4": "4 0455/1 nov038in what circumstances are trade unions more likely to be effective in wage negotiations for their members? aan economic boom ba recession ca period of declining productivity da period of rising unemployment 9what function do central banks and commercial banks have in common? aacting as a banker's bank bcontrolling monetary policy cdealing with foreign exchange dsupervising the banking system 10the diagram shows a market for wheat that is in equilibrium. oquantityprice dst v wx y z which area represents the total revenue for wheat farmers? aotxy b ovxy c ovxz d owxy 11a government taxes the production of cars. what is likely to decrease? athe cost of supplying cars bthe price of cars cthe revenue for the government dthe supply of cars at every price",
            "5": "5 0455/1 nov03 [turn over12the graph shows the market for bread. oquantityprice d1d2s which of the following might have caused a change in demand from d 1 to d 2? aa fall in the cost of producing bread ba fall in the price of an alternative to bread ca newspaper report that eating bread is healthy da rise in price of a complement to bread 13the table shows the sales of cold drinks made by a company in the uk in 2001 and 2002. demand for cold drinks is influenced by changes in the temperature. in 2001 the sales followedthe usual seasonal pattern. month sales 2001 (thousand cans)sales 2002 (thousand cans) april 300 290 may 400 350 june 550 270 july 570 490 august 620 590 in which month of 2002 was the usual pattern disturbed? amay bjune cjuly daugust",
            "6": "6 0455/1 nov0314in december 2000 the demand for diamonds increased as people wanted to buy a gift to celebrate the millennium. at the same time the countries producing diamonds decreased thesupply onto the market. how would these changes be shown on a demand and supply diagram? demand curve supply curve a shift to left shift to right b shift to left shift to left c shift to right shift to right d shift to right shift to left 15the diagram illustrates the demand for places on a course at a college. price quantityod x the college does not charge for the course because it is funded by the government. however it can only provide ox places on the course. what would result? aa shift in demand bequilibrium in the market cexcess demand dexcess supply 16which government policy is most likely to encourage an experienced teacher to remain in the teaching profession? aincreasing alternative career opportunities bincreasing class sizes in schools cincreasing teachers\u2019 working hours dincreasing the levels of teachers\u2019 salaries",
            "7": "7 0455/1 nov03 [turn over17the table gives weekly earnings for different groups in 1998. london great britain male female male female managers \u00a3779.30 \u00a3539.20 \u00a3625.60 \u00a3435.30 unskilled workers \u00a3381.90 \u00a3237.80 \u00a3332.90 \u00a3228.60 which statement about the influence on earnings is supported by the table? afemale workers gain more promotion than male workers. bfemale managers earn more than unskilled workers. cgreat britain has a higher cost of living than london. drepetitive work is compensated for by higher incomes. 18in 2002 a car manufacturer closed one of its large factories and released its stocks of cars onto the market. what was likely to happen to the price of the manufacturer\u2019s cars and the wages of car workers as a result? price of cars wages of car workers a fall fall b fall rise c rise fall d rise rise 19the table shows a firm's total revenue and total cost. output (units) total revenue ($) total cost ($) 10 20 14 20 25 17 30 30 21 40 35 27 what level of output gives maximum profit? a10 units b20 units c30 units d40 units",
            "8": "8 0455/1 nov0320the diagram shows the average earnings per hour of postal workers between 1999 and 2001. 1999 2001 2000 yearaverage earnings  postal workers ($ per hour)910 8 0 which of the following could explain the above diagram? aa reduction in trade union membership bthe introduction of more efficient work practices cthe employment of more part-time workers dan increase in the number of hours worked 21the table shows the costs incurred by a firm producing computers. output (000s) total costs ($000) 02 0 1 1200 2 1350 3 1450 what are the fixed costs if 3000 computers are produced?a$20 000 b$1 430 000 c$1 450 000 d$4 020 000 22a recent newspaper report stated that there was a proposal for two companies to merge to achieve greater efficiency. as a result a quarter of the workforce and some offices would no longer be required. what does this statement suggest would happen if the two companies were merged? aaverage costs would rise bdiseconomies of scale would occur cfixed and variable costs would decrease dprofits would fall",
            "9": "9 0455/1 nov03 [turn over23when it produces 200 units, a firm's total variable cost is $600 and its total fixed cost is $2000. what is the average cost at this output? a$3 b$10 c$13 d$2600 24which measure of a firm\u2019s size would a government use to identify a monopoly? athe amount of profits earned by the firm in one year bthe firm\u2019s percentage share of the market for its goods cthe number of factories operated by the firm dthe value of the firm\u2019s capital 25a government decided to increase its spending on building schools and hospitals. which aim of government policy is most likely to be achieved by this? abalance of payments surplus beconomic growth cprice stability dstronger exchange rate 26what is most likely to cause the government to have a budget surplus? aan increase in exports ban increase in unemployment ca decrease in government spending da decrease in private sector investment 27which of the following government policies would lead to a more even distribution of income? aallowing a balance of payments deficit ba change in the rate of exchange ccontrol of lending by commercial banks dexpenditure on unemployment benefits",
            "10": "10 0455/1 nov0328which of the following is an aim of government policy? aincome tax binterest rates cstable prices dunemployment 29a person pays $500 tax when earnings are $5000. which of the following tax payments would indicate that the country has a regressive tax system if his income rose to $12 000? a$1000 b$1200 c$1500 d$2400 30which of the following is a reason for collecting national income statistics? ato calculate population changes bto compare standards of living cto fix exchange rates dto keep inflation low 31in order to reduce unemployment, a government moves one of its departments to a different part of the country, even though this is expensive. which type of unemployment is most likely to be reduced? acyclical bfrictional cregional dseasonal 32a newspaper reported that a country's economy had grown by 3 % during the last year. what must have increased in that year? acosts of production bgross domestic product cunemployment dwage levels",
            "11": "11 0455/1 nov03 [turn over33the table shows figures from a developing economy. yearconsumer prices (base year 1995=100) 1996 180 1997 210 1998 230 1999 280 which of the following statements is not true? aconsumer prices rose 80 % between 1995 and 1996. bthe cost of living rose in every year. cthe purchasing power of money rose throughout the period. dinflation existed throughout the period. 34which of the following countries is likely to have the lowest  standard of living? country abcd birth rate 25 43 25 36 death rate 10 31   5 14 life expectancy 57 40 72 48 infant mortality 24 42 22 56 35what is the most likely cause of a fall in the population growth of a developing country? aa decrease in the birth rate ba decrease in emigration ca decrease in immigration da decrease in the standard of living 36which of the following would an economist use to measure living standards?athe average size of families bthe gross domestic product per head cthe number of workers in agriculture dthe size of cities",
            "12": "12 0455/1 nov0337malaysia decides to put more of its resources into the production of rubber, because it can produce rubber more efficiently than the rest of the world. this means that malaysia will combine the benefits from acomparative advantage and diversification. bcomparative advantage and specialisation. ccompetition and diversification. dspecialisation and protection. 38what is an advantage of specialisation in jobs? adifferent abilities are fully used. bjobs are repetitive. cproduction becomes dependent on several groups of workers. dthe possibility of unemployment increases due to automation. 39in an african country, large amounts of land were taken from farmers to make a national park to protect rare animals and provide a tourist attraction with accommodation. which of the following is likely to decrease as a result of these changes? aearnings from foreign visitors bemployment in the primary sector cemployment in the tertiary sector dthe price of land elsewhere 40what will reduce the volume of international trade in the world economy? aa dutch bank making a loan to a taiwanese manufacturer ba japanese electronics firm establishing a subsidiary in the uk cthe swedish government granting foreign aid to somalia dthe us government introducing quotas for european steel products"
        },
        "0455_w03_qp_2.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4printed pages. br s52465 \u00a9 cie 2003 [turn overcambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education economics 0455/02 paper 2  structured questions october/november 2003 1 hour 30 minutes additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. answer allquestions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "answer allquestions. 1investment in namibia increased from n$4445 million in 1998 to n$4909 million in 1999 at current market prices. in the same period, according to a government report, overall economic growth innamibia was 3.8%. the report examined the main factors for this and stated that the primary sector registered a positive growth. agriculture showed an increase of 11.7% in 1999 compared with 1.8% in 1998,fishing grew by 1.3% in 1999 and diamonds showed an increase of 9.4% in 1999, compared with1.3% in 1998. the secondary sector recorded a decline of 1.7% in 1999, with manufacturing decreasing by 0.6%, fish processing decreasing by 9.6% and construction declining by 18.3%. (a)what is meant by investment? [2] (b)in the first sentence of the article you will find the phrase \u2018current market prices\u2019. what doesthis phrase tell you? [2] (c)the article says economic growth rose by 3.8%. (i)define what is meant by economic growth. [2]  (ii) explain the link between a rise in investment and a rise in economic growth. [4] (d)an aim of government policy is to achieve economic growth. explain what benefits economicgrowth can bring to a country. [6] (e)discuss whether the information allows you to determine which is the most significant sectorin the namibian economy. [4] 2in 2001 there was a crisis in the farming industry in the uk. the spread of a disease meant manyanimals had to be killed. the government decided to compensate the farmers with a subsidy. (a)explain what is meant by a subsidy and illustrate the effect of a subsidy in a market by usinga demand and supply diagram. [4] (b)discuss how uk farmers\u2019 costs, revenues and profits might have changed in 2001. [6] 3in the uk the royal society for the protection of birds (rspb) has recently bought land aroundthe coast to prevent building on the area where rare birds breed. it has received donations fromthe public towards the cost. the rspb plans to set up special visitor centres in the area. (a)explain which factors of production are involved in the above action by the rspb. [4] (b)discuss whether the local area might be more likely to gain or lose from the action of therspb. [6]2 0455/02/o/n/03",
            "3": "3 0455/02/o/n/034countries are categorised as less developed because of their poverty and low average incomes, their lack of good human resources and their low level of economic diversification. (a)explain what is meant by  (i)\u2018their lack of good human resources\u2019, [3] (ii) \u2018their low level of economic diversification\u2019. [3] (b)explain whether it can be concluded from the above statement that all people in lessdeveloped countries are poor. [4] 5\u2018the most effective support the industrialised countries could provide for the poorer nations wouldbe to open their markets to the products of developing countries by having fewer traderestrictions.' (trade and industry minister for ghana, 2001) (a)what forms do trade restrictions often take? [3] (b)discuss the immediate and the long-term changes that might occur in developing countries iftrading restrictions were reduced. [7]",
            "4": "4 0455/02/o/n/03copyright acknowledgements: question 1 \u00a9 the namibian economist cambridge international examinations has made every effort to trace copyright holders, but if we have inadvertently overlooked any we will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity."
        },
        "0455_w03_qp_3.pdf": {
            "1": "cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education economics0455/03 paper 3  multiple choice october/november 2003 1 hour additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet soft clean eraser soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended) read these instructions first write in soft pencil. do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided unless this has been done for you. there are forty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible answers  a,b,c, and d. choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet. read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully. each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet. this document consists of 14 printed pages and 2 blank pages. /g211 cie 2003  [turn over",
            "2": "2 0455/3 nov031which of the following is an advantage of the market economic system? ait aims for equality of income. bit ensures the provision of defence and law and order. cit gives an incentive to produce. dit reduces pollution and congestion. 2the table shows the various combinations of food and clothing which a village can produce using all its resources. food units clothing units 0 500 100 400 200 250 300 50 400 0 what is the opportunity cost to the village of increasing the production of food from 200 to 300 units? a 50 units of clothing b100 units of clothing c200 units of clothing d250 units of clothing 3why did planned economies often experience long queues for consumer goods? athe factors of production were able to move freely. bthe distribution of goods was inefficient. cthe output decisions were taken to maximise profits. dthe needs of consumers determined production.",
            "3": "3 0455/3 nov03 [turn over4the table shows how employment in five industries changed in a country between 1985 and 2000. 1985 (thousand)2000 (thousand) banking and finance 1336 1881 distribution and catering 3678 4323 extraction of minerals 1278 1094 manufacturing 3102 2128 transport 1550 1304 which statement about these industries can be concluded from the table? aoutput in the primary industries decreased. boutput in the tertiary industries increased. cemployment in the tertiary industries increased. demployment in the tertiary industries was less than the secondary industries. 5which of the following is likely to be the most suitable form of business organisation for a group offour doctors? apartnership bprivate company cpublic company dpublic corporation 6mr lee bought shares in intel, a computer company producing throughout the world. sandip patel owns and runs a grocery store. which of the following is not represented by the above businesses? aco-operative bmulti-national company cpublic company dsole proprietor",
            "4": "4 0455/3 nov037the graph shows the price of a company\u2019s shares from january to july 2001. 1020304050 515253545 jan feb mar apr may jun jul$ month0 for the buyer of these shares ajanuary was the best time to buy shares as an investment. bshares bought in april would be worth more in july. cthe company's profits were highest in january. dthe company's goods were cheapest in april. 8in what circumstances are trade unions more likely to be effective in wage negotiations for their members? aan economic boom ba recession ca period of declining productivity da period of rising unemployment 9what function do central banks and commercial banks have in common?aacting as a banker's bank bcontrolling monetary policy cdealing with foreign exchange dsupervising the banking system",
            "5": "5 0455/3 nov03 [turn over10the diagram shows a market for wheat that is in equilibrium. oquantityprice dst v wx y z which area represents the total revenue for wheat farmers? aotxy b ovxy c ovxz d owxy 11a government taxes the production of cars. what is likely to decrease? athe cost of supplying cars bthe price of cars cthe revenue for the government dthe supply of cars at every price",
            "6": "6 0455/3 nov0312the graph shows the market for bread. oquantityprice d1d2s which of the following might have caused a change in demand from d 1 to d 2? aa fall in the cost of producing bread ba fall in the price of an alternative to bread ca newspaper report that eating bread is healthy da rise in price of a complement to bread 13prices tend to be lower in a competitive industry than in a monopoly. why is this? aa monopoly has less influence on the market. bcompetitive industry has more economies of scale. cnew firms are free to enter the competitive industry. dprofits are lower in a monopoly. 14the demand for a product is known to be price-elastic. which fall in quantity demanded could follow a 10 % price rise? a0% b5% c10% d15% 15demand for japanese video-recorders on sale in germany is price-elastic. which statement will therefore be true? aa tariff will keep all the japanese video-recorders out of germany. bgerman manufacturers cannot compete in the video-recorder market. cjapanese manufacturers\u2019 profits will decrease if the price is reduced. djapanese manufacturers\u2019 revenue from sales will increase if the price is reduced.",
            "7": "7 0455/3 nov03 [turn over16which government policy is most likely to encourage an experienced teacher to remain in the teaching profession? aincreasing alternative career opportunities bincreasing class sizes in schools cincreasing teachers\u2019 working hours dincreasing the levels of teachers\u2019 salaries 17the table gives weekly earnings for different groups in 1998. london great britain male female male female managers \u00a3779.30 \u00a3539.20 \u00a3625.60 \u00a3435.30 unskilled workers \u00a3381.90 \u00a3237.80 \u00a3332.90 \u00a3228.60 which statement about the influence on earnings is supported by the table?afemale workers gain more promotion than male workers. bfemale managers earn more than unskilled workers. cgreat britain has a higher cost of living than london. drepetitive work is compensated by higher incomes. 18the table shows the change in annual wage of four workers over one year. the rate of inflation during the year was 10%. which worker had a fall in her real wage? start of year end of year a $10000 $11000 b $10000 $11500 c $20000 $21500 d $20000 $22000",
            "8": "8 0455/3 nov0319the diagram shows the average earnings per hour of postal workers between 1999 and 2001. 1999 2001 2000 yearaverage earnings  postal workers ($ per hour)910 8 0 which of the following could explain the above diagram? aa reduction in trade union membership bthe introduction of more efficient work practices cthe employment of more part-time workers dan increase in the number of hours worked 20the table shows a firm's total revenue and total cost. output (units) total revenue ($) total cost ($) 10 20 14 20 25 17 30 30 21 40 35 27 what level of output gives maximum profit? a10 units b20 units c30 units d40 units",
            "9": "9 0455/3 nov03 [turn over21the table shows the costs incurred by a firm producing computers. output (000s) total costs ($000) 02 0 1 1200 2 1350 3 1450 what are the fixed costs if 3000 computers are produced? a$20 000 b$1 430 000 c$1 450 000 d$4 020 000 22what is a feature of economies of scale but not diseconomies of scale? athey are caused by management problems. bthey operate in the short run. cthey lead to falling average costs. dthey result in rising average revenue. 23an entrepreneur can use either capital or labour in the production process. the actual combination changes as the prices of the factors alter. when is capital most likely to replace labour? price of capital price of labour a constant falling b falling rising c rising constant d falling falling 24which measure of a firm\u2019s size would a government use to identify a monopoly? athe amount of profits earned by the firm in one year bthe firm\u2019s percentage share of the market for its goods cthe number of factories operated by the firm dthe value of the firm\u2019s capital",
            "10": "10 0455/3 nov0325a government decided to increase its spending on building schools and hospitals. which aim of government policy is most likely to be achieved by this? abalance of payments surplus beconomic growth cprice stability dstronger exchange rate 26what is most likely to cause the government to have a budget surplus?aan increase in exports ban increase in unemployment ca decrease in government spending da decrease in private sector investment 27which of the following government policies would lead to a more even distribution of income?aallowing a balance of payments deficit ba change in the rate of exchange ccontrol of lending by commercial banks dexpenditure on unemployment benefits 28a government wishes to make firms pay for the total cost of producing their goods, including external costs such as pollution. which measure could the government use to do this? aan increase in an indirect tax on the firm's goods ban increase in grants to the firm can increase in subsidies for the firm's goods dfixing a minimum price for the firm's goods 29a person pays $500 tax when earnings are $5000.which of the following tax payments would indicate that the country has a regressive tax system if his income rose to $12 000? a$1000 b$1200 c$1500 d$2400",
            "11": "11 0455/3 nov03 [turn over30which of the following is a reason for collecting national income statistics? ato calculate population changes bto compare standards of living cto fix exchange rates dto keep inflation low 31in order to reduce unemployment, a government moves one of its departments to a different part of the country, even though this is expensive. which type of unemployment is most likely to be reduced? acyclical bfrictional cregional dseasonal 32in 1999 south africa exported its goods using its own ships, instead of using uk ships.what would have been the effect on south africa\u2019s balance of payments? balance of trade in goodsbalance of trade in services a improved improved b improved unchanged c unchanged improved d unchanged unchanged",
            "12": "12 0455/3 nov0333the table shows the number of jamaican dollars (j$) which are exchanged for one unit of other currencies in june and july 2001. currencyjune 2001 j$july 2001 j$ us $ 45.78 45.77 uk \u00a3 63.86 64.37 guyana $ 0.25 0.25 barbados $ 23.19 23.12 against which currency did the jamaican dollar depreciate? aus $ buk \u00a3 cguyana $ dbarbados $ 34the graph shows changes in a country\u2019s annual percentage growth in real gdp between 1991 and 2001. 1234 0 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 yearreal gdp growth % _1 what happened to the growth of real gdp? ait was highest in 1996. bit was negative from 1991 to 1993. cit was on a downward trend between 1991 and 2001. dit was positive between 1997 and 1998.",
            "13": "13 0455/3 nov03 [turn over35what is the most likely cause of a fall in the population growth of a developing country? aa decrease in the birth rate ba decrease in emigration ca decrease in immigration da decrease in the standard of living 36which of the following would an economist use to measure living standards?athe average size of families bthe gross domestic product per head cthe number of workers in agriculture dthe size of cities 37malaysia decides to put more of its resources into the production of rubber, because it can produce rubber more efficiently than the rest of the world. this means that malaysia will combine the benefits from acomparative advantage and diversification. bcomparative advantage and specialisation. ccompetition and diversification. dspecialisation and protection. 38in singapore a tax was placed on the use of cars in the city centre to encourage the use of public transport. what changes to private costs and external costs were intended? private costs external costs a fall fall b fall rise c rise fall d rise rise",
            "14": "14 0455/3 nov0339in an african country, large amounts of land were taken from farmers to make a national park to protect rare animals and provide a tourist attraction with accommodation. which of the following is likely to decrease as a result of these changes? aearnings from foreign visitors bemployment in the primary sector cemployment in the tertiary sector dthe price of land elsewhere 40what will reduce the volume of international trade in the world economy? aa dutch bank making a loan to a taiwanese manufacturer ba japanese electronics firm establishing a subsidiary in the uk cthe swedish government granting foreign aid to somalia dthe us government introducing quotas for european steel products",
            "15": "15 0455/3 nov03blank page",
            "16": "16 0455/3 nov03blank page"
        },
        "0455_w03_qp_4.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4printed pages. br s41405/3 \u00a9 cie 2003 [turn overcambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education economics 0455/04 paper 4  structured questions october/november 2003 2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. answer question 1 (section a) and any three questions from section b. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "section a answer this question. 1investment in namibia increased from n$4445 million in 1998 to n$4909 million in 1999 at current market prices. in the same period, according to a government report, overall economic growth innamibia was 3.8%. the report examined the main factors for this and stated that the primary sector registered a positive growth. agriculture showed an increase of 11.7% in 1999 compared with 1.8% in 1998,fishing grew by 1.3% in 1999 and diamonds showed an increase of 9.4% in 1999, compared with1.3% in 1998. the secondary sector recorded a decline of 1.7% in 1999, with manufacturing decreasing by 0.6%, fish processing decreasing by 9.6% and construction declining by 18.3%. (a)what is meant by investment? [2] (b)in the first sentence of the article you will find the phrase \u2018current market prices\u2019. what doesthis phrase tell you? [2] (c)the article says economic growth rose by 3.8%. (i)define what is meant by economic growth. [2]  (ii) explain the link between a rise in investment and a rise in economic growth. [4] (d)an aim of government policy is to achieve economic growth. explain what benefits economicgrowth can bring to a country. [6] (e)discuss whether the information allows you to determine which is the most significant sectorin the namibian economy. [4]2 0455/04/o/n/03",
            "3": "3 0455/04/o/n/03section b answer three questions. 2in 2001 there was a crisis in the farming industry in the uk. the spread of a disease meant many animals had to be killed. the government decided to compensate the farmers with a subsidy. (a)explain what is meant by a subsidy and illustrate the effect of a subsidy in a market by usinga demand and supply diagram. [4] (b)discuss how uk farmers\u2019 costs, revenues and profits might have changed in 2001. [6] (c)explain what is meant by price elasticity of demand. [4] (d)how might the concept of price elasticity of demand be of use to a farmer? [6] 3in the uk the royal society for the protection of birds (rspb) has recently bought land aroundthe coast to prevent building on the area where rare birds breed. it has received donations fromthe public towards the cost. the rspb plans to set up special visitor centres in the area. (a)explain which factors of production are involved in the above action by the rspb. [4] (b)discuss whether the local area might be more likely to gain or lose from the action of therspb. [6] (c)define the following terms and identify an example of each in the above passage. (i)private cost (ii) social benefit. [4] (d)the rspb is a private charity. do you think the protection of rare birds should be theresponsibility of a government rather than private charities? [6] 4countries are categorised as less developed because of their poverty and low average incomes,their lack of good human resources and their low level of economic diversification. (a)explain what is meant by  (i)\u2018their lack of good human resources\u2019, [3] (ii) \u2018their low level of economic diversification\u2019. [3] (b)explain whether it can be concluded from the above statement that all people in lessdeveloped countries are poor. [4] (c)explain what is likely to be the occupational distribution of the population in a less developedcountry. [4] (d)if a less developed country becomes classified as a developed country, what changes wouldprobably have happened to the structure of its population and its occupational distribution?  [6] [turn over",
            "4": "4 0455/04/o/n/035\u2018the most effective support the industrialised countries could provide for the poorer nations would be to open their markets to the products of developing countries by having fewer traderestrictions.' (trade and industry minister for ghana, 2001) (a)what forms do trade restrictions often take? [3] (b)discuss the immediate and the long-term changes that might occur in developing countries iftrading restrictions were reduced. [7] (c)discuss whether it is better for a country to produce many products and protect its marketsfrom international trade or whether it is better to try to achieve specialisation in some productsonly. [10] 6in the past the uk government was anxious to reduce the rate of inflation. now the rate of inflationmeasured by the retail price index (rpi) continues to remain low and is not causing too muchconcern. (a)what does a retail price index (index of consumer prices) measure? [2] (b)what causes inflation? [8] (c)why might a government be worried about the rate of inflation? [10] 7british gas is a large profit-making public company in the uk. a publicity leaflet from the companystated that the number of customers it served had increased. it also said that the company wasmore willing to pay compensation to customers for failure to meet required standards of service.  (a)explain what is meant by the principle of profit maximisation. [4] (b)discuss what might have happened to profits as a result of each of the changes mentioned inthe leaflet. [6] (c)describe briefly the main types of business organisation and consider which of them is likelyto be the most significant in a developed economy. [10] copyright acknowledgements: question 1 \u00a9 the namibian economist cambridge international examinations has made every effort to trace copyright holders, but if we have inadvertently overlooked any we will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity."
        },
        "0455_w03_qp_6.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4printed pages. br s41406/2 \u00a9 cie 2003 [turn overcambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education economics 0455/06 paper 6  alternative to coursework october/november 2003 1 hour 30 minutes additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. answer allquestions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "1 saving in south africa in south africa, between 1995 and 1998, savers were able to benefit from higher interest rates and reduced inflation. moreover, they did not have to pay income tax on some of their income fromsavings. however, between 1990 and 1998 the amount of income from savings that was exemptfrom income tax (the \u2018tax allowance\u2019) remained unchanged.  the level of personal savings in south africa in 1998 was thought to be low and meant that less than 10% of the people were able to retire financially independent.  an economist at the industrial development corporation (idc) in south africa suggested that an increase in the level that was exempt from tax would encourage people to save. in 2002 this levelwas raised from r4000 to r6000. (r = rand, the currency of south africa). changes in taxes can, however, have other effects. there is no guarantee that an increase in the amount of income exempt from tax will result in increased savings. lower taxes do increasedisposable income but this might result in extra spending rather than extra savings. (a)explain how savers can benefit from (i)high interest rates, [1] (ii) reduced inflation. [3] (b)using information in the article, comment on the effect that changes in tax allowances mighthave on total savings in an economy. [5] (c)the article says that not many people will be financially independent when they retire. whymight this be a concern for the government? [5] (d) (i) what is meant by the expression \u2018disposable income\u2019? [2] (ii) y ou are asked to investigate the differences in the spending and savings patterns ofpeople with low disposable income and those with high disposable income. what do youthink you would discover? [9]2 0455/06/o/n/03",
            "3": "3 0455/06/o/n/032 lufthansa to cut 4000 jobs the following information appeared in the press in november 2001. the german airline lufthansa is to make up to 4000 employees redundant in response to a reduction in demand which has affected the whole airline industry. the number of passengerstravelling with lufthansa declined by 13.3% in october 2001, having already fallen by 9.1% inseptember. a spokesman said that the airline, which employs 85000 people, would try to reduce staff, starting with workers who were still on temporary contracts in their six-month trial period. ifthat did not prove enough then other employees would also lose their jobs. cabin staff wouldbe retained where possible and the emphasis would be on reducing ground staff. management and trade unions have been negotiating on cost-cutting measures but have failed to reach an agreement. lufthansa has agreed to sell four of its boeing 747 jumbo jets inorder to reduce capacity. despite the difficulties, lufthansa is in a better position than itscompetitors such as swissair and sabena. (a)identify the reason for the difficulties faced by lufthansa. [1] (b)explain whether a reduction in the labour force would affect the fixed costs or the variablecosts of lufthansa. [4] (c)imagine you are a business correspondent for a newspaper. y ou have been told that up to4000 lufthansa employees are to lose their jobs. y ou have to assess whether this isnecessary. (i)explain twopieces of information you have already been given in the above article that might be significant to your assessment. [4] (ii) what other information might you like to collect in order to make a decision? [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/06/o/n/03copyright acknowledgements: question 1 oecd question 2 the namibian cambridge international examinations has made every effort to trace copyright holders, but if we have inadvertently overlooked any we willbe pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity."
        }
    },
    "2004": {
        "0455_s04_qp_1.pdf": {
            "1": "     university of cambridge international examinations    international general certificate of secondary education        economics 0455/01        paper 1  multiple choice    may/june 2004        1 hour     additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet      soft clean eraser      soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)                          read these instructions first     write in soft pencil.    do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.   write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided   unless this has been done for you.      there are forty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible    answers a, b, c, and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.     read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.     each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.   any rough working should be done in this booklet.                                                  this document consists of 13 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib04 06_0455_01/3rp   \uf6d9 ucles 2004  [turn over  ",
            "2": "2    \uf6d9 ucles 2004  0455/1/m/j/04 1 which action is evidence that a country is a planned economy?  a a central bank plans an interest rate change.  b a government plans the allocation of all resources. c a local authority plans a new library. d a ministry of finance plans the annual budget.      2 which statement best explains why drought is an economic problem?  a drought cannot be controlled.  b rainfall is unreliable.  c the effects of drought involve the government.  d water is a scarce good.      3 what is not an example of a factor of production in a hairdressing business?  a a haircut  b a hairdresser c a hairdressing shop d a hair-drier      4 what might increase the use of money as a medium of exchange?  a an increase in income tax  b an increase in interest rates  c an increase in savings  d an increase in specialisation      5 a state-owned industry is sold to the private sector. the industry consists of a number of very  large factories.    which is the most likely change in business organisation to result from this?  a from private company to public corporations  b from public company to public corporations  c from public corporation to public companies  d from public corporation to private companies     ",
            "3": "3    \uf6d9 ucles 2004  0455/1/m/j/04  [turn over  6 the following table gives information about four companies.    which one of these companies is not a multi-national company?    company number of countries in  which the company has  shareholders number of countries in  which the company has  factories number of countries in  which the country sells  its products  a 2  1  100   b 1  2  50   c 10  20  20   d 20  5  1      7 in 2002 the trade union representing workers on the london underground public transport  system called a strike.    which condition would make a strike least  likely to be successful?  a the demand has to be met at a certain time.  b the product or service is regarded as a necessity. c the union represents a high percentage of the workforce.  d there is a wide range of alternative services.      8 what is a function of a central bank?  a to decide government spending  b to determine all interest rates c to issue new currency d to lend to private businesses     9 which company operates in the primary sector?    company description  a century city hong kong holding company with property and  hotel interests  b compass east industries thai ceiling fan manufacturer  c delta gold rapidly expanding australian gold and platinum  mining company  d first bangkok city bank medium-sized commercial thai bank    ",
            "4": "4    \uf6d9 ucles 2004  0455/1/m/j/04 10 the diagram shows the demand for and supply of a product. the original equilibrium is at x.    which point indicates the new equilibrium position if there is an increase in the price of a close  substitute for the commodity while other things remain the same?    price quantityb ac d x d3d1d2s2 s1 o     11 the diagram shows the demand for and supply of a firm's product. the original equilibrium is       at x.    the firm pays for a successful advertising campaign.    what is the new equilibrium?    xb dac oprice quantityd3d1d2s3 s1 s2     ",
            "5": "5    \uf6d9 ucles 2004  0455/1/m/j/04  [turn over  12 the charts show the number of railway passenger journeys made and the miles of route open.    number of passenger journeys completed (millions)760 740720700680660640620600580560 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 routes open (miles)11 100 11 000 10 90010 80010 70010 60010 50010 400 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994     what can be concluded from the charts?  a the overall trend in passenger journeys between 1990 and 1994 was upwards.  b the routes had more people travelling on them in 1994 than in 1992. c the revenue of the railway decreased between 1990 and 1994.  d there were more trains running in 1994 than in 1992.      13 which method of advertising would be the most cost-effective way of selling economics textbooks  to schools?  a commercial television  b daily newspapers  c direct mail  d local radio stations     ",
            "6": "6    \uf6d9 ucles 2004  0455/1/m/j/04 14 a supply curve shows the relationship between the quantity supplied and   a company profits.  b the demand for the product. c the output of the product. d the price of the product.      15 what is likely to increase the supply of fish brought to market?  a a decrease in the number of fishing vessels operating  b the imposition of a quota on the import of fish  c the imposition of a sales tax on fish  d a decrease in the cost of building fishing vessels      16 the graph shows the market for unskilled workers in a city. the original equilibrium is at x.    what would be the new equilibrium if there was a migration of workers to the city?    wage quantitys3 s1 s2 d2 d1 d3da b cx o      ",
            "7": "7    \uf6d9 ucles 2004  0455/1/m/j/04  [turn over  17 the table shows how three people spend their income.     person x person y person z  food, clothing and housing 35  % 50  % 20  %  entertainment and leisure 25  % 20  % 40  %  luxury goods 40  % 30  % 40  %    place the three people in the most likely order of income, from highest income to lowest income.  a x, y, z  b y, z, x  c z, x, y d z, y, x     18 the table shows the weekly values of certain items for the average person in each group.    which group saves the most on average?      income ($) spending ($) borrowing ($)  a employed workers 500  400  50   b retired people 150  140  0   c school students 25  30  5   d unemployed 200  300  100      19 \u2018between 1988 and 1998 the real income of the poorest 5  % of the world\u2019s people fell by almost  25  %, while the real income of the richest 5  % increased by 12  %.\u2019    what does this mean?  a rich and poor people were equally affected.  b the poor lost 25  % of their money.  c the poor lost about twice as much money as the rich gained.  d the poor were relatively worse off in 1998 than 1988.      20 which activity can a small firm carry out more easily than a large firm?  a adapting to changing fashions  b buying in bulk  c raising finance d undertaking expensive research   ",
            "8": "8    \uf6d9 ucles 2004  0455/1/m/j/04 21 the table shows a firm\u2019s average revenue and average cost.    what level of output, a, b, c or d, gives maximum profit?     output (units) average revenue ($) average cost ($)  a 5  10  30   b 10  20  20   c 15  25  15   d 20  30  18       22 which of the following is a fixed cost of production?  a distribution costs  b dividends to shareholders  c overtime pay  d rental of buildings      23 the diagram shows the fixed costs, variable costs and total costs of a firm.    p q r scosts outputo     which distance represents the firm\u2019s fixed costs?  a ps b qr c qs d rs     ",
            "9": "9    \uf6d9 ucles 2004  0455/1/m/j/04  [turn over  24 the table shows the total cost of producing a good at different levels of output.    output  (units) total cost  ($)  0 15  1 25  2 36  3 42  the firm sells 3 units.    if the total costs have to be covered, at what price must each of the 3 units be sold?  a $42 b $27 c $14 d $6      25 which statement describes a progressive tax?  a a tax that increases government income over time  b a tax that places an increasing burden on the poor  c a tax that rises in line with the rate of inflation  d a tax that has a higher rate as income rises      26 what is not a main economic government objective?  a a balance of payments deficit  b economic growth c full employment d price stability      27 when is the budget described as balanced?  a when direct taxes and indirect taxes are equal  b when exports and imports are equal  c when government spending and government revenue are equal  d when the demand for money and the supply of money are equal      28 what would be most likely to encourage saving?  a a rise in the exchange rate  b a rise in the goods and services tax rate c a rise in the income tax rate d a rise in the interest rate ",
            "10": "10    \uf6d9 ucles 2004  0455/1/m/j/04 29 the diagram shows the annual rate of inflation for a country between 2000 and 2003.    2000 2001 2002 2003 yearrate of inflation %10 8 6420     which statement is true of the period 2000 to 2003?  a the cost of living fell.  b the price level rose.  c the retail price index fell.  d the value of money rose.      30 which of the following would cause a favourable change in the uk trade in services (invisible)  account?  a a malaysian company increases its exports to the uk.  b a uk holiday company sends more british tourists to namibia. c a large uk company increases its exports of goods. d a uk company wins a contract to transport south african exports.     ",
            "11": "11    \uf6d9 ucles 2004  0455/1/m/j/04  [turn over  31 the table shows units of output, value of output and number of people employed in an industry  over three years.     output  (units, millions)output value  ($ millions) number employed  (000)  year 1 10 10 5  year 2 21 25 7  year 3 32 40 8    what could be concluded from the table above?  a inflation has increased.  b output per worker has increased. c profit has increased.  d working population has increased.      32 the graph shows annual changes in the prices of goods and services in a country between 1996  and 2001.    5 43210 _1 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001annual % changeservices goods year    what can be concluded from the graph?  a goods were cheaper in 2001 than 1996.  b goods were cheaper than services from 1997. c the price of goods fell at the start of 2000. d the price of services fell in 2000.     ",
            "12": "12    \uf6d9 ucles 2004  0455/1/m/j/04 33 on a holiday island criminals have frightened away tourists. to give tourists confidence the  government has increased the number of police.    what is likely to happen as a result of such action by the government?  a overseas earnings fall.  b public expenditure increases.  c taxes fall.  d unemployment increases.      34 a government spreads its offices throughout the country even though it is expensive.    which type of unemployment is this policy most likely to reduce?  a cyclical  b frictional c regional  d seasonal      35 botswana has achieved high rates of economic growth.    what is most likely to have fallen as a result of this economic growth?  a employment  b income per head c infant mortality rate  d literacy rates      36 other things being equal, what will cause a population both to increase and to age?  a a fall in the birth rate  b a rise in both the birth rate and the death rate c a rise in the death rate and a fall in the birth rate d a fall in the death rate      37 what would be found in a developed economy?  a low infant mortality rate  b low investment rate c low life expectancy  d low literacy rate   ",
            "13": "13    \uf6d9 ucles 2004  0455/1/m/j/04   38 what is an effect of trade protection?  a it encourages home industries to be more efficient.  b it increases the demand for home-produced goods. c it reduces the price of home-produced goods. d it reduces the price of imports.      39 why might the government of a developing economy welcome large-scale cutting of its limited  hardwood forests for export by a multi-national company?  a it allows profits to be exported.  b it conserves scarce resources. c it ensures long-term future growth in living standards. d it increases employment.      40 world-wide campaigns to reduce smoking will affect malawi, which has relied on tobacco for its  main export earnings.    what is likely to happen if malawi is successful in replacing its earnings from tobacco by  developing its tourist trade?  a the number of jobs required in the service sector will decrease.  b the primary sector will become more significant in the economy.  c there will be greater expenditure on new roads and infrastructure. d visible earnings will increase while invisible earnings will decrease.     ",
            "14": "14     0455/1/m/j/04 blank page ",
            "15": "15     0455/1/m/j/04   blank page  ",
            "16": "16        university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles) , which is itself a department  of the university of cambridge.   0455/1/m/j/04 blank page  "
        },
        "0455_s04_qp_2.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 3 pages and 1 blank page. sp (cw) s61181 \u00a9ucles 2004 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education economics 0455/02 paper 2  structured questions may/june 2004 1hour 30 minutes additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, music or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. answer all questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/02/m/j/04answer all questions. 1in bangladesh there used to be a complete lack of access to health services in areas of poor housing, and residents did not have the time or money to seek out health care. in these areas onethird of the population was affected by disease, and the child mortality rates were over ten timesthe national average. now small health centres, staffed by volunteers, are being set up in theseareas by a charity. the organisers say that these small centres have been a great success andhave proved that it is possible to provide good services in poor areas. other health provision is being made for one million women working in the labour-intensive garment factories. many workers have poor health because of long working hours and thephysically demanding nature of the work. they cannot take time off to get treatment and theycannot afford private health care. the charity that set up the health centres went into partnershipwith the factory owners by convincing them that a healthy workforce was a productive one. (a)according to the article how do the working conditions of some workers affect their health? [2] (b)what is meant by \u2018labour-intensive\u2019 production? [2] (c)how far can it be concluded from the article that people living in the areas of poor housing have worse health than the rest of the country? [4] (d)sometimes the government provides services in an economy, sometimes the private sectorprovides services. explain why it is that the government provides some services. [6] (e)the article says \u2018a healthy workforce is a productive one.\u2019 (i)explain what this means. [3] (ii) should it usually be the responsibility of the employers rather than the government toprovide health care? [3] 2in zimbabwe a local community markets a tea which grows wild in their area. \u2018communities shouldbe able to manage their natural resources if they are to benefit, especially if they are to gain aneconomic benefit,\u2019 the leader of the project said. (a)identify the factors of production. [4] (b)explain what benefits might be gained by the local community in zimbabwe from the project. [6] 3the uk/dutch consumer goods company unilever had a 35% rise in profits in the first part of 2002. the group, whose brands include tea, soap and washing powder, benefited from a rise inprofit margins, but the growth in sales was slow. (a)explain who might benefit from the rise in profits. [4] (b)discuss how firms might achieve a rise in profits. [6] \u00a9ucles 2004",
            "3": "3 0455/02/m/j/044(a)what is meant by a retail price index? [3] (b)explain how a retail price index is calculated. [7] 5demand for uk exports dropped considerably in november 2002, which pushed the uk further into a visible trade deficit \u2013 the largest since records began. (a)explain what is meant by a visible trade deficit and identify in which part of the balance of payments the deficit would be recorded. [3] (b)discuss whether it matters if a country has a visible trade deficit. [7] \u00a9ucles 2004",
            "4": "4 0455/02/m/j/04blank page \u00a9ucles 2004copyright acknowledgements: question 1 \u00a9 department for international developmentevery reasonable effort has been made to trace all copyright holders. the publishers will be pleased to hear from anyone whose rights we have unwittingly infringed. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s04_qp_3.pdf": {
            "1": "university of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education economics0455/03 paper 3  multiple choice may/june 2004 1 hour additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet soft clean eraser soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended) read these instructions first write in soft pencil. do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided unless this has been done for you. there are forty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible answers  a, b, c, and d. choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet. read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully. each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet. this document consists of 13 printed pages and 3 blank pages. ib04 06_0455_03/2rp /g211 ucles 2004 [turn over",
            "2": "2 /g211 ucles 2004 0455/3/m/j/041which action is evidence that a country is a planned economy? aa central bank plans an interest rate change. ba government plans the allocation of all resources. ca local authority plans a new library. da ministry of finance plans the annual budget. 2which statement best explains why drought is an economic problem? adrought cannot be controlled. brainfall is unreliable. cthe effects of drought involve the government. dwater is a scarce good. 3in 2002 the government of zimbabwe diverted us$18  million, originally intended to support private business, to help feed millions of people threatened by famine. some of the money was used to import up to 1.8  million tonnes of corn. what was the opportunity cost to zimbabwe of this decision? athe cost of the extra food bthe cost of the 1.8 million tonnes of corn cthe effect on private business dthe us$18  million 4what might increase the use of money as a medium of exchange? aan increase in income tax ban increase in interest rates can increase in savings dan increase in specialisation 5a state-owned industry is sold to the private sector. the industry consists of a number of very large factories. which is the most likely change in business organisation to result from this? afrom private company to public corporations bfrom public company to public corporations cfrom public corporation to public companies dfrom public corporation to private companies",
            "3": "3 /g211 ucles 2004 0455/3/m/j/04 [turn over6the following table gives information about four companies. which one of these companies is not a multi-national company? companynumber of countries in which the company has shareholdersnumber of countries in which the company has factoriesnumber of countries in which the country sells its products a 2 1 100 b 12 5 0 c 10 20 20 d 2 051 7in 2002 the trade union representing worke rs on the london underground public transport system called a strike. which condition would make a strike least  likely to be successful? athe demand has to be met at a certain time. bthe product or service is regarded as a necessity. cthe union represents a high percentage of the workforce. dthere is a wide range of alternative services. 8what is a function of a central bank? ato decide government spending bto determine all interest rates cto issue new currency dto lend to private businesses 9which company operates in the primary sector? company description a century city hong kong holding company with property and hotel interests b compass east industries thai ceiling fan manufacturer c delta gold rapidly expanding australian gold and platinum mining company d first bangkok city bank medium-sized commercial thai bank",
            "4": "4 /g211 ucles 2004 0455/3/m/j/0410the diagram shows the demand for and supply of a product. the original equilibrium is at x. which point indicates the new equilibrium position if there is an increase in the price of a close substitute for the commodity while other things remain the same? price quantityb ac dx d3d1d2s3 s1s2 o 11the diagram shows the demand for and supply of a firm's product. the original equilibrium is at x. the firm pays for a successful advertising campaign. what is the new equilibrium? xb dac oprice quantityd3d1d2s3 s1 s2",
            "5": "5 /g211 ucles 2004 0455/3/m/j/04 [turn over12the charts show the number of railway passenger journeys made and the miles of route open. number of passenger journeys completed (millions)760 740720700680660640620600580560 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 routes open (miles)11 100 11 000 10 90010 80010 70010 60010 50010 400 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 what can be concluded from the charts? athe overall trend in passenger journeys between 1990 and 1994 was upwards. bthe routes had more people travelling on them in 1994 than in 1992. cthe revenue of the railway decreased between 1990 and 1994. dthere were more trains running in 1994 than in 1992. 13which method of advertising would be the most cost-effective way of selling economics textbooks to schools? acommercial television bdaily newspapers cdirect mail dlocal radio stations",
            "6": "6 /g211 ucles 2004 0455/3/m/j/0414the demand for cocoa beans is price-inelastic. what is most likely to increase as a result of a decrease in demand for cocoa beans? aincome of cocoa bean producers bprice of cocoa bean products cproduction of cocoa beans dunemployment among cocoa bean farmers 15there are a fixed number of seats at a concert. most of the audience would continue to attend even if the seat prices were increased. which diagram represents this situation? price quantityoa s d price quantityob d s price quantityoc sd price quantityod s d 16the graph shows the market for unskilled workers in a city. the original equilibrium is at x.what would be the new equilibrium if there was a migration of workers to the city? wage quantitys3 s1 s2 d2 d1 d3da b cx o",
            "7": "7 /g211 ucles 2004 0455/3/m/j/04 [turn over17the table shows how three people spend their income. person x person y person z food, clothing and housing 35  %5 0  %2 0  % entertainment and leisure 25  %2 0  %4 0  % luxury goods 40  %3 0  %4 0  % place the three people in the most likely order of income, from highest income to lowest income. ax, y, z by, z, x cz, x, y dz, y, x 18the table shows the weekly values of certain items for the average person in each group. which group saves the most on average? income ($) spending ($) borrowing ($) a employed workers 500 400 50 b retired people 150 140 0 c school students 25 30 5 d unemployed 200 300 100 19\u2018between 1988 and 1998 the real income of the poorest 5  % of the world\u2019s people fell by almost 25  %, while the real income of the richest 5  % increased by 12  %.\u2019 what does this mean? arich and poor people were equally affected. bthe poor lost 25  % of their money. cthe poor lost about twice as much money as the rich gained. dthe poor were relatively worse off in 1998 than 1988. 20why are firms making similar products often located near each other?acompetition may be reduced. bexternal economies may be possible. cland may be cheaper. doverheads may be increased.",
            "8": "8 /g211 ucles 2004 0455/3/m/j/0421the table shows a firm\u2019s average revenue and average cost. what level of output, a, b, c or d, gives maximum profit? output (units) average revenue ($) average cost ($) a 51 03 0 b 10 20 20 c 15 25 15 d 20 30 18 22the following extract appeared in a uk newspaper. \u2018the uk construction firm wimpey yesterday announced an \u00a385 million deal to buy two companies in the united states which supply its raw materials.\u2019 which term best describes wimpey's actions? adiversification bhorizontal integration cvertical integration backwards dvertical integration forwards 23the diagram shows the fixed costs, variable costs and total costs of a firm. p q r scosts outputo which distance represents the firm\u2019s fixed costs? apq bps cqr dqs",
            "9": "9 /g211 ucles 2004 0455/3/m/j/04 [turn over24the table shows output and total costs of a firm with three workers. output total costs ($) week 1 5 1500 week 2 6 1600 week 3 7 1700 week 4 8 1800 how did output per worker and average cost change over the period? output per worker average cost a decrease no change b increase decrease c increase no change d no change increase 25which statement describes a progressive tax? aa tax that increases government income over time ba tax that places an increasing burden on the poor ca tax that rises in line with the rate of inflation da tax that has a higher rate as income rises 26what is not a main economic government objective? aa balance of payments deficit beconomic growth cfull employment dprice stability 27when is the budget described as balanced? awhen direct taxes and indirect taxes are equal bwhen exports and imports are equal cwhen government spending and government revenue are equal dwhen the demand for money and the supply of money are equal",
            "10": "10 /g211 ucles 2004 0455/3/m/j/0428what would be most likely to encourage saving? aa rise in the exchange rate ba rise in the goods and services tax rate ca rise in the income tax rate da rise in the interest rate 29the diagram shows the annual rate of inflation for a country between 2000 and 2003. 2000 2001 2002 2003 yearrate of inflation %10 8 6420 which statement is true of the period 2000 to 2003? athe cost of living fell. bthe price level rose. cthe retail price index fell. dthe value of money rose. 30which of the following would cause a favourable change in the uk trade in services (invisible) account? aa malaysian company increases its exports to the uk. ba japanese company invests in a subsidiary in the uk. ca large uk company increases its exports of goods. da uk company wins a contract to transport south african exports.",
            "11": "11 /g211 ucles 2004 0455/3/m/j/04 [turn over31the table shows units of output, value of out put and number of people employed in an industry over three years. output (units, millions)output value ($ millions)number employed (000) year 1 10 10 5 year 2 21 25 7 year 3 32 40 8 what could be concluded from the table above? ainflation has increased. bproductivity has increased. cprofit has increased. dworking population has increased. 32the graph shows annual changes in the prices of goods and services in a country between 1996 and 2001. 5 43210 _1 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001annual % changeservices goods year what can be concluded from the graph? agoods were cheaper in 2001 than 1996. bgoods were cheaper than services from 1997. cthe price of goods fell at the start of 2000. dthe price of services fell in 2000.",
            "12": "12 /g211 ucles 2004 0455/3/m/j/0433on a holiday island criminals have frightened away tourists. to give tourists confidence the government has increased the number of police. what is likely to happen as a result of such action by the government? aoverseas earnings fall. bpublic expenditure increases. ctaxes fall. dunemployment increases. 34why are weights used in the construction of a price index? asome prices tend to change according to the season. bsome prices change more than others. csome goods are more expensive than others. dsome goods take a greater proportion of total spending than others. 35botswana has achieved high rates of economic growth. what is most likely to have fallen as a result of this economic growth? aemployment bincome per head cinfant mortality rate dliteracy rates 36other things being equal, what will cause a population both to increase and to age?aa fall in the birth rate ba rise in both the birth rate and the death rate ca rise in the death rate and a fall in the birth rate da fall in the death rate 37what is usually found in a developing country? aprimary products are important exports. bthe agricultural industry has high productivity. cthere is a high level of investment in education. dthere is a low birth rate.",
            "13": "13 /g211 ucles 2004 0455/3/m/j/0438what is an effect of trade protection? ait encourages home industries to be more efficient. bit increases the demand for home produced goods. cit reduces the price of home produced goods. dit reduces the price of imports. 39external benefits are aprivate benefits minus private costs. bprivate benefits plus social benefits. csocial benefits minus private benefits. dsocial benefits plus social costs. 40what encourages international specialisation? adiseconomies of scale bforeign exchange cfree trade dquotas",
            "14": "14 0455/3/m/j/04blank page",
            "15": "15 0455/3/m/j/04blank page",
            "16": "16 university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles) , which is itself a department of the university of cambridge. 0455/3/m/j/04blank page"
        },
        "0455_s04_qp_4.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 pages. sjf3022  s63340/2 \u00a9 ucles 2004 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education economics 0455/04 paper 4  structured questions may/june 2004 2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, music or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. answer question 1 (section a) and any three questions from section b. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question. ",
            "2": "2 0455/04/m/j/04section a answer this question. 1in bangladesh there used to be a complete lack of access to health services in areas of poor housing, and residents did not have the time or money to seek out health care. in these areas onethird of the population was affected by disease, and the child mortality rates were over ten timesthe national average. now small health centres, staffed by volunteers, are being set up in theseareas by a charity. the organisers say that these small centres have been a great success andhave proved that it is possible to provide good services in poor areas. other health provision is being made for one million women working in the labour-intensive garment factories. many workers have poor health because of long working hours and thephysically demanding nature of the work. they cannot take time off to get treatment and theycannot afford private health care. the charity that set up the health centres went into partnershipwith the factory owners by convincing them that a healthy workforce was a productive one. (a)according to the article how do the working conditions of some workers affect their health? [2] (b)what is meant by \u2018labour-intensive\u2019 production? [2] (c)how far can it be concluded from the article that people living in the areas of poor housing have worse health than the rest of the country? [4] (d)sometimes the government provides services in an economy, sometimes the private sectorprovides services. explain why it is that the government provides some services. [6] (e)the article says \u2018a healthy workforce is a productive one.\u2019 (i)explain what this means. [3] (ii) should it usually be the responsibility of the employers rather than the government toprovide health care? [3] \u00a9 ucles 2004",
            "3": "3 0455/04/m/j/04 [turn oversection b answer three questions. 2in zimbabwe a local community markets a tea which grows wild in their area. \u2018communities should be able to manage their natural resources if they are to benefit, especially if they are togain an economic benefit,\u2019 the leader of the project said. (a)identify the factors of production. [4] (b)explain what benefits might be gained by the local community in zimbabwe from the project. [6] (c)tea is also grown and sold by large companies. explain how this might affect the market for the local community\u2019s tea. [4] (d)discuss whether a community should always exploit rather than conserve its resources. [6] 3the uk/dutch consumer goods company unilever had a 35% rise in profits in the first part of2002. the group, whose brands include tea, soap and washing powder, benefited from a rise inprofit margins, but the growth in sales was slow. (a)explain who might benefit from the rise in profits. [4] (b)discuss how firms might achieve a rise in profits. [6] (c)explain what is meant by a high price elasticity of demand. [4] (d)consider whether the price elasticity for soap is likely to be high or low. [6] 4 (a) what is meant by a retail price index? [3] (b)explain how a retail price index is calculated. [7] (c)discuss the possible causes of inflation. [10] 5demand for uk exports dropped considerably in november 2002, which pushed the uk further into a visible trade deficit \u2013 the largest since records began. (a)explain what is meant by a visible trade deficit and identify in which part of the balance of payments the deficit would be recorded. [3] (b)discuss whether it matters if a country has a visible trade deficit. [7] (c)describe what policies a government might use if it wished to bring a visible trade deficit intosurplus. [4] (d)discuss the other consequences of pursuing two of the policies you have mentioned. [6] \u00a9 ucles 2004",
            "4": "4 0455/04/m/j/046it was reported that in a country the poorest households spent 30% of their income on food while the richest households spent 13% of food. (a)do these figures mean that the actual amount that the richest households spent on food is lower than that spent by the poorest households? explain your answer. [4] (b)ali has started his first job. faizal is now in a senior position in her company. describe howthe expenditure pattern of these two people might be different. [4] (c)analyse the motives that might cause a person to save rather than to spend. [6] (d)what might be the result of a general increase in the level of consumers\u2019 spending in aneconomy? [6] 7 (a) contrast the occupational distribution of the population of a developing country with that of adeveloped country. [5] (b)apart from the occupational distribution of the population, explain why a country might beclassified as developing rather than developed. [8] (c)multi-national companies invest in developing countries. explain what is meant by a multi-national company and discuss whether it is advantageous for a developing country to acceptinvestment by multi-national companies. [7] \u00a9 ucles 2004copyright acknowledgements: question 1 \u00a9 department for international developmentevery reasonable effort has been made to trace all copyright holders. the publishers will be pleased to hear from anyone whose rights we have unwittingly infringed. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s04_qp_6.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page. (kn) s68046/1 \u00a9ucles 2004 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education economics 0455/06 paper 6  alternative to coursework may/june 2004 1 hour 30 minutes additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your name, centre number and candidate number on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. answer all questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 1 fishing in the uk cod is a fish which is very popular as a food in the uk. by 2002, only 7% of the 240 000 tonnes bought each year was caught in the seas around the uk. this was because during the 1960s and1970s intense fishing almost wiped out the stocks of cod in those seas. by 2002 the uk had torely on imports of cod from iceland, norway and russia. to overcome the need to import so much fish it was proposed in 2002 to breed cod on fish \u2018farms\u2019. a norwegian-owned company began to develop a farm by constructing cages. local people complained because they said the cages would destroy an area of natural beauty. the farm wasintended to employ 25 people. the plan was for the farms to be developed slowly so thateventually they would be able to supply 24 000 tonnes of cod a year and employ 1600 people in an area where the rate of unemployment was high. the uk government saw this as an importantmove towards maintaining independence in the supply of the fish.  those who wanted to develop the farms saw them as a way to increase profitability in the fishing industry. previously most of the farming of fish had been concentrated on salmon. salmon isanother fish which is popular in the uk. the farming increased output and, as a result, the price ofsalmon had fallen. this had caused profits to decrease. the developers of the cod farms also said that the farms would allow the stocks of cod in the oceans to recover and that, therefore, the farms would be a benefit to fishermen. the fishermendid not agree.  they said that all farmed fish need to be fed and the food would have to be found inthe fishing grounds that supplied other fish. this would cause problems because the food islimited. a spokesperson said \u2018there is no point in talking about a recovery in the fishing industry ifthere is not enough food for the fish to eat\u2019. (a)calculate the amount of fish bought in 2002 that was caught in the seas around the uk.show how you calculated the figure. [2] (b)what proportion of the uk total demand for cod would be produced by the fish farms if theyproduced all that was planned? [1] (c)explain two advantages of establishing the fish farms. [4] (d)explain with the help of a demand and supply diagram what has happened in the market forsalmon in the uk. [4] (e)explain what is meant by opportunity cost and identify an example of opportunity cost fromthe article. [4] (f)discuss whether the cod farms would necessarily increase the profitability of the fishingindustry as a whole. [9] [total: 24] 0455/06/m/j/04 \u00a9ucles 2004",
            "3": "0455/06/m/j/04 \u00a9ucles 20043 2 economic growth the following tables show figures for gross domestic product for some african countries. (a)what is meant by economic growth? [3] (b)what is meant by the use of the word \u2018real\u2019 in table 1? [2] (c)consider the figures for zimbabwe. do those for the annual change in growth conflict with the figures for real gross domestic product? [2] (d)you have been told that economic growth brings great benefits and you decide that you would like to live in a country that had the biggest economic growth between 1999 and 2000. (i)of the countries shown which one would this be? [1] (ii) what other information would you need in order to decide whether you would in fact bemuch better off in this country than any of the others shown? [8] [total: 16]table 1 real gross domestic product millions of us $    constant 1995 prices country 1995 2000 botswana 4 899 6 330 burundi 1 000 946egypt 60 159 78 422equatorial guinea 164 731ethiopia 5 779 7 451namibia 3 503 4 230south africa 151 113 170 568zimbabwe 7 117 7 838table 2 % annual change in real gdp 1994-5 1999-2000 5.1 3.4 \u20137.3 \u20130.9 4.7 5.1 14.3 16.9 6.1 5.4 4.1 3.9 3.1 3.1 0.2 \u20134.9",
            "4": "4 blank page copyright acknowledgements: question 1. world bank database. question 2. \u00a9 the guardian. every reasonable effort has been made to trace all copyright holders. the publishers will be pleased to hear from anyone whose rights we have unwittingly infringed. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge. 0455/06/m/j/04"
        },
        "0455_w04_qp_1.pdf": {
            "1": "        university of cambridge international examinations    international general certificate of secondary education        economics 0455/01        paper 1  multiple choice    october/november 2004        1 hour     additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet      soft clean eraser      soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)                          read these instructions first     write in soft pencil.    do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.   write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided   unless this has been done for you.      there are forty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible    answers  a, b, c, and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.     read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.     each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.   any rough working should be done in this booklet.                                                  this document consists of 13 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib04 11_0455_01/2rp   \uf6d9 ucles 2004  [turn over  ",
            "2": "2    \uf6d9 ucles 2004  0455/01/o/n/04 1 what is always a feature of a mixed economy?  a all capital goods are produced in the public sector.  b resources are used in the public and the private sector.  c the allocation of all resources is determined by the price mechanism. d the public sector is larger than the private sector.     2 a woman playing a quiz game starts with no money, but correctly answers the question that is  worth $4000. the next question is worth $10  000 but if she answers incorrectly she will leave the  game with no money.    what is her opportunity cost of choosing to answer the $10  000 question if her answer is  incorrect?  a nothing b $4000 c $6000 d $10  000     3 which of the following is an example of the factor of production \u2018capital\u2019?  a a truck  b a truck driver  c a truck driver\u2019s savings  d a truck driver\u2019s wage     4 why do bank notes function as money?  a they are durable.  b they are generally acceptable.  c they count as legal tender. d they have intrinsic value.      5 what is usually a function of a trade union?  a it advertises the products that the members make.  b it appoints company employees. c it negotiates with employers for increased wages. d it negotiates with suppliers for reduced costs of materials.     ",
            "3": "3    \uf6d9 ucles 2004  0455/01/o/n/04  [turn over  6 shares in the japanese part of the american fast-food giant mcdonald's hit an all-time low in  august 2002. sales at mcdonald's 3800 restaurants in japan fell dramatically despite the  assurance that the company used only imported beef, which was free from a disease affecting japanese cows.    from the above statement what is true about mcdonald's?  a it is a multi-national because it has 3800 restaurants.  b it is a multi-national because it imports raw materials.  c it is a public company because it issues shares on the stock exchange. d it is a public company because it operates in america and japan.     7 \u2018international companies have made substantial investments in computer production in india.  india is now a major centre of the world computer industry. profit margins are high since labour  costs are a tenth of those in the usa.\u2019    what does this suggest is the reason for companies locating in india rather than in the usa?  a access to cheap land  b availability of capital investment  c availability of investment funds  d competitive wage rates     8 to whom does the central bank usually make loans?  a individuals  b limited companies  c the government d trade unions      9 when will a trade union be most effective in pursuing its members' interests?  a the economy is in recession with rising unemployment.  b the employers have few orders for the product.  c the government passes a law to increase competition in the labour market. d the members' wages make up a small part of total costs.     ",
            "4": "4    \uf6d9 ucles 2004  0455/01/o/n/04 10 the diagram shows the market for bicycles. the demand for bicycles increases and at the same  time manufacturers are able to cut costs through new production methods.    price quantitys1 s2 d2 d1 o     according to the diagram, what would be the result of these changes?     price quantity  a increase increase  b increase unchanged  c unchanged increase  d unchanged decrease     11 the major oil producers sometimes try to raise the price of oil.     how would this be shown on a demand and supply diagram?  a a movement along the demand curve to the right  b a shift in the supply curve to the right  c a shift in the demand curve to the left d a shift in the supply curve to the left     ",
            "5": "5    \uf6d9 ucles 2004  0455/01/o/n/04  [turn over  12 the graphs show four changes in the market for tobacco. the original equilibrium is x.    which graph shows the effect of a successful government advertising campaign against  smoking?    oprice quantitys q1d1d2p1p2 q2a x oprice quantitys q1d1 d2p1 p2 q2b x oprice quantitys1s2 q1dp1 p2 q2c x oprice quantitys1s2 q1dp1p2 q2d x      13 the supply and demand schedules for bananas are shown on the graph.    in an attempt to aid agriculture the government decides to pay a subsidy to farmers for each  tonne of bananas grown.     what is the most probable equilibrium point?    price quantitybcd a o     ",
            "6": "6    \uf6d9 ucles 2004  0455/01/o/n/04 14 the world price of cocoa has been falling while the prices of products made from cocoa have  been rising.    which combination might explain this?     market for cocoa advertising expenditure  on products made from cocoa  a excess demand decrease  b excess supply decrease  c excess demand increase  d excess supply increase      15 on the diagram d 1d1 and s 1s1 are the original demand and supply curves for tea in a country.    price quantity od2 d2 d1d1 s1s1     what would cause the demand curve to shift from d 1d1 to d 2d2?  a a decrease in the population  b a decrease in wage levels  c an increase in the price of coffee  d an increase in the price of sugar      16 which combination is most likely to result in lower rates of pay?     supply of workers productivity of workers  a falls falls  b falls rises  c rises falls  d rises rises    ",
            "7": "7    \uf6d9 ucles 2004  0455/01/o/n/04  [turn over  17 point x shows the original equilibrium in the market for nurses in a country.    there is a fall in the number of people who wish to be trained as nurses.    what is the new equilibrium point?    onumber of nurses employedwage ratea b cdx d1 d2       18 what is likely to be the effect of a fall in interest rates on a consumer's borrowing and saving?     borrowing saving  a falls falls  b falls rises  c rises falls  d rises rises     19 what is most likely to cause the percentage of income saved in an economy to rise?  a a rise in consumer confidence   b a rise in direct taxation  c a rise in unemployment  d a rise in wage rates      20 what is not a factor of production?  a a $10 note  b a farm  c a printing machine d a teacher     ",
            "8": "8    \uf6d9 ucles 2004  0455/01/o/n/04 21 the diagrams represent total cost curves (tc) of four firms in the short run.     which firm has only fixed costs?    costs o quantitya tccosts o quantityb tc tccosts o quantityc costs o quantityd tc       22 which cost incurred by a firm manufacturing shirts is a variable cost?  a buildings insurance  b interest on bank loans  c raw materials  d rent on property      23 the table shows a firm\u2019s total revenue and total cost.    what level of output, a, b, c or d, gives maximum profit?     output  (units) total revenue  ($) total cost  ($)  a 10 15 15  b 20 20 18  c 30 25 20  d 40 30 21     ",
            "9": "9    \uf6d9 ucles 2004  0455/01/o/n/04  [turn over  24 the diagram shows two cost curves of a firm in producing different outputs in the short run.    cost output o1 2     how should the curves be labelled?     curve 1 curve 2  a total cost total variable cost  b total cost total fixed cost  c total fixed cost total cost  d total variable cost total fixed cost      25 what is most likely to happen as unemployment falls?  a economic growth falls.  b inflation falls.  c spending on welfare benefits rises.  d tax revenue rises.      26 the us trades with uruguay. in 2002 the us approved a loan of us$  1.5  billion to uruguay to  help boost uruguay's economy.    what would be the most likely effect of this loan?  a it would encourage uruguay to import from the us.  b it would make uruguay less competitive.  c it would result in imported inflation.  d it would stop us citizens investing in uruguay.     ",
            "10": "10    \uf6d9 ucles 2004  0455/01/o/n/04 27 in september 2002 a government minister warned that tax changes were necessary to  redistribute wealth from rich to poor.    which policy would be likely to achieve that aim?     regressive taxes progressive taxes  a decrease increase  b increase decrease  c increase unchanged  d unchanged decrease     28 \u2018the pound sterling made a dramatic recovery in the world's currency markets yesterday.\u2019    to what does this statement refer?  a exchange rate  b growth rate  c interest rate  d tax rate      29 which aim of government policy is most likely to be achieved by a decrease in government  spending?  a economic growth  b equality of income  c full employment  d price stability     ",
            "11": "11    \uf6d9 ucles 2004  0455/01/o/n/04  [turn over  30 the graph shows government revenue and spending in a country between 1994 and 2001.    48 4644424038363432 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001% of gdp government spending government revenue year    what can be concluded from the graph?  a the balance of payments position improved.  b the borrowing of the government increased.  c the economy went into recession.  d the government budget moved from deficit to surplus.      31 a survey of employment in a particular economy shows that the primary sector was diminishing in  importance and more people were being employed in the tertiary sector.    what does this mean?  a fewer people were employed by central government.  b fewer people were employed in manufacturing industries.  c more people were employed in the service industries.  d more people were employed in agriculture.     32 a newspaper reports that there has been economic growth in an economy.    what does this mean to an economist?  a population has increased.  b production has increased. c saving has increased. d taxation has increased.     ",
            "12": "12    \uf6d9 ucles 2004  0455/01/o/n/04 33 which of the following is the most obvious sign of inflation?  a an increase in imports  b a rise in the national debt  c a rise in the rate of interest  d a rise in retail prices      34 the following extract appeared in an international newspaper.    china\u2019s unemployed peasants flock to cities   hundreds of thousands of peasants, fleeing rural poverty and drudgery, have flocked into china\u2019s cities seeking work.    what would be the most likely result for the chinese economy?  a a reduction in productivity  b a rise in unemployment in the city areas c a rise in the amount of unemployment in rural areas  d a rise in the proportion of skilled labour in cities     35 the population of some developed countries is expected to fall in the next 25 years and the  average age of the population is expected to rise.    which of the following is likely to cause this?     birth rate death rate  a fall fall  b fall rise  c rise fall  d rise rise       36 what is usually found in a developed country?  a a high gdp per head with a low level of employment  b a high level of labour skills with a low level of car ownership c a high rate of adult literacy with a low level of poverty d a high rate of population growth with a low level of labour productivity     ",
            "13": "13    \uf6d9 ucles 2004  0455/01/o/n/04   37 the table gives certain information about the population of three countries in 1995.     birth rate  per 1000 death rate  per 1000 infant mortality  rate per 1000 % of population  under 16  singapore 12 4 5  18  hong kong 15 6 8  20  china 20 9 28  38    which conclusion can be drawn about the countries in the table in 1995?  a china had the highest percentage of children who died in infancy.  b people in hong kong lived the longest.  c singapore had the largest number of people aged over 16.  d the population of singapore was expected to fall in the next five years.      38 chile specialises in the production of copper for export.    how would the chilean economy be affected by a large rise in the supply of copper from other  countries?     employment economic growth  a fall fall  b fall rise  c rise fall  d rise rise     39 the egyptian government reduced tariffs on imported japanese trucks.    what is most likely to benefit in egypt from this reduction?  a government revenue  b the balance of payments  c truck operators  d truck producers     40 a tax on which of the following would most reduce external costs?  a bicycles  b bus fares  c cars  d ferry services ",
            "14": "14       0455/01/o/n/04 blank page   ",
            "15": "15     0455/01/o/n/04   blank page ",
            "16": "16      every reasonable effort has been made to trace all copyright holders. the publishers would be pleased to hear from anyone whose  rights we have unwittingly  infringed.     university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles),  which is itself a department  of the university of cambridge.     0455/01/o/n/04   blank page "
        },
        "0455_w04_qp_2.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page. sp (nf) s70221 \u00a9ucles 2004 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education economics 0455/02 paper 2  structured questions october/november 2004 1 hour 30 minutes additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. answer all questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/02/o/n/04answer all questions. 1 decline in world supply of cotton the largest producers of cotton are china, the us, india and pakistan. by 2001 there had been five years of declining international cotton prices, so in that year it was expected that cottonproduction would fall as farmers were discouraged from growing the crop by the low prices. thisreduction in supply was then expected to cause prices to rise in the following year, 2002, when thecotton was put onto the market. the fall in production was expected to occur in countries that were the most efficient, but there would be a fall in production in other countries also. although india produces cotton, its average yield per hectare is half of the world average. this is because of low seed quality, insufficient pestcontrol and poor irrigation due to irregular rainfall. (a)explain why low prices might discourage farmers from growing cotton. [3] (b)using a demand and supply diagram, explain the changes in price that were expected to occur between 2001 and 2002. [5] (c) (i) identify what measures india might take to increase its production of cotton. [3] (ii) explain how two of the measures chosen in c(i) might have effects on \u2013 the fixed costs, \u2013 the variable costs and \u2013 the revenue of the producers. [6] (d)how would the earnings from cotton be shown in india\u2019s balance of payments? [3] 2in 2002 in the uk and in germany trade unions supported strikes in some public sectoroccupations. (a)explain what is meant by the public sector and give one example of a public sector occupation. [3] (b)describe the functions of trade unions and explain which function you consider to be the mostimportant. [7] 3it was reported in 2002 that people in germany were expecting tax rises and an increase inunemployment. (a)distinguish between a direct tax and an indirect tax. give an example of each. [4] (b)identify three types of unemployment and explain how they are caused. [6] \u00a9ucles 2004",
            "3": "3 0455/02/o/n/044changes in the population structure of many countries have led governments to introduce a health education programme. (a)identify and explain two of the issues that a health education programme might cover in developing countries. [4] (b)how may the age structure of the population in a developing country differ from that in adeveloped country? [6] 5as eastern european economies continue to grow, companies are recording an increase inprofits. public and private sector investment are expected to rise as trade barriers are reduced. (a)what is meant by economic growth? [3] (b)discuss whether economic growth is always advantageous. [7] \u00a9ucles 2004",
            "4": "4 0455/02/o/n/04blank page copyright acknowledgements: question 1. the cape times every reasonable effort has been made to trace all copyright holders where the publishers (i.e. ucles) are aware that third-party material has been reproduced. the publishers would be pleased to hear from anyone whose rights they have unwittingly infringed. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_w04_qp_3.pdf": {
            "1": "     university of cambridge international examinations    international general certificate of secondary education        economics 0455/03        paper 3  multiple choice    october/november 2004        1 hour     additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet      soft clean eraser      soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)                          read these instructions first     write in soft pencil.    do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.   write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided   unless this has been done for you.      there are forty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible    answers  a, b, c, and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.     read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.     each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.   any rough working should be done in this booklet.                                                  this document consists of 12 printed pages.  ib04 11_0455_03/2rp   \uf6d9 ucles 2004  [turn over  ",
            "2": "2    \u00a9 ucles 2004 0455/03/o/n/04 1 what is always a feature of a mixed economy?  a all capital goods are produced in the public sector.  b resources are used in the public and the private sector.  c the allocation of all resources is determined by the price mechanism. d the public sector is larger than the private sector.     2 a woman playing a quiz game starts with no money, but correctly answers the question that is  worth $4000. the next question is worth $10  000 but if she answers incorrectly she will leave the  game with no money.    what is her opportunity cost of choosing to answer the $10  000 question if her answer is  incorrect?  a nothing b $4000 c $6000 d $10  000     3 what will increase the level of specialisation in an economy?  a a computer manufacturer takes over an advertising company.  b a retail store issues its own credit card.  c a travel agent provides transport to the airport. d a vehicle assembler reduces its range of vehicles.     4 why do bank notes function as money?  a they are durable.  b they are generally acceptable.  c they count as legal tender. d they have intrinsic value.      5 what is usually a function of a trade union?  a it advertises the products that the members make.  b it appoints company employees. c it negotiates with employers for increased wages. d it negotiates with suppliers for reduced costs of materials.     ",
            "3": "3    \u00a9 ucles 2004 0455/03/o/n/04  [turn over  6 shares in the japanese part of the american fast-food giant mcdonald's hit an all-time low in  august 2002. sales at mcdonald's 3800 restaurants in japan fell dramatically despite the  assurance that the company used only imported beef, which was free from a disease affecting japanese cows.    from the above statement what is true about mcdonald's?  a it is a multi-national because it has 3800 restaurants.  b it is a multi-national because it imports raw materials.  c it is a public company because it issues shares on the stock exchange. d it is a public company because it operates in america and japan.     7 \u2018international companies have made substantial investments in computer production in india.  india is now a major centre of the world computer industry. profit margins are high since labour  costs are a tenth of those in the usa.\u2019    what does this suggest is the reason for companies locating in india rather than in the usa?  a access to cheap land  b availability of capital investment  c availability of investment funds  d competitive wage rates     8 to whom does the central bank usually make loans?  a individuals  b limited companies  c the government d trade unions      9 when will a trade union be most effective in pursuing its members' interests?  a the economy is in recession with rising unemployment.  b the employers have few orders for the product.  c the government passes a law to increase competition in the labour market. d the members' wages make up a small part of total costs.     ",
            "4": "4    \u00a9 ucles 2004 0455/03/o/n/04 10 the diagram shows the market for bicycles. the demand for bicycles increases and at the same  time manufacturers are able to cut costs through new production methods.    price quantitys1 s2 d2 d1 o     according to the diagram, what would be the result of these changes?     price quantity  a increase increase  b increase unchanged  c unchanged increase  d unchanged decrease     11 the major oil producers sometimes try to raise the price of oil.     how would this be shown on a demand and supply diagram?  a a movement along the demand curve to the right  b a shift in the supply curve to the right  c a shift in the demand curve to the left d a shift in the supply curve to the left     12 if \u2018sunshine oranges\u2019 were successfully advertised with the statement \u2018they help you live longer\u2019,  which would be likely to occur?     price elasticity  of demand total revenue  a fall fall  b fall rise  c rise fall  d rise rise    ",
            "5": "5    \u00a9 ucles 2004 0455/03/o/n/04  [turn over  13 which will encourage domestic producers to grow more maize?  a granting subsidies to maize producers   b increasing the sales tax on maize  c removing guaranteed minimum prices for maize d removing quotas on imported maize     14 the world price of cocoa has been falling while the prices of products made from cocoa have  been rising.    which combination might explain this?     market for cocoa advertising expenditure  on products made from cocoa  a excess demand decrease  b excess supply decrease  c excess demand increase  d excess supply increase    15 the graphs, drawn to the same scale, show the demand curves of four firms. the market price is  $10. the price then falls to $8.    which firm will have the largest increase in total revenue?   price $ 10firm a d d quantity 0q1price $ 10firm b d d quantity 0 q1price $ 10firm d dd quantity 0q1price $ 10firm c d d quantity0 q1    16 which combination is most likely to result in lower rates of pay?     supply of workers productivity of workers  a falls falls  b falls rises  c rises falls  d rises rises    ",
            "6": "6    \u00a9 ucles 2004 0455/03/o/n/04 17 point x shows the original equilibrium in the market for nurses in a country.    there is a fall in the number of people who wish to be trained as nurses.    what is the new equilibrium point?    onumber of nurses employedwage ratea b cdx       18 what is likely to be the effect of a fall in interest rates on a consumer's borrowing and saving?     borrowing saving  a falls falls  b falls rises  c rises falls  d rises rises     ",
            "7": "7    \u00a9 ucles 2004 0455/03/o/n/04  [turn over  19 the diagram shows the average earnings of workers in the primary sector and the secondary  sector between 1999 and 2001.    average earnings ($ per hour)10 9 87654321 1999 2000 2001key primary secondar y     what happened in this period?  a average earnings in the primary sector grew faster than those in the secondary sector.  b earnings in the secondary sector were a larger proportion of total cost than those in the  primary sector.   c total earnings in the secondary sector were higher than those in the primary sector.  d workers in both sectors benefited from a continuous rise in average earnings.      20 a large clothing manufacturer expanded by acquiring retail clothing outlets.    of what is this an example?  a diversification  b external economies of scale  c horizontal integration  d vertical integration     21 the diagrams represent total cost curves (tc) of four firms in the short run.     which firm has only fixed costs?    costs o quantitya tccosts o quantityb tc tccosts o quantityc costs o quantityd tc     ",
            "8": "8    \u00a9 ucles 2004 0455/03/o/n/04 22 which cost incurred by a firm manufacturing shirts is a variable cost?  a buildings insurance  b interest on bank loans  c raw materials  d rent on property      23 fifty people are employed in a business to produce 10  000 units per week.    the weekly costs are:     $  hire of machinery 230   power 200   raw materials 1000   wages per employee 40     what are the variable costs for the week?  a $1200 b $1430 c $1470 d $3200      24 the table shows the units of factors of production that a firm needs to employ for two different  levels of output.    land labour capital output  5 2 4 10  10 4 8 300    what is the firm experiencing?  a constant returns to scale  b economies of scale  c external diseconomies of scale d external economies     25 what is most likely to happen as unemployment falls?  a economic growth falls.  b inflation falls. c spending on welfare benefits rises.  d tax revenue rises.   ",
            "9": "9    \u00a9 ucles 2004 0455/03/o/n/04  [turn over  26 the us trades with uruguay. in 2002 the us approved a loan of us$  1.5  billion to uruguay to  help boost uruguay's economy.    what would be the most likely effect of this loan?  a it would encourage uruguay to import from the us.  b it would make uruguay less competitive.  c it would result in imported inflation.  d it would stop us citizens investing in uruguay.     27 in september 2002 a government minister warned that tax changes were necessary to  redistribute wealth from rich to poor.    which policy would be likely to achieve that aim?     regressive taxes progressive taxes  a decrease unchanged  b increase decrease  c increase unchanged  d unchanged decrease      28 \u2018the pound sterling made a dramatic recovery in the world's currency markets yesterday.\u2019    to what does this statement refer?  a exchange rate  b growth rate  c interest rate  d tax rate      29 which aim of government policy is most likely to be achieved by a decrease in government  spending?  a economic growth  b equality of income  c full employment  d price stability    ",
            "10": "10    \u00a9 ucles 2004 0455/03/o/n/04 30 the graph shows government revenue and spending in a country between 1994 and 2001.    48 4644424038363432 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001% of gdp government spending government revenue year    what can be concluded from the graph?  a the balance of payments position improved.  b the borrowing of the government increased.  c the economy went into recession.  d the government budget moved from deficit to surplus.      31 a survey of employment in a particular economy shows that the primary sector was diminishing in  importance and more people were being employed in the tertiary sector.    what does this mean?  a fewer people were employed by central government.  b fewer people were employed in manufacturing industries.  c more people were employed in the service industries.  d more people were employed in agriculture.     32 a newspaper reports that there has been economic growth in an economy.    what does this mean to an economist?  a population has increased.  b production has increased. c saving has increased. d taxation has increased.     ",
            "11": "11    \u00a9 ucles 2004 0455/03/o/n/04  [turn over  33 a country is experiencing inflation.    what must be increasing?  a wage levels  b the output of goods and services  c the amount of money spent on goods and services  d the amount of money needed to purchase a given quantity of goods and services      34 the following extract appeared in an international newspaper.               what would be the most likely result for the chinese economy?  a a reduction in productivity  b a rise in unemployment in the city areas  c a rise in the amount of unemployment in rural areas  d a rise in the proportion of skilled labour in cities      35 there is a decrease in a country\u2019s birth rate.    what can lead to an increase in the country\u2019s population at the same time?  a zero net migration and a fall in the fertility rate.  b zero net migration and a fall in infant mortality.  c positive net migration and a fall in the death rate.  d positive net migration and a fall in the fertility rate.      36 what is usually found in a developed country?  a a high gdp per head with a low level of employment  b a high level of labour skills with a low level of car ownership  c a high rate of adult literacy with a low level of poverty  d a high rate of population growth with a low level of labour productivity     china\u2019s unemployed peasants flock to cities    hundreds of thousands of peasants, fleeing  rural poverty and drudgery, have flocked into  china\u2019s cities seeking work. ",
            "12": "12      university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles),  which is itself a department  of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2004 0455/03/o/n/04 37 the table gives certain information about the population of three countries in 1995.     birth rate  per 1000 death rate  per 1000 infant mortality  rate per 1000 % of population  under 16  singapore 12 4 5  18  hong kong 15 6 8  20  china 20 9 28  38    which conclusion can be drawn about the countries in the table in 1995?  a china had the highest percentage of children who died in infancy.  b people in hong kong lived the longest.  c singapore had the largest number of people aged over 16.  d the population of singapore was expected to fall in the next five years.      38 chile specialises in the production of copper for export.    how would the chilean economy be affected by a large rise in the supply of copper from other  countries?     employment economic growth  a fall fall  b fall rise  c rise fall  d rise rise     39 what is an advantage of international specialisation?  a choice is limited.  b countries become over-dependent on each other.  c resources are used more efficiently. d transport costs are decreased.     40 a tax on which of the following would most reduce external costs?  a bicycles  b bus fares  c cars  d ferry services   "
        },
        "0455_w04_qp_4.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. sp (nf) s65238/2 \u00a9ucles 2004 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education economics 0455/04 paper 4  structured questions october/november 2004 2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. answer question 1 (section a) and any three questions from section b. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/04/o/n/04section a answer this question. 1 decline in world supply of cotton the largest producers of cotton are china, the us, india and pakistan. by 2001 there had been five years of declining international cotton prices, so in that year it was expected that cottonproduction would fall as farmers were discouraged from growing the crop by the low prices. thisreduction in supply was then expected to cause prices to rise in the following year, 2002, when thecotton was put onto the market. the fall in production was expected to occur in countries that were the most efficient, but there would be a fall in production in other countries also. although india produces cotton, its average yield per hectare is half of the world average. this is because of low seed quality, insufficient pestcontrol and poor irrigation due to irregular rainfall. (a)explain why low prices might discourage farmers from growing cotton. [3] (b)using a demand and supply diagram, explain the changes in price that were expected to occur between 2001 and 2002. [5] (c) (i) identify what measures india might take to increase its production of cotton. [3] (ii) explain how two of the measures chosen in c(i) might have effects on \u2013 the fixed costs, \u2013 the variable costs and \u2013 the revenue of the producers. [6] (d)how would the earnings from cotton be shown in india\u2019s balance of payments? [3] \u00a9ucles 2004",
            "3": "3 0455/04/o/n/04 [turn oversection b answer three questions. 2in 2002 in the uk and in germany trade unions supported strikes in some public sector occupations. (a)explain what is meant by the public sector and give one example of a public sector occupation. [3] (b)describe the functions of trade unions and explain which function you consider to be the mostimportant. [7] (c)state three factors that might determine an individual\u2019s choice of occupation. [3] (d)discuss why some occupations receive higher wages than other occupations. [7] 3it was reported in 2002 that people in germany were expecting tax rises and an increase inunemployment. (a)distinguish between a direct tax and an indirect tax. give an example of each. [4] (b)identify three types of unemployment and explain how they are caused. [6] (c)describe f our main aims of government macro-economic policy. [4] (d)discuss whether a rise in taxes can help to achieve any of these aims. [6] 4changes in the population structure of many countries have led governments to introduce a healtheducation programme. (a)identify and explain two of the issues that a health education programme might cover in developing countries. [4] (b)how may the age structure of the population in a developing country differ from that in adeveloped country? [6] (c)explain what is meant by (i) an opportunity cost and   (ii) a social benefit. [4] (d)discuss whether it is possible to apply these concepts to the provision of health care. [6] \u00a9ucles 2004",
            "4": "4 0455/04/o/n/045as eastern european economies continue to grow, companies are recording an increase in profits. public and private sector investment are expected to rise as trade barriers are reduced. (a)what is meant by economic growth? [3] (b)discuss whether economic growth is always advantageous. [7] (c)explain why a reduction in trade barriers might increase a company\u2019s profits. [4] (d)explain why investment is important in an economy. [6] 6it was reported in september 2002 that the namibian dollar was gaining strength and that theexchange rate against other currencies was fluctuating less. (a)explain what the report means when it says that the \u2018exchange rate against other currencieswas fluctuating less.\u2019 [5] (b)why do exchange rates fluctuate? [4] (c)discuss the consequences for an economy if its currency \u2018was gaining strength.\u2019 [5] (d)a country has a deficit on its balance of payments. discuss two policies, other than exchange rate changes, that a government might use to try to achieve a surplus rather than a deficit.[6] 7in 2002 a film was made of a popular children\u2019s book. it was extensively advertised and was agreat success. (a)you have been asked to arrange the advertising for such a film. explain what methods might be best. [4] (b)explain how a successful film can also increase or decrease the profits of other companies. [8] (c)the major film companies are large organisations. what might be the advantages of this? [8] \u00a9ucles 2004copyright acknowledgements: question 1. the cape times the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate has made every effort to trace copyright holders, but if we have inadvertently overlooked any we will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_w04_qp_6.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page. sp (nf) s65266/2 \u00a9ucles 2004 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education economics 0455/06 paper 6  alternative to coursework october/november 2004 1 hour 30 minutes additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. answer all questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/06/o/n/041o il supplies threatened opec (the organisation of petroleum exporting countries) controls the supply of oil from a number of countries in order to influence the world price of oil. in 2002 opec asked its members to increase oil production by up to 1 million barrels a day. prior to that oil prices had risen becauseof fears of a war in iraq, which would disrupt exports throughout the middle east. this price risewas made worse by an industrial strike in venezuela, the third largest producer in opec. an opec oil minister said that the oil markets were in a bad condition, and all producers had toco-operate to ensure a stable market. however, iran (an opec member) needed to be convincedthat such a large increase in the supply of oil was necessary because it feared that it would causean excess supply on the market. russia supplies oil but is not a member of opec and is not, therefore, controlled by that organisation. russian oil output was expected to rise by 0.8 million barrels a day during 2002.researchers said that russia could easily increase its output even further and become a moreimportant world supplier. opec members were keen not to let russia increase its market share attheir expense. (a)identify two reasons why oil prices had risen. [2] (b)what did the opec minister mean when he said producers had to co-operate to ensure a stable market? [4] (c)imagine you are employed as a researcher. discuss what might be the effect of a largeincrease in the supply of oil by russia on (i)the russian economy, [5] (ii) the opec countries, [5] (iii) the countries that import oil. [5] [total: 21 marks] \u00a9ucles 2004",
            "3": "3 0455/06/o/n/042 china\u2019s progress in 1992 china\u2019s per capita gdp was about the same as india\u2019s. in 2002 it was double india\u2019s. it outperformed india in almost every way, attracting ten times as much foreign capital andincreasing its share of world markets. china kept its costs as low as possible, offered an evenbigger domestic market than india and built better highways, power supplies, airfields and otherinfrastructure than india. many chinese people see foreign capital as an essential tool that brings not just money for production but also modern technology and management expertise, which increase efficiency.the chinese leadership sees economic growth as the key to retaining its hold on power andincreasing its influence in the world. as part of that growth, they believe that foreign governmentswill be less hostile to china if they know there is much foreign capital invested in the country. some economists in india, by contrast, remain fiercely opposed to foreign investment, insisting that some multi-national companies will have a bad effect on the indian economy. in india,complicated administrative procedures, the poor infrastructure and the political system leadforeign investors to doubt whether they can make reasonable profits. (a)what is meant by per capita gdp? [2] (b) (i) what is meant by a multi-national company? [2] (ii) explain why indian economists think multi-national companies have a bad effect on theindian economy. [3] (c)explain why chinese economists approve of foreign investment. [4] (d)the article says that china\u2019s gdp per capita is now double that of india. is this beneficial tothe chinese people? [8] [total: 19 marks] \u00a9ucles 2004",
            "4": "4 0455/06/o/n/04blank page copyright acknowledgements: question 1. the wall street journal. question 2. \u00a9international herald tribune. every reasonable effort has been made to trace all copyright holders. the publishers would be pleased to hear from anyone whose  rights we have unwittingly infringed.university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        }
    },
    "2005": {
        "0455_s05_qp_1.pdf": {
            "1": "     university of cambridge international examinations    international general certificate of secondary education        economics 0455/01       paper 1  multiple choice    may/june 2005        1 hour     additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet      soft clean eraser      soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)                          read these instructions first     write in soft pencil.    do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.   write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided unless   this has been done for you.      there are forty  questions on this paper. answer all questions.   for each question there are four possible answers a, b, c and d. choose the one you consider correct and   record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.     read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.     each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.   any rough working should be done in this booklet.                                                  this document consists of 12 printed pages.  ib05 06_0455_01/2rp   \uf6d9 ucles 2005  [turn over    ",
            "2": "2    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/01/m/j/05 1 in a market economy, what does the entrepreneur decide?  a the combination of resources used  b the demand for the product  c the equilibrium price of the product  d the level of profits      2 china is changing from a centrally planned economy towards a market economy.    how will the influence of consumers and the government change?     consumers government  a decrease decrease  b decrease increase  c increase decrease  d increase increase     3 a farmer pays a landowner for the use of a field.    what is the income to the landowner called?  a interest  b profit  c rent  d wages     4 which of the following is not a feature of a public limited company?  a it has a board of directors.  b it is owned by the government.  c it raises capital from issuing shares.  d its profits go to the shareholders.    ",
            "3": "3    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/01/m/j/05  [turn over  5 a business has two owners. they have limited liability. its shares are not sold on the stock  exchange.    what type of business is this?  a partnership  b private limited company  c public corporation  d public limited company     6 what is most likely to be the main function of a central bank?  a controlling the money supply  b investing in commerce and industry  c issuing and processing credit cards  d making loans to individuals      7 what would prevent an egyptian company being classified as a multi-national company?  a it concentrates on one stage of production only.  b it employs only egyptians as managers.  c it manufactures only in egypt.  d it uses other firms to transport its goods.      8 what would not cause a shift in the demand curve for a good?  a a change in incomes  b a change in the price of a substitute good  c a change in the price of a good  d a change in the tastes of consumers    ",
            "4": "4    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/01/m/j/05 9 the supply curve s 1 shows the supply of shirts, which are sold at price p 1.     quantitys1 s3s2 p1p2 oprice     what will be the effect if a government imposes a tax on shirts?  a supply will shift from s 1 to s 2.  b supply will shift from s 1 to s 3.  c price will rise from p 1 to p 2.  d the price will remain at p 1.      10 what is an example of complementary demand?  a buses and bus fares  b cotton and cotton seed  c televisions and electricity  d wood and sawdust    11 a good is successfully advertised.     what is the most likely impact on the demand and supply curves for the good?     demand curve supply curve  a shift to left shift to left  b shift to left shift to right  c shift to right shift to left  d shift to right shift to right     ",
            "5": "5    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/01/m/j/05  [turn over  12 the table shows the demand and supply schedules for eggs.    price  $ number of eggs  demanded per week number of eggs  supplied per week  0.20 450  25   0.30 250  100   0.40 125  125   0.50 50  150     what will be the equilibrium price of eggs?  a $0.20 b $0.30 c $0.40 d $0.50      13 the diagram shows the demand for and the supply of bicycles. d 1 and s 1 are the original demand  and supply curves and x is the original equilibrium position.    which point shows the new equilibrium position after the granting of a subsidy to bicycle producers?    price of bicycles oquantity of bicycless2 d2s1 d1s3 d3d cxa b     14 what might explain why wages paid in a particular occupation are high?  a a large supply of labour   b a low price for the good produced  c a strong trade union  d pleasant working conditions    ",
            "6": "6    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/01/m/j/05 15 what is a non-wage factor that can affect an individual\u2019s choice of occupation?  a bonuses  b commission   c long holidays  d overtime pay      16 which statement about different income groups is true?  a high income groups do not need to borrow money.  b high income groups save less money than low income groups.  c low income groups find it easier to borrow than high income groups.  d low income groups save a smaller percentage of their income than high income groups.      17 the table gives information about full-time workers in a country.     average annual earnings   $ % increase in  2003\u201304 hours worked  per week  male 21 268 4.4 41.8  female 15 444 5.1 37.6    what can be concluded from the table?  a all female workers earned less than male workers.  b the difference between male and female earnings became smaller.  c the hourly rate of pay for females was higher than for males.  d the productivity of female workers was higher than that of males.     18 what is likely to be found when there are many small firms in an industry?  a there are few barriers to entry.  b there is high expenditure on research developments.  c there is not much competition.  d very large capital costs are needed to establish a firm.    ",
            "7": "7    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/01/m/j/05  [turn over  19 which one of the following is a fixed cost to a firm?  a the cost of raw materials  b the payment for fuel for vehicles  c the payment for telephone calls  d the rent of a building      20 in 2003 hewlett-packard, a major computer company, announced that its profits had fallen below  the level predicted.    what might have caused this?  a increased advertising costs that greatly improved sales  b low prices that made the company\u2019s product competitive  c new technology that reduced costs  d reduced sales and low prices      21 the table shows how employment in five industries changed in a country between 1996 and  2002.    employment  industries 1996  (000s) 2002  (000s)  agriculture 600  700   manufacturing 1750  1700   insurance 800  800   tourism 1750  1700   transport 550  500     which statement about these industries for this period is correct?  a employment in the primary industries increased.  b employment in the secondary industries increased.  c employment in the tertiary industries increased.  d employment in the tertiary industries was less than in the secondary industries.     ",
            "8": "8    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/01/m/j/05 22 ericsson is the world\u2019s leading maker of mobile phone machinery. it announced that it had won a  major contract to supply a chinese phone company, china mobile, with machinery. ericsson also  announced that it would become more efficient by reducing its workforce.    how would economists classify these changes for the two companies?     ericsson china mobile  a decreased average variable cost decreased fixed cost  b decreased average variable cost increased fixed cost  c increased fixed cost decreased average variable cost  d decreased fixed cost decreased average variable cost      23 the table shows the quantity of petrol (gasoline) demanded at different prices per litre.    which price per litre gives maximum revenue?     price per litre  (cents) demand  (million of litres)  a 40 100  b 30 150  c 20 200  d 10 250      24 the table gives information on the rate of economic growth in a country from 2001 to 2004.     economic growth  (%)  2001 3.9  2002 2.6  2003 2.3  2004 3.0    what is likely to have fallen in this period?  a gross domestic product  b imports  c prices  d unemployment     ",
            "9": "9    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/01/m/j/05  [turn over  25 what is most  likely to conflict with a government's aim of price stability?  a higher direct tax rates   b higher government spending  c higher interest rates  d higher unemployment      26 what can a government do to increase demand in its economy?  a budget for a surplus  b cut taxes  c encourage savings  d reduce its expenditure      27 government advisers have suggested the following policies to reduce youth unemployment.     which would not increase public expenditure?  a a cut in the minimum wage paid to young people  b a rise in the school-leaving age  c a subsidy to employers to recruit young people  d national military service for all     28 the government of kenya wishes to help people with very low incomes.    which policy would achieve this?  a increasing housing subsidies  b increasing income tax  c increasing indirect taxation  d increasing inheritance tax     29 what would increase the debits on a country's balance of trade?  a a firm invests in a foreign country.  b foreign tourists visiting the country spend less money. c people buy imported instead of home-produced cars. d teams of doctors are sent to a country that has experienced an earthquake.     ",
            "10": "10    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/01/m/j/05 30 a newspaper reported that exports from sweden remained low for five months as changes in the  rate of exchange meant that swedish goods became more expensive to buy abroad.    what else would be likely to happen?  a imported goods would become cheaper in sweden.  b swedish people would switch to buying home-produced goods.  c the swedish balance of payments would improve.  d the swedish balance of trade would improve.     31 instead of cleaning their own homes, a large number of households decide to clean each other\u2019s  homes and charge for their services. they all declare their income to the tax authority.    what will increase as a result of this?  a gross domestic product  b imports c investment  d unemployment     32 the bar chart shows details of three economic indicators of several asian economies in year 1  and year 2.    which country improved its economic performance in all three indicators?    11.7 5.5 12.2 12.0 8.5 5.37.64.8 3.6 2.3 1.7 6.0 3.9 5.413.3 10.811.7 7.6 5.8 6.8\u20132.1 \u20135.7 \u20136.1\u20131.3china malaysiasingaporeindiaabcdgdp growth, % inflation, % current-account balance, $bnyear 1 asian economies year 2      ",
            "11": "11    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/01/m/j/05  [turn over  33 the table shows the trade in goods balance and the current account balance for four countries  during a year.    which country had the largest surplus on its trade in services?     country trade in goods  balance  ($ billion) current account  balance  ($ billion)  a hong kong 6.2 6.2  b indonesia 4.4 4.3  c mexico 7.8 7.6  d singapore 5.3 5.4     34 many fishermen are unemployed owing to long-term legislation to conserve fish stocks in the  north sea.    what type of unemployment is this?  a demand-deficient  b frictional  c seasonal  d structural     35 the table gives information on four countries.    which country is likely to be most developed?       population  (m) gross domestic  product  ($ billion) life  expectancy  (years)  a 100  800  51  b 1000  1600  63  c 60  600  48  d 150  6000  63     36 which is the best measure of a country's standard of living?  a money national income per head  b national income  c national income per head  d real national income per head   ",
            "12": "12      every reasonable effort has been made to trace all copyright holders  where the publishers (i.e. ucles) are aware that third-par ty material has been  reproduced. the publishers would be pleased to hear from any one whose rights they have unwittingly infringed.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles),  which is itself a department  of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/01/m/j/05 37 when must there be a rise in a country's population?  a when the birth rate is greater than death rate and there is net emigration  b when the birth rate is greater than death rate and there is no migration  c when the death rate is greater than birth rate and there is net immigration  d when the death rate is greater than birth rate and there is no migration      38 when does free trade occur?  a when goods are exported with government subsidies  b when goods are given as part of an aid programme  c when goods are traded using barter  d when goods face no import barriers      39 multi-national companies often set up business in developing countries. these countries benefit  in a number of ways.    what effect could not  be considered a benefit for a developing country?  a investment in infrastructure is increased.  b more local workers are employed.  c new ideas and skills are introduced.  d profits earned are sent abroad.      40 if a country places a tax on imports of food, which group in the country is most likely to benefit?  a consumers  b farmers  c food importers  d supermarkets       "
        },
        "0455_s05_qp_2.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 2 printed pages. sp (nf) s90132 \u00a9ucles 2005 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education economics 0455/02 paper 2  structured questions may/june 2005 1 hour 30 minutes additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. answer all questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/02/m/j/05answer all questions. 1european recession in 2003 germany, italy and the netherlands were in a period of recession. gdp in germany fell by 0.2% between january and april, and by 0.1% between april and june. the recession spread toitaly, which is dependent on germany as a market for its exports. the weakest of the three wasthe netherlands, where output fell by 0.5% between april and june following a fall for the previouseight months. the german government planned to encourage consumer spending by introducingcuts in both indirect and direct taxation. it also approved measures to increase employmentopportunities. (a)why does the article refer to the netherlands as the weakest economy? [2] (b)explain what is meant by gdp . [3] (c)using examples, describe the difference between direct and indirect taxes. [4] (d)how might a reduction in taxation help any two macro-economic aims of a government? [6] (e)why might a government wish to increase employment opportunities? [5] 2(a)distinguish between a quota and a subsidy. [5] (b)explain, using a demand and supply diagram, what effect would be likely to occur in a market if the government introduced a subsidy on the production of a good. [5] 3a major computer company announced in 2003 that its profits had fallen. (a)explain what might cause profits to fall. [5] (b)there are some very large computer companies. how might a firm become large? [5] 4some workers work long hours but earn little because the rate they receive for each hour worked is very low. (a)why do you think a worker would be prepared to work for very low wages? [5] (b)what reasons might make a worker decide to move to another job at the same rate of pay? [5] 5changes in the rate of exchange meant that exports of goods from egypt decreased as they became more expensive in other countries. (a)explain what is meant by a rate of exchange. [3] (b)if exports from egypt became more expensive, how might that affect production and employment both in egypt and in countries importing egyptian goods? [7] \u00a9ucles 2005copyright acknowledgements: question 1. \u00a9 eric pfanner, international herald tribune, august 15, 2003. permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, thepublisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s05_qp_3.pdf": {
            "1": "     university of cambridge international examinations    international general certificate of secondary education        economics 0455/03       paper 3  multiple choice    may/june 2005        1 hour     additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet      soft clean eraser      soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)                          read these instructions first     write in soft pencil.    do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.   write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided unless   this has been done for you.      there are forty  questions on this paper. answer all questions.   for each question there are four possible answers  a, b , c and d. choose the one you consider correct and   record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.     read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.     each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.   any rough working should be done in this booklet.                                                  this document consists of 12 printed pages.  ib05 06_0455_03/2rp   \uf6d9 ucles 2005  [turn over    ",
            "2": "2    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/03/m/j/05 1 in a market economy, what does the entrepreneur decide?  a the combination of resources used  b the demand for the product  c the equilibrium price of the product  d the level of profits      2 china is changing from a centrally planned economy towards a market economy.    how will the influence of consumers and the government change?     consumers government  a decrease decrease  b decrease increase  c increase decrease  d increase increase     3 a factory working at full capacity is producing tennis racquets and golf clubs. the management  decides to produce fewer racquets and more clubs because of an increase in demand for golf  clubs.    what is the opportunity cost of producing more golf clubs?  a the cost of retraining some workers to make golf clubs  b the cost of transporting and selling the extra golf clubs produced  c the materials bought to make extra golf clubs  d the tennis racquets that will not now be produced     4 anything used as money must have   a a fixed supply.   b general acceptability.  c recognition as legal tender.  d value in itself.     ",
            "3": "3    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/03/m/j/05  [turn over  5 a business has two owners. they have limited liability. its shares are not sold on the stock  exchange.    what type of business is this?  a partnership  b private limited company  c public corporation  d public limited company     6 what is most likely to be the main function of a central bank?  a controlling the money supply  b investing in commerce and industry  c issuing and processing credit cards  d making loans to individuals      7 what would prevent an egyptian company being classified as a multi-national company?  a it concentrates on one stage of production only.  b it employs only egyptians as managers.  c it manufactures only in egypt.  d it uses other firms to transport its goods.      8 what would not cause a shift in the demand curve for a good?  a a change in incomes  b a change in the price of a substitute good  c a change in the price of the good  d a change in the tastes of consumers     9 four changes affecting the supply of a good are listed below.   what would cause the supply curve to shift to the right?  a an improvement in technology   b an increase in its market price  c a reduction in labour productivity  d the introduction of a sales tax     ",
            "4": "4    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/03/m/j/05 10 what is an example of complementary demand?  a buses and bus fares  b cotton and cotton seed  c televisions and electricity  d wood and sawdust      11 a good is successfully advertised.     what is the most likely impact on the demand and supply curves for the good?     demand curve supply curve  a shift to left shift to left  b shift to left shift to right  c shift to right shift to left  d shift to right shift to right     12 the diagram shows the supply and demand curves for a good. the market is in equilibrium at  point x.    demandsupply oprice quantitypqr s tx     what is the excess demand at price p?  a pt b qr c qt d st     ",
            "5": "5    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/03/m/j/05  [turn over  13 the table shows the value of the price elasticity of demand for four products.    product price elasticity  of demand  cars 2.0  mobile phones 1.0  radios 0.5  salt 0.1    what would have an increase in sales revenue if prices rose by 10  %?  a cars only  b cars and mobile phones c radios and salt d salt only     14 what might explain why wages paid in a particular occupation are high?  a a large supply of labour   b a low price for the good produced  c a strong trade union  d pleasant working conditions    15 what is a non-wage factor that can affect an individual\u2019s choice of occupation?  a bonuses  b commission   c long holidays  d overtime pay    16 a person has no outstanding debts.    what might cause that person to save more and spend less from their monthly income?  a a rise in the choice of products  b a rise in income tax  c a rise in interest rates  d a rise in the price of essential products     ",
            "6": "6    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/03/m/j/05 17 the table gives information about full-time workers in a country.     average annual earnings   $ % increase in  2003\u201304 hours worked  per week  male 21 268 4.4 41.8  female 15 444 5.1 37.6    what can be concluded from the table?  a all female workers earned less than male workers.  b the difference between male and female earnings became smaller.  c the hourly rate of pay for females was higher than for males.  d the productivity of female workers was higher than that of males.      18 what is likely to be found when there are many small firms in an industry?  a there are few barriers to entry.  b there is high expenditure on research developments.  c products are distributed to widely dispersed markets.  d very large capital costs are needed to establish a firm.      19 a firm producing instant coffee previously paid for the disposal of the waste. it now sells the  waste to be made into garden fertiliser.    which cost to the firm has not changed?  a average cost  b fixed cost  c total cost  d variable cost     20 in 2003 hewlett-packard, a major computer company, announced that its profits had fallen below  the level predicted.    what might have caused this?  a increased advertising costs that greatly improved sales  b low prices that made the company\u2019s product competitive  c new technology that reduced costs  d reduced sales and low prices     ",
            "7": "7    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/03/m/j/05  [turn over  21 wal-mart, the world\u2019s biggest food retailer, has acquired a large number of supermarkets.    what type of integration is this?  a conglomerate  b horizontal  c vertical backward  d vertical forward     22 ericsson is the world\u2019s leading maker of mobile phone machinery. it announced that it had won a  major contract to supply a chinese phone company, china mobile, with machinery. ericsson also  announced that it would become more efficient by reducing its workforce.    how would economists classify these changes for the two companies?     ericsson china mobile  a decreased average variable cost decreased fixed cost  b decreased average variable cost increased fixed cost  c increased fixed cost decreased average variable cost  d decreased fixed cost decreased average variable cost     23 a firm bottles 10 000 bottles of cola a week. it s fixed costs are $1000 a week. its variable costs  are $0.50 a bottle. each bottle of cola is sold for $1.    what is the profit per bottle of cola?  a $0.40 b $0.50 c $0.60 d $0.90    24 the table gives information on the rate of economic growth in a country from 2001 to 2004.     economic growth  (%)  2001 3.9  2002 2.6  2003 2.3  2004 3.0    what is likely to have fallen in this period?  a gross domestic product  b imports  c prices  d unemployment ",
            "8": "8    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/03/m/j/05 25 what is most  likely to conflict with a government's aim of price stability?  a higher direct tax rates   b higher government spending  c higher interest rates  d higher unemployment      26 the graph shows the percentage of tax taken from different levels of income by four different  taxes.    which illustrates a regressive tax?    percentage of income paid intaxation incomeab c d o      27 the table shows the working population and va lue of production in four areas of a country.    the government wants to encourage industrial development in the area with the lowest productivity.    which area will it select?    area working population  (millions) production  ($ millions)  a 6  700   b 16  1000   c 12  1200   d 12  1100      ",
            "9": "9    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/03/m/j/05  [turn over  28 the government of kenya wishes to help people with very low incomes.    which policy would achieve this?  a increasing housing subsidies  b increasing income tax  c increasing indirect taxation  d increasing inheritance tax     29 in march 2000 the ministry of trade and industry in singapore stated that gross domestic  product grew by 5.4  % in the previous year. this produced higher revenues from taxation and  resulted in a budget surplus.    what may be concluded from this statement?  a the change in gross domestic product was caused by a change in taxation.  b the government had increased the rate of taxation and the expenditure on its services.  c the national income of the country had increased and so more was paid in taxes.  d there had been economic growth because the go vernment had reduced its expenditure and  budgeted for a surplus.     30 the table gives selected details of the uk trade in goods in 1998 and 1999 in \u00a3 billion.    year exports of  goods imports of  goods  1998 164.1 184.9  1999 165.0 191.2    what happened to the balance of trade in goods between 1998 and 1999?  a the deficit decreased.  b the deficit increased.  c the surplus decreased.  d the surplus increased.     ",
            "10": "10    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/03/m/j/05 31 instead of cleaning their own homes, a large number of households decide to clean each other\u2019s  homes and charge for their services. they all declare their income to the tax authority.    what will increase as a result of this?  a gross domestic product  b imports  c investment  d unemployment     32 the bar chart shows details of three economic indicators of several asian economies in year 1  and year 2.    which country improved its economic performance in all three indicators?    11.7 5.5 12.2 12.0 8.5 5.37.64.8 3.6 2.3 1.7 6.0 3.9 5.413.3 10.811.7 7.6 5.8 6.8\u20132.1 \u20135.7 \u20136.1\u20131.3china malaysiasingaporeindiaabcdgdp growth, % inflation, % current-account balance, $bnyear 1 asian economies year 2       33 which citizens are most likely to become worse off in a period of falling prices?  a those earning fixed incomes  b those saving at a fixed rate of interest  c those who have borrowed money at a fixed rate of interest  d those who have lent money at a fixed rate of interest      34 many fishermen are unemployed owing to long-term legislation to conserve fish stocks in the  north sea.    what type of unemployment is this?  a demand-deficient  b frictional  c seasonal  d structural     ",
            "11": "11    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/03/m/j/05  [turn over  35 in producing a table of economic statistics about a developed country (italy) and a developing  country (ethiopia) one pair of statistics has been placed in the wrong columns.    which is it most likely to be?      italy ethiopia  a adult literacy % 97.1  25.3   b birth rate (per 1000) 9.6  45.7   c death rate (per 1000) 16.4  9.9   d life expectancy 78.3  50.2       36 which aspect of population will be most likely to change when the importance of the tertiary  sector increases?  a the dependency ratio  b the geographical distribution c the occupational distribution  d the total size      37 when must there be a rise in a country's population?  a when the birth rate is greater than death rate and there is net emigration  b when the birth rate is greater than death rate and there is no migration c when the death rate is greater than birth rate and there is net immigration d when the death rate is greater than birth rate and there is no migration     38 in indonesia the opportunity cost of producing timber is lower than in any other country.    to protect the environment, the indonesian government decides to conserve its timber and ban  timber exports.   what would happen in indonesia to the balance of trade and external costs?     balance of  trade external costs  a worsens fall  b worsens unchanged  c improves rise  d unchanged rise     ",
            "12": "12      every reasonable effort has been made to trace all copyright holders where the publishers (i.e. ucles) are aware that third-par ty material has been  reproduced. the publishers would be pleased to hear from any one whose rights they have unwittingly infringed.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles),  which is itself a department  of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/03/m/j/05 39 multi-national companies often set up business in developing countries. these countries benefit  in a number of ways.    what effect could not  be considered a benefit for a developing country?  a investment in infrastructure is increased.  b more local workers are employed.  c new ideas and skills are introduced.  d profits earned are sent abroad.     40 if a country places a tax on imports of food, which group in the country is most likely to benefit?  a consumers  b farmers  c food importers  d supermarkets       "
        },
        "0455_s05_qp_4.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 pages. sp (sjf3518)  s80963/4 \u00a9ucles 2005 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education economics 0455/04 paper 4  structured questions may/june 2005 2hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, music or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. answer question 1 (section a) and any three questions from section b. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/04/m/j/05section a answer this question. 1european recession in 2003 germany, italy and the netherlands were in a period of recession. gdp in germany fell by 0.2% between january and april, and by 0.1% between april and june. the recession spread toitaly, which is dependent on germany as a market for its exports. the weakest of the three wasthe netherlands, where output fell by 0.5% between april and june following a fall for the previouseight months. the german government planned to encourage consumer spending by introducingcuts in both indirect and direct taxation. it also approved measures to increase employmentopportunities. (a)why does the article refer to the netherlands as the weakest economy? [2] (b)explain what is meant by gdp . [3] (c)using examples, describe the difference between direct and indirect taxes. [4] (d)how might a reduction in taxation help any two macro-economic aims of a government? [6] (e)why might a government wish to increase employment opportunities? [5] \u00a9ucles 2005",
            "3": "3 0455/04/m/j/05 [turn oversection b answer any three questions. 2(a)distinguish between a quota and a subsidy. [5] (b)explain, using a demand and supply diagram, what effect would be likely to occur in a market if the government introduced a subsidy on the production of a good. [5] (c)explain what is meant by price elasticity of demand. [3] (d)in 2003, some tobacco growers in the us wanted to raise prices but a spokesman said thetobacco industry was no longer in a position where it could increase prices in order toincrease revenue. use the concept of price elasticity of demand to discuss what the spokesman meant. [7] 3a major computer company announced in 2003 that its profits had fallen.(a)explain what might cause profits to fall. [5] (b)there are some very large computer companies. how might a firm become large? [5] (c)some companies are often said to benefit from economies of scale. briefly describe three types of economies of scale that a computer company might experience. [6] (d)discuss why a company might change its use of different factors of production. [4] 4some workers work long hours but earn little because the rate they receive for each hour workedis very low. (a)why do you think a worker would be prepared to work for very low wages? [5] (b)what reasons might make a worker decide to move to another job at the same rate of pay? [5] (c)some workers belong to a trade union. explain how membership of a trade union might be beneficial to a worker. [5] (d)an older skilled worker\u2019s pattern of spending and saving is likely to be different from that of ayounger unskilled worker. discuss why. [5] \u00a9ucles 2005",
            "4": "4 0455/04/m/j/055changes in the rate of exchange meant that exports of goods from egypt decreased as they became more expensive in other countries. (a)explain what is meant by a rate of exchange. [3] (b)if exports from egypt became more expensive, how might that affect production and employment both in egypt and in countries importing egyptian goods? [7] (c)describe the structure of the balance of payments of a country. [4] (d)discuss what might lead to an improvement in the balance of payments of a country. [6] 6(a)explain what is meant by a market system. [5] (b)discuss when it might be desirable for a government to act as a producer of goods orservices. [6] (c)sometimes the government does not act as a producer of goods and services but stillinfluences private producers. explain how it might do this. [9] 7(a)in developing countries the standard of living is often lower than the standard of living indeveloped countries. identify f our indicators that might confirm this. [4] (b)sometimes there is much poverty in developing countries. discuss reasons why this might beso. [6] (c)discuss how the standard of living in a developing country might be improved. [10] \u00a9ucles 2005copyright acknowledgements: question 1. \u00a9 eric pfanner, international herald tribune, august 15, 2003. permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, thepublisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s05_qp_6.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page. spa (kn) s80995/2 \u00a9ucles 2005 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education economics 0455/06 paper 6  alternative to coursework may/june 2005 1 hour 30 minutes additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your name, centre number and candidate number on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. answer all questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 1 tourism in oman the government of oman, a country in the middle east, has produced a tourism priority action plan by which it intends to promote tourism in five regions in the country. it sees tourism as a bigprovider of jobs for the fast-growing and youthful population and as a major contributor to futureeconomic growth. the focus of the action plan will be on the provision of cultural and heritage attractions, adventure tourism, and coastal and leisure resorts. a government minister said \u2018oman has much to offervisitors, including spectacular mountains, desert, some of the world\u2019s finest beaches and a richcultural heritage. the government should help the private sector in the provision of touristattractions.\u2019 the private sector is responding to this encouragement. one of the biggest projects is a $200 million development which includes three high-quality hotels with a total of 670 rooms, a healthclub, leisure facilities and private beaches. these will be added to the existing hotels, whichinclude some of the world\u2019s finest. a spokesman for the private company building the hotels said that in the 1980s the company was involved in the construction boom for roads and heavy civil engineering, but now it was necessaryto develop other projects. building hotels was an opportunity for the company. the owner ofanother oman company, which has various international hotel interests, including a five star hotelin london, said \u2018only tourism can deliver mass job creation, which is necessary to bring thecountry alive.\u2019 (a)identify f ourattractions that oman can offer visiting tourists. [2] (b)explain whether the tourism priority action plan means oman should be classified as aplanned economy. [4] (c)explain why the population of a developing country such as oman is likely to be a \u2018fast-growing and youthful population.\u2019 [4] (d)imagine you are in charge of advertising the new hotels. what information do you need toplan your advertising? to what type of customer would you direct your advertising? [6] (e) (i) explain what is meant by \u2018economic growth\u2019. [5] (ii) discuss what benefits might follow from the development of the new hotels. [7] [total: 28] 0455/06/m/j/05 \u00a9ucles 2005",
            "3": "0455/06/m/j/05 \u00a9ucles 20053 2 south african living standards the charts show the percentages of households with access to selected goods and services in two areas of south africa. chart 1 refers to the city of johannesburg and chart 2 refers to a ruralarea. (a)identify what you consider to be the two most significant indicators of differences in living standards between johannesburg and the rural area, and explain the reasons for yourchoice. [4] (b)some people think that the incomes of those living in rural areas need to be raised. thiscould be achieved by providing better access to markets, improved basic infrastructure andhelp for small businesses. an alternative policy would be to encourage those living in ruralareas to move to the city. if you were asked to decide between these policies what would you recommend and why? [8] [total: 12]0102030405060708090100 % piped water* 91.0% 2001electricity for lighting 84.9%telephone 33.9%cell phone 46.3%computer 16.3%television 67.5%radio 78.1%refrigerator 62.5%chart 1  city of johannesburg *(within 200m of dwellin g)percentage of households 0102030405060708090100 % piped water* 56.6% 2001electricity for lighting 59.4%telephone 4.9%cell phone 24.7%computer 1.4%television 38.3%radio 72.1%refrigerator 31.8%chart 2  rural area percentage of households",
            "4": "4 blank page 0455/06/m/j/05copyright acknowledgements: question 1 \u00a9 www.worldreport-ind.com/oman/tourism.htm. question 2 \u00a9 business report, south africa. permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, thepublisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_w05_qp_1.pdf": {
            "1": "     university of cambridge international examinations    international general certificate of secondary education        economics 0455/01        paper 1  multiple choice (core)    october/november 2005        1 hour     additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet      soft clean eraser      soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)                          read these instructions first     write in soft pencil.    do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.   write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided unless   this has been done for you.      there are forty  questions on this paper. answer all questions.   for each question there are four possible answers  a, b , c and d. choose the one you consider correct and   record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.     read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.     each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.   any rough working should be done in this booklet.                                                  this document consists of 12 printed pages.  ib05 11_0455_01/4rp   \uf6d9 ucles 2005  [turn over    ",
            "2": "2    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/01/o/n/05 1 what is the basic economic problem facing all economies?  a inequality of income  b insufficient resources  c low economic growth  d shortages of skilled labour      2 the table shows information about government spending for an economy for two years.     government spending  as a % of gdp  1992 39  2002 43    what type of economy is this?  a a free enterprise economy  b a market economy  c a mixed economy  d a planned economy      3 a government spends $100  m on employing extra teachers instead of extra nurses.    what will be the opportunity cost of this?  a $100  m  b the cost of training extra teachers  c the extra nurses  d the reduction in unemployment among teachers     4 which is part of the factor of production land?  a an airport  b a car park  c a fish farm  d a forest    ",
            "3": "3    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/01/o/n/05  [turn over  5 a shopkeeper runs a business as a sole proprietor.    what does this mean?  a the business has limited liability.  b the business is owned by shareholders.  c the business is quoted on a stock exchange.  d the profits of the business go to the shopkeeper.     6 what is least  likely to be a function of a trade union?  a improving working conditions  b reducing the cost of labour  c representing members' interests  d securing adequate pay for members     7 the table shows information about four financial institutions, a, b, c and d.    which institution is most likely to be a commercial bank?     it is the government\u2019s  bank. it is owned by  shareholders.  a no no  b no yes  c yes no  d yes yes    8 what is most  likely to cause a shift in the supply curve for oil?  a an increase in purchases of cars   b an increase in the price of oil  c a rise in consumer incomes  d the discovery of new oilfields    9 a consumer\u2019s demand curve for a commodity shows how quantity purchased varies with  a the consumer\u2019s income.  b the consumer\u2019s tastes.  c the price of substitutes.  d the price of the commodity.   ",
            "4": "4    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/01/o/n/05 10 what is most likely to cause an increase in the demand for oranges?  a a decrease in the supply of oranges  b a health scare about eating oranges  c an increase in the price of a complement  d an increase in the price of a substitute      11 the diagram shows demand and supply curves for a good. the market is in equilibrium at point  x.    what would be the new equilibrium position if there were a successful advertising campaign for the good and an increase in the cost of raw materials?    price quantityx a bd c o     12 in 2002 the world price of cocoa was higher than in 2001.    which combination of changes in the demand for and the supply of cocoa would always lead to a  rise in price?     demand for cocoa supply of cocoa  a higher higher  b higher lower  c lower higher  d lower lower    ",
            "5": "5    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/01/o/n/05  [turn over  13 the diagram shows the relationship between railway fares and passenger use in a capital city.    10 9 876543210 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 kilometres travelledfare $ 1.5 0     what is this diagram?  a a demand curve  b a supply curve c an average total cost curve  d a variable cost curve     14 which reason can explain the high earnings of star footballers?  a there are many of them.  b the training is easy.  c they enjoy playing football.  d they have special skills.    15 which method of payment is a government official most likely to receive?  a commission  b hourly rates  c piece rates  d salary    ",
            "6": "6    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/01/o/n/05 16 interest rates fall.    how might this affect consumers\u2019 saving and spending?     saving spending  a fall fall  b fall rise  c rise fall  d rise rise     17 the table shows the percentages of consumer spending on different items in four countries,  which have similar geographical conditions and climate.    which country is likely to have the highest standard of living?    percentage of consumer spending on each item  country  food housing entertainment  a 20 30 25  b 30 25 15  c 40 25 10  d 40 20 10    18 which activity can a small firm carry out more easily than a large firm?  a adapting to changing fashions  b having specialised managers  c raising finance d undertaking research and development      19 a firm manufacturing china plates has the following costs.  which is a variable cost?  a building insurance  b interest on a loan  c raw materials  d rent of property     ",
            "7": "7    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/01/o/n/05  [turn over  20 which group has profit maximisation as a goal?  a entrepreneurs  b governments  c savers  d workers      21 when it produces 100 units, a firm\u2019s total variable cost is $1000 and its total fixed cost is $4000.    calculate the average cost.  a $10 b $30 c $40 d $50      22 what is most  likely to be supplied by small firms?  a banking  b hairdressing c rail travel  d water supply     23 the following information relates to a company producing shoes.    total output of  pairs of shoes total costs  ($) total revenue  ($)  100 1000 1300  200 1800 2200  300 2700 3000  400 3200 3400    at which output does the firm maximise profits?  a 100 b 200 c 300 d 400      24 which policy would be most likely to increase the number of people in employment?  a introducing a minimum wage  b introducing a sales tax  c reducing income tax  d reducing tariffs on imports     ",
            "8": "8    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/01/o/n/05 25 what is likely to be the main aim of a government policy that increases both progressive taxes  and welfare payments?  a economic growth  b full employment c price stability  d redistribution of income      26 which government policy would best protect the environment?  a encouraging economic growth  b exploiting natural resources  c increasing tax on gasoline (petrol)  d removing controls on industry    27 what is likely to be a disadvantage of economic growth?  a government tax revenue falls.  b resources are used up.  c the level of unemployment rises.  d the standard of living of the population falls.    28 which of the following is not included in public sector expenditure?  a capital spending of public companies   b expenditure by government departments c investment by public corporations  d spending by local governments     29 which type of unemployment is directly caused by a general lack of demand?  a cyclical  b frictional  c seasonal  d structural    ",
            "9": "9    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/01/o/n/05  [turn over  30 the table shows some changes in the output of namibia between 1998 and 1999.     %  agriculture +11.7  fishing +1.3  diamond mining +9.4  manufacturing \u20130.8  construction \u201318.3  fish processing \u20139.6    what can be concluded from this information about the namibian economy between 1998 and  1999?  a exports of fish increased.  b namibia\u2019s primary sector production became more important.  c stocks of fish increased.  d unemployment rose by 0.8  % in manufacturing.      31 the diagram gives data for an economy from 1990 to 1999.    5 4321gross domestic product $ billion 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999     what can be deduced about the state of the economy in 1991 and 1995?     1991 1995  a budget surplus budget deficit  b inflation deflation  c recession boom  d trade deficit trade surplus     ",
            "10": "10    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/01/o/n/05 32 the graph shows a change in retail prices for a country from july 2002 to may 2003.    4.0 3.53.02.52.01.51.00.5 0 july aug sept oct nov dec jan feb mar apr may 2002 2003retail prices % change year on year     according to the graph,  a retail prices fell from october 2002 to january 2003.  b retail prices remained constant between september and october 2002. c the rate of inflation fell each month throughout the period.  d the rate of inflation fell over the period.     33 the diagram shows the birth and death rates for a country over a period of time.    at which point did the country reach its highest population growth rate?    ab c dbirth rate death rate time      ",
            "11": "11    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/01/o/n/05  [turn over  34 what is most likely to cause economic growth?  a an increase in  capital investment  b an increase in  interest rates  c an increase in  taxation  d an increase in  wages      35 the table shows information about four countries.    which country is likely to be the least  developed?    country % population  in urban areas birth rate death rate % population  under 15 % population  over 60  a 86 16  8 25  10  b 76 13  6 23  9  c 69 30  8 37  5  d 75 13  10 21  14     36 the charts show the distribution of employment between the three sectors in countries x and y.    1020 030405060 % employed primary secondary tertiarycountry x 1020 030405060 % employed primary secondary tertiarycountry y     which statement is true about country x compared with country y?  a country x employs more people in the service industries.  b country x enjoys lower living standards. c country x has a higher proportion of workers in manufacturing.  d country x produces more agricultural products.     ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles),  which is itself a department  of the university of cambridge.  \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/01/o/n/05 37 the agricultural minister of a country said \u201cthe biggest challenge the country faces is to develop  irrigation so that we are not at the mercy of the weather for crucial export earnings.\u201d    which type of country is this most likely to be?  a developed, exporting manufactured goods  b developed, exporting services  c developing, exporting primary commodities  d developing, exporting services      38 country x decides to protect its industries with tariffs.    what would be most likely to result in the short run?  a cheaper exports from country x  b lower costs for industry in country x  c more expensive imports to country x  d more  specialisation in country x      39 the table shows the main source of export earnings by product for selected countries.    country product % of export earnings  w diamonds 80  %  x sugar 90  %  y cars 55  %  z oil 80  %    from this table we can conclude that  a all these countries specialise in the production of primary products.  b w and x specialise in the production of tertiary products. c the largest % of export earnings from y is from the sale of secondary products. d export earnings of w and z are identical.      40 what is an advantage of increased division of labour?  a there is less risk of unemployment.  b there is usually an increase in productivity of labour.  c the work is repetitive.  d workers are less dependent on others. "
        },
        "0455_w05_qp_2.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 2 printed pages. sp (nf) s94484 \u00a9 ucles 2005 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education economics 0455/02 paper 2  structured questions october/november 2005 1 hour 30 minutes additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. answer allquestions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/02/o/n/05answer all questions. 1 lesotho national development corporation since its establishment the lesotho national development corporation (lndc) has been the lesotho government\u2019s main means of promoting industrial development. the lndc is nowexpanding its job creation programme by promoting exports and encouraging firms to grow in size.it also encourages and supports local entrepreneurs. two of the projects it has supported are localchicken farms and the building of a private hospital. the slogan of the lndc is \u2018we build industry\u2019. (a)describe the main role of an entrepreneur. [2] (b)identify from the passage one project in the primary sector and oneproject in the secondary sector. [2] (c)explain what is meant by industrial development. [4] (d)explain the policies that a government might use to encourage private businesses. [6] (e)why might a government wish to create jobs? [6] 2in the uk four large supermarket companies dominate the sale of food but there are also many small food shops. (a)define a fixed cost and a variable cost, and identify one fixed cost and one variable cost thatthe supermarket might have. [4] (b)discuss why a small food shop might survive when there are very large supermarkets. [6] 3 (a) using examples, contrast a direct tax with an indirect tax. [4] (b)discuss how a government might use taxation to affect the distribution of income. [6] 4the rate of inflation in some developed countries has remained low for several years. (a)what is meant by inflation? [3] (b)explain how a retail price index (index of consumer prices) is calculated. [7] 5 (a) explain why specialisation in international trade might benefit a country. [6] (b)some countries use protective measures in international trade. describe two types of protection a government can use in international trade. [4] \u00a9 ucles 2005permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, thepublisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_w05_qp_3.pdf": {
            "1": "     university of cambridge international examinations    international general certificate of secondary education        economics 0455/03        paper 3  multiple choice (extended)    october/november 2005        1 hour     additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet      soft clean eraser      soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)                          read these instructions first     write in soft pencil.    do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.   write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided unless   this has been done for you.      there are forty  questions on this paper. answer all questions.   for each question there are four possible answers  a, b , c and d. choose the one you consider correct and   record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.     read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.     each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.   any rough working should be done in this booklet.                                                  this document consists of 12 printed pages.  ib05 11_0455_03/3rp   \uf6d9 ucles 2005  [turn over  ",
            "2": "2    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/03/o/n/05 1 what is the basic economic problem facing all economies?  a inequality of income  b insufficient resources  c low economic growth  d shortages of skilled labour      2 what occurs in a planned economy but not a market economy?  a allocation by the government  b allocation by the price system  c economies of scale  d specialisation      3 a government spends $100  m on employing extra teachers instead of extra nurses.    what will be the opportunity cost of this?  a $100  m  b the cost of training extra teachers  c the extra nurses  d the reduction in unemployment among teachers     4 it was reported in 2002 that south africa, a mix ed economy, would face sharp increases in air  and water pollution unless action was taken to develop environmentally friendly policies for its citizens.    why is a mixed economic system thought to be a satisfactory means of achieving  environmentally friendly development?  a because all development is paid for by the government  b because it allows external costs to be considered  c because it ensures development at lowest cost  d because it is the most productive system      5 what is least  likely to be a function of a trade union?  a improving working conditions  b reducing the cost of labour   c representing members' interests  d securing adequate pay for members   ",
            "3": "3    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/03/o/n/05 [turn over  6 a shopkeeper runs a business as a sole proprietor.    what does this mean?  a the business has limited liability.  b the business is owned by shareholders.  c the business is quoted on a stock exchange.  d the profits of the business go to the shopkeeper.     7 the table shows changes in the retail price index (index of consumer prices) and percentage  changes in money wages, after trade union bargaining, between 2001 and 2004.     retail price index annual % change  in money wages  2001 100 10  2002 110 10  2003 120 10  2004 130 10    from this we can conclude that between 2001 and 2004 trade union members experienced  a a fall in average earnings.  b a fall in real wages.  c a rise in disposable income.  d a rise in purchasing power.      8 what is most  likely to cause a shift in the supply curve for oil?  a an increase in purchases of cars   b an increase in the price of oil  c a rise in consumer incomes  d the discovery of new oilfields    9 which method of advertising is likely to be the most  effective for promoting the sales of  textbooks?  a direct mail  b local radio  c national television  d posters on buses and taxis    ",
            "4": "4    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/03/o/n/05 10 in 2003 the us government was asked to stop subsidising tobacco growers.    what would happen if the government agreed?     output of tobacco price of tobacco  a fall fall  b fall rise  c rise fall  d rise rise     11 the diagram shows demand and supply curves for a good. the market is in equilibrium at point  x.    what would be the new equilibrium position if there were a successful advertising campaign for the good and an increase in the cost of raw materials?    price quantityx a bd c o      12 in 2002 the world price of cocoa was higher than in 2001.    which combination of changes in the demand for and the supply of cocoa would always lead to a  rise in price?     demand for cocoa supply of cocoa  a higher higher  b higher lower  c lower higher  d lower lower    ",
            "5": "5    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/03/o/n/05 [turn over  13 a product has a price elasticity of demand that is greater than one.    what will happen to total revenue if the price of the product is reduced by 3  %?  a it will fall by more than 3  %.  b it will fall to zero.  c it will be unchanged.  d it will rise.      14 what is likely to cause a person\u2019s wages to rise?  a additional responsibility  b falling demand for his output  c falling production  d rising unemployment      15 which method of payment is a government official most likely to receive?  a commission  b hourly rates  c piece rates  d salary     16 what might cause a fall in the proportion of income that a person saves?  a a rise in income tax  b a rise in interest rates  c a rise in real incomes  d a rise in the population     17 the table shows the percentages of consumer spending on different items in four countries,  which have similar geographical conditions and climate.    which country is likely to have the highest standard of living?    percentage of consumer spending on each item  country  food housing entertainment  a 20 30 25  b 30 25 15  c 40 25 10  d 40 20 10 ",
            "6": "6    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/03/o/n/05 18 which activity can a small firm carry out more easily than a large firm?  a adapting to changing fashions  b having specialised managers  c raising finance d undertaking research and development     19 a firm finds that it can increase its production by replacing some of its workers by a machine.    if this happens, what changes occur?  a fixed costs increase and variable costs increase.  b fixed costs increase and it becomes more capital-intensive.  c variable costs decrease and it becomes more labour-intensive.  d variable costs increase and fixed costs decrease.      20 which group has profit maximisation as a goal?  a entrepreneurs  b governments  c savers  d workers      21 in 2004 banco santander, a spanish bank, bought abbey national, a british bank.    what was achieved by this?  a diversification  b horizontal integration c vertical integration backwards  d vertical integration forwards     22 ikea, the world\u2019s largest retailer in home furnishings, opened a new store in malaysia in 2003.    what was likely to happen to fixed costs, variable costs and profits for ikea?     fixed costs variable costs profits  a decrease decrease uncertain  b decrease increase increase  c increase increase uncertain  d increase increase increase ",
            "7": "7    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/03/o/n/05 [turn over  23 the following information relates to a company producing shoes.    total output of  pairs of shoes total costs  ($) total revenue  ($)  100  1000  1300   200  1800  2200   300  2700  3000   400  3200  3400     what is the profit per pair of shoes when the firm is maximising its profits?  a $0.50 b $1.00 c $2.00 d $3.00      24 which policy would be most likely to increase the number of people in employment?  a introducing a minimum wage  b  introducing a sales tax  c  reducing income tax  d  reducing tariffs on imports      25 what is likely to be the main aim of a government policy that increases both progressive taxes  and welfare payments?  a economic growth  b full employment c price stability  d redistribution of income     26 during 2004 the price of crude oil rose to record levels.    how would this be likely to affect the balance of payments and the rate of inflation of an oil-importing country in the short run?     balance of payments rate of inflation  a improve fall  b improve rise  c worsen fall  d worsen rise    ",
            "8": "8    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/03/o/n/05 27 what is likely to be a disadvantage of economic growth?  a government tax revenue falls.  b resources are used up.  c the level of unemployment rises.  d the standard of living of the population falls.      28 the diagram shows the price per litre paid for petrol in four countries in a year, and (shaded) the  amount of tax included in that price.    if there were no tax on petrol, which country would have the highest petrol price?    abcd4 3210$ per litre      29 the table shows some changes in the output of namibia between 1998 and 1999.     %  agriculture +11.7  fishing +1.3  diamond mining +9.4  manufacturing \u20130.8  construction \u201318.3  fish processing \u20139.6    what can be concluded from this information about the namibian economy between 1998 and  1999?  a exports of fish increased.  b namibia\u2019s primary sector production became more important.  c stocks of fish increased.  d unemployment rose by 0.8  % in manufacturing.    ",
            "9": "9    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/03/o/n/05 [turn over  30 90  % of zambia\u2019s foreign exchange used to come from copper exports. in the late 1980s, world  copper prices collapsed, putting a severe strain on the economy.    what does this information suggest?  a the national income of zambia increased.  b the zambian balance of payments worsened.  c zambia could become dependent on service industries.  d zambia could afford more imports.     31 the diagram gives data for an economy from 1990 to 1999.    5 4321gross domestic product $ billion 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999     what can be deduced about the state of the economy in 1991 and 1995?     1991 1995  a budget surplus budget deficit  b inflation deflation  c recession boom  d trade deficit trade surplus     32 which group is most  likely to benefit from inflation?  a debtors  b retirement pensioners  c salaried officials  d unemployed persons     ",
            "10": "10    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/03/o/n/05 33 a uk government minister stated that increased immigration would benefit the uk.    what might be the immediate advantage of increased immigration to the uk?  a greater availability of skilled people  b greater demand on the uk\u2019s resources  c greater dependent population  d greater pressure for wage increases     34 the graph shows the changes in retail prices for a country from july 2002 to may 2003.    4.0 3.53.02.52.01.51.0 0 july aug sept oct nov dec jan feb mar apr may 2002 2003retail prices % change year on year     according to the graph,  a retail prices fell from october 2002 to january 2003.  b retail prices remained constant between september and october 2002.  c the rate of inflation fell each month throughout the period.  d the rate of inflation fell over the period.     35 the table shows information about four countries.    which country is likely to be the least  developed?    country % population  in urban areas birth rate death rate % population  under 15 % population  over 60  a 86 16  8 25  10  b 76 13  6 23  9  c 69 30  8 37  5  d 75 13  10 21  14   ",
            "11": "11    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/03/o/n/05 [turn over  36 the charts show the distribution of employment between the three sectors in countries x and y.    1020 030405060 % employed primary secondary tertiarycountry x 1020 030405060 % employed primary secondary tertiarycountry y     which statement is true about country x compared with country y?  a country x employs more people in the service industries.  b country x enjoys lower living standards. c country x has a higher proportion of workers in manufacturing. d country x produces more agricultural products.     37 the table shows birth and death rates per thousand people.     birth rate  1980 death rate  1980 birth rate  1997 death rate  1997  argentina 24 9  20 8   brazil 31 9  21 7   uruguay 19 10  18 10   venezuela 33 6  25 5     assuming there was no migration, what does the table show?  a between 1980 and 1997 all countries reduced their death rates.  b in 1980 brazil\u2019s population had the lowest rate of growth.  c in 1997 venezuela\u2019s population had the highest rate of growth.  d uruguay\u2019s population fell between 1980 and 1997.     ",
            "12": "12        permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of  the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department  of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2005 0455/03/o/n/05 38 which economic argument is in favour of free trade?  a it allows countries to benefit from comparative advantage.  b it encourages the protection of domestic industries.  c it helps declining industries by slowing the rate of decline.  d it results in the expansion of all industries in a country.     39 the table shows the main source of export earnings by product for selected countries.    country product % of export earnings  w diamonds 80  %  x sugar 90  %  y cars 55  %  z oil 80  %    from this table we can conclude that  a all these countries specialise in the production of primary products.  b w and x specialise in the production of tertiary products. c the largest % of export earnings from y is from the sale of secondary goods. d export earnings of w and z are identical.     40 how is the social benefit of an activity calculated?  a private benefit minus positive externalities  b private benefit minus private cost c private benefit plus negative externalities  d private benefit plus positive externalities     "
        },
        "0455_w05_qp_4.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. sp (nf) s80960/2 \u00a9ucles 2005 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education economics 0455/04 paper 4  structured questions october/november 2005 2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. answer question 1 (section a) and any three questions from section b. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/04/o/n/05section a answer this question. 1l esotho national development corporation since its establishment the lesotho national development corporation (lndc) has been the lesotho government\u2019s main means of promoting industrial development. the lndc is nowexpanding its job creation programme by promoting exports and encouraging firms to grow in size. it also encourages and supports local entrepreneurs. two of the projects it has supported are localchicken farms and the building of a private hospital. the slogan of the lndc is \u2018we build industry\u2019. (a)describe the main role of an entrepreneur. [2] (b)identify from the passage one project in the primary sector and oneproject in the secondary sector. [2] (c)explain what is meant by industrial development. [4] (d)explain the policies that a government might use to encourage private businesses. [6] (e)why might a government wish to create jobs? [6] \u00a9ucles 2005",
            "3": "3 0455/04/o/n/05 [turn oversection b answer any three questions. 2in the uk four large supermarket companies dominate the sale of food but there are also many small food shops. (a)define a fixed cost and a variable cost, and identify one fixed cost and one variable cost thatthe supermarket might have. [4] (b)discuss why a small food shop might survive when there are very large supermarkets. [6] (c)how do some firms become large? [4] (d)discuss how a supermarket might benefit from economies of scale. [6] 3(a)using examples, contrast a direct tax with an indirect tax. [4] (b)discuss how a government might use taxation to affect the distribution of income. [6] (c)explain the concept of price elasticity of demand. choose two goods and explain why they might have different price elasticities of demand. [6] (d)use the concept of elasticity to discuss how indirect taxes may be used by a government to (i)increase its revenue, (ii) decrease imports. [4] 4the rate of inflation in some developed countries has remained low for several years. (a)what is meant by inflation? [3] (b)explain how a retail price index (index of consumer prices) is calculated. [7] (c)explain two possible causes of inflation. [4] (d)an aim of government policy is usually not to let the rate of inflation become high. why isthis? [6] 5(a)explain why specialisation in international trade might benefit a country. [6] (b)some countries use protective measures in international trade. describe two types of protection a government can use in international trade. [4] (c)explain with the use of one example what is meant by a natural resource of a country. [3] (d)for many countries international trade involves using their natural resources by selling them to other countries. discuss whether it is wise for a country to exploit its natural resourcesrather than to conserve them. [7] \u00a9ucles 2005",
            "4": "4 0455/04/o/n/056(a)what determines the rate of growth of a population? [3] (b)contrast the expected age structure of the population of a developing country with that of a developed country. [7] (c)in some developing countries life expectancy has been declining in recent years. this hasbeen largely due to the spread of hiv/aids. governments have allocated large amounts ofexpenditure to developing new hospitals and to providing health education programmes. discuss in what ways this policy might affect other major government economic policies. [10] 7employers are concerned to make the best use of the factors of production. workers areconcerned to make the best choice in selecting an occupation. (a)explain three things, other than wages, that might influence a person in their choice of occupation. [6] (b)discuss which factor of production might be most significant in the operation of a luxury hotel. [4] (c)a hotel will offer a variety of job opportunities. workers in some of them will be paid more thanworkers in others. discuss why this might be so. [10] \u00a9ucles 2005permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, thepublisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_w05_qp_6.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page. sp (nf) s82242/2 \u00a9 ucles 2005 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education economics 0455/06 paper 6  alternative to coursework october/november 2005 1 hour 30 minutes additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. answer all questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/06/o/n/051 german television advertising in 2003 a german tv broadcasting company reduced its costs by 13%. the measures that it took included spending less on tv programmes, merging departments within its organisation anddecreasing its workforce by 4%. these measures helped the company compensate for adecrease in advertising revenue, which generated approximately 90% of the company\u2019s totalrevenue. the company had lost nearly 20% of its advertising revenue in the previous two years. (a)identify the reason why the television company needed to cut costs. [1] (b)costs can be classed as fixed costs or variable costs. explain which of the company\u2019s costs mentioned are fixed and which are variable. [6] (c)calculate the percentage of total revenue that the company lost. [1] (d)describe the possible benefits of advertising to producers and consumers. [5] (e)the directors of the company wish to know how the company could improve its profit levels. ifyou had to report to the directors what would you need to investigate? [7] [total: 20 marks] \u00a9 ucles 2005",
            "3": "3 0455/06/o/n/052 african agriculture in most african countries economic growth depends on agriculture, which generates more than a third of gdp and accounts for up to 40% of their exports. the low average production per worker(productivity) in agriculture in africa contributes to the high poverty levels and lack of food. there is a lack of investment in african agriculture. this is due to the strong protectionist policies and support for agriculture in the developed countries, particularly the european union and japan.these policies mean that african farmers face strong competition from highly subsidised productsfrom the developed nations. as a result, there is little incentive for local african producers becauseof the cheap imports that compete with local produce. a recent conference stated that the long-term agricultural aim would be to establish \u2018a fair and market-based system of trade\u2019. this would involve the developed countries reducing theirprotectionist measures. the european union and japan, however, are not prepared to undertakesuch reforms. there has been some agreement, but products that are important to developingcountries, such as sugar and cotton, are excluded from the reforms. this harms the prospects ofthe developing countries. (a)explain why, according to the article, there is a lack of investment in african agriculture. [3] (b)explain what is meant by economic growth. [5] (c)describe what is meant by a \u2018market-based system of trade\u2019. [6] (d)y ou are asked by the conference to suggest ways by which productivity in agriculture might be increased. explain what you would say. [6] [total: 20 marks] \u00a9 ucles 2005",
            "4": "4 0455/06/o/n/05blank page copyright acknowledgements: question 2 \u00a9south african business report, 1/8/03. permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, thepublisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        }
    },
    "2006": {
        "0455_s06_qp_1.pdf": {
            "1": "     university of cambridge international examinations    international general certificate of secondary education        economics 0455/01       paper 1  multiple choice (core)    may/june 2006        1 hour     additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet      soft clean eraser      soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)                          read these instructions first     write in soft pencil.    do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.   write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided unless   this has been done for you.      there are forty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible   answers a, b, c and d.    choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.     read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.     each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.   any rough working should be done in this booklet.                                                  this document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page.  ib06 06_0455_01/5rp   \uf6d9 ucles 2006  [turn over  ",
            "2": "2    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/01/m/j/06 1 construction companies are building new houses on land previously used for farming.    what is the opportunity cost to society of this activity?  a improved living conditions   b less congestion in city centres  c more  homes for new homeowners  d some farm output     2 what is most likely to cause queues of consume rs to appear regularly outside shops in a planned  economy?  a the failure of money to act as a unit of account  b the inefficient operation of the market system  c the misallocation of resources by the government  d the rising opportunity cost of shopping      3 what is regarded as a factor of production?  a capital  b interest  c profit  d rent      4 although people may satisfy their basic needs there is always something more they want.    to what economic issue does this statement refer?  a exchange  b market forces  c scarcity  d income distribution     5 which source of finance cannot  be used by a private company?  a a bank loan  b a bank overdraft  c an issue of shares on the stock exchange  d retained profits     ",
            "3": "3    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/01/m/j/06  [turn over  6 what best describes a multi-national company?  a a company that is owned by the government  b a company that has many shareholders  c a company that trades internationally  d a company that produces in more than one country      7 kimberly-clark corporation manufactures many products, including kleenex paper  handkerchiefs. it has operations in 43 countries.    what is not  a reason why a company might decide to have operations in more than one country?  a availability of raw materials  b local markets can be served  c transport is a high proportion of costs  d trade union pressure      8 which factor would cause a shift in the supply curve for a good?  a a fall in the price of the good  b a fall in the price of its raw materials  c an increase in the quantity consumed  d an increase in consumers\u2019 incomes      9 the price of a good is temporarily above the market equilibrium price.     what must happen for the market to be brought back to equilibrium?     quantity demanded quantity supplied  a rises rises  b rises falls  c falls rises  d falls falls     10 what is not held constant in calculating a demand schedule?  a the incomes of consumers   b the prices of complementary goods   c the price of the good itself  d the tastes of consumers   ",
            "4": "4    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/01/m/j/06 11 the diagram shows the supply and demand curves for a good. the market is in equilibrium at  point x.    demandsupply oprice quantitytvw yx z     what would be the excess supply at price t?  a tv b vw c vz d wy      12 the diagram shows the demand and supply curves for digital cameras. the original equilibrium  point is x.    what will be the new equilibrium point if these cameras become more fashionable and the rate of sales tax rises?    oprice quantityc dab xsupply demand      13 in 2002 in paris there was a decrease in demand for theatre tickets.    what might have caused this?  a a decrease in fares on public transport in paris  b a decrease in the number of tourists in paris  c an increase in the number of jobs available in paris  d an increase in the subsidy given to theatres in paris     ",
            "5": "5    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/01/m/j/06  [turn over  14 why is a surgeon likely to have a higher wage rate than a hospital porter?  a the surgeon has been in the job a longer time.   b the surgeon has a longer training period.  c the surgeon is older.  d the surgeon is in a trade union.      15 what is an advantage for a worker in part-time rather than full-time employment?  a a higher wage  b greater  employment protection  c more opportunity for other activities  d greater  chance of promotion     16 which factor is likely to cause an increase in people\u2019s savings?  a an increase in tax rates  b an increase in the interest rate  c a reduction in economic uncertainty  d a reduction in real wages    17 on completing your studies, you decide you want to work in an organisation that is big enough to  give you a chance of promotion but where weekend or shift work will not normally be required.    which would be the best one to choose?  a a dental surgery  b a hairdressing salon  c an income tax office  d a newspaper publisher      18 a firm\u2019s average revenue is $10. it sells 2000 units.    what is the firm\u2019s total revenue and the price of the product?     total revenue ($) price ($)  a  10  10  b  2 000  200  c  20 000  10  d  20 000  200   ",
            "6": "6    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/01/m/j/06 19 the table shows the demand schedule for maize.    price per kilo   ($) quantity demanded  (kilos per day)  3 300  4 240  5 200  6 150  7 140  8 100    what will happen if price rises from $5 to $6 per kilo?  a total revenue will rise.  b demand will rise.  c total revenue will fall.  d total costs will rise.      20 what is a variable cost for a firm?  a the cost of raw materials   b the interest payments on loans  c the rent of the factory  d the insurance on the factory buildings      21 what advantage does a company risk losing when it expands?  a access to finance  b national reputation c personal contact d skilled labour     ",
            "7": "7    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/01/m/j/06  [turn over  22 a firm adds up the costs of rent, insurance and initial investment in machinery. it then divides that  total by the number of units produced.    what has been calculated?  a average fixed cost  b average revenue  c average total cost  d average variable cost     23 what might a government decrease if it wished to slow down the rate of growth in an economy?  a expenditure on defence  b goods and services (value added) tax  c interest rates  d the rate of income tax     24 what is most likely to cause the government to have a budget surplus?  a a decrease in government spending  b a decrease in private sector investment  c an increase in unemployment  d an increase in the wages of public sector employees      25 which aim of government policy is most likely to be achieved by an increase in interest rates?  a economic growth  b greater equality of income  c full employment  d price stability     26 what may a government change when it uses monetary policy?  a budget deficit  b minimum lending rate c regional assistance d rate of income tax     ",
            "8": "8    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/01/m/j/06 27 when is a tax progressive?  a when some goods have a higher tax than others  b when the tax is on incomes rather than on goods or services  c when the rate of tax increases as income increases  d when the tax is linked to the rate of inflation      28 the table gives the price of a paper back book as printed on its back cover.    united kingdom \u00a36.99   canada $11.99 (canadian dollars)  australia $14.99 (australian dollars)  new zealand $20.95 (new zealand dollars)    what is needed to make a clear comparison of the price in the four countries?  a consumer  price indices  b exchange rates  c indirect tax rates  d inflation rates     29 the table shows some data about an economy.     year 1 year 2  rate of inflation 2 % 3.5  %  personal incomes +2  % +2.5  %    what happened between year 1 and year 2?  a both prices and real incomes fell.  b both prices and real incomes rose.  c prices rose but real incomes fell.  d prices fell but real incomes rose.      30 what would contribute to a fall in the value of the uk pound (\u00a3)?  a a fall in interest rates in other countries  b a rise in the number of foreign tourists visiting the uk  c the removal of  import tariffs by  the usa  d the value of uk imports increasing more than the value of uk exports ",
            "9": "9    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/01/m/j/06  [turn over  31 what is meant by the depreciation of a currency?  a a fall in its external value  b a fall in its internal value  c a rise in its external value  d a rise in its internal value      32 in 2003 japan experienced a decline in economic output.    what might cause a decline in economic output?  a a decrease in income tax  b a decrease in sales tax  c an increase in unemployment  d an increase in company investment     33 what is the most likely cause of population migration to cities in developing countries?  a an ageing population   b higher unemployment rates in cities  c higher wages in cities  d higher land values in cities      34 the table gives information on standards of living in four countries.     life expectancy at birth  (years) adult literacy  rate % % labour force in  agriculture  brazil 66.5 82.4 23  india 60.7 50.6 64  rwanda 47.2 58.0 92  uganda 44.7 59.7 85    on the basis of this information which country has the highest standard of living?  a brazil  b india c rwanda  d uganda     ",
            "10": "10    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/01/m/j/06 35 what is likely to be higher in a developing country, such as kenya, than in a developed country,  such as switzerland?  a birth rate  b gdp per head c life expectancy d net investment per head      36 what is likely to happen as a developing country becomes more developed?  a a higher percentage of children will attend school.  b infant mortality will rise.  c life expectancy will fall.  d the agricultural sector will increase in importance.    37 nigeria decides to introduce a policy that limits imports of japanese cars to 15  % of the total  market.    what is this policy called?    a an embargo  b a quota  c a subsidy d a tariff     38 the central area of a country produces tea fo r which it has an ideal climate. the coastal area  produces coconuts because its climate is different.    assuming there is no change in market conditions, what will happen if this country subsequently  produces only tea in both areas?  a it will increase its costs of production.  b it will increase the productivity of its land.  c it will increase its total income.  d it will make the best use of its resources.     39 what might encourage international specialisation between countries?  a free trade  b inefficiencies in production  c labour immobility  d tariffs ",
            "11": "11    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/01/m/j/06  40 the following is a headline from a newspaper.    usa to impose tariffs of 40 % on imported steel    what is the most likely result of these tariffs?  a a fall in the cost of producing cars in the usa  b a fall in the exports of steel from the usa   c a rise in employment in the usa\u2019s steel industry  d a trade deficit for the usa     ",
            "12": "12        permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles),  which is itself a department  of the university of cambridge.     0455/01/m/j/06 blank page  "
        },
        "0455_s06_qp_2.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. sp (sc) t09737 \u00a9 ucles 2006 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education economics 0455/02 paper 2  structured questions may/june 2006 1 hour 30 minutes additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. answer all questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/02/m/j/06section a answer this question. 1 demand for oil in india india is the world\u2019s seventh-largest consumer of oil. demand for oil could more than double in the next 15 years because of strong industrial growth and increasing numbers of indians who will beable to afford to buy cars and motorcycles. as demand grows, so will india\u2019s dependence onimports. india imports around 70% of its oil.  (a)explain using a demand and supply diagram what the article says will be the likely change in the market for oil in india in the next 15 years. [5] (b) (i) where would the purchase of foreign oil be recorded in india\u2019s balance of payments? [3] (ii) explain two possible disadvantages to the indian economy of its dependence on imported oil. [4] (c)the article says there will be \u2018strong industrial growth\u2019.  (i)explain what is meant by strong industrial growth. [2] (ii) discuss the possible effects of strong industrial growth. [6] \u00a9 ucles 2006",
            "3": "3 0455/02/m/j/06section b answer three questions. 2sometimes in an industry a firm buys a smaller competitor which uses similar factors of production. at other times a firm buys another firm which supplies it with the raw materials andother inputs for its production. (a)explain what is meant by the factors of production. [4] (b)discuss the reasons why some firms remain small. [6] 3 (a) explain the terms scarcity and opportunity cost. [4] (b)describe the factors that affect an individual\u2019s choice of occupation and show how the idea of opportunity cost might be relevant to that choice. [6] 4australia\u2019s unemployment rate fell to 5.5% in may 2004, the lowest for 23 years. at the same timetotal employment decreased to 9.6 million. full-time jobs decreased by 42 600 but part-timeemployment rose by 1500. the shift from employment in agriculture and manufacturing toservices has continued. (a)calculate the change in total employment. (show your working). [2] (b)explain why the pattern of employment might change. [8] 5 (a) distinguish between the private sector and the public sector of an economy. [3] (b)discuss the disadvantages of allocating resources through the public sector. [7] \u00a9 ucles 2006",
            "4": "4 0455/02/m/j/06 \u00a9 ucles 2006copyright acknowledgements: question 1 reprinted with permission of far eastern economic review, copyright \u00a9 (2004) dow jones & company, inc. all rights rese rved worldwide. question 4 reprinted with permission of far eastern economic review, copyright \u00a9 (2004) dow jones & company, inc. all rights rese rved worldwide. permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, thepublisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s06_qp_3.pdf": {
            "1": "     university of cambridge international examinations    international general certificate of secondary education        economics 0455/03       paper 3  multiple choice (extended)    may/june 2006        1 hour     additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet      soft clean eraser      soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)                          read these instructions first     write in soft pencil.    do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.   write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided unless   this has been done for you.      there are forty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible   answers  a, b, c and d.    choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.     read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.     each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.   any rough working should be done in this booklet.                                                  this document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page.  ib06 06_0455_03/rp   \uf6d9 ucles 2006  [turn over  ",
            "2": "2    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/03/m/j/06 1 construction companies are building new houses on land previously used for farming.    what is the opportunity cost to society of this activity?  a improved living conditions   b less congestion in city centres  c more  homes for new homeowners  d some farm output     2 if a planned economy became a mixed economy, which industry would be most likely to remain  under government control?  a agriculture  b coal mining  c defence  d motor car production      3 a boat owner employs a crew to catch fish to sell on the market.    which factors of production are involved in this activity?  a labour, capital and enterprise only  b land, labour and capital only c land, labour and enterprise only d land, labour, capital and enterprise     4 what is the most likely outcome of increased specialisation in a water bottling plant?  a higher costs per bottle  b higher wage rates c increased job satisfaction  d increased output of bottles of water     5 what is a characteristic of a public corporation?  a it issues shares to the general public.  b it is owned by the government.  c its objective is to maximise profits.  d it is owned by more than twenty shareholders.    ",
            "3": "3    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/03/m/j/06  [turn over  6 what best describes a multi-national company?  a a company that is owned by the government  b a company that has many shareholders  c a company that trades internationally  d a company that produces in more than one country      7 what is usually a function of a trade union?  a to determine the amount of dividend paid  b to negotiate wage levels with employers  c to recommend redundancies  d to take responsibility for organising sales of companies\u2019 products      8 tea and sugar are complementary goods.   what will happen if the price of tea falls, other things being equal?  a the demand curve for sugar will move to the right.  b the demand curve for tea will move to the right.  c the price of sugar will fall.  d the supply curve of sugar will move to the left.     9 the price of a good is temporarily above the market equilibrium price.     what must happen for the market to be brought back to equilibrium?     quantity demanded quantity supplied  a rises rises  b rises falls  c falls rises  d falls falls     10 what is not held constant in calculating a demand schedule?  a the incomes of consumers   b the prices of complementary goods   c the price of the good itself  d the tastes of consumers    ",
            "4": "4    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/03/m/j/06 11 as petrol prices increase, demand for petrol remains constant.    what does this say about the price elasticity of petrol?  a the demand is price-elastic.  b the demand is price-inelastic.  c the supply is price-elastic.  d the supply is price-inelastic.     12 the price elasticity of demand for a good is unitary.  what would be the effect of a 1  % fall in its price?  a to increase total revenue by 0.1  %  b to leave quantity demanded unchanged  c to leave total revenue unchanged  d to reduce quantity demanded by 1  %     13 what is an important influence on price elasticity of demand?  a average earnings  b tastes of consumers  c the cost of living  d the number of close substitutes      14 why is a surgeon likely to have a higher wage rate than a hospital porter?  a the surgeon has been in the job a longer time.   b the surgeon has a longer training period.  c the surgeon is older.  d the surgeon is in a trade union.     15 what is an advantage for a worker in part-time rather than full-time employment?  a a higher wage  b greater  employment protection  c more opportunity for other activities  d greater  chance of promotion    ",
            "5": "5    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/03/m/j/06  [turn over  16 which factor is likely to cause an increase in people\u2019s savings?  a an increase in tax rates  b an increase in the interest rate  c a reduction in economic uncertainty  d a reduction in real wages      17 what is likely to cause wages in an occupation to be low?  a a high level of  responsibility  b high unemployment  c the need for special skills  d unpleasant working conditions     18 a firm\u2019s average revenue is $10. it sells 2000 units.    what is the firm\u2019s total revenue and the price of the product?     total revenue ($) price ($)  a  10  10  b  2 000  200  c  20 000  10  d  20 000  200    ",
            "6": "6    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/03/m/j/06 19 the table shows the demand schedule for maize.    price per kilo   ($) quantity demanded  (kilos per day)  3 300  4 240  5 200  6 150  7 140  8 100    what will happen if price rises from $5 to $6 per kilo?  a total revenue will rise.  b demand will rise.  c total revenue will fall.  d total costs will rise.      20 an entrepreneur can use either capital or labour in the production process. the actual  combination changes as the prices of the factors alter.    when is capital most likely to replace labour?     price of capital price of labour  a constant falling  b falling rising  c rising constant  d falling falling      21 what is happening when a firm is experiencing economies of scale?  a it has rising long-run average costs.  b it is operating in the short run.  c its fixed costs are less than variable costs.  d its output is increasing faster than its inputs.    ",
            "7": "7    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/03/m/j/06  [turn over  22 when is a firm most likely to undertake capital investment?  a when it has increasing demand for its product  b when it has increasing variable cost  c when it has a decreasing rate of profit  d when it has decreasing availability of finance      23 what might a government decrease if it wished to slow down the rate of growth in an economy?  a expenditure on defence  b goods and services (value added) tax  c interest rates  d the rate of income tax     24 why might policies to promote economic growth result in inflation?  a they increase competition.  b they increase saving.  c they increase spending.  d they increase unemployment.    25 which aim of government policy is most likely to be achieved by an increase in interest rates?  a economic growth  b greater equality of income  c full employment  d price stability    26 why might a government encourage a monopoly?  a it can have high average costs.  b it can compete against foreign firms.  c it can prevent innovation.  d it can make excessive profits.    ",
            "8": "8    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/03/m/j/06 27 what is meant by the incidence of a tax?  a how the revenue raised by the tax is spent   b how the  tax is collected  c why the tax is imposed  d where the burden of the tax is finally felt      28 the table gives the price of a paper back book as printed on its back cover.    united kingdom \u00a36.99   canada $11.99 (canadian dollars)  australia $14.99 (australian dollars)  new zealand $20.95 (new zealand dollars)    what is needed to make a clear comparison of the price in the four countries?  a consumer  price indices  b exchange rates  c indirect tax rates  d inflation rates     29 the table shows some data about an economy.     year 1 year 2  rate of inflation 2 % 3.5  %  personal incomes +2  % +2.5  %    what happened between year 1 and year 2?  a both prices and real incomes fell.  b both prices and real incomes rose.  c prices rose but real incomes fell.  d prices fell but real incomes rose.      30 what would contribute to a fall in the value of the uk pound (\u00a3)?  a a fall in interest rates in other countries  b a rise in the number of foreign tourists visiting the uk  c the removal of  import tariffs by  the usa  d the value of uk imports increasing more than the value of uk exports ",
            "9": "9    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/03/m/j/06  [turn over  31 what is meant by the depreciation of a currency?  a a fall in its external value  b a fall in its internal value  c a rise in its external value  d a rise in its internal value      32 what is most likely to lead to inflation?  a a decrease in consumer spending  b a decrease in employment in the public sector  c an increase in the cost of factor inputs  d an increase in income tax     33 what is the most likely cause of population migration to cities in developing countries?  a an ageing population   b higher unemployment rates in cities c higher wages in cities d higher land values in cities      34 the table gives information on standards of living in four countries.     life expectancy at birth  (years) adult literacy  rate % % labour force in  agriculture  brazil 66.5 82.4 23  india 60.7 50.6 64  rwanda 47.2 58.0 92  uganda 44.7 59.7 85    on the basis of this information which country has the highest standard of living?  a brazil  b india  c rwanda  d uganda     ",
            "10": "10    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/03/m/j/06 35 what is the most likely cause of a fall in the population growth of a developing country?  a a decrease in the birth rate   b a decrease in emigration   c a decrease in immigration  d a decrease in the standard of living     36 what is most likely to be found in a developing country?  a a large proportion of professional people  b a large proportion of income spent on entertainment c a small proportion of very old people d a small average family size     37 assuming nothing else is changed, what will be the effect if a country imposes tariffs?  a increased import prices  b increased export prices c reduced government revenue  d reduced home production      38 the central area of a country produces tea fo r which it has an ideal climate. the coastal area  produces coconuts because its climate is different.    assuming there is no change in market conditions, what will happen if this country subsequently  produces only tea in both areas?  a it will increase its costs of production.  b it will increase the productivity of its land. c it will increase its total income.  d it will make the best use of its resources.     ",
            "11": "11    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/03/m/j/06  39 more people decide to travel by bus and train rather than by car because government subsidies  result in reduced fares.    what will be the effect on the private benefit for passengers and external benefit?     private benefit for  passengers external benefit  a falls falls  b falls rises  c rises falls  d rises rises      40 which of the effects of economic development would be classed as an external cost?    a  higher wages  b  increased pollution c  increased production d  more advanced technology   ",
            "12": "12        permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of  the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department  of the university of cambridge.     0455/03/m/j/06 blank page  "
        },
        "0455_s06_qp_4.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. sp sjf3792  t02638/2 \u00a9 ucles 2006 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education economics 0455/04 paper 4  structured questions may/june 2006 2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. answer question 1 (section a) and any three questions from section b. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/04/m/j/06section a answer this question. 1 demand for oil in india india is the world\u2019s seventh-largest consumer of oil. demand for oil could more than double in the next 15 years because of strong industrial growth and increasing numbers of indians who will beable to afford to buy cars and motorcycles. as demand grows, so will india\u2019s dependence onimports. india imports around 70% of its oil.  (a)explain using a demand and supply diagram what the article says will be the likely change in the market for oil in india in the next 15 years. [5] (b) (i) where would the purchase of foreign oil be recorded in india\u2019s balance of payments? [3] (ii) explain two possible disadvantages to the indian economy of its dependence on imported oil. [4] (c)the article says there will be \u2018strong industrial growth\u2019.  (i)explain what is meant by strong industrial growth. [2] (ii) discuss the possible effects of strong industrial growth. [6] \u00a9 ucles 2006",
            "3": "3 0455/04/m/j/06 [turn oversection b answer three questions. 2sometimes in an industry a firm buys a smaller competitor which uses similar factors of production. at other times a firm buys another firm which supplies it with the raw materials andother inputs for its production. (a)explain what is meant by the factors of production. [4] (b)discuss the reasons why some firms remain small. [6] (c)identify the types of integration in the two situations described above. [3] (d)discuss whether such integration is always beneficial. [7] 3 (a) explain the terms scarcity and opportunity cost. [4] (b)describe the factors that affect an individual\u2019s choice of occupation and show how the idea of opportunity cost might be relevant to that choice. [6] (c)analyse how a person\u2019s earnings are likely to change during their working life. [4] (d)discuss why different occupations have different rates of pay. [6] 4australia\u2019s unemployment rate fell to 5.5% in may 2004, the lowest for 23 years. at the same timetotal employment decreased to 9.6 million. full-time jobs decreased by 42 600 but part-timeemployment rose by 1500. the shift from employment in agriculture and manufacturing toservices has continued. (a)calculate the change in total employment. (show your working). [2] (b)explain why the pattern of employment might change. [8] (c)the above extract says that the unemployment rate fell yet the numbers employed decreased. explain how these statements can both be true at the same time. [3] (d)discuss the economic consequences of unemployment. [7] \u00a9 ucles 2006",
            "4": "4 0455/04/m/j/065 (a) distinguish between the private sector and the public sector of an economy. [3] (b)discuss the disadvantages of allocating resources through the public sector. [7] the singapore government plans to build asia\u2019s first airport dedicated to serving low-cost airlines. its estimated cost is $26.5 million and it will be designed to handle about 2.7 millionpassengers each year.  (c)when airports are planned, there are usually some people who campaign to stop them beingbuilt. what disadvantages might the building of an airport have? [4] (d)a government is considering paying for a similar airport by either increasing income tax orintroducing a specific (flat-rate) tax on air passengers. discuss which of these you wouldfavour. [6] 6a recent journal article stated that poor nations should be allowed to protect their new industriesfrom foreign competition. (a)explain what indicators might be used to determine that a nation is poor. [8] (b)describe what methods might be used to protect industries from foreign competition in international trade. [5] (c)discuss whether it is better for a country to engage in free trade or to use some form ofprotection from foreign competition. [7] 7 (a) the rate of population growth in developed countries is often different from the rate ofpopulation growth in developing countries. explain why this might be so. [5] (b)sometimes a government might try to limit the growth in the population of its country. explainwhy it might want to do this. [4] (c)as countries become more economically developed, there is a change in the relativeimportance of the different sectors of production. describe what this change might be. [5] (d)in many developed countries there will be a large increase in the proportion of older peopleduring the next 10 to 15 years. discuss how governments might deal with this situation. [6] \u00a9 ucles 2006copyright acknowledgements: question 1 reprinted with permission of far eastern economic review, copyright \u00a9 (2004) dow jones & company, inc. all rights rese rved worldwide. question 4 reprinted with permission of far eastern economic review, copyright \u00a9 (2004) dow jones & company, inc. all rights rese rved worldwide. permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, thepublisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s06_qp_6.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page. sp sjf3793  t02640/2 \u00a9 ucles 2006 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education economics 0455/06 paper 6  alternative to coursework may/june 2006 1 hour 30 minutes additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your name, centre number and candidate number on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. answer all questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 1 profits in 2004 the price of shares in manchester united, a well-known british football club, fell. the club revealed that in the financial year 2003/4 it made payments to the football players\u2019 agentsamounting to \u00a35 million. this was equal to 20% of its profits before tax. it announced a fall inprofits before tax of \u00a311.4m compared with the financial year 2002/3.  the club said that in the next financial year income from the televising of football matches would be reduced by \u00a314 million, partly because the team was no longer at the top of the premierleague. it would also not have the benefit of the large sum it received in the previous year fromselling one of its players, david beckham, to a spanish club. manchester united also planned to add another 7800 seats to its ground at a cost of \u00a339 million. this building work meant that there would be no special dividend for shareholders as there hadbeen in the previous year.  (a)calculate the profits before tax for manchester united football club in the financial year 2003/4. show how you calculated your answer. [2] (b)why do firms need to make profits? [4] (c)with reference to the data, and with the help of a demand and supply diagram, analyse whythe price of shares in manchester united football club had recently fallen. [6] (d)imagine you are on the board of directors of the club. in view of the information in the aboveextract discuss whether you would be concerned about the fall in profits in the year 2003/4. [8] (e)y ou are in charge of a business whose shareholders wish for higher profits. explain theproposals you would put to them. [8] [total: 28] 0455/06/m/j/06 \u00a9 ucles 2006",
            "3": "0455/06/m/j/06 \u00a9 ucles 20063 2 consumer spending the central bank\u2019s monetary committee is considering whether to change interest rates. in the last year it has raised interest rates on five occasions. the committee has been told that theseinterest rate increases have been successful in reducing consumer spending.  statistics have also been given to the committee that show that consumer borrowing to buy houses has also decreased significantly. the number of applications for borrowing money to buyhouses has been at its lowest level for four years. the committee has been told that house pricesare predicted to decrease in the coming months. (a)outline the functions of a central bank. [4] (b)analyse what might happen to income and employment if consumer spending decreases. [4] (c)explain the connection between changes in interest rates and changes in house prices. [4] [total:12]",
            "4": "4 blank page 0455/06/m/j/06copyright acknowledgements: question 1 \u00a9 the guardian, 28/9/04. permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, thepublisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_w06_qp_1.pdf": {
            "1": "     university of cambridge international examinations    international general certificate of secondary education        economics 0455/01        paper 1  multiple choice (core)    october/november 2006        1 hour     additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet      soft clean eraser      soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)                          read these instructions first     write in soft pencil.    do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.   write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided unless   this has been done for you.      there are forty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible   answers  a, b, c and d.    choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.     read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.     each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.   any rough working should be done in this booklet.                                                  this document consists of 12 printed pages.  ib06 11_0455_01/2rp   \uf6d9 ucles 2006  [turn over  ",
            "2": "2    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/01/o/n/06 1 a government decides to spend more on defence and therefore cannot spend as much on  improving the country\u2019s infrastructure.    what economic idea is illustrated by this decision?  a budget surplus   b monetary policy   c opportunity cost  d specialisation     2 countries that have changed from command to market economies will expect to find an increase  in  a choice.  b price control.  c rationing. d subsidies.      3 \u2018the tertiary sector of the economy is increasing in importance\u2019.    this statement is most likely to mean that a higher proportion of the labour force is  a being educated.  b employed in manufacturing. c employed in the production of services.  d unemployed but looking for work.     4 a hospital cannot treat all the people that need treatment.    this is an example of  a excess supply.  b limited wants.  c scarcity.  d unlimited resources.     ",
            "3": "3    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/01/o/n/06  [turn over  5 the following report appeared in a newspaper.    \u2018the chinese government is to allow the cigarette producer, bat, to set up new factories in china.\u2019    what type of organisation is bat likely to be?  a a multi-national company  b a partnership   c a private company  d  a public corporation      6 why might a country\u2019s central bank raise its interest rate?  a to encourage saving  b to increase the money supply  c to raise funds for the government  d to reduce the level of employment    7 uk flights were severely disrupted in august 2004 after a pay dispute involving trade union  members.    which change would the union not have used to support their pay claim?  a a downturn in the booking of flights  b a fall in the real wages of airline staff  c an increase in the airlines\u2019 profits  d a rise in inflation     ",
            "4": "4    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/01/o/n/06 8 the diagram shows a change in the demand for a company\u2019s products as a result of a change in  advertising.    oprice quantitys1d2d2s1 d1d1     what has increased?  a the cost of advertising to the company  b the cost of advertising to a rival company  c the expenditure on advertising by the company  d the expenditure on advertising by a rival company      9 the demand for and supply of a good both change. as  a result the price of the good rises but the  quantity traded remains the same.    what must have happened to demand and supply?     demand supply  a fallen fallen  b fallen risen  c risen fallen  d risen risen      10 a demand curve for a product shows the relationship between its price and  a the cost of production.  b the demand for a substitute good.  c the quantity of the product consumed.  d the tastes of consumers.    ",
            "5": "5    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/01/o/n/06  [turn over  11 in january 2005 house prices in the uk fell.    what might have caused this?  a average incomes rose.  b interest rates fell.  c the number of buyers rose.  d the number of houses for sale rose.     12 the diagram shows the demand for and the supply of mobile (cell) phones. the market is in  equilibrium at point x.    what would be the most likely new equilibrium if the government placed an indirect tax on mobile (cell) phones while reducing income tax?    oprice quantityx d2s2 s1 d1d3abc d       13 what is likely to reduce the price of air namibia\u2019s flights?  a increased competition from new airline companies  b increased demand for flights  c increased oil prices  d increased wages for airline staff      14 which feature of working in an occupation might tend to keep the basic wage rate down?  a handling dangerous materials  b receiving commission payments  c undertaking training  d working unsocial hours    ",
            "6": "6    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/01/o/n/06 15 an athlete needs an income and also needs time for training and competitions.    which occupation is most appropriate for the athlete?  a department store manager who is paid a salary  b livestock farmer working for profit  c assembly-line worker who is paid a wage  d self-employed photographer      16 which change would be most likely to cause the earnings of hotel managers in mauritius to rise  more than the earnings of sugar cane workers there?  a a decrease in the supply of sugar cane workers in mauritius   b a decrease in the price of hotel rooms in mauritius  c an increase in the productivity of hotel managers in mauritius  d an increase in the price of sugar cane from mauritius     17 on average, male employees are paid more than female employees.    what could be a reason for this?  a a higher percentage of female employees belong to trade unions.  b a higher percentage of females work in unskilled occupations. c females have a longer working life. d there are fewer female employees.     18 what is most likely to increase a firm\u2019s profits?  a government controls on its prices  b grants for the purchase of new machines  c an increase in the wages paid to its workers  d rising costs of its raw materials    ",
            "7": "7    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/01/o/n/06  [turn over  19 the table shows the quantity of coffee dem anded per day and the quantity supplied per day.    price ($) per kilo demand (kilos) supply (kilos)  12 16 26  11 18 23  10 20 20   9 22 17   8 24 14   7 26 11     at the equilibrium price, what will be the total expenditure on coffee?  a $10 b $20 c $200 d $400     20 what is the most likely reason for a company to employ more workers?  a increased demand for its product  b increased taxes on the product  c investment in labour-saving machinery  d wage rises in the company     21 how is the average cost of a product calculated?  a by adding total variable and total fixed costs  b by dividing total cost by output  c by multiplying total variable cost by output  d by subtracting fixed cost from total cost      22 which of a firm\u2019s costs do  not change as production changes?  a average cost  b fixed cost  c total cost  d variable cost    ",
            "8": "8    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/01/o/n/06 23 when is a government said to balance its budget?  a when all goods and services are taxed equally  b when economic growth is the same in all regions of the economy  c when total exports equal total imports  d when its total income equals its total expenditure      24 what is a long-term advantage of economic growth?  a employment falls.  b incomes rise.  c prices rise.  d savings fall.      25 the governments of many countries raise revenue from a tax on a wide range of essential goods  and services.    what is the nature of this tax?  a it is direct and proportional.  b it is direct and regressive.  c it is indirect and proportional.  d it is indirect and regressive.      26 a country has a proportional system of taxation.     a person pays $500 tax when earnings are $5000.   how much tax will be paid if earnings rise to $12 000?  a $120 b $500 c $1200 d $7500      27 which of the following is not included in public expenditure?  a capital spending by companies  b interest payments on government borrowing  c investment in defence by the central government  d subsidies to bus companies from local government     ",
            "9": "9    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/01/o/n/06  [turn over  28 what would not be recorded in the current account of argentina\u2019s balance of payments?  a an argentine company builds a factory in kenya.  b an argentine insurance company insures an american ship.  c argentine beef is sold to south africa.  d a large group of italians visit argentina.      29 a country has a surplus on its trade in goods and services of $20  m and a deficit on its current  account of $10  m.    what position on its current income balance and current transfer balance is consistent with this?     current income balance  ($m) current transfer balance  ($m)  a +20 +10  b +10 \u201330  c \u201310 \u201320  d \u201320 +10     30 the uk pound depreciates against the us do llar from \u00a31 = $1.80 to \u00a31 = $1.50.  what does this mean?  a uk imports from the us will cost less.  b us imports from the uk will cost more.  c uk pounds will be dearer in terms of us dollars.  d us dollars will be dearer in terms of uk pounds.     31 a person receives annual interest of 4  % on their saving. inflation is 5  % per annum.    what is the change in the real value of their saving?  a it falls 1  %.  b it rises 4  %.  c it falls 5  %.  d it rises 9  %.     ",
            "10": "10    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/01/o/n/06 32 the french government bought 30  % of a private french industrial group which was facing  economic difficulties.    what might be a possible result of this?  a a budget deficit  b an increase in the role of the consumer  c an increase in the role of the market system  d a reduction in central planning     33 the table shows the gross domestic product (gdp) and population of four countries.    which country is likely to have the lowest standard of living?     gdp  ($ millions) population  (millions)  a 2 000 1  b 10 000 10  c 80 000 20  d 90 000 30    34 in a country the birth rate increased but the population decreased.    what could have happened to other factors to cause this?  a no change in migration but the death rate fell  b a fall in infant mortality but no change in the death rate c no change in migration but the death rate rose d a rise in net immigration but no change in the death rate     35 which of the following is usually found in a developed economy?     low high  a birth rate gross domestic product per head   b death rate infant mortality rate  c gross domestic product per head birth rate  d infant mortality rate death rate    ",
            "11": "11    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/01/o/n/06  [turn over  36 how is the death rate defined?  a the excess of deaths over births in any one year  b the number of deaths of infants per thousand births  c the number of deaths per year  d the number of deaths per year per thousand of the population       37 what is a benefit of tariffs?  a increased choice  b increased government revenue  c more competition  d more trade      38 many people in zimbabwe want to buy foreign cars, which would be shipped by foreign  companies.    what happens if the zimbabwe government removes the quota on the import of motor cars?     balance on trade in  goods balance on trade in  services  a improves no change  b improves worsens  c worsens no change  d worsens worsens    39 a government must decide whether to build a new road. the road would bring work to a town, but  would destroy part of a forest.    who is most likely to oppose this?  a conservationists  b road builders  c suppliers of road materials  d the town\u2019s unemployed     ",
            "12": "12        permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles),  which is itself a department  of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/01/o/n/06 40 some people think that the debts and interest payments of the poorest countries in the world  should be cancelled.    what might be a disadvantage for the poorest countries if this were done?  a international banks might be less willing to give loans to poor countries.  b interest payments to the lenders would fall.  c the standard of living of people in the poorest countries would increase.  d trade between the poorest countries and the rest of the world would increase.       "
        },
        "0455_w06_qp_2.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page. sp (slm) t10566 \u00a9 ucles 2006 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education economics  0455/02 paper 2  structured questions october/november 2006 1 hour 30 minutes additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. answer all questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/02/o/n/06 \u00a9 ucles 2006answer all questions. 1    trade and production in bangladesh at one time, international trade agreements ensured an export market for clothes made in  bangladesh, but these were due to end in 2005. it was feared that many workers in bangladesh would lose their jobs as a result. the foreign minister hoped that the trade in medicines would grow sufficiently to reduce that unemployment. the foreign minister said that in 2004 bangladesh was exporting medicines to 60 countries and could produce them up to 70% cheaper than the developed world. he said that if bangladesh, a developing country, could get 2% of the global trade in medicines it could be worth many times the clothing exports that bangladesh had lost. in 2004, 150 local firms and 6 multi-national companies manufactured medicines in bangladesh.  however, the production of medicines employed just 50 000 workers and most future jobs would require highly trained technicians. the clothing trade employed 1.8 million unskilled workers and accounted for more than 75% of bangladesh\u2019s exports.  (a) state four ways in which multi-national companies can help developing countries such as  bangladesh. [4]  (b)  international trade agreements can protect jobs. despite this, some economists prefer free trade to trade agreements. explain why. [6]  (c) summarise the main argument of the foreign minister of bangladesh. [4]  (d) why might it be difficult for employment in the clothing industry to be replaced by employment  in the manufacture of medicines? [6] 2 (a)  explain the difference between an equilibrium price and a disequilibrium price. [4]  (b)  many more people travel by aeroplane today than ten years ago. with the help of a demand and supply diagram, explain what might have happened in the market for air travel to cause this increase. [6] 3 (a)   state four non-wage influences on an individual\u2019s choice of occupation. [4]  (b) explain what is meant by the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of production and  describe how the importance of each sector changes as a country develops. [6] 4  in 2004, economists were concerned about the inflationary impact of unusually high oil prices, which were caused by political uncertainty in the middle east.  (a)  explain how inflation is measured. [6]  (b)  low inflation is one of the aims of government policy. choose two other macro-economic  aims of the government and explain what they mean. [4]",
            "3": "3 0455/02/o/n/06 \u00a9 ucles 20065  in china, the state council has ordered a reduction in urban development projects in beijing.  this is because, as developers clear land, people\u2019s homes are destroyed. it will also support the government\u2019s aim of reducing total demand in the economy.  (a)  explain what is meant by the conservation of resources. [4]  (b)  urban development is often thought to be beneficial. consider who might benefit from an  urban development project. [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/02/o/n/06blank page copyright acknowledgements: question 1  \u00a9 reprinted with permission of far eastern economic review, copyright \u00a9 (2004) dow jones & company, inc. all rights reserved worldwide. permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department  of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_w06_qp_3.pdf": {
            "1": "     university of cambridge international examinations    international general certificate of secondary education        economics 0455/03        paper 3  multiple choice (extended)    october/november 2006        1 hour     additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet      soft clean eraser      soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)                          read these instructions first     write in soft pencil.    do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.   write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided unless   this has been done for you.      there are forty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible   answers  a, b, c and d.    choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.     read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.     each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.   any rough working should be done in this booklet.                                                  this document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page.  ib06 11_0455_03/3rp   \uf6d9 ucles 2006  [turn over  ",
            "2": "2    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/03/o/n/06 1 a government decides to spend more on defenc e and, therefore, cannot spend as much on  improving the country\u2019s infrastructure.    what economic idea is illustrated by this decision?  a budget surplus   b monetary policy   c opportunity cost  d specialisation     2 countries that have changed from command to market economies will expect to find an increase  in  a choice.  b price control.  c rationing.  d subsidies.      3 what makes an industry capital-intensive?  a it employs many unskilled workers.  b it manufactures expensive products.  c it occupies sites on cheap land.  d it uses a large amount of equipment and a small labour force.      4 what is an example of the factor of production enterprise?  a a shop assistant  b a shop\u2019s profits  c a shop owner d a shopping centre     5 what makes barclays bank a public limited company?   a it experiences economies of scale.  b it has more than two directors.  c it is quoted on the london stock exchange.  d it operates in more than one country.     ",
            "3": "3    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/03/o/n/06  [turn over  6 why might a country\u2019s central bank raise its interest rate?  a to encourage saving  b to increase the money supply  c to raise funds for the government  d to reduce the level of employment      7 a trade union is negotiating a wage rise for its members.    what will increase the chance of the wage rise being granted?  a the company\u2019s product has many substitutes.  b the economy is entering a period of recession. c the government has made strike action illegal.  d wages are a small part of the company\u2019s costs.     8 the diagram shows a change in the demand for a company\u2019s products as a result of a change in  advertising.    oprice quantitys1d2d2s1 d1d1     what has increased?  a the cost of advertising to the company  b the cost of advertising to a rival company c the expenditure on advertising by the company  d the expenditure on advertising by a rival company     ",
            "4": "4    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/03/o/n/06 9 the demand for and supply of a good both change. as  a result the price of the good rises but the  quantity traded remains the same.    what must have happened to demand and supply?     demand supply  a fallen fallen  b fallen risen  c risen fallen  d risen risen      10 in a market there is a shortage of a good.    what change would cause the market to come to an equilibrium?  a an increase in demand  b a decrease in supply  c a fall in price  d a rise in price     11 the diagram shows the supply curve for a good.    010 20 304 2price ($) quantity (units)supply     what is the price elasticity of supply when the price rises from $2 to $4?  a 0.2 b 0.5 c 1 d 2     ",
            "5": "5    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/03/o/n/06  [turn over  12 a firm changes the price of its product and finds that its revenue increases.    what combination of price change and price elasticity of demand would have caused this?     price price elasticity  a falls between 0 and 1  b falls equal to 1  c rises between 0 and 1  d rises greater than 1     13 a government wishes to impose a tax on a good to raise revenue.    it would be most likely to achieve this aim if the price elasticity of demand for the good were  a high.  b infinite.  c low.  d unitary.     14 which feature of working in an occupation might tend to keep the basic wage rate down?  a handling dangerous materials  b receiving commission payments  c undertaking training  d working unsocial hours    15 an athlete needs an income and also needs time for training and competitions.    which occupation is most appropriate for the athlete?  a department store manager who is paid a salary  b livestock farmer working for profit  c assembly-line worker who is paid a wage  d self-employed photographer     ",
            "6": "6    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/03/o/n/06 16 which change would be most likely to cause the earnings of hotel managers in mauritius to rise  more than the earnings of sugar cane workers there?  a a decrease in the supply of sugar cane workers in mauritius   b a decrease in the price of hotel rooms in mauritius  c an increase in the productivity of hotel managers in mauritius  d an increase in the price of sugar cane from mauritius      17 the table shows percentage increases in  earnings in a country between 1997 and 2004.    male workers female workers  highest paid lowest paid highest paid lowest paid  +117.5  % +80.0  % +126.6  % +97.8  %    according to the table what happened between 1997 and 2004?  a all female workers became better paid than male workers.  b the highest paid male workers had the most rapid growth in earnings.  c the earnings of male workers became more evenly distributed.  d the earnings of female workers became less evenly distributed.     18 what is most likely to increase a firm\u2019s profits?  a government controls on its prices  b grants for the purchase of new machines  c an increase in the wages paid to its workers  d rising costs of its raw materials     19 the table shows the quantity of coffee dem anded per day and the quantity supplied per day.    price ($) per kilo demand (kilos) supply (kilos)  12 16 26  11 18 23  10 20 20   9 22 17   8 24 14   7 26 11     at the equilibrium price, what will be the total expenditure on coffee?  a $10 b $20 c $200 d $400 ",
            "7": "7    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/03/o/n/06  [turn over  20 which statement about fixed costs is correct?  a they exist only in the long run.  b they include raw material and direct labour costs.  c they increase at the same rate as output.  d they must be paid even if there is no output.      21 what is an example of backward vertical integration?  a an aircraft manufacturer takes over an airline.  b a bank takes over another bank.  c a plastics manufacturer takes over a drinks firm.  d a tyre manufacturer takes over a rubber plantation.     22 which is a diseconomy of scale?  a bulk buying reduces costs.  b communications deteriorate.  c employees are more motivated.  d technological improvements take place.    23 governments are often concerned about inflation and unemployment. the table shows price  changes and unemployment rates in four countries.   which country improved its economic performance on both these measures between 2003 and  2004?     country % price change  2003 % price change  2004 unemployment %  2003 unemployment %  2004  a austria 1.1 2.3 4.4 4.2  b canada 2.6 2.5 7.7 7.3  c france 2.0 2.4 9.7 9.8  d sweden 1.8 0.5 4.2 5.3    24 what is a long-term advantage of economic growth?  a employment falls.  b incomes rise.  c prices rise.  d savings fall.   ",
            "8": "8    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/03/o/n/06 25 the governments of many countries raise revenue from a tax on a wide range of essential goods  and services.    what is the nature of this tax?  a it is direct and proportional.  b it is direct and regressive.  c it is indirect and proportional.  d it is indirect and regressive.     26 the table shows a number of economic indicators for four countries in 2004.    which country best fits the description of \u2018the fastest real economic growth with the strongest international position\u2019?     country gdp  (annual % change) prices  (annual % change) trade balance  ($bn) foreign reserves  ($bn)  a chile 4.8 1.1 +6.2 15.9  b hungary 4.2 7.5 \u20134.2 12.6  c peru 4.2 4.3 +1.5 10.4  d philippines 6.4 5.1 \u20131.3 13.0    27 why might a new indirect tax be undesirable?  a it encourages firms to export.  b it creates a more regressive tax system.  c it produces a narrower basis of taxation.  d it creates a more progressive tax system.     28 what would not be recorded in the current account of argentina\u2019s balance of payments?  a an argentine company builds a factory in kenya.  b an argentine insurance company insures an american ship.  c argentine beef is sold to south africa.  d a large group of italians visit argentina.    ",
            "9": "9    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/03/o/n/06  [turn over  29 a country has a surplus on its trade in goods and services of $20  m and a deficit on its current  account of $10  m.    what position on its current income balance and current transfer balance is consistent with this?     current income balance  ($m) current transfer balance  ($m)  a +20 +10  b +10 \u201330  c \u201310 \u201320  d \u201320 +10      30 the uk pound depreciates against the us do llar from \u00a31 = $1.80 to \u00a31 = $1.50.  what does this mean?  a uk imports from the us will cost less.  b us imports from the uk will cost more.  c uk pounds will be dearer in terms of us dollars.  d us dollars will be dearer in terms of uk pounds.     31 a person receives annual interest of 4  % on their saving. inflation is 5  % per annum.    what is the change in the real value of their saving?  a it falls 1  %.  b it rises 4  %.  c it falls 5  %.  d it rises 9  %.      32 what else is likely to rise when the rate of unemployment in a country rises?  a business confidence  b consumer spending  c government revenue  d government spending    ",
            "10": "10    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/03/o/n/06 33 the table shows the gross domestic product (gdp) and population of four countries.    which country is likely to have the lowest standard of living?     gdp  ($ millions) population  (millions)  a 2 000 1  b 10 000 10  c 80 000 20  d 90 000 30      34 in a country the birth rate increased but the population decreased.    what could have happened to other factors to cause this?  a no change in migration but the death rate fell  b a fall in infant mortality but no change in the death rate c no change in migration but the death rate rose  d a rise in net immigration but no change in the death rate     35 which of the following is usually found in a developed economy?     low high  a birth rate adult literacy rate  b access to safe water infant mortality rate  c gross domestic product per head access to safe water  d infant mortality rate death rate     36 which situation must produce an ageing population?  a a falling birth rate and a falling death rate  b a rising birth rate and a rising death rate  c a rising fertility rate and a falling death rate  d a rising marriage rate and a rising death rate    ",
            "11": "11    \u00a9 ucles 2006 0455/03/o/n/06 37 a developing country finds it difficult to export goods to a developed country.    what could explain this?  a the developing country\u2019s exchange rate has depreciated.  b there are no tariffs on goods bought from the developing country. c there are quotas on goods bought from this developing country.  d there is cheap labour in the developing country.     38 many people in zimbabwe want to buy foreign cars, which would be shipped by foreign  companies.    what happens if the zimbabwe government removes the quota on the import of motor cars?     balance on trade in  goods balance on trade in  services  a improves no change  b improves worsens  c worsens no change  d worsens worsens    39 a country\u2019s farmers specialise in a single cash crop for export.    what might have encouraged this policy?  a a fall in commodity prices  b comparative advantage  c diminishing returns  d diseconomies of scale      40 which action by the operators of an airport directly reduces external costs?  a the abolition of night flights  b the building of a new runway c the payment of a productivity bonus d the reduction of charges for landing aircraft     ",
            "12": "12        permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles),  which is itself a department  of the university of cambridge.     0455/03/o/n/06 blank page  "
        },
        "0455_w06_qp_4.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. sp sjf3794  t02639/2 \u00a9 ucles 2006 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education economics 0455/04 paper 4  structured questions october/november 2006 2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. answer question 1 (section a) and any three questions from section b. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/04/o/n/06section a answer this question. 1 trade and production in bangladesh at one time, international trade agreements ensured an export market for clothes made in bangladesh, but these were due to end in 2005. it was feared that many workers in bangladeshwould lose their jobs as a result. the foreign minister hoped that the trade in medicines wouldgrow sufficiently to reduce that unemployment. the foreign minister said that in 2004 bangladeshwas exporting medicines to 60 countries and could produce them up to 70% cheaper than thedeveloped world. he said that if bangladesh, a developing country, could get 2% of the globaltrade in medicines it could be worth many times the clothing exports that bangladesh had lost. in 2004, 150 local firms and 6 multi-national companies manufactured medicines in bangladesh. however, the production of medicines employed just 50 000 workers and most future jobs wouldrequire highly trained technicians. the clothing trade employed 1.8 million unskilled workers andaccounted for more than 75% of bangladesh\u2019s exports. (a)state four ways in which multi-national companies can help developing countries such as bangladesh. [4] (b)international trade agreements can protect jobs. despite this, some economists prefer free trade to trade agreements. explain why. [6] (c)summarise the main argument of the foreign minister of bangladesh. [4] (d)why might it be difficult for employment in the clothing industry to be replaced by employmentin the manufacture of medicines? [6] \u00a9 ucles 2006",
            "3": "3 0455/04/o/n/06 [turn oversection b answer any three questions. 2 (a) explain the difference between an equilibrium price and a disequilibrium price. [4] (b)many more people travel by aeroplane today than ten years ago. with the help of a demand and supply diagram, explain what might have happened in the market for air travel to causethis increase. [6] (c)define price elasticity of demand and suggest why different goods have different priceelasticities. [5] (d)discuss whether knowledge of price elasticity of demand is of use to a company sellingholiday tours. [5] 3 (a) state four non-wage influences on an individual\u2019s choice of occupation. [4] (b)explain what is meant by the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of production anddescribe how the importance of each sector changes as a country develops. [6] (c)explain what is meant by a trade union. [3] (d)discuss the extent to which the relative strengths of trade unions influence the level ofearnings in different occupations. [7] 4in 2004, economists were concerned about the inflationary impact of unusually high oil prices,which were caused by political uncertainty in the middle east. (a)explain how inflation is measured. [6] (b)low inflation is one of the aims of government policy. choose two other macro-economic aims of the government and explain what they mean. [4] (c)explain how high oil prices may cause inflation. [4] (d)discuss the actions that a government might take to control inflation. [6] \u00a9 ucles 2006",
            "4": "4 0455/04/o/n/065in china, the state council has ordered a reduction in urban development projects in beijing. this is because, as developers clear land, people\u2019s homes are destroyed. it will also support thegovernment\u2019s aim of reducing total demand in the economy. (a)explain what is meant by the conservation of resources. [4] (b)urban development is often thought to be beneficial. consider who might benefit from anurban development project. [6] (c)explain how a government might control private companies that wish to develop an area. [3] (d)discuss why the development and exploitation of an urban area might be disadvantageous. [7] 6 (a) distinguish with the use of examples between (i)direct and indirect taxes, [3] (ii) progressive and regressive taxes. [3] (b)explain why governments impose taxes. [6] (c)discuss what might happen in an economy if a government increases income tax rates. [8] 7 (a) what is meant by fixed cost, variable cost and average total cost? [4] (b)discuss what might happen to these costs if a firm replaces labour with machines. [6] (c)some firms integrate with others. explain the different forms of integration, and suggest whyintegration happens. [10] \u00a9 ucles 2006copyright acknowledgements: question 1 \u00a9 reprinted with permission of far eastern economic review, copyright \u00a9 (2004) dow jones & company, inc. all rights res erved worldwide. permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, thepublisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_w06_qp_6.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page. sp (sjf3795)  t02641/2 \u00a9 ucles 2006 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education economics 0455/06 paper 6  alternative to coursework october/november 2006 1 hour 30 minutes additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. answer all questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/06/o/n/061 alcohol and government policy in the uk, the national health service often has to deal with the consequences of drinking alcohol. it is said that there is less trouble in other countries which have more relaxed licensinglaws. in the uk, accidents caused by drinking alcohol result in 150 000 hospital admissions everyyear. time taken dealing with these admissions prevents other treatment. there are about 22 000deaths linked to alcohol-related illnesses every year.  there are also other consequences. very many working days are lost each year because of alcohol abuse which, it is estimated, cost the employers \u00a36.4 million in lost production. there isalso the cost of policing the city centres particularly at night and at weekends when excessivedrinking causes riotous behaviour. it is argued that while police are controlling this behaviour itleaves property more vulnerable to burglary. property owners, as a result, may have to pay extrainsurance premiums and protect their property by paying for burglar alarms to be fitted. then thereare legal costs. if people are prosecuted for drink-related offences it involves court costs, lawyers\u2019costs and costs for the witnesses to attend court. there are also the costs of establishing centresthat treat people who drink excessively and the costs of social workers who care for those who arevictims of drink-related incidents. one of the difficulties of trying to calculate the cost of alcohol use is how to estimate figures such as those above. how do we measure the cost of police time? how do we measure the costs of anemotional upset when someone is injured by a drink-related driving accident? how do wemeasure the effect of violence in the home caused by excessive drinking? y et there are benefits from alcohol. people gain pleasure from drinking: it is a social activity. some alcohol is said to give health benefits. the government places a tax on alcohol and gains a largeamount of revenue as a result. many people are employed in the manufacture and distribution ofdrinks. others are employed in clubs and bars that serve alcohol. (a) (i) define opportunity cost. [2] (ii) identify and explain one example of opportunity cost from the above extract. [2] (b)y ou are asked to investigate the economic arguments for and against a ban on the sale and consumption of alcohol. discuss how helpful you would find the above extract and whatfurther information you would seek. [10] (c)the government decides not to introduce a ban on alcohol. instead it considers either raisingthe existing indirect tax on alcohol or banning the advertising of alcohol. discuss which ofthese two approaches you would favour. [9] [total : 23] \u00a9 ucles 2006",
            "3": "3 0455/06/o/n/062 success of toyota in 2003, the japanese toyota corporation sold 6.8 million vehicles, overtaking ford to become the world\u2019s second largest car manufacturer. its profits rose to almost double the combined profits ofits three principal competitors \u2013 general motors, ford and daimler-chrysler. toyota plans toincrease its research efforts to develop new materials and car designs which meet currentdemand and to expand into new markets, building new factories in other countries. currently itoperates 46 factories in 26 countries outside japan. it plans to increase production in britain,france, poland, turkey and the czech republic. toyota makes cars in response to customer orders rather than attempting to sell cars it has already built. the idea is to eliminate waste and increase efficiency by making only what isneeded, when it is needed. workers specialise in assembling particular parts of the car. as aresult of a suggestion by one of the employees, recent improvements on the production line haveincluded the placing of the small components needed for each car inside the shell of the car itselfrather than in trays alongside on trolleys which can get knocked over and cause wasted time. the company\u2019s luxury car brand, \u2018lexus\u2019, which was launched in 1989, now sells more than its competitors mercedes and bmw. (a)discuss the extent to which it is an advantage for the worker when a company uses specialisation in production. [4] (b)what factors are likely to influence a consumer\u2019s demand for a lexus? [4] (c)how would you investigate whether toyota should expand production into other countries asplanned? [9] [total : 17] \u00a9 ucles 2006",
            "4": "4 0455/06/o/n/06blank page copyright acknowledgements: question 2 reprinted with permission of far eastern economic review, copyright \u00a9 2004 dow jones & company, inc. all rights reserv ed worldwide. permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, thepublisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the university of cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        }
    },
    "2007": {
        "0455_s07_qp_1.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page.  ib07 06_0455_01/4rp  \u00a9 ucles 2007  [turn over       *0209129630* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/01     paper 1 multiple choice (core)  may/june 2007     1 hour    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.   there are forty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.   read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.       ",
            "2": "2    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/01/m/j/07 1 what is an example of the factor of production \u2018capital\u2019?  a a truck  b a truck driver  c a truck driver\u2019s savings  d a truck driver\u2019s wage      2 what makes specialisation easier?  a the imposition of taxation  b the protection of trade  c the system of barter  d the use of money     3 in a market economy, who determines the allocation of resources?  a central authorities only  b firms only c consumers and firms only d central authorities and firms only     4 a government is faced with the choice of raising taxation or cutting public spending.   of what is this an example?  a conservation of resources  b monetary policy  c opportunity cost  d substitution of factors      5 each country of southern africa has a mixed economy.    which statement about a mixed economy is correct?  a the government employs most primary sector workers.  b the government owns all major secondary sector industries. c the government owns the transport network. d the government provides public and merit goods.     ",
            "3": "3    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/01/m/j/07  [turn over  6 when will a trade union be most effective in pursuing its members' interests?  a the economy is in recession with rising unemployment.  b the employers have few orders for the product.  c the government passes a law to increase competition in the labour market.  d the members' wages make up a small part of total costs.      7 what is the main advantage that a public limited company has over a private limited company?  a it operates in the public sector.  b its shares can be sold on the stock exchange.  c it is managed by a director.  d its shareholders have limited liability.     8 what is the function of a stock exchange?  a it enables shareholders to sell their shares.  b it fixes fair prices for shares. c it promises to buy unsold shares. d it sets the number of shares.     9 a french company employs french people, is located only in france, sells shares on the stock  exchange but uses other firms to transport its products to other countries.    what type of company is this?  a a co-operative  b a private company  c a public company  d a multi-national      10 a demand curve for a product shows the relationship between its price and  a cost of production.  b population changes.  c the income of the consumer.  d the quantity of the product consumed.     ",
            "4": "4    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/01/m/j/07 11 the following was printed in a magazine.    more soft drinks are being consumed than ever before by the 16 \u2013 34 age group. schweppes, the  drink manufacturers, claim that over 45 per cent of their soft drinks are now being consumed  without alcohol as people switch away from alcoholic spirits.    how would this change be represented on a demand and supply diagram for soft drinks?  a decrease in demand  b decrease in supply c increase in demand d increase in supply     12 in many countries, the price of personal computers has fallen while the quantity sold has risen.    what is the most likely reason for these changes?  a advertising campaigns for computers increased.  b computer production technology improved.  c computer software became cheaper.  d real incomes rose.      13 australian mines are among the world\u2019s largest suppliers of uranium but the mines are  contaminating australia\u2019s natural environment. it is recommended that the mining companies  install new equipment which causes less pollution.    if this is done, how would it be represented on a demand and supply diagram for uranium?      demand curve supply curve  a shift to left no change  b shift to right shift to left  c no change shift to left  d shift to left shift to right    ",
            "5": "5    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/01/m/j/07  [turn over  14 the diagram shows the demand and supply of places in independent (private) schools which  charge fees. the equilibrium position is x.    the costs of independent (private) schools rise. also a report is issued which states that  government schools achieve very good examination results.    what is likely to be the new equilibrium position?    price quantityx ab dc o     15 which group is likely to save the largest proportion of its income?  a employed workers  b retired people  c school students  d unemployed workers      16 what is not included in a person\u2019s stock of wealth?  a a gold watch   b annual income   c an oil painting  d company shares      17 which asset is the most illiquid?  a cash  b money order  c government bonds d a house     ",
            "6": "6    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/01/m/j/07 18 the graph shows women\u2019s wages as a percentage of men\u2019s wages in year 1 and year 2.    percent85 807570656055 27 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 62 ageyear 2 year 1     which statement is shown by the graph to be true?  a younger women earn more than older women.  b women\u2019s wages remain roughly the same between the ages of 40\u201350. c in year 2, all women were earning more than men. d in year 2, women were earning a higher percentage of men\u2019s wages than in year 1.      19 which service is most likely to be supplied by a small business?  a banking   b dental treatment c heart surgery d rail travel     20 a british firm, dyson, moved production of its vacuum cleaners from the uk to malaysia.    why might it have made this change?  a average costs would fall  b average revenue would rise  c market share would fall  d transport costs would rise     ",
            "7": "7    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/01/m/j/07  [turn over  21 what is a fixed cost of production?  a the commission paid to sales staff  b the cost of using the telephone  c the interest paid on a bank loan  d the money spent on repairs      22 what is not equal to the average revenue?  a the price of each unit  b the profit from each unit  c the revenue from each unit  d the total revenue divided by output     23 the information below refers to an economy for a financial year.    government expenditure = $2 866 million  government revenue = $1 940 million    what was the budget balance of the government in that year?  a $926 million in deficit  b $4 806 million in deficit c $926 million in surplus  d $4 806 million in surplus     24 a local tax will usually be  a raised by a central government.  b used to provide a national road network.  c different from region to region.  d raised by using import tariffs.     25 a government establishes a body to control monopolies and mergers.    who is this intended to protect?  a consumers  b foreign investors c multi-nationals  d the government ",
            "8": "8    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/01/m/j/07 26 frictional unemployment occurs when   a workers are temporarily between jobs.  b there is a general fall in total demand.  c certain major industries go into economic decline.  d new technology reduces the need for labour.      27 what is a reason for collecting national income statistics?  a to calculate population changes  b to compare standards of living  c to fix exchange rates  d to keep inflation low     28 the table shows the proportion of the working population in different sectors in three countries.    country agriculture % manufacturing % services %  iran 38 33 29  nepal 93 2 5  uk 2 42 56    what can be concluded from the table?  a iran has fewer people working in manufacturing than the uk.  b nepal is a developed economy.  c services are more developed in iran than nepal.  d the uk is dependent on agriculture.      29 in rural areas in developing countries women often do unpaid work on traditional activities.    why might this mean that the gdp is not a good measure of the standard of living in those  countries?  a the gdp does not include international trade.  b the gdp only refers to companies in urban areas.  c the work is not counted in gdp statistics.  d the work is not economically important.     ",
            "9": "9    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/01/m/j/07  [turn over  30 the table shows the annual percentage changes in gdp and consumer prices in selected  countries during a year.    which country has shown the biggest rise in real gdp over this period?     country % change in gdp% change in  consumer prices  a argentina 5.1 7.3  b india 4.9 4.4  c malaysia 4.0 1.0  d philippines 4.5 3.3      31 two industries in namibia are fishing and tourism. the value of the currency of namibia fell in  2001.    if there were no other changes, what resulted from the fall?  a imported goods in namibian shops became cheaper.  b the price of namibia\u2019s fish sold in foreign markets became cheaper.  c the volume of namibia\u2019s exports decreased.  d tourists were discouraged by higher prices in namibia.      32 the diagram shows the percentage of the population of germany aged under 20 and over 60  between 1950 and 2000.    1950 60 70 80 90 200034 3026221814under 20 over 60%     what may be concluded from the diagram?  a the average age was similar in 1950 and 2000.  b the dependency ratio was similar in 1950 and 2000.  c the growth in total population ceased by 2000.  d the standard of living fell continuously from 1950.     ",
            "10": "10    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/01/m/j/07 33 which country is likely to have the lowest  standard of living?     birth rate death rate life  expectancy infant  mortality  a 25 10 57 24  b 43 31 40 42  c 25 5 72 22  d 36 14 48 56     34 in 2005, world population had grown to 6.5 billion with an increase of more than 4 billion since  1950.    what is most likely to have been the cause of this?  a an increase in the death rate in developed countries  b an increase in the birth rate in developing countries  c an increase in migration from developing to developed countries  d an increase in the death rate in developing countries     35 at the g8 economic summit in 2005, it was deci ded to cancel much of the debt which african  countries owed to european and north american countries.    this will have the same effect as a transfer of resources from  a developed countries to developing countries.  b developing countries to developed countries.  c market economies to planned economies.  d planned economies to market economies.      36 a government decides to reduce the size of the quota on a good.    what is likely to happen?  a the balance of trade will worsen.  b the good will become cheaper.  c the government\u2019s revenue will decline.  d there will be less of the good imported.     ",
            "11": "11    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/01/m/j/07  37 which combination would offer increased trade protection for an economy?     domestic subsidies tariffs  a bigger higher  b bigger lower  c smaller higher  d smaller lower     38 why may it be better to increase public expenditure while reducing private expenditure?  a goods and services which the market ignores can be provided.  b government officials are likely to be more careful spending money than private individuals.  c the profit motive makes government departments more efficient than private firms.  d the government is the best judge of the satisfaction gained from goods and services.    39 zambia is the fifth largest producer and the second largest exporter of copper in the world.  copper brings zambia 85  % of all the money zambia earns in trade.    what can be concluded from this?  a copper prices are high because zambia is a large producer.  b manufacturing production in zambia is very diversified.  c zambia can influence the world price of copper.  d zambia produces copper more cheaply than all other countries.      40 what will result if europe reduces trade barriers to increase imports of clothing and food from  asia and africa?  a greater choice for european consumers  b increased income for european producers  c lower unemployment in the european clothing industry  d slower economic growth in asia and africa     ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publis her (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.     0455/01/m/j/07 blank page  "
        },
        "0455_s07_qp_2.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page.  ib07 06_0455_02/rp  \u00a9 ucles 2007  [turn over      *7126181206* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/02     paper 2  structured questions  may/june 2007     1 hour 30 minutes    additional materials: answer booklet/paper       read these instructions first   if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet.  write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. write in dark blue or black pen.  you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.    answer all questions.    at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.  the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.   ",
            "2": " 2  \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/02/m/j/07 answer all questions.     1 airline industry losses      at an international conference, at which 95  % of the world\u2019s airlines were represented, it was said  that the global airline industry would have a $6 b illion loss for the year 2005. only parts of the  industry were said to be profitable. although there had been a growth in travel and revenue in  asia and europe, increased costs in north america and high fuel prices were estimated to  outweigh that. it was stated that losses fro m 2001 to 2004 had already exceeded $36 billion.     globally, non-fuel costs were forecast to fall by 4.5  % in 2005. this was particularly the case in  asia where labour costs were low. european airlines were recording profits due to increased  traffic and some industry mergers. however, the biggest obstacle to growth in the industry was  north america, where airlines recorded large losses. in north america labour costs and airport taxes were high. in addition, competition from the smaller low-cost airlines charging cheap fares was causing a fall in the profits of the larger companies. the airline industry also criticised the high taxes, averaging 26%, which are imposed on ticket sales in north america. to try to improve  profits the industry launched some major projects to cut costs, which included the complete  replacement of paper tickets with electronic tickets by 2007.    (a) calculate the estimated average yearly loss between 2001 and 2005. show your working. [2]     (b) identify four causes of the airline industry\u2019s losses in north america. [2]      (c) discuss whether (i) fuel and (ii) labour would be classified as a fixed or a variable cost for the  airline industry. [4]      (d) how might the replacement of paper tickets affect the demand for each of the factors of  production by the airlines? [4]     (e) a company is making losses. discuss what policies it might adopt. [8]    2 partnerships are owned by only two people while public companies are owned by the government.    (a) explain whether the above definitions are correct. [4]      (b) why do some firms remain small in size? [6]     ",
            "3": " 3  \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/02/m/j/07  3 (a) explain what is meant by specialisation and the division of labour. [4]      (b) discuss why some people are prepared to work in low-paid occupations. [6]      4 world population has more than doubled since 1950. people in many countries face poverty and malnutrition.     (a) what differences might you expect to find in the factors that affect population growth in  developed and developing countries? [4]      (b) analyse what might happen to the occupational distribution of the population as a country  becomes more developed. [6]    5 in 2005 namibia entered into trade agreements with france, italy and austria. these countries  would provide capital and technology in order to broaden the manufacturing industry in namibia  and to increase its trade and investment in industries which are labour-intensive.    (a) explain the meaning of the terms \u2018investment\u2019 and \u2018labour-intensive\u2019. [4]     (b) discuss the difference between free trade and a trade agreement. [6]    ",
            "4": " 4    blank page    copyright acknowledgements:    question 1 \u00a9 http://www.republikein.com.na/content/die_mark/diemark_2005/mei/31_airline.php     permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.   university of cambridge international examinations is part of  the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.     0455/02/m/j/07  "
        },
        "0455_s07_qp_3.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 12 printed pages.  ib07 06_0455_03/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2007  [turn over      *3311013661* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/03     paper 3 multiple choice (extended)  may/june 2007     1 hour    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.   there are forty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.   read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/03/m/j/07 1 $2  bn is invested in developing a country\u2019s natural resources and infrastructure.    which two factors of production does this refer to directly?  a capital and labour  b capital and land  c enterprise and land  d labour and land     2 what makes specialisation easier?  a the imposition of taxation  b the protection of trade  c the system of barter  d the use of money    3 a free market economy is more likely than a planned economy to encourage development  because  a equality of income is encouraged.   b factors of production would be employed efficiently.  c government intervention uses taxes and subsidies.  d social costs are taken into consideration.    ",
            "3": "3    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/03/m/j/07  [turn over  4 an economy is producing at x.    food machines100 07 5150200x y     what is the opportunity cost of choosing to produce at y instead of x?  a 25 machines  b 50 units of food  c 75 machines  d 150 units of food      5 each country of southern africa has a mixed economy.   which statement about a mixed economy is correct?  a the government employs most primary sector workers.  b the government owns all major secondary sector industries.  c the government owns the transport network.  d the government provides public and merit goods.     6 when will a trade union be most effective in pursuing its members' interests?  a the economy is in recession with rising unemployment.  b the employers have few orders for the product.  c the government passes a law to increase competition in the labour market.  d the members' wages make up a small part of total costs.     ",
            "4": "4    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/03/m/j/07 7 the table gives information about four business organisations.    which organisation is most likely to be described as a co-operative?     owners have  limited liability owned by its  members  a no yes  b no no  c yes yes  d yes no     8 what is the function of a stock exchange?  a it enables shareholders to sell their shares.  b it fixes fair prices for shares.  c it promises to buy unsold shares.  d it sets the number of shares.      9 a french company employs french people, is located only in france, sells shares on the stock  exchange but uses other firms to transport its products to other countries.    what type of company is this?  a a co-operative  b a private company  c a public company  d a multi-national      10 a demand curve for a product shows the relationship between its price and  a cost of production.  b population changes.  c the income of the consumer.  d the quantity of the product consumed.     ",
            "5": "5    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/03/m/j/07  [turn over  11 the following was printed in a magazine.    more soft drinks are being consumed than ever before by the 16 \u2013 34 age group. schweppes, the  drink manufacturers, claim that over 45 per cent of their soft drinks are now being consumed  without alcohol as people switch away from alcoholic spirits.    how would this change be represented on a demand and supply diagram for soft drinks?  a decrease in demand  b decrease in supply c increase in demand d increase in supply     12 a firm produces a good with a price elasticity of demand greater than 1.    what must the firm experience if there is a fall in the price of this good?   a a decrease in costs  b a decrease in sales  c an increase in revenue  d an increase in profits      13 australian mines are among the world\u2019s largest suppliers of uranium but the mines are  contaminating australia\u2019s natural environment. it is recommended that the mining companies  install new equipment which causes less pollution.    if this is done, how would it be represented on a demand and supply diagram for uranium?      demand curve supply curve  a shift to left no change  b shift to right shift to left  c no change shift to left  d shift to left shift to right    ",
            "6": "6    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/03/m/j/07 14 the diagram shows the demand and supply of places in independent (private) schools which  charge fees. the equilibrium position is x.    the costs of independent (private) schools rise. also a report is issued which states that  government schools achieve very good examination results.    what is likely to be the new equilibrium position?    price quantityx ab dc o     15 which group is likely to save the largest proportion of its income?  a employed workers  b retired people  c school students  d unemployed workers      16 what is not included in a person\u2019s stock of wealth?  a a gold watch   b annual income   c an oil painting  d company shares      17 what might cause the wages of bus drivers to rise?  a their productivity falls.  b the number of bus routes falls.  c the number of people making bus journeys falls.  d the supply of bus drivers falls.     ",
            "7": "7    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/03/m/j/07  [turn over  18 what will lead to an increase in spending?  a an increase in the rate of unemployment  b a reduction in the rate of interest  c a reduction in expenditure by firms on advertising  d an increase in the rate of income tax      19 which diagram represents a firm with economies of scale?    costs outputoa short run average costs costs outputob long runaverage costs costs outputoc short runaverage costscosts outputod long runaverage costs      20 a british firm, dyson, moved production of its vacuum cleaners from the uk to malaysia.    why might it have made this change?  a average costs would fall  b average revenue would rise  c market share would fall  d transport costs would rise     ",
            "8": "8    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/03/m/j/07 21 what is a fixed cost of production?  a the commission paid to sales staff  b the cost of using the telephone  c the interest paid on a bank loan  d the money spent on repairs      22 what is not equal to the average revenue?  a the price of each unit  b the profit from each unit  c the revenue from each unit  d the total revenue divided by output     23 what is most likely to happen if a regressive tax replaces a progressive tax?  a the amount of tax paid by richer people increases  b incomes before tax become less equal  c the majority of people continue to pay the same tax  d the amount of tax paid by poorer people increases     24 a government decides to reduce income tax.    which aims of government policy would this help to achieve?  a a smaller balance of payments deficit and lower inflation  b a smaller balance of payments deficit and more economic growth  c lower unemployment and lower inflation  d lower unemployment and more economic growth      25 why might a government discourage monopolies?  a they  can achieve low average costs.  b they can compete against foreign firms.  c they can introduce new technology.  d they can make large profits.     ",
            "9": "9    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/03/m/j/07  [turn over  26 which type of unemployment is generally regarde d by economists as the least serious for the  economy?  a cyclical  b frictional  c regional  d structural      27 the citizens most likely to benefit in a period of rapid inflation are those who  a are receiving fixed state benefits.  b earn fixed incomes. c have lent money at a fixed rate of interest.  d have borrowed money at a fixed rate of interest.     28 the table shows the proportion of the working population in different sectors in three countries.    country agriculture % manufacturing % services %  iran 38 33 29  nepal 93 2 5  uk 2 42 56    what can be concluded from the table?  a iran has fewer people working in manufacturing than the uk.  b nepal is a developed economy.  c services are more developed in iran than nepal.  d the uk is dependent on the primary sector.      29 in rural areas in developing countries women often do unpaid work on traditional activities.    why might this mean that the gdp is not a good measure of the standard of living in those  countries?  a the gdp does not include international trade.  b the gdp only refers to companies in urban areas.  c the work is not counted in gdp statistics.  d the work is not economically important.    ",
            "10": "10    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/03/m/j/07 30 the table shows unemployment and inflation statistics for the us, japan and sweden for year 1  and year 2.    unemployment (%) inflation (% pa)  country   year 1 year 2 year 1 year 2  us 4.8 4.4 5.6 3.4  japan 2.7 2.7 1.7 0.7  sweden 2.7 3.2 8.3 6.6    which conclusion can be made from the table?  a in year 1, the same number of people were unemployed in sweden and japan.  b in year 1, the cost of living rose in the us. c the number of unemployed people decreased in all three countries.  d unemployment and inflation moved in the same direction in japan.     31 two industries in namibia are fishing and tourism. the value of the currency of namibia fell in  2001.    if there were no other changes, what resulted from the fall?  a imported goods in namibian shops became cheaper.  b the price of namibia\u2019s fish sold in foreign markets became cheaper.  c the volume of namibia\u2019s exports decreased.  d tourists were discouraged by higher prices in namibia.     32 what is likely if the proportion of retired people in a country increases?  a a reduction in income from direct taxation  b a reduction in  the dependency ratio   c an increase in the total number of jobs available  d a reduction in spending on medical treatment    ",
            "11": "11    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/03/m/j/07  [turn over  33 which country is likely to have the lowest  standard of living?     birth rate death rate life  expectancy infant  mortality  a 25 10 57 24  b 43 31 40 42  c 25 5 72 22  d 36 14 48 56     34 in 2005, world population had grown to 6.5 billion with an increase of more than 4 billion since  1950.    what is most likely to have been the cause of this?  a an increase in the death rate in developed countries  b an increase in the birth rate in developing countries  c an increase in migration from developing to developed countries  d an increase in the death rate in developing countries     35 at the g8 economic summit in 2005, it was deci ded to cancel much of the debt which african  countries owed to european and north american countries.    this will have the same effect as a transfer of resources from  a developed countries to developing countries.  b developing countries to developed countries.  c market economies to planned economies.  d planned economies to market economies.      36 a government decides to reduce the size of the quota on a good.    what is likely to happen?  a the balance of trade will worsen.  b the good will become cheaper.  c the government\u2019s revenue will decline.  d there will be less of the good imported.     ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publis her (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of t he cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/03/m/j/07 37 what is an external cost of smoking cigarettes?  a the cost of the tobacco  b the danger to non-smokers\u2019 health  c the harm done to smokers  d the tax on cigarettes      38 why may it be better to increase public expenditure while reducing private expenditure?  a goods and services which the market ignores can be provided.  b government officials are likely to be more careful spending money than private individuals.  c the profit motive makes government departments more efficient than private firms.  d the government is the best judge of the satisfaction gained from goods and services.     39 in london, an extra charge is placed on the use of cars in the city centre which causes car  drivers to switch to public transport.    what is likely to happen to the private costs of those who continue to drive cars and to external benefits?     private costs external benefits  a fall fall  b fall rise  c rise fall  d rise rise    40 what will result if europe reduces trade barriers to increase imports of clothing and food from  asia and africa?  a greater choice for european consumers  b increased income for european producers  c lower unemployment in the european clothing industry  d slower economic growth in asia and africa       "
        },
        "0455_s07_qp_4.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 4 printed pages.  ib07 06_0455_04/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2007  [turn over      *1268018398* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/04        paper 4 structured questions  may/june 2007     2 hours    additional materials: answer booklet/paper        read these instructions first    if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet.  write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. write in dark blue or black pen.  you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.  section a  answer question 1.  section b answer any three  questions.   at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.   ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/04/m/j/07 section a     answer this question.      1 airline industry losses      at an international conference, at which 95  % of the world\u2019s airlines were represented, it was said  that the global airline industry would have a $6 b illion loss for the year 2005. only parts of the  industry were said to be profitable. although there had been a growth in travel and revenue in asia and europe, increased costs in north america and high fuel prices were estimated to outweigh that. it was stated that losses fro m 2001 to 2004 had already exceeded $36 billion.     globally, non-fuel costs were forecast to fall by 4.5  % in 2005. this was particularly the case in  asia where labour costs were low. european airlines were recording profits due to increased  traffic and some industry mergers. however, the biggest obstacle to growth in the industry was north america, where airlines recorded large losses. in north america labour costs and airport taxes were high. in addition, competition from the smaller low-cost airlines charging cheap fares  was causing a fall in the profits of the larger companies. the airline industry also criticised the  high taxes, averaging 26%, which are imposed on ticket sales in north america. to try to improve profits the industry launched some major projects to cut costs, which included the complete replacement of paper tickets with electronic tickets by 2007.    (a) calculate the estimated average yearly loss between 2001 and 2005. show your working. [2]     (b) identify four causes of the airline industry\u2019s losses in north america. [2]     (c) discuss whether (i) fuel and (ii) labour would be classified as a fixed or a variable cost for the airline industry. [4]     (d) how might the replacement of paper tickets affect the demand for each of the factors of production by the airlines? [4]       (e) a company is making losses. discuss what policies it might adopt. [8]    ",
            "3": " 3  \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/04/m/j/07 [turn over section b     answer any three  questions.      2 partnerships are owned by only two people while public companies are owned by the  government.    (a) explain whether the above definitions are correct. [4]     (b) why do some firms remain small in size? [6]       (c) explain two types of integration available to a firm. [2]     (d) discuss how a government might influence private producers. [8]    3 (a) explain what is meant by specialisation and the division of labour. [4]       (b) discuss why some people are prepared to work in low-paid occupations. [6]     (c) how might the spending and saving patterns of a poorer person differ from those of a richer  person? [5]      (d) why might a government wish to influence people\u2019s spending? [5]    4 world population has more than doubled since 1950. people in many countries face poverty and malnutrition.     (a) what differences might you expect to find in the factors that affect population growth in  developed and developing countries? [4]      (b) analyse what might happen to the occupational distribution of the population as a country  becomes more developed. [6]      (c) what is meant by a country\u2019s economic output? [3]      (d) an increase in population means an increase in l abour. it is, therefore, to be encouraged. do  you agree with this view? [7]    ",
            "4": "4    copyright acknowledgements:    question 1 \u00a9 http://www.republikein.com.na/content/die_mark/die mark_2005/mei/31_airline.php    permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of  the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/04/m/j/07   5 in 2005 namibia entered into trade agreements with france, italy and austria. these countries  would provide capital and technology in order to broaden the manufacturing industry in namibia and to increase its trade and investment in industries which are labour-intensive.    (a) explain the meaning of the terms \u2018investment\u2019 and \u2018labour-intensive\u2019. [4]     (b) discuss the difference between free trade and a trade agreement. [6]       (c) some economic writers suggest that a country should conserve its resources. what do they mean by this? [4]       (d) discuss what benefits the trade agreements might bring to namibia. [6]    6 (a) what are the main differences between a planned economy and a market economy? [4]     (b) discuss how some aims of government policy might conflict with each other. [6]       (c) many economies are mixed economies. discuss why most countries have decided to have a mixed economy. [10]     7 an economic report stated: \u2018inflation has been kept at 2  % for the past year which is the lowest it  has been for three years. unemployment has also decreased.\u2019     (a) does this statement mean that prices had fallen during the past year? [4]     (b) describe how an index of consumer prices (retail price index) is calculated. [6]      (c) explain how different types of unemployment may be caused and consider which might be  the most serious. [10]    "
        },
        "0455_s07_qp_6.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page.  ib07 06_0455_06/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2007  [turn over      *5548293295* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/06        paper 6 alternative to coursework  may/june 2007     1 hour 30 minutes    additional materials: answer booklet/paper       read these instructions first    if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet.  write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. write in dark blue or black pen.  you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.  answer all questions.    at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.   ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/06/m/j/07 1  bad to the last drop      drinking bottled water has become popular in developed countries. in 2004, over $44 billion was  spent on bottled water. a litre of bottled water costs at least 250 times as much as tap water, often cannot be distinguished from tap water and some brands contain the same chemicals as  tap water which people think they have paid to avoid. in developed countries water is  fashionable; the practice of carrying a small bottl e of water is now almost as common as carrying  a cell (mobile) phone.     by contrast, in developing countries there is often no tap water. 40% of the world\u2019s population  lack basic sanitation and 1 billion people do not have safe drinking water. the world health  organisation estimates that 80% of illness in the world is due to water-borne diseases and in the developing countries 5 million die from inadequate water or poor sanitation each year.    illness means lower productivity, greater dependence on aid from other countries and more  poverty. in some countries the main reason why girls do not go to school is that they have to spend a lot of time fetching water from distant wells.     the international water management institute (iwmi) estimates that everyone could have clean  water if, each year, an extra $1.7 billion was spent on water projects. improved sanitation could  be achieved by spending a further $9.3 billion each year.     it would, therefore, be better for everyone and a better use of resources if the developed world  stopped spending money on bottled water, drank the safe tap water instead and the money was  used to improve water supplies in developing countries.     (a)  (i) the extract states that the lack of pure water causes illness and that this reduces  productivity. explain what a reduction in productivity means. [2]    (ii) why might a reduction in productivity lead to greater dependence on aid from other countries? [3]     (b) explain, using a diagram, how, according to economic analysis, a change in the price of a product would influence its demand. [2]       (c) use two demand and supply diagrams, one for bottled water and one for a substitute, to explain how a decrease in the supply of bottled water would influence the market for the substitute. [5]     (d) (i)   analyse why a person might prefer to buy a particular good rather than a substitute. [3]     (ii) discuss whether your analysis is supported by the information given in the extract about  tap water and bottled water. [4]     (e) use the figures provided by the iwmi to calculate the percentage of the money currently  spent on bottled water that would be required to  improve water and sanitation in developing  countries. show your working. [2]       (f) discuss what you would need to find out in order to check the conclusion at the end of the  extract that resources could be better used for the benefit of everyone. [8]     [total: 29]  ",
            "3": " 3  \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/06/m/j/07 2  wage rates in new zealand      in new zealand in june 2003 the average hourly wage rate was $17.82. male workers earned on  average $19.02 an hour and female workers on average $16.57 an hour. after adjusting for the effects of inflation average hourly earnings increased by $1.66 an hour (10  %) in the six years to  june 2003.    the chart below gives average hourly wage rates in new zealand in june 2003.   30 25201510 50 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39average hourly wage rates by age and sex, june 2003 age group (years)40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59$ / hourmale female       (a) identify the differences between male and female earnings for those aged 20-29 compared with those aged 50-59. [3]     (b) explain whether the table supports the view that female workers are equally productive and promoted as much as male workers. [5]       (c) an employer stated that the above information is incorrect, and actually the average hourly earnings in new zealand increased by more than $1.66 (10  %) during the six year period to  june 2003. could the information be used to support his claim? [3]    [total: 11]     ",
            "4": "4  copyright acknowledgements:    question 1        \u00a9 international herald tribune , 2 august 2005.  question 2        \u00a9 statistics new zealand.    permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/06/m/j/07  blank page "
        },
        "0455_w07_qp_1.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page.  ib07 11_0455_01/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2007  [turn over      *5018888412* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/01     paper 1 multiple choice (core)  october/november 2007     1 hour    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)       read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.    there are forty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer  sheet.  read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.  each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.       ",
            "2": "2    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/01/o/n/07 1 what is found in a command economy but not a market economy?  a banks  b division of labour  c price controls  d profit motive      2 commercial companies are reclaiming marsh land to construct golf courses.    what is the opportunity cost to society?  a the expense of installing drainage  b the natural environment that is lost  c the profits of the companies  d the value of the land cleared     3 there are more people in developing countries who cannot read or write than in developed  countries.    what can be concluded from this?  a developed countries will use more labour than capital as it is skilled.  b in developing countries, factors of production are not used to their maximum potential.  c less money needs to be spent on education in developed countries than in developing  countries.  d production in developing countries is likely to rely more on capital than labour.     4 in wartime conditions, cigarettes have been used as money.    what disadvantage  do cigarettes have for trading compared with notes and coins?  a they cannot act as a medium of exchange.  b they have no intrinsic value.  c they lack durability.  d they make a double coincidence of wants necessary.    ",
            "3": "3    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/01/o/n/07  [turn over  5 a farmer employs one man to plough a large field.    as well as labour, which factors of production are involved in this activity?  a land and capital only  b land and enterprise only c capital and enterprise only  d land, capital and enterprise     6 in most countries which organisation controls the banking system?  a central bank  b commercial bank  c investment bank  d world bank    7 in 2001 some countries, including india and pakistan, criticised the european union for  continuing to protect european farmers with a subsidy while expecting poorer african countries not to restrict trade.    what are not  involved in this situation?  a developing and developed economies  b free trade and protection  c market prices and official intervention  d multi-nationals and public corporations    8 which type of business organisation has its shares quoted on a stock exchange?  a private company  b public company  c co-operative  d public corporation    9 what is the main purpose of a trade union?  a to achieve profit maximisation  b to encourage free trade  c to promote private ownership of industry  d to protect the interests of its members    ",
            "4": "4    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/01/o/n/07 10 the graph shows changes in house prices in a developed country.    % change in house prices 0 februarymarchapril may june july 200210 5     what might have caused these changes in prices?  a an increase in government subsidies to house builders  b an increase in income  c an increase in the supply of houses  d an increase in unemployment      11 sometimes travel companies advertise holidays at prices below cost.    what might be a reason for this?  a an excess demand for holidays  b an excess supply of holidays  c a price inelastic demand for holidays  d insufficient competition in the holiday market     12 the table shows demand and supply schedules for a commodity.    price  ($ per tonne) quantity demanded  (tonnes per month) quantity supplied  (tonnes per month)  20 400 1600  18 480 1200  16 600 600  14 800 480  12 1200 320    what is the equilibrium price?  a $20 b $18 c $16 d $14     ",
            "5": "5    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/01/o/n/07  [turn over  13 a country imports oil which is used in the production and distribution of goods. the country has  also experienced a rise in incomes which has resulted in a large increase in the demand for  goods, some of which it imports.    what is likely to happen to the country\u2019s balance of  trade in goods and to the price of oil?     balance of trade in  goods price of oil  a worsens falls  b improves falls  c worsens rises  d improves rises     14 x is the equilibrium point for a company that sells advertising space. during the year, the demand  for advertising decreased and the company\u2019s labour cost increased.    what would be the new equilibrium?    oquantity of advertising spaceprice of advertising spacex abcd      15 in developed economies, as a person\u2019s real income rises, a lower proportion of that income is  usually spent on  a food.  b holidays.  c leisure activities.  d personal transport.     ",
            "6": "6    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/01/o/n/07 16 what would cause disposable incomes to become less equal?  a increased employment  b increased welfare benefits  c more progressive taxes  d more regressive taxes      17 which occupation would suit a person who wanted to work in the public sector?  a a journalist for an independent newspaper  b a nurse in a government hospital  c a sales manager for a multi-national food business  d a teacher in a private fee-paying school      18 male workers on average get paid more than female workers.    what might explain this?  a male workers have better qualifications.  b female workers are more likely to be in trade unions.  c male workers live nearer to their place of work.  d female workers are less likely to take time off work.     19 a firm manufactures toys.    which cost will vary least as output and sales increase?  a distribution to retailers  b insurance payments on the factory c wages of production workers  d raw materials     20 in 2005, world oil prices increased significantly.    what effect would an increase in oil prices have on a firm that transports products for other firms?  a average fixed costs would increase  b profits would increase  c total fixed costs would increase  d variable costs would increase     ",
            "7": "7    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/01/o/n/07  [turn over  21 which statement is correct?  a average revenue is total revenue divided by output.  b fixed cost is total cost plus variable cost.  c total cost is variable cost multiplied by fixed cost.  d total revenue is fixed revenue minus variable revenue.      22 what is a firm seeking profit maximisation trying to achieve?  a the fastest rate of profit growth  b the highest level of profit per unit produced  c the highest level of total profit  d the lowest level of total cost     23 the table shows earnings and total income tax paid per annum.    earnings $ total income tax paid $  5000 1000  8000 2000  9000 3000    which type of tax system does this illustrate?  a indirect  b progressive c proportional  d regressive     24 which policy would best enable a government to encourage greater specialisation in the use of  its country\u2019s resources?  a encouraging diversification in industry  b protecting small businesses  c reducing tariffs on imports  d subsidising job creation in rural areas    ",
            "8": "8    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/01/o/n/07 25 what could a government in a developed economy do to increase demand?  a create a budget surplus  b increase taxes  c reduce government spending   d reduce interest rates      26 what is not an aim of government economic policy?  a economic growth  b full employment  c interest rates  d stable prices      27 which situation would definitely cause a fall in real incomes?     price level money income level a falls rises  b falls unchanged   c rises rises  d rises unchanged     28 what would not be required in the construction of an index of consumer prices (retail price  index)?  a the selection of a base year  b the selection of a representative range of items  c the calculation of average wage levels  d the weighting of each item in the index    ",
            "9": "9    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/01/o/n/07  [turn over  29 the graph shows the annual percentage ch anges in mexico\u2019s gdp between 1994 and 1999.    10 5 0 \u20135 \u201310annual % change in gdp1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 year     which conclusion may be drawn from the graph?  a gdp fell between 1998 and 1999.  b gdp rose between 1997 and 1998.  c gdp was highest in 1997.  d prices fell in 1995.      30 what is likely to lead to a decrease in structural unemployment?  a reducing the interest rate  b increasing the rate of unemployment benefit  c reducing the rate of income tax  d increasing labour mobility    31 the diagram shows china\u2019s trade with brazil for 1999 and 2003 in billions of dollars.    012345 exports imports1999 2003     what happened to china\u2019s trade balance with brazil between 1999 and 2003?  a it experienced a falling surplus.  b it experienced a rising deficit.  c it moved from deficit to surplus.  d it moved from surplus to deficit.     ",
            "10": "10    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/01/o/n/07 32 what might explain the high population growth in some developing countries?  a high birth rates and falling death rates  b high immigration and low emigration  c falling birth rates and rising death rates  d falling life expectancy      33 turkey\u2019s agricultural sector employs 48  % of the country\u2019s workforce compared with 17  % in the  us and 3.9  % in france.    what could be concluded from this?  a france is likely to import more agricultural produce than the us.  b the workers in france are not as productive as those in turkey.  c total agricultural production is likely to be higher in turkey than in the us.  d turkey is likely to be less developed than france.      34 changes in the standard of living of a country are best measured by changes in  a national income.  b national income per head.  c real national income.  d real national income per head.      35 as a country develops, what is most  likely to happen?  a a greater proportion of the workforce will be employed in the service sector.  b the average age will decrease.  c the birth rate will increase.  d there will be reduced occupational mobility of labour.     36 firms often advertise saying that they specialise in providing a certain product or service.    what is an advantage of such specialisation?  a employees become experts in that area.  b employees can easily switch to other jobs.   c firms can quickly adapt production if their service is no longer required.  d production is dependent on other firms supplying components.     ",
            "11": "11    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/01/o/n/07   37 what directly sets a fixed limit on the quantity of goods which can be imported?  a administrative regulations  b foreign exchange controls  c quotas  d tariffs      38 a water pump has been invented which is operated when people play on a roundabout in the  village. the roundabout provides the power to pump water from the well.    of what is this an example?  a conserving labour and conserving natural resources  b conserving labour and using natural resources  c using labour and conserving natural resources  d using labour and using natural resources      39 the governments of developing countries often allow multi-nationals to mine minerals in their  territory.    which conflict between possible benefit and cost does this present to the developing country?     benefit cost  a improved balance of trade increased training by the companies  b higher employment loss of finite resource  c increased profits for the companies more efficient production  d more sustainable development faster economic growth      40 the introduction of a tariff on imported goods is likely to  a ensure that the domestic industry becomes more efficient.  b increase the demand for domestically produced goods.  c reduce the price of domestically produced goods.  d reduce the price of imported goods into a country.   ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publis her (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of t he cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.     0455/01/o/n/07 blank page  "
        },
        "0455_w07_qp_2.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page.  ib07 11_0455_02/rp  \u00a9 ucles 2007  [turn over      *5673546849* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/02     paper 2  structured questions  october/november 2007     1 hour 30 minutes    additional materials: answer booklet/paper       read these instructions first   if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet.  write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.  write in dark blue or black pen. you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.    answer all questions.   at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.  the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.   ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/02/o/n/07 answer all questions.     1  the royal mail      the following is adapted from a leaflet the uk royal mail sent to its customers in 2005.    we are investing in the postal service so that it is consistent and reliable and remains one of the  best in europe. you can trust the royal mail with your post. 99.9  % of all mail gets delivered  safely and quickly to the right address. sometimes letters have the incorrect address or no address at all. at least 92.5  % of the first class letters arrive by lunchtime the next working day.  (in france barely 80  % of the first class mail is delivered on time.) we are determined to manage  this better and are investing in technology and training.    our prices are rising by less than inflation and are amongst the lowest in europe. in april the  price of first class post will go up from \u00a30.28 to \u00a30.30 which compares well with a price of \u00a30.26 ten years ago. in italy first class could cost you \u00a31.12, in germany up to \u00a31.     there will now be only one delivery a day. previously, when mail was sorted by hand, it was  impossible to sort and deliver it all at once. now, more mail is sorted automatically and overnight.  a single delivery helps us to keep our costs down. we need to make profits so that we can invest in better equipment, better technology and better offices, and also pay our staff more for doing a  responsible job.     (a) explain what is meant by factors of production. [4]      (b) how has the royal mail\u2019s use of these factors of production changed? [2]      (c) explain how the proposed new investment will change the royal mail\u2019s fixed cost and  variable cost. [4]      (d) discuss how the rise in price from \u00a30.28 to \u00a30.30 might affect demand for substitute methods of communication. [4]     (e) is there enough evidence in the article to support the royal mail\u2019s statement that it is one of the best in europe? [6]    2 a multi-national was described as a large company that employs people from different countries and is controlled by a government.    (a) explain whether this is a correct description. [4]     (b) if a company is large and employs many people it often has to deal with trade unions. what  is a trade union and what is its role in an economy? [6]     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/02/o/n/07 3 (a) explain how the principle of opportunity cost might be relevant when a person chooses a new  job. [3]     (b) some service sector occupations pay very well, others have low rates of pay. discuss why  this might be so. [7]     4 1 in 5 adults have not been educated to read or write; 98  % of them live in developing countries  and 66  % of them are women.     (a) explain three  other differences that you might find between the population of a developed  country and a developing country. [3]     (b) another indicator of living standards, apart from education, is gdp. discuss how useful this is in comparing the living standards between two countries. [7]    5 it was reported that farmers in malawi were being discouraged from specialising in growing the staple crop of maize. instead they were encouraged to diversify into other crops.     (a) explain what is meant by specialisation. [4]      (b) discuss whether there are any benefits from specialisation rather than diversification. [6]     ",
            "4": "4    blank page    copyright acknowledgements:    question 1 \u00a9 royal mail, march 2005.  permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.  university of cambridge international examinations is part of  the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.   \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/02/o/n/07  "
        },
        "0455_w07_qp_3.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page.  ib07 11_0455_03/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2007  [turn over      *0794596069* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/03     paper 3 multiple choice (extended)  october/november 2007     1 hour    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.   there are forty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.   read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.       ",
            "2": "2    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/03/o/n/07 1 what is found in a market economy but not a command economy?  a division of labour  b economies of scale  c money as a store of value  d the profit motive      2 the diagram shows the choices for an individual between leisure and earnings.    24 201612 840 0 2 04 06 08 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 earnings $hours of leisure per dayx y     what is the opportunity cost to the individual of the extra earnings when moving from position x  to position y?  a $20  b $80 c 4 hours of leisure per day  d 8 hours of leisure per day     3 there are more people in developing countries who cannot read or write than in developed  countries.    what can be concluded from this?  a developed countries will use more labour than capital as it is skilled.  b in developing countries, factors of production are not used to their maximum potential.  c less money needs to be spent on education in developed countries than in developing  countries.  d production in developing countries is likely to rely more on capital than labour.     ",
            "3": "3    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/03/o/n/07  [turn over  4 in wartime conditions, cigarettes have been used as money.    what disadvantage  do cigarettes have for trading compared with notes and coins?  a they cannot act as a medium of exchange.  b they have no intrinsic value.  c they lack durability.  d they make a double coincidence of wants necessary.    5 which economic question is least  likely to arise as a result of scarcity?  a for whom shall we produce?  b how shall we produce?  c what shall we produce?  d when shall we produce?    6 in most countries which organisation controls the banking system?  a central bank  b commercial bank  c investment bank  d world bank    7 what advantage is gained by a company that becomes a multi-national?  a it avoids trade barriers.  b it reduces its fixed costs.  c it simplifies its management structure.  d it makes communication easier.     8 which pair of economic institutions would be found in a command economy?  a central bank and public companies  b public corporations and central bank  c public corporations and stock exchange  d stock exchange and public companies     ",
            "4": "4    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/03/o/n/07 9 what is the main purpose of a trade union?  a to achieve profit maximisation  b to encourage free trade  c to promote private ownership of industry  d to protect the interests of its members      10 the graph shows changes in house prices in a developed country.    % change in house prices 0 februarymarchapril may june july 200210 5     what might have caused these changes in prices?  a an increase in government subsidies to house builders  b an increase in income c an increase in the supply of houses  d an increase in unemployment     11 sometimes travel companies advertise holidays at prices below cost.    what might be a reason for this?  a an excess demand for holidays  b an excess supply of holidays  c a price inelastic demand for holidays  d insufficient competition in the holiday market     ",
            "5": "5    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/03/o/n/07  [turn over  12 good x has a price elasticity of demand of 0.25 while good y has a price elasticity of demand of  1.5.    a likely explanation of these values is that compared to good y, good x  a has more substitutes.  b is considered more of a luxury.  c is purchased more out of habit.  d takes up a larger proportion of consumers\u2019 income.     13 a country imports oil which is used in the production and distribution of goods. the country has  also experienced a rise in incomes which has resulted in a large increase in the demand for  goods, some of which it imports.    what is likely to happen to the country\u2019s balance of  trade in goods and to the price of oil?     balance of trade in  goods price of oil  a worsens falls  b improves falls  c worsens rises  d improves rises      14 x is the equilibrium point for a company that sells advertising space. during the year, the demand  for advertising decreased and the company\u2019s labour cost increased.    what would be the new equilibrium?    oquantity of advertising spaceprice of advertising spacex abcd     ",
            "6": "6    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/03/o/n/07 15 in developed economies, as a person\u2019s real income rises, a lower proportion of that income is  usually spent on  a food.  b holidays.  c leisure activities.  d personal transport.      16 what would cause disposable incomes to become less equal?  a increased employment  b increased welfare benefits  c more progressive taxes  d more regressive taxes     17 the first worker in each pair of workers below is usually paid more.    in which case is this not likely to be the result of the first worker\u2019s greater value to the firm?  a a worker in a trade union compared with a worker with no trade union  b a worker with training compared with a worker with no training  c a worker with supervisory responsibilities compared with a worker with no responsibility  d a worker with years of experience compared with a worker with no experience     18 which is the most important factor that affects how much a family saves?  a the income of the family  b the level of taxation  c the rate of inflation  d the reliability of banks     19 what is happening when a firm is experiencing diseconomies of scale?  a it has rising long-run average costs.  b it is operating in the short run.  c its fixed costs are less than variable costs.  d its output is increasing faster than its inputs.     ",
            "7": "7    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/03/o/n/07  [turn over  20 in 2005, world oil prices increased significantly.    what effect would an increase in oil prices have on a firm that transports products for other firms?  a average fixed costs would increase  b profits would increase  c total fixed costs would increase  d variable costs would increase     21 which statement is correct?  a average revenue is total revenue divided by output.  b fixed cost is total cost plus variable cost.  c total cost is variable cost multiplied by fixed cost.  d total revenue is fixed revenue minus variable revenue.    22 what is a firm seeking profit maximisation trying to achieve?  a the fastest rate of profit growth  b the highest level of profit per unit produced  c the highest level of total profit  d the lowest level of total cost    23 the diagram relates the government's total tax revenue to the average tax rate.    average tax ratetotal tax revenue o     what can be deduced from the diagram?  a a rise in the average tax rate may decrease government revenue.  b the tax system is regressive. c low tax rates have an incentive effect upon labour. d the burden of taxation is evenly spread.   ",
            "8": "8    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/03/o/n/07 24 in which case is success for the government in achieving the first aim likely to cause problems in  achieving the second?     first aim second aim  a full employment price stability  b high economic growth full employment  c price stability stable balance of payments  d stable balance of payments more even distribution of income     25 what is a possible disadvantage of the changes caused by long-term economic growth?  a rising cyclical unemployment  b rising employment  c rising seasonal unemployment  d rising structural unemployment    26 a report predicted that south africa\u2019s economy was likely to grow at 4.2  %.    what might cause this growth?  a an increase in exports  b an increase in imports  c an increase in interest rates  d an increase in unemployment      27 a government wishes to increase demand in the economy.    what should it reduce?  a benefits to the unemployed  b borrowing by consumers  c spending on health and education  d taxation      28 what would not be required in the construction of an index of consumer prices (retail price  index)?  a the selection of a base year  b the selection of a representative range of items  c the calculation of average wage levels  d the weighting of each item in the index ",
            "9": "9    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/03/o/n/07  [turn over  29 the table shows data on selected european nations for the year 2001.     gdp % change unemployment  % inflation  %  ireland 5.9 3.8 4.9  belgium 1.0 6.7 2.5  greece 4.1 10.5 3.4  poland 1.1 16.2 5.5    what can be concluded from the table?  a a small change in gdp always leads to high unemployment.  b belgium had the lowest growth rate and the lowest rise in prices.  c low unemployment leads to low levels of inflation.  d poland had a low growth rate and a rise in purchasing power.     30 what is likely to lead to a decrease in structural unemployment?  a reducing the interest rate  b increasing the rate of unemployment benefit  c reducing the rate of income tax  d increasing labour mobility    31 the diagram shows china\u2019s trade with brazil for 1999 and 2003 in billions of dollars.    012345 exports imports1999 2003     what happened to china\u2019s trade balance with brazil between 1999 and 2003?  a it experienced a falling surplus.  b it experienced a rising deficit.  c it moved from deficit to surplus.  d it moved from surplus to deficit.     ",
            "10": "10    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/03/o/n/07 32 what might explain the high population growth in some developing countries?  a high birth rates and falling death rates  b high immigration and low emigration  c falling birth rates and rising death rates  d falling life expectancy      33 turkey\u2019s agricultural sector employs 48 % of the country\u2019s workforce compared with 17  % in the  us and 3.9  % in france.    what could be concluded from this?  a france is likely to import more agricultural produce than the us.  b the workers in france are not as productive as those in turkey.  c total agricultural production is likely to be higher in turkey than in the us.  d turkey is likely to be less developed than france.      34 botswana has achieved high rates of economic growth.    what is most likely to have fallen as a result of this economic growth?  a employment  b income per head c infant mortality rate d literacy rates     35 as a country develops, what is most  likely to happen?  a a greater proportion of the workforce will be employed in the service sector.  b the average age will decrease.  c the birth rate will increase.  d there will be reduced occupational mobility of labour.    36 why might a country specialise in growing coffee?  a it has comparative advantage in coffee production.  b it needs a diversified economy.  c its export markets have tariffs on coffee imports.  d other countries subsidise coffee growing.    ",
            "11": "11    \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/03/o/n/07  37 why are schools provided by governments?  a education generates external costs.  b the government controls the numbers of teachers.  c schools are too expensive for the private sector to provide.  d the whole country can benefit from the provision of education.      38 a water pump has been invented which is operated when people play on a roundabout in the  village. the roundabout provides the power to pump water from the well.    of what is this an example?  a conserving labour and conserving natural resources  b conserving labour and using natural resources  c using labour and conserving natural resources  d using labour and using natural resources      39 which effect is an external cost when an airport is developed on the edge of a city?  a a reduction in local property values  b a reduction in noise pollution  c an increase in the profits of the railway company that serves the airport  d an increase in transport links for the city\u2019s population      40 the introduction of a tariff on imported goods is likely to  a ensure that the domestic industry becomes more efficient.  b increase the demand for domestically produced goods.  c reduce the price of domestically produced goods.  d reduce the price of imported goods into a country.    ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publis her (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of t he cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.     0455/03/o/n/07 blank page  "
        },
        "0455_w07_qp_4.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 4 printed pages.  ib07 11_0455_04/4rp  \u00a9 ucles 2007  [turn over      *7148332725* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/04     paper 4 structured questions  october/november 2007     2 hours    additional materials: answer booklet/paper       read these instructions first    if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet.  write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.  write in dark blue or black pen. you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.   section a  answer question 1.  section b answer any three  questions.   at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.   ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/04/o/n/07  section a     answer this question.      1 the royal mail      the following is adapted from a leaflet the uk royal mail sent to its customers in 2005.    we are investing in the postal service so that it is consistent and reliable and remains one of the  best in europe. you can trust the royal mail with your post. 99.9  % of all mail gets delivered  safely and quickly to the right address. sometimes letters have the incorrect address or no  address at all. at least 92.5  % of the first class letters arrive by lunchtime the next working day.  (in france barely 80  % of the first class mail is delivered on time.) we are determined to manage  this better and are investing in technology and training.    our prices are rising by less than inflation and are amongst the lowest in europe. in april the  price of first class post will go up from \u00a30.28 to \u00a30.30 which compares well with a price of \u00a30.26  ten years ago. in italy first class could cost you \u00a31.12, in germany up to \u00a31.     there will now be only one delivery a day. previously, when mail was sorted by hand, it was  impossible to sort and deliver it all at once. now, more mail is sorted automatically and overnight.  a single delivery helps us to keep our costs down. we need to make profits so that we can invest  in better equipment, better technology and better offices, and also pay our staff more for doing a responsible job.    (a) explain what is meant by factors of production. [4]     (b) how has the royal mail\u2019s use of these factors of production changed? [2]       (c) explain how the proposed new investment will change the royal mail\u2019s fixed cost and variable cost. [4]      (d) discuss how the rise in price from \u00a30.28 to \u00a30.30 might affect demand for substitute methods  of communication. [4]      (e) is there enough evidence in the article to support the royal mail\u2019s statement that it is one of  the best in europe? [6]    ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/04/o/n/07 [turn over  section b     answer three  questions from this section.      2 a multi-national was described as a large company that employs people from different countries  and is controlled by a government.    (a) explain whether this is a correct description. [4]     (b) if a company is large and employs many people it often has to deal with trade unions. what is a trade union and what is its role in an economy? [6]     (c) how might a company become large? [4]      (d) multi-national car companies are sometimes said to have economies of scale. analyse what  this means for such companies. [6]     3 (a) explain how the principle of opportunity cost might be relevant when a person chooses a new  job. [3]       (b) some service sector occupations pay very well, others have low rates of pay. discuss why  this might be so. [7]       people often borrow by using a credit card. this notice was issued by a credit card company: \u2018for  the next four months the interest rate charged on outstanding amounts has been reduced to the equivalent of 1.9  % per year.\u2019       (c) explain what motives people have for saving rather than spending. [4]       (d) how might a reduction in interest rates on credit card borrowing affect the way that people choose to save or spend? [6]    4 1 in 5 adults have not been educated to read or write; 98  % of them live in developing countries  and 66  % of them are women.     (a) explain three  other differences that you might find between the population of a developed  country and a developing country. [3]     (b) another indicator of living standards, apart from education, is gdp. discuss how useful this is in comparing the living standards between two countries. [7]     (c) explain two reasons why education in a developing country is often provided by the public  sector. [4]       (d) discuss what effect investment in the education system might have in a developing country. [6] ",
            "4": "4    copyright acknowledgements:    question 1 \u00a9 royal mail, march 2005.  permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.  university of cambridge international examinations is part of  the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.   \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/04/o/n/07  5 it was reported that farmers in malawi were being discouraged from specialising in growing the staple crop of maize. instead they were encouraged to diversify into other crops.    (a) explain what is meant by specialisation. [4]     (b) discuss whether there are any benefits from specialisation rather than diversification. [6]       (c) distinguish, with examples, between the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of the economy. [3]       (d) as countries develop they often rely less on exports of agricultural products and more on  exports from other sectors. discuss the possible benefits of this. [7]     6 in recent years many countries have put greater emphasis on the market system and less  emphasis on trade protection.    (a) explain what is meant by a market system. [4]     (b) discuss the advantages and disadvantages of placing a greater emphasis on the market system. [8]       (c) discuss whether countries should use trade protection. [8]     7 three government policy aims are the redistribution of income, economic growth and price  stability.    (a) explain what these aims mean. [6]       (b) what might a government do to try to redistribute income? [6]      (c) how might a government affect economic growth in a country? [8]     "
        },
        "0455_w07_qp_6.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page.  ib07 11_0455_06/5rp  \u00a9 ucles 2007  [turn over      *9705930138* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/06     paper 6 alternative to coursework  october/november 2007     1 hour 30 minutes    additional materials: answer booklet/paper       read these instructions first    if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet.  write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.  write in dark blue or black pen. you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.   answer all questions.    at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.   ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/06/o/n/07  1  cell phones in africa      living on a mountaintop in south africa, 24 miles from the nearest town, it takes four hours a day  to fetch water from a river. there is no electricity. yet when there is need to talk to relatives who  work 400 kilometres away, the people use cell (mobile) phones.     the number of cell phones in africa expanded from 7.5 million in 1999 to 76.8 million in 2004.  this was an annual increase of 58  %. asia had the second fastest growth but that was just 34  %.  almost 10  % of africans now have cell phones yet there is only one land line for every 33 people.     the cell phone companies thought that with the majority of africans living on $2 a day they were  too poor to justify the company investing in cell phone networks outside the more prosperous towns. currently only about 60  % of africans are within reach of a phone signal. however, in the  1990s the large telephone companies lost their monopoly status and the phone supply was provided by smaller, more competitive, companies. the new companies sold air time in smaller,  cheaper units which rural dwellers with low incomes could afford.     demand was so strong in nigeria that in 2002\u20133 operators were forced to stop new customers  until they had increased their network coverage. in the congo, a local entrepreneur  began the  network when no foreign manufacturer was willing to ship the expensive transmitter equipment there because of the civil war. now he has a joint venture with vodacom which has 1.1 million  subscribers increasing by 1000 daily. villagers built towers 15 metres high in order to receive the signal from more distant towers provided by the network operator. people who want to climb to the top of the tower to make a phone call hav e to pay the owner of the tower to do so.     the technology has benefited many businesses. rural farmers can learn the current price for  produce in major markets, health-care workers can call ambulances from distant clinics, remote plant nurseries can prosper because orders can be placed by phone when before very few people would travel the distance to visit. one woman living on the congo river, who has never  learned to read, sells fish. she has no electricity, and cannot put the fish in the freezer so keeps  them in the river tied alive on a string. people order by phone and she prepares the fish for sale.     the problem of how to charge the phone in areas without electricity has also been solved. one of  the local people has a car battery. there is no car; income is far too low to afford one. one of the  battery owners said \u2018when others wish to charge their phones from it they pay 80 cents.\u2019 when  the battery needs re-charging she takes it by bus 20 miles to the nearest gas (petrol) station. \u2018a lot of people use the battery,\u2019 she said, smiling.    (a) (i)   what is meant by an entrepreneur. [2]     (ii) identify four examples of entrepreneurs in the above article. [2]     (b) (i)  explain what is meant by complementary (joint) demand and identify an example of a  complementary demand for a product or service from the above article. [2]    (ii) suppose the demand for a product or service increases. explain, using demand and supply diagrams, what you would expect to happen in the market for that product and in the market for a complementary product or service. [4]     (c) in the 1990s cell phone services were provided by small competitive firms. what might explain why a company is large or small? [5]     (d) explain the difference between the fixed and variable costs for a person using a cell phone. [4]     (e) you are asked to consider whether it is worthwhile buying shares in a company that supplies cell phone networks in africa. what would you need to know about the company in order to make the decision and what evidence is there in the article that might help you? [10]     [total: 29]",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2007 0455/06/o/n/07  2  textile factories in lesotho close      in lesotho six textile factories closed in early 2005 leaving 650 people without work. the reason  for the closures was said to be the end of worldwide textile quotas which limited competition from cheap asian exports to the us and europe. lesotho\u2019s local currency was fixed to the rand and  had the same exchange rate. some factory owners also said that because the value of the rand  was rising against the us dollar, it meant they were disadvantaged when exporting to the us. lesotho is southern africa\u2019s largest exporter of textiles to the us partly because of an american law that gives lesotho\u2019s textiles duty-free access. in 2003 it produced 31  % of the textiles  exported from africa to the us.     (a) the article says that lesotho benefited because competition was limited by quotas. explain  how this system can benefit lesotho. [3]      (b) suggest why a country\u2019s exports might be cheaper than those from other countries. [3]       (c) the article says that the local currency is \u2018fixed to the rand\u2019. what does this mean? [2]      (d) explain how a rising exchange rate can sometimes be harmful to a country. [3]     [total: 11]     ",
            "4": "4    copyright acknowledgements:    question 1 copyright \u00a9 2006 by the new york times co. reprinted with permission. question 2 \u00a9 business report , 12 january 2005.   permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.  university of cambridge international examinations is part of  the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    0455/06/o/n/07 blank page "
        }
    },
    "2008": {
        "0455_s08_qp_1.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 12 printed pages.  ib08 06_0455_01/2rp  \u00a9 ucles 2008  [turn over      *5685744962* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/01     paper 1  multiple choice (core)  may/june 2008     1 hour    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.   there are forty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.   read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/01/m/j/08  1 what can happen in a planned economy that does not happen in a market economy?  a the allocation of resources can take account of the total effects on society.   b there can be full employment of factors of production.  c there can be inflation.  d there can be international trade.     2  which of the following is a factor of production?  a the payment of interest on a bank loan  b the profit declared by a company in its annual report  c the skill of the managers of a business  d the taxes paid to the government     3 in a mixed economy, resources are used as a result of  a the decisions of consumers only.  b the decisions of firms only.  c the decisions of consumers and firms.  d the decisions of consumers, firms and government.     4 a farmer decides to use a more fertile field. as a result he is able to produce the same output as  before but with fewer workers and less equipment.    this is a substitution in which  a capital replaces labour and land.  b labour replaces capital and land. c land replaces capital and enterprise.  d land replaces capital and labour.     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/01/m/j/08 [turn over  5 the table shows the various combinations of food and clothing which a village can produce using  all its resources.    food units clothing units  0 500  100 400  200 250  300 50  400 0    what is the opportunity cost to the village of increasing the production of food from 200 to 300  units?  a 50 units of clothing  b 100 units of clothing  c 200 units of clothing  d 250 units of clothing    6 the diagrams show the percentage (%) of output by type of business in four countries, a, b, c, d.    which country has the largest percentage of output in the private sector?    a b c d 50  % 20  %40  % 30  %40  % 30  % 20  %60  % 20  % 20  %40  % 30  % sole traders and partnerships private and public companies public corporations    ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/01/m/j/08  7 which of the following benefits does a stock exchange provide?  a a source of finance for private limited companies  b a safeguard against the risk of loss  c an opportunity to sell shares quickly  d an opportunity to purchase foreign currency      8 what is not a function of a trade union?  a to act as a pressure group to change labour laws  b to negotiate with employers over conditions of work   c to promote the sales of products made by its members  d to protect the living standards of its members     9 a company is described as a multinational if it  a employs workers of several nationalities.  b exports goods to several countries. c has production units in several countries.  d has shareholders from several countries.     10 due to good weather, there is a surplus in the market for an agricultural product.    which change would cause the market to return to equilibrium?  a a decrease in demand  b a fall in price  c an increase in supply  d a rise in price     11 which pair is an example of products in complementary (joint) demand?  a bananas and oranges  b cars and petrol  c tea and coffee  d wheat and straw     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/01/m/j/08 [turn over  12 what combination of events might cause a rise in the willingness and the ability of consumers to  buy a product?     price of a substitute  product tax rates  a decrease decrease  b decrease increase  c increase increase  d increase decrease      13 which diagram best represents the market for tickets for a world famous tennis tournament?    d cb a s ds d s ds doo ooprice quantity price quantityprice quantity price quantity     14 what is a firm\u2019s aim when it advertises its product?  a to shift its demand curve to the left  b to shift its supply curve to the left  c to shift its demand curve to the right  d to shift its supply curve to the right     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/01/m/j/08  15 what would an individual be doing to be described as a worker in the secondary sector?  a working in a firm that grows fruit trees and plants  b working in a firm that produces machines for other firms  c working in a government passport office  d working in the reception area of a hospital      16 a supermarket wishes to recruit a qualified manager for a senior position to control the stocks of  goods. some work will be required at night as the supermarket is open 24 hours. a good salary is  being offered.    which applicant would be most likely to be suitable for the position?  a a person currently employed as a supervisor in another supermarket  b a person who has experience of managing a small newsagents   c a person who has to travel a long way and has demanding family commitments  d a person who has recently graduated in economics       17 what is the most likely reason for a firm to offer higher wages to recruit more staff?  a falling incomes  b falling output  c falling prices  d falling unemployment      18 what is likely to be found when comparing high income earners with low income earners?  a high income earners pay a lower proportion of their income in direct tax.  b high income earners spend a lower proportion of their income on food.  c high income earners spend a lower proportion of their income on foreign travel.  d high income earners save a lower proportion of their income.    19 what would encourage a rise in spending but not a rise in saving?  a easier credit facilities  b more people working c rising interest rates  d rising standards of living     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/01/m/j/08 [turn over  20 an economics student made the following statements about costs of production.    average costs remain the same at all levels of output.  fixed costs can exist when there is no output.  total costs can include both fixed and variable costs.  total variable costs fall as output increases.    how many of these statements are correct?  a 1 b 2 c 3 d 4      21 which statement explains why cars are often repaired by small garages?  a bulk buying of spare parts can take place  b car-repair jobs are varied  c entry to the car-repair industry is restricted  d expensive machinery is required      22 a japanese company which has spare capacity has agreed to refine 20 000 barrels of oil a day  for a chinese company.    what is likely to happen in the japanese firm to fixed cost, to variable cost and to total cost?     fixed cost variable cost total cost  a rise rise rise  b rise fall stay the same  c stay the same rise rise  d stay the same fall fall      23 the table shows a firm\u2019s total revenue and total cost.    output (units) total revenue ($) total cost ($)  10  20  14   20  25  17   30  30  21   40  35  27     what level of output gives maximum profit?  a 10 units b 20 units c 30 units d 40 units     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/01/m/j/08  24 as output increases, what happens to the average fixed cost of production?  a it falls continuously.  b it falls and then rises.  c it remains constant.  d it rises and then falls.      25 \u2018the pound sterling made a dramatic recovery in the world's currency markets yesterday.\u2019    to what does this statement refer?  a exchange rate  b growth rate c interest rate  d tax rate     26 to pay for local projects the government imposes a charge of $500 on each adult with a 100  %  increase for those on higher incomes.    which diagram illustrates this?    a tax $ income $0taxb tax $ income $0taxc tax $ income $0taxd tax $ income $0tax      27 what might a government increase if it wished to raise the growth rate of an economy?  a expenditure on road building   b goods and services tax (value added tax)  c the rate of income tax  d the rate of  interest     28 what is meant by a regressive indirect tax?  a a tax on income that falls more heavily on the poor  b a tax on income that falls more heavily on the rich  c a tax on spending that falls more heavily on the poor  d a tax on spending that falls more heavily on the rich   ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/01/m/j/08 [turn over  29 what is likely to be an advantage of economic growth?  a the country\u2019s resources will be depleted.  b the price level will increase.  c the rate of employment will fall.  d the standard of living will increase.      30 a government decreased the tax on all goods produced in a country.    what is the most likely result of this?  a a decrease in imports  b a decrease in industrial production  c a decrease in real incomes   d a deterioration in the balance of trade in goods      31 in 2003, interest rates in southern africa were reduced.    what might have happened as a result?  a an increase in investment  b an increase in unemployment  c a reduction in economic growth  d a reduction in government spending     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/01/m/j/08  32 the table gives information on gross domestic product (gdp) growth rates, inflation and the  unemployment rates for a number of countries in 2006.    country     gdp growth  %   inflation  %   unemployment  rate  %  brazil 3.5 4.0 10.4  china 11.3 1.5 4.2  france 1.5 1.9 9.0  india 9.3 7.9 7.3  uk 2.6 2.5 3.0    what can be concluded from the table about 2006?  a any particular product would cost most in india.  b economic growth was highest when unemployment was lowest.  c low inflation always causes low unemployment.  d on average, the chinese people were likely to have had an increase in real income.      33 which of the following is most likely to be used as a measure of living standards?  a the balance of trade  b the consumer price index  c the government\u2019s budget position  d the real gdp per head     34 in some developing countries, such as rwanda, a large percentage of the population is involved  in subsistence farming.    what can be concluded from this?  a in some developing countries, the natural resources are used efficiently.  b production in some developing countries depends upon skilled labour.  c production in some developing countries is not likely to be capital intensive.  d some developing countries do not import food because each family is self-sufficient.    ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/01/m/j/08 [turn over  35 what is characteristic of a developed economy?  a a high infant mortality rate  b a high literacy rate  c a low gdp per capita  d a low life expectancy      36 in 2001 a government enquiry approved a major new air terminal for london, which would create  many new jobs. however, it would also cause extra noise and air pollution. compensation would  have to be paid to some people whose houses would be demolished.    what is not  involved in this exploitation of resources?  a conflicts of interest  b free market economy  c income creation  d opportunity cost      37 some countries protect their economies through barriers to free trade.    what would be the result in such countries of this protection?  a competition will be reduced.  b consumer choice will increase.  c prices will fall.  d unemployment will rise.     38 what is an advantage if a region specialises in a narrow range of products?  a other regions will become over-dependent on the region.  b scarce resources are used more efficiently.  c the level of production in the region will decrease.  d the region\u2019s system of transport is improved.    39 what is the main reason why the government, rather than the private sector, builds and runs  hospitals?  a hospitals are expensive to build.  b the government has enough tax revenue to pay for hospitals.  c the government needs to be sure that the doctors are well-trained.  d the whole country can benefit from the provision of good health facilities.   ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to t race copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/01/m/j/08  40 in an african country, large amounts of land were taken from farmers to make a national park to  protect rare animals and provide a tourist attraction with accommodation.    which of the following is likely to decrease as a result of these changes?  a earnings from foreign visitors  b employment in the primary sector  c employment in the tertiary sector  d the price of land elsewhere       "
        },
        "0455_s08_qp_2.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page.  ib08 06_0455_02/rp  \u00a9 ucles 2008  [turn over      *9633334721* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/02     paper 2  structured questions  may/june 2008     1 hour 30 minutes    additional materials: answer booklet/paper       read these instructions first    if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet.  write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.  write in dark blue or black pen. you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.   answer all questions.    at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.   ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/02/m/j/08  answer all questions.      1 uk railway operation     gner is one of a number of companies that operate trains in the uk. gner was formed in 1996  when the national rail company was privatised. gner states that:    - it carried 40  % more passengers in 2005 than in 1996;   - in 2005, 10  % of the passengers bought tickets that were cheaper in real terms than the  cheapest available in 1996;   - from each \u00a31 of revenue, 50  % goes towards track costs and government charges, 46  %  goes on operating costs and less than 4  % is profit;   - it subsidises the less profitable parts of some of the other uk railway companies by the  money it pays to the government;   - since 1996 the company has faced increasingly fierce competition from domestic airlines, car  and coach travel.     (a) explain what is meant by a substitute good and identify an example from the information. [2]     (b) from the information given, was it cheaper to travel by train in 2005 than in 1996? [4]       (c) explain what is meant by a fixed cost and anal yse whether in 2005 the fixed cost of every  journey on gner was higher than the variable cost. [4]      (d) explain what gner means when it says it \u2018subsidises the less profitable parts of some of the  other uk railway companies\u2019. [2]      (e) discuss whether it can be concluded from the information that gner\u2019s profits are likely to  have risen by 40  % between 1996 and 2005. [8]    2 (a) explain what is meant by a trade union and describe its functions. [5]     (b) trade  unions are not often found in small enterprises. how significant might this be as a  factor which influences someone in choosing to work for a small enterprise? [5]    3 in ghana local farmers manage small plots of land for subsistence farming.  however, some have benefited by selling pineapples at an agreed, fi xed price to an exporter. the exporter provides  finance, training, fertilizers and machinery and even building materials for the farmers\u2019 homes.     (a) identify and explain which factors of production are mentioned above. [4]       (b) in 2005, european supermarkets changed their demand to a new, sweeter pineapple not grown in ghana. use demand and supply diagrams to explain what happened in the market for both types of pineapple. [6]    ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/02/m/j/08  4 it is stated that the richest households in a country spend under 15  % of their income on food  while the poorest households spend over 30  %.      (a) do these figures mean that the actual amount spent on food by the richest households is lower than that spent by the poorest households? explain your answer. [4]       (b) daniel recently finished training to be a dentist and started his first job. samira works in a bank and is now in a senior position. describe how the expenditure pattern of these two people might be different. [6]    5 (a) using examples, describe the difference between direct and indirect taxes. [4]       (b) how might a reduction in taxation help any two macro-economic aims of a government? [6]    ",
            "4": "4    blank page    copyright acknowledgements:    question 1  \u00a9 gner.  permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.  university of cambridge international examinations is part of  the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    0455/02/m/j/08   "
        },
        "0455_s08_qp_3.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 12 printed pages.  ib08 06_0455_03/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2008  [turn over      *0181983872* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics  0455/03     paper 3  multiple choice (extended)  may/june 2008     1 hour    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.   there are forty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.   read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/03/m/j/08  1 what can happen in a planned economy that does not happen in a market economy?  a the allocation of resources can take account of the total effects on society.   b there can be full employment of factors of production.  c there can be inflation.  d there can be international trade.     2  which of the following is a factor of production?  a the payment of interest on a bank loan  b the profit declared by a company in its annual report  c the skill of the managers of a business  d the taxes paid to the government     3 in a mixed economy, resources are used as a result of  a the decisions of consumers only.  b the decisions of firms only.  c the decisions of consumers and firms.  d the decisions of consumers, firms and government.     4 hong kong lacks natural resources. its best asset is its people.    what can be concluded about hong kong\u2019s factors of production?     well supplied poorly supplied  a capital enterprise  b enterprise labour  c labour land  d land capital     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/03/m/j/08 [turn over  5 the table shows the various combinations of food and clothing which a village can produce using  all its resources.    food units clothing units  0 500  100 400  200 250  300 50  400 0    what is the opportunity cost to the village of increasing the production of food from 200 to 300  units?  a 50 units of clothing  b 100 units of clothing  c 200 units of clothing  d 250 units of clothing    6 an italian-owned tour operator needs its staff in rome to be able to speak a number of languages  so it employs people from different countries. it also uses other firms in different countries to  provide tour guides and coach drivers. it is part of an organisation that has shares issued on the  stock exchange.    which type of company is this?  a a co-operative  b a private company  c a public company  d a multi-national    7 a commercial bank is appointed to act as a country\u2019s central bank.    what new function would it now have?  a controlling monetary policy  b dealing in foreign exchange  c ensuring security for loans  d holding liquid assets     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/03/m/j/08  8 what is not a function of a trade union?  a to act as a pressure group to change labour laws  b to negotiate with employers over conditions of work   c to promote the sales of products made by its members  d to protect the living standards of its members      9 what is always true about multi-national companies?  a they employ more workers abroad than in their home market.  b they operate in manufacturing industry.  c they originate from developed countries.  d they own production facilities abroad.     10 due to good weather, there is a surplus in the market for an agricultural product.    which change would cause the market to return to equilibrium?  a a decrease in demand  b a fall in price  c an increase in supply  d a rise in price    ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/03/m/j/08 [turn over  11 in july 2006, the uk chocolate producer, cadbury schweppes, had to withdraw one million bars  of chocolate from the market because of food contamination at one of its factories. this was  widely reported in uk newspapers.    which diagram shows the likely effect on the market for chocolate produced by cadbury  schweppes?    oa d dd1 d1p p1 q1qprice of chocolate quantity of chocolateob d dpp1 s1s1 q1qprice of chocolate quantity of chocolate oc d dd1 d1s1s1 s1s1p p1 q1qprice of chocolate quantity of chocolateod d dd1 d1p p1 q1qprice of chocolate quantity of chocolatess ss ss ss      12 what combination of events might cause a rise in the willingness and the ability of consumers to  buy a product?     price of a substitute  product tax rates  a decrease decrease  b decrease increase  c increase increase  d increase decrease    13 what could cause the demand for a product to become more price-elastic?  a a smaller proportion of income being spent on the product  b more substitutes coming onto the market  c the product becoming more of a necessity  d the product falling in price ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/03/m/j/08  14 when the price of a product rises from $10 to $15, the demand falls from 5000 to 4000 units.    what is the value of the price elasticity of demand for the product?  a 0.2 b 0.4 c 1.5 d 2.5     15 what would an individual be doing to be described as a worker in the secondary sector?  a working in a firm that grows fruit trees and plants  b working in a firm that produces machines for other firms  c working in a government passport office  d working in the reception area of a hospital    16 a supermarket wishes to recruit a qualified manager for a senior position to control the stocks of  goods. some work will be required at night as the supermarket is open 24 hours. a good salary is  being offered.    which applicant would be most likely to be suitable for the position?  a a person currently employed as a supervisor in another supermarket  b a person who has experience of managing a small newsagents   c a person who has to travel a long way and has demanding family commitments  d a person who has recently graduated in economics     17 what is the most likely reason for a firm to offer higher wages to recruit more staff?  a falling incomes  b falling output  c falling prices  d falling unemployment    ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/03/m/j/08 [turn over  18 in india, there is a considerable gap between the incomes of the rich and the incomes of the  poor.    in 2006, there were 6 million rich households with an annual income above 215 000 rupees and  50 million poor households with an annual income less than 22 000 rupees.    what is most likely to be true about spending?     the group spending most money  on food per household the group spending the highest  proportion of its income on food  a the rich the rich  b the rich the poor  c the poor the poor  d the poor the rich      19 why would people use their savings to buy shares on a stock exchange?  a to allow easy access to their income  b to earn a fixed income c to keep their money in a safe place  d to make a capital gain     20 an economics student made the following statements about costs of production.    average costs remain the same at all levels of output.  fixed costs can exist when there is no output. total costs can include both fixed and variable costs.  total variable costs fall as output increases.    how many of these statements are correct?  a 1 b 2 c 3 d 4     21 which statement explains why cars are often repaired by small garages?  a bulk buying of spare parts can take place  b car-repair jobs are varied c entry to the car-repair industry is restricted  d expensive machinery is required     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/03/m/j/08  22 a japanese company which has spare capacity has agreed to refine 20 000 barrels of oil a day  for a chinese company.    what is likely to happen in the japanese firm to fixed cost, to variable cost and to total cost?     fixed cost variable cost total cost  a rise rise rise  b rise fall stay the same  c stay the same rise rise  d stay the same fall fall      23 a firm sells its products for $10 each. it produces 100 units. its average variable cost is $5 and its  average fixed cost is $2.    how much profit does the firm make from selling 100 units?  a $1000  b  $700  c  $500  d  $300     24 in 2006, the indian company, ratnagin gas and power bought another indian power company,  dabhol power.    what type of integration is this?  a conglomerate  b horizontal  c vertical backwards  d vertical forwards    25 what is not a main economic government objective?  a a balance of payments deficit  b economic growth c full employment  d price stability     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/03/m/j/08 [turn over  26 the diagram shows the price per litre paid for petrol in four countries in a year. the amount of tax  included in that price is shown by the shaded area.    if there was no tax on petrol, which country would have the highest petrol price?    abcd4 3210$ per litre       27 what might a government increase if it wished to raise the growth rate of an economy?  a expenditure on road building   b goods and services tax (value added tax)  c the rate of income tax  d the rate of  interest      28 what is meant by a regressive indirect tax?  a a tax on income that falls more heavily on the poor  b a tax on income that falls more heavily on the rich  c a tax on spending that falls more heavily on the poor  d a tax on spending that falls more heavily on the rich     29 what is likely to be an advantage of economic growth?  a the country\u2019s resources will be depleted.  b the price level will increase.  c the rate of employment will fall.  d the standard of living will increase.    ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/03/m/j/08  30 a government decreased the tax on all goods produced in the country.    what is the most likely result of this?  a a decrease in imports  b a decrease in industrial production  c a decrease in real incomes   d a deterioration in the balance of trade in goods      31 it was reported that the economic recovery in the first half of 2003 was poor.    what factor might have explained this?  a a rise in consumer spending  b a rise in investment  c a rise in oil prices  d a rise in world share prices      32 the table gives information on gross domestic product (gdp) growth rates, inflation and the  unemployment rates for a number of countries in 2006.    country    gdp growth  %   inflation  %   unemployment  rate  %  brazil 3.5 4.0 10.4  china 11.3 1.5 4.2  france 1.5 1.9 9.0  india 9.3 7.9 7.3  uk 2.6 2.5 3.0    what can be concluded from the table about 2006?  a any particular product would cost most in india.  b economic growth was highest when unemployment was lowest.  c low inflation always causes low unemployment.  d on average, the chinese people were likely to have had an increase in real income.     ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/03/m/j/08 [turn over  33 which of the following is most likely to be used as a measure of living standards?  a the balance of trade  b the consumer price index  c the government\u2019s budget position  d the real gdp per head      34 what combination of events is most likely to cause an ageing population?     birth rate death rate  a fall fall  b fall rise  c rise rise  d rise fall     35 zambia is sometimes spoken of as a developing country.    what would be most likely to confirm that a country is developing rather than developed?  a a balance of payments deficit  b a high proportion of the population in subsistence agriculture  c a lack of natural resources  d a large population     36 why might the government of a developing economy welcome large-scale cutting of its limited  hardwood forests for export by a multi-national company?  a it allows profits to be exported.  b it conserves scarce resources.  c it ensures long-term future growth in living standards.  d it increases employment.     37 what is not likely to be a barrier to international trade?  a distance  b exchange rates  c language  d specialisation    ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to t race copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/03/m/j/08  38 what is an advantage if a region specialises in a narrow range of products?  a other regions will become over-dependent on the region.  b scarce resources are used more efficiently.  c the level of production in the region will decrease.  d the region\u2019s system of transport is improved.     39 what is the main reason why the government, rather than the private sector, builds and runs  hospitals?  a hospitals are expensive to build.  b the government has enough tax revenue to pay for hospitals.  c the government needs to be sure that the doctors are well-trained.  d the whole country can benefit from the provision of good health facilities.     40 a conference representing countries from many parts of the world agreed to ban trade in ivory  products in order to try to stop the killing of elephants. local people also argued that elephants  are a menace: they threaten lives and destroy crops.    which policy do the above statements support?  a all resources should be exploited fully.  b government regulation of production is unnecessary. c the market system should be used to make profits.  d the social costs of production should be considered.       "
        },
        "0455_s08_qp_4.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 4 printed pages.  ib08 06_0455_04/2rp  \u00a9 ucles 2008  [turn over      *4414346524* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/04     paper 4  structured questions  may/june 2008     2 hours    additional materials: answer booklet/paper       read these instructions first    if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet.  write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.  write in dark blue or black pen. you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.   section a  answer question 1.  section b answer any three  questions.   at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.   ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/04/m/j/08  section a    answer this question.      1 uk railway operation      gner is one of a number of companies that operate trains in the uk. gner was formed in 1996  when the national rail company was privatised. gner states that:    - it carried 40  % more passengers in 2005 than in 1996;   - in 2005, 10  % of the passengers bought tickets that were cheaper in real terms than the  cheapest available in 1996;   - from each \u00a31 of revenue, 50  % goes towards track costs and government charges, 46  %  goes on operating costs and less than 4  % is profit;   - it subsidises the less profitable parts of some of the other uk railway companies by the  money it pays to the government;   - since 1996 the company has faced increasingly fierce competition from domestic airlines, car  and coach travel.     (a) explain what is meant by a substitute good and identify an example from the information. [2]     (b) from the information given, was it cheaper to travel by train in 2005 than in 1996? [4]      (c) explain what is meant by a fixed cost and anal yse whether in 2005 the fixed cost of every  journey on gner was higher than the variable cost. [4]       (d) explain what gner means when it says it \u2018subsidises the less profitable parts of some of the  other uk railway companies\u2019. [2]     (e) discuss whether it can be concluded from the information that gner\u2019s profits are likely to  have risen by 40  % between 1996 and 2005. [8]     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/04/m/j/08 [turn over  section b    answer any three  questions.      2 (a) explain what is meant by a trade union and describe its functions. [5]      (b) trade  unions are not often found in small enterprises. how significant might this be as a  factor which influences someone in choosing to work for a small enterprise? [5]     (c) why do small enterprises continue to exist as an economy develops and expands? [4]     (d) discuss the effect that the activities of a trade union might have on an economy. [6]      3 in ghana local farmers manage small plots of land for subsistence farming.  however, some have  benefited by selling pineapples at an agreed, fi xed price to an exporter. the exporter provides  finance, training, fertilizers and machinery and even building materials for the farmers\u2019 homes.      (a) identify and explain which factors of production are mentioned above. [4]      (b) in 2005, european supermarkets changed their demand to a new, sweeter pineapple not  grown in ghana. use demand and supply diagrams to explain what happened in the market  for both types of pineapple. [6]     (c) explain why farmers might benefit from an agreed, fixed price. [3]     (d) the ghanaian government has launched an action plan to provide farmers with more finance, better transport and storage facilities to help them compete. discuss whether  governments should always subsidise the production of goods and services. [7]      4 it is stated that the richest households in a country spend under 15  % of their income on food  while the poorest households spend over 30  %.     (a) do these figures mean that the actual amount spent on food by the richest households is lower than that spent by the poorest households? explain your answer. [4]     (b) daniel recently finished training to be a dentist and started his first job. samira works in a bank and is now in a senior position. describe how the expenditure pattern of these two people might be different. [6]     (c) what might be the result of a general increase in the level of consumer spending in an economy? [4]     (d) analyse why earnings might vary between different occupations. [6] ",
            "4": "4    copyright acknowledgements:    question 1 \u00a9 gner.  permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.  university of cambridge international examinations is part of t he cambridge assessment group. ca mbridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.   \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/04/m/j/08  5 (a) using examples, describe the difference between direct and indirect taxes. [4]     (b) how might a reduction in taxation help any two macro-economic aims of a government? [6]       (c) why might a government wish to increase employment opportunities? [5]      (d) discuss what might be the consequences of unemployment. [5]     6 (a) explain what is meant by specialisation and in what circumstances it might occur. [5]     (b) some countries use measures to protect home industries. describe how three  of these  measures work. [6]       (c) explain, with the use of one  example, what is meant by a natural resource of a country. [3]      (d) for many countries international trade involves using their natural resources to sell to other  countries. discuss whether it is wise for a country to use (exploit) its natural resources rather than conserve them. [6]     7 (a) identify three  indicators that might be used to compare the standard of living between  countries and consider which, if any, is the most reliable. [6]       (b) it is often presumed that there is greater poverty and a lower standard of living in developing  countries compared with developed countries. discuss whether this is always true. [6]     (c) discuss how the standard of living in a developing country might be improved. [8]    "
        },
        "0455_s08_qp_6.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page.  ib08 06_0455_06/4rp  \u00a9 ucles 2008  [turn over      *6476174237* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/06     paper 6  alternative to coursework  may/june 2008     1 hour 30 minutes    additional materials: answer booklet/paper       read these instructions first    if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet.  write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.  write in dark blue or black pen. you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.   answer all questions.    at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.   ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/06/m/j/08  1 india\u2019s postal service     each year in india 16 billion items of post (mail) are sent. 7 billion of these items are delivered by  private firms which employ over 1 million people. there are more than 2500 of these firms ranging from large multi-nationals to small local companies with a fleet of bicycles. the  government, however, is keen to gain much of that business for its own postal service, india post,  and is intending to change the law governing the indian postal industry.    the private firms object saying that the government intends to:    \u007f establish tighter regulatory controls over the private firms which they say is unnecessary  as there is already strong competition;  \u007f make the private firms pay a tax to subsidise india post;  \u007f allow india post to have a monopoly of all letters up to 500 grams which the private firms  say accounts for 60  % of their business.     others say that these changes are necessary as india post is the world\u2019s biggest postal network  with more than 155  000 branches, 89  % of which serve rural areas. private firms operate largely  in urban areas and india post is left with the unpr ofitable task of delivering post in the rural areas  where revenues can cover only 15  % of the costs.      (a) how can you determine if a company is a multi-national? [1]      (b) what might  explain why some firms in the indian postal industry are small and others are  large? [4]       (c) identify why the indian government was intending to change the law relating to postal  services. [2]      (d) (i)  the government wishes to tax private firms in order to subsidise india post. use two  demand and supply diagrams to distinguish between a tax and a subsidy and explain what would happen in the market in each case. [6]      (ii) the private firms are objecting to these proposals. is there enough evidence in the  article for you to conclude that firstly, they will lose business and secondly, they will be worse off? [8]     [total: 21]     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/06/m/j/08 2 economic indicators      the table gives some information on gross domestic product (gdp), gdp growth rate, the  inflation rate and the unemployment rate for a number of countries in 2006.          (a) explain why a rise in gdp might be associated with a rise in a person\u2019s income. [4]     (b) explain whether the information in the table means that, on average, people in china will have a higher income than people in the uk. [2]       (c) india has a relatively high growth rate and a high inflation rate.     (i) what is meant by inflation? [3]    (ii) does the table confirm the idea that high growth must cause high inflation? [4]     (d) sometimes, as an economy grows, unemployment decreases. explain whether or not this  can be concluded from the table. [6]     [total: 19]     country gdp  us$ billions gdp growth  rate inflation  rate unemployment  rate  germany  2 797.34  1.4  %  1.9  %  9.0  %  china  2 224.81  11.3  %  1.5  %  4.2  %  uk  2 201.47  2.6  %  2.5  %  3.0  %  france  2 105.86  1.5  %  1.9  %  9.0  %  brazil  792.68  3.5  %  4.0  %  10.4  %  india  775.41  9.3  %  7.9  %  7.3  %  mexico  768.44  5.5  %  3.2  %  3.3  % ",
            "4": "4    blank page    copyright acknowledgements:    question 1  \u00a9 the economist newspaper limited, london, march 2006.  permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.  university of cambridge international examinations is part of  the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    0455/06/m/j/08   "
        },
        "0455_w08_qp_1.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 13 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib08 11_0455_01/rp  \u00a9 ucles 2008  [turn over      *7514867531* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/01     paper 1  multiple choice (core)  october/november 2008     1 hour    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.   there are forty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.   read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/01/o/n/08  1 what is not a factor of production?  a company shares  b machinery  c raw materials  d unskilled workers      2 what is a feature of a mixed economic system but not a planned economic system?  a it has both industrial and service sectors.  b it has both large and small firms.  c it has both public and private sectors.  d it has both rural and urban areas.     3 the purchase of new machinery enables a firm to increase output with fewer workers.   what is the effect on labour productivity and total costs?     change in labour  productivity change in total costs  a fall constant  b rise rise  c rise uncertain  d uncertain fall      4 in many developing countries people grow agricultural products. they sell what they produce to  buy other goods.    what is required for this system to work?  a a subsistence economy  b barter  c money  d ownership of land     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/01/o/n/08 [turn over  5 a charity sold tickets at $5 each. a prize of $100 was given to the owner of the winning ticket.    a student bought a ticket, but did not win.    what is the opportunity cost to the student?  a $5  b $100  c what could have been bought with the $5  d what could have been bought with the $100      6 a company producing coffee in europe has operations in brazil and kenya.    what is a reason why a company might decide to have operations in more than one country?  a availability of cheaper raw materials  b easier central control of operations  c greater  risk of supply disruption  d increased transport costs    7 in which situation will a trade union be least  likely to be effective in supporting the interests of its  members?  a the economy is experiencing an increase in unemployment.  b the firms have a large increase in demand for the product.  c the government passes a law weakening the powers of employers.  d the workers\u2019 wages are a small proportion of total costs.      8 what is a characteristic of a public company?  a it is owned and controlled by its members.  b it is owned and controlled by its partners.  c it is owned and controlled by its shareholders.  d it is owned and controlled by the government.     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/01/o/n/08  9 the table shows the structure of production in a country in 1994 and 2004.     % of gross domestic product  (gdp)   1994 2004  agriculture 17.6  12.5   mining and quarrying 7.6  5.7   manufacturing 23.5  27.0   education and health 4.9  9.6   distribution and other services 46.4  45.2     what do these statistics show?  a primary production decreased its share of the total  b secondary production decreased its share of the total  c tertiary production decreased its share of the total  d the primary sector produced over half of total output      10 in 2004, dyson, a uk company, launched a luxury version of its vacuum cleaner in japan.    within two years, it became the top-selling vacuum cleaner in the country.    what could have caused this increase in demand?  a a fall in the population of japan  b a fall in the price of alternative vacuum cleaners in japan  c rising levels of unemployment in japan  d successful advertising of dyson vacuum cleaners in japan     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/01/o/n/08 [turn over  11 the diagram shows the market for a product. the equilibrium is at x.    oprice quantityx ys d     which combination of demand and supply changes would result in a new equilibrium in the area  marked y?     demand change supply change  a decrease decrease  b decrease increase  c increase decrease  d increase increase    12 more of a product is demanded at the same price.    how would this be shown on a diagram of the demand curve?  a a downward movement along the demand curve  b a leftward shift in the demand curve  c a rightward shift in the demand curve  d an upward movement along the demand curve     13 many people prefer to buy clothes from a local shop rather than travel to a specialist tailor to have  them made.    which combination of characteristics of the local shop would make this most likely?  a easily accessible shop high quality product more expensive  b easily accessible shop average quality product less expensive  c shop owner known to customer average quality product more expensive  d shop owner known to customer poor quality product less expensive     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/01/o/n/08  14 the diamond industry decides to increase production.    which diagram best shows the effect on price and quantity sold?    s0 d0p0 q0q1p1s1price quantitya s1 d0p1 q1q0p0s0price quantityb s d1d0p0 q0 q1p1price quantityc s d0d1p1 q1 q0p0price quantityd       15 in the uk in 2003, average hourly earnings for plumbers were higher than average hourly  earnings for teachers.    what was most likely to have caused this?  a plumbers were in short supply.  b plumbers had a shorter training period than teachers.  c plumbers had further to travel to work.  d plumbers worked longer hours than teachers.      16 what is most likely to cause an increase in wages in an industry?  a a decrease in employment  b a decrease in trade union power   c an improvement in working conditions  d an increase in the responsibilities of workers ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/01/o/n/08 [turn over  17 which type of income is earned by the factor of production enterprise?  a interest  b profit  c rent  d wages      18 what might cause an individual to save more?  a a rise in direct taxation  b a rise in insurance premiums  c a rise in interest rates  d a rise in the prices of foodstuffs     19 25  % of both rural and urban consumers were reported to prefer products from japan when  buying electronic goods.    which combination of characteristics are the japanese electronic goods likely to have which persuade consumers to make this choice?     technology length of guarantee running costs  a latest  12 months high  b standard 12 months low  c latest  24 months low  d standard 24 months high    20 the financial director of a company adds up the expenditure on items such as electricity, petrol  (gas) and diesel fuel and raw materials. the director then divides that total by the firm\u2019s output.    what has the director calculated?  a average revenue  b average fixed cost  c average variable cost  d average total cost    ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/01/o/n/08  21 what must a firm do which aims to make as much profit as possible?  a make revenue and costs equal  b maximise the difference between total revenue and total cost  c maximise revenue  d minimise costs of production      22 the following report appeared in a newspaper.    \u2018british american tobacco (bat), the cigarette producer, said it would invest $1.5 million in  china during the next two years as it set up new factories. china is estimated to be the  world\u2019s most important market for the sale of cigarettes.\u2019    what is likely to happen to the total cost, total revenue and profit of bat?     total cost total revenue profit  a decrease increase uncertain  b decrease decrease increase  c increase increase uncertain  d increase decrease increase     23 what can a small firm do more easily than a large firm?  a adapt to changing fashions  b have specialised managers  c raise finance  d undertake research and development     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/01/o/n/08 [turn over  24 the diagram shows the cost curves of a firm.    100 output60 4020 0costs ($ 000)     what is the firm\u2019s total variable cost at an output of 100 units?  a 0 b $20 000 c $40 000 d $60 000      25 which of the following is not included in public expenditure?  a capital spending by public companies  b expenditure by government departments  c investment by nationalised industries  d spending by local governments      26 what is most likely to improve the economic performance of a country in the long run?  a a decrease in investment  b a decrease in the school-leaving age  c an increase in government spending on education  d an increase in the rate of interest     27 what describes a regressive income tax?  a as income rises the proportion of tax paid remains constant.   b as income rises the tax rate on additional income falls.  c as income rises the tax rate on additional income rises.  d as income rises the total tax paid rises.    ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/01/o/n/08  28 a high proportion of people in a developing country have very low incomes.    which government policy would help reduce this level of poverty?  a decreasing the tax on goods and services  b decreasing housing subsidies  c increasing import duties  d increasing inheritance tax     29 when is there a budget surplus?  a when government expenditure is greater than government revenue  b when government revenue is greater than government expenditure  c when imports are greater than exports  d when exports are greater than imports     30 which type of unemployment is likely to lead to the most serious regional problems in a country?  a cyclical   b frictional  c residual  d structural      31 the gross domestic product (gdp) of hong kong rose more slowly than the rest of south east  asia between 1997 and 2002.    what is the most likely reason?  a a fall in competitiveness in hong kong   b a fall in production costs in hong kong  c an economic recession throughout south east asia   d a rise in productivity in hong kong     ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/01/o/n/08 [turn over  32 the table shows the rates of inflation in four countries over a period of four years.    which country had the highest average rate of inflation over the four year period?    rate of inflation %  country  year 1 year 2 year 3 year 4  a 3 3 4 4  b 4 8 4 2  c 2 3 3 4  d 5 5 6 3     33 which combination is most likely to be found in a developing country compared with a more  developed country?     population growth rate death rate  a higher higher  b higher lower  c lower higher  d lower lower    34 real gross domestic product per head is often used as a measure of the change in average  living standards.    what reduces its effectiveness in representing this change?  a it omits increases in the cost of living.  b it omits increases in the general price level.  c it omits increases in the hours people work.  d it omits increases in the size of the population.      35 what is usually found in a developed country?  a a high proportion of workers in the tertiary sector  b a high birth rate  c a low level of technology  d a low gdp per head    ",
            "12": "12  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/01/o/n/08  36 which commercial activity will not destroy the natural environment?  a intensive fishing in coastal waters using modern fishing boats  b large-scale farming using chemical fertilisers  c picking apples from trees using local labour  d tree felling by timber companies in tropical forests      37 what lowers the cost of producing goods for export?  a a quota  b a subsidy  c a tariff  d foreign exchange control     38 which of the following increases specialisation?  a a farmer decides to convert some of his farm buildings into holiday cottages for rent.  b a government decides that a country should be more self-sufficient in food production.  c a restaurant owner decides to have only vegetarian meals on his menu.  d a taxi driver decides to train for an additional licence to drive a bus.    39 a major market for bananas from latin america is the european union (eu). in 2006, the eu  imposed a 35  % tariff on banana imports from latin america but not on substitutes from other  regions.    what impact is the tax likely to have had on the price of latin american bananas in the eu and the revenue of latin american producers?    eu price of latin  american bananas revenue of latin  american producers  a decrease decrease  b decrease increase  c increase increase  d increase decrease    ",
            "13": "13  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/01/o/n/08  40 the government of a major oil-exporting country decides to extract more oil and export it as  rapidly as possible.    what is the likely effect of this on the volume of oil exports and the price of oil?     volume of oil exports price of oil  a fall immediately fall in the long term  b fall in the long term rise immediately  c rise immediately fall immediately  d rise in the long term rise in the long term     ",
            "14": "14   0455/01/o/n/08  blank page",
            "15": "15   0455/01/o/n/08  blank page",
            "16": "16      permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.     0455/01/o/n/08  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_w08_qp_2.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page.  ib08 11_0455_02/rp  \u00a9 ucles 2008  [turn over      *9034784228* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/02     paper 2  structured questions  october/november 2008     1 hour 30 minutes    additional materials: answer booklet/paper       read these instructions first    if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet.  write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.  write in dark blue or black pen. you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.   answer all questions.    at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.   ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/02/o/n/08  answer all questions.     1 population in botswana      the charts show the population pyramid for botswana in 2000 and that predicted for 2050.    0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 20 40 60 80 100 120age 80+ 75-79 70-7465-6960-6455-5950-5445-4940-4435-3930-3425-2920-2415-1910-14 5-90-4botswana: 2000 population (in thousands)male female 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 20 40 60 80 100 120age 80+ 75-7970-7465-6960-6455-5950-5445-4940-4435-3930-3425-2920-2415-1910-14 5-90-4botswana: 2050 population (in thousands)male female      ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/02/o/n/08  (a) what is shown in a population pyramid? [3]      (b) describe what the prediction suggests will happen in botswana by 2050. [3]       (c) (i)  draw an outline shape of a population pyramid for a typical developed country to show  how it might differ from those given for botswana. [3]     (ii) explain what causes the difference in t he shape of the population pyramid of a  developed and a developing country. [4]       (d) discuss how an improvement in education in a developing country such as botswana might  have an effect on its population. [7]    2 (a) explain why different income groups might have a different pattern of spending and saving.    [5]     (b) discuss what might influence government spending. [5]      3 in february 2005 kuwait opened a new port extension, said to be the largest and most advanced in the middle east, near the country\u2019s main oil refinery. it took 3 years to build, can accommodate four supertankers at the same time, cost \u00a3187 million and is hoped to last at least 30 years.  kuwait is actively seeking new markets for its planned increase in oil production.    (a) explain, using demand and supply analysis, why kuwait might want to seek new markets when it increases its oil production. [4]       (b) distinguish between fixed and variable costs and consider which is likely to have the highest proportion in the production and distribution of oil. [6]     4 a newspaper advertisement states that there is a job vacancy for a laboratory technician in a  large international chemical company. the person will need to be able to travel a lot and will need  to have an advanced qualification in chemistry. another advertisement is for a secretary/receptionist in a local doctor\u2019s surgery on four afternoons a week.    (a) explain in what type of business organisati on the two occupations might be found. [4]      (b) explain the factors that might affect an individual\u2019s choice of occupation. [6]     5 investment spending is undertaken by bot h the private sector and the public sector.     (a) use examples to distinguish between private se ctor and public sector investment spending.    [4]     (b) explain why investment spending is important for an economy. [6] ",
            "4": "4    blank page    copyright acknowledgements:    question 1 \u00a9 u.s. census bureau.  permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.  university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. ca mbridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    0455/02/o/n/08   "
        },
        "0455_w08_qp_3.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 12 printed pages.  ib08 11_0455_03/2rp  \u00a9 ucles 2008  [turn over      *8549988253* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/03     paper 3  multiple choice (extended)  october/november 2008     1 hour    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.   there are forty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.   read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/03/o/n/08  1 what is not a factor of production?  a company shares  b machinery  c raw materials  d unskilled workers      2 what is a feature of a mixed economic system but not a planned economic system?  a it has both industrial and service sectors.  b it has both large and small firms.  c it has both public and private sectors.  d it has both rural and urban areas.     3 the purchase of new machinery enables a firm to increase output with fewer workers.   what is the effect on labour productivity and total costs?     change in labour  productivity change in total costs  a fall constant  b rise rise  c rise uncertain  d uncertain fall      4 the uk government gave subsidies to orchestras so that the number of concert performances  could be increased. however, the advertisements for these concerts caused such extra demand that ticket prices rose despite the subsidy.    what can be concluded about these changes?  a the demand curve for concerts moved to the left  b the government alone determined the market price  c the market allocation of resources was altered d there is now no scarcity of resources available for concerts     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/03/o/n/08 [turn over  5 a woman playing a quiz game starts with no money, but correctly answers the question that is  worth $4000. the next question is worth $10 000 but if she answers incorrectly she will leave the  game with no money.    what is her opportunity cost of choosing to answer the $10 000 question if her answer is  incorrect?  a nothing b $4000 c $6000 d $10 000      6 a company producing coffee in europe has operations in brazil and kenya.    what is a reason why a company might decide to have operations in more than one country?  a availability of cheaper raw materials  b easier central control of operations  c greater  risk of supply disruption  d increased transport costs    7 in which situation will a trade union be least  likely to be effective in supporting the interests of its  members?  a the economy is experiencing an increase in unemployment.  b the firms have a large increase in demand for the product.  c the government passes a law weakening the powers of employers.  d the workers\u2019 wages are a small proportion of total costs.      8 which disadvantage is likely to arise when a private company grows and becomes a public  company?  a banks may have less confidence in its financial stability.  b customers may expect a reduced range of products.  c suppliers may be more uncertain about receiving payment for materials.  d workers may feel less motivated within a larger organisation.     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/03/o/n/08  9 the following table gives information about four companies.    which one of these companies is not a multi-national company?    company number of countries in  which the company has  shareholders number of countries in  which the company has  factories number of countries in  which the company  sells its products  a 2 1 100  b 1 2 50  c 10 20 20  d 20 5 1    10 in 2004, dyson, a uk company, launched a luxury version of its vacuum cleaner in japan.    within two years, it became the top-selling vacuum cleaner in the country.    what could have caused this increase in demand?  a a fall in the population of japan  b a fall in the price of alternative vacuum cleaners in japan  c rising levels of unemployment in japan  d successful advertising of dyson vacuum cleaners in japan     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/03/o/n/08 [turn over  11 the diagram shows the market for a product. the equilibrium is at x.    oprice quantityx ys d     which combination of demand and supply changes would result in a new equilibrium in the area  marked y?     demand change supply change  a decrease decrease  b decrease increase  c increase decrease  d increase increase    12 four changes affecting the supply of a good are listed below.    which would cause the supply curve to shift to the left?  a a decrease in its market price  b an improvement in technology   c an increase in labour productivity  d the introduction of a sales tax     13 many people prefer to buy clothes from a local shop rather than travel to a specialist tailor to have  them made.    which combination of characteristics of the local shop would make this most likely?  a easily accessible shop high quality product more expensive  b easily accessible shop average quality product less expensive  c shop owner known to customer average quality product more expensive  d shop owner known to customer poor quality product less expensive     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/03/o/n/08  14 the price elasticity of demand for a good is calculated as \u20130.5.    what will occur if the price of the good increases by 10  %?  a demand will fall by 20  %.  b demand will fall by 5  %.  c revenue will fall by 20  %.  d revenue will fall by 5  %.     15 each of the four sets of descriptions applies to a different person who was appointed to a job.     each job was different.    which job was likely to have offered the lowest pay?  a skilled inexperienced older worker  b unskilled experienced older worker  c skilled experienced younger worker  d unskilled inexperienced younger worker     16 what is most likely to explain why a worker receives above average hourly earnings?  a demand for the product is high and the production process is simple.  b the employer provides the worker with fringe benefits.  c the product is difficult to produce and requires the worker to be highly skilled.  d working in the job provides the worker with a high level of job satisfaction.    17 in which way will an increase in income be most likely to affect the amount of spending and  saving of an individual?     spending saving  a fall fall  b fall rise  c rise fall  d rise rise    ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/03/o/n/08 [turn over  18 why might a person buy ordinary shares on the stock exchange rather than put the money in a  savings account?  a to earn a fixed income  b to gain a high return c to keep money in a safe place  d to start a company      19 25  % of both rural and urban consumers were reported to prefer products from japan when  buying electronic goods.    which combination of characteristics are the japanese electronic goods likely to have which persuade consumers to make this choice?     technology length of guarantee running costs  a latest  12 months high  b standard 12 months low  c latest  24 months low  d standard 24 months high    20 the financial director of a company adds up the expenditure on items such as electricity, petrol  (gas) and diesel fuel and raw materials. the director then divides that total by the firm\u2019s output.    what has the director calculated?  a average revenue  b average fixed cost  c average variable cost  d average total cost    21 a business aims to maximise profits.    to do this, it will have to  a maximise sales revenue.  b maximise the difference between sales revenue and production costs.  c minimise production costs.  d minimise the difference between actual production and maximum production.    ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/03/o/n/08  22 the following report appeared in a newspaper.    \u2018british american tobacco (bat), the cigarette producer, said it would invest $1.5 million in  china during the next two years as it set up new factories. china is estimated to be the world\u2019s most important market for the sale of cigarettes.\u2019    what is likely to happen to the total cost, total revenue and profit of bat?     total cost total revenue profit  a decrease increase uncertain  b decrease decrease increase  c increase increase uncertain  d increase decrease increase    23 increasing returns to scale means that if all inputs are doubled, output will  a remain the same.  b increase but less than double.  c double.  d more than double.     24 a motor car manufacturer buys a chain of showrooms where the new cars are sold to the public.    of what is this an example?  a conglomerate integration  b horizontal integration  c vertical integration backwards  d vertical integration forwards     25 which of the following is not included in public expenditure?  a capital spending by public companies  b expenditure by government departments c investment by nationalised industries  d spending by local governments     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/03/o/n/08 [turn over  26 what is most likely to improve the economic performance of a country in the long run?  a a decrease in investment  b a decrease in the school-leaving age  c an increase in government spending on education  d an increase in the rate of interest      27 rose earns $12  000 per annum and pays $4000 per annum in income tax. johann earns  $20 000 per annum and pays $5000 per annum in income tax.    what describes this system of income tax?  a flat rate  b progressive  c proportional  d regressive      28 a government could be successful in achieving one of its economic aims. however, this could  cause a subsequent result which might be undesirable.    which case would the government think undesirable?     successful aim subsequent result  a improved balance of payments fewer people out of work  b faster economic growth higher living standards  c steadier prices lower trade deficit  d reduced unemployment higher rate of inflation     29 the government puts a $2.00 tax on each $8.00 dvd sold. as a result, the price of a dvd rises  from $8.00 to $8.50.    what can be concluded from this?  a the demand for dvds is price inelastic.  b the government will receive only 25  % of its expected tax revenue.  c the incidence of the tax will fall mainly on the producer.  d the tax is progressive.     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/03/o/n/08  30 which type of unemployment is likely to lead to the most serious regional problems in a country?  a cyclical   b frictional  c residual  d structural      31 the gross domestic product (gdp) of hong kong rose more slowly than the rest of south east  asia between 1997 and 2002.    what is the most likely reason?  a a fall in competitiveness in hong kong   b a fall in production costs in hong kong  c an economic recession throughout south east asia   d a rise in productivity in hong kong      32 the table shows the index numbers for gross domestic product (gdp) for four countries  between 2001 and 2005.    which country experienced the greatest economic growth over the period 2001 to 2005?    country 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005  a 96.7 98.6 100 103.7 106.1  b 85.3 98.5 100 102.6 105.0  c 94.4 99.0 100 106.6 108.1  d 92.8 94.5 100 105.8 110.0      33 which combination is most likely to be found in a developing country compared with a more  developed country?     population growth rate death rate  a higher higher  b higher lower  c lower higher  d lower lower     ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/03/o/n/08 [turn over  34 real gross domestic product per head is often used as a measure of the change in average  living standards.    what reduces its effectiveness in representing this change?  a it omits increases in the cost of living.  b it omits increases in the general price level.  c it omits increases in the hours people work.  d it omits increases in the size of the population.     35 what will be found in a typical developed country?  a a dominant primary sector  b a large percentage of employment in the informal (unofficial) sector  c a population with a rising average age  d labour intensive production methods in manufacturing industry     36 which commercial activity will not destroy the natural environment?  a intensive fishing in coastal waters using modern fishing boats  b large-scale farming using chemical fertilisers  c picking apples from trees using local labour  d tree felling by timber companies in tropical forests      37 world-wide campaigns to reduce smoking will affect malawi, which has relied on tobacco for its  main export earnings.    what is likely to happen if malawi is successful in replacing its earnings from tobacco by developing its tourist trade?  a the number of jobs required in the service sector will decrease.  b the primary sector will become more significant in the economy.  c there will be greater expenditure on new roads and infrastructure.  d visible earnings will increase while invisible earnings will decrease.      38 which of the following increases specialisation?  a a farmer decides to convert some of his farm buildings into holiday cottages for rent.  b a government decides that a country should be more self-sufficient in food production.  c a restaurant owner decides to have only vegetarian meals on his menu.  d a taxi driver decides to train for an additional licence to drive a bus.   ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/03/o/n/08  39 a major market for bananas from latin america is the european union (eu). in 2006, the eu  imposed a 35  % tariff on banana imports from latin america but not on substitutes from other  regions.    what impact is the tax likely to have had on the price of latin american bananas in the eu and  the revenue of latin american producers?     eu price of latin  american bananas revenue of latin  american producers  a decrease decrease  b decrease increase  c increase increase  d increase decrease      40 greenhouse gases caused by burning fuel in europe are leading to global warming.    this results in effects on non-european countries which are called  a average costs.  b external costs.  c private costs.  d social costs.       "
        },
        "0455_w08_qp_4.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 5 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib08 11_0455_04/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2008  [turn over      *0523956265* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/04     paper 4  structured questions  october/november 2008     2 hours    additional materials: answer booklet/paper       read these instructions first    if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet.  write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.  write in dark blue or black pen. you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.   section a  answer question 1.  section b answer any three  questions.   at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.   ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/04/o/n/08  section a    answer this question.      1 population in botswana      the charts show the population pyramid for botswana in 2000 and that predicted for 2050.    0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 20 40 60 80 100 120age 80+ 75-79 70-7465-6960-6455-5950-5445-4940-4435-3930-3425-2920-2415-1910-14 5-90-4botswana: 2000 population (in thousands)male female 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 20 40 60 80 100 120age 80+ 75-7970-7465-6960-6455-5950-5445-4940-4435-3930-3425-2920-2415-1910-14 5-90-4botswana: 2050 population (in thousands)male female      ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/04/o/n/08 [turn over  (a) what is shown in a population pyramid? [3]      (b) describe what the prediction suggests will happen in botswana by 2050. [3]       (c) (i)  draw an outline shape of a population pyramid for a typical developed country to show  how it might differ from those given for botswana. [3]     (ii) explain what causes the difference in t he shape of the population pyramid of a  developed and a developing country. [4]       (d) discuss how an improvement in education in a developing country such as botswana might  have an effect on its population. [7]    ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/04/o/n/08  section b     answer three  questions from this section.      2 (a) explain why different income groups might have a different pattern of spending and saving.    [5]    (b) discuss what might influence government spending. [5]     (c) outline the functions of a central bank. [4]       (d) analyse how a central bank might influence consumer saving. [6]    3 in february 2005 kuwait opened a new port extension, said to be the largest and most advanced  in the middle east, near the country\u2019s main oil refinery. it took 3 years to build, can accommodate  four supertankers at the same time, cost \u00a3187 million and is hoped to last at least 30 years.  kuwait is actively seeking new markets for its planned increase in oil production.       (a) explain, using demand and supply analysis, why kuwait might want to seek new markets when it increases its oil production. [4]      (b) distinguish between fixed and variable costs and consider which is likely to have the highest  proportion in the production and distribution of oil. [6]      (c) explain what is meant by a substitute good and a complementary good and give an example  of each connected with oil. [4]     (d) explain what is meant by price elasticity of demand and use this concept to discuss what  might happen in the market for oil if the price of oil was raised. [6]     4 a newspaper advertisement states that there is a job vacancy for a laboratory technician in a  large international chemical company. the person will need to be able to travel a lot and will need to have an advanced qualification in chemistry. another advertisement is for a secretary/receptionist in a local doctor\u2019s surgery on four afternoons a week.       (a) explain in what type of business organisati on the two occupations might be found. [4]     (b) explain the factors that might affect an individual\u2019s choice of occupation. [6]     (c) describe how a person\u2019s income is likely to change during their life. [3]       (d) discuss what might determine why one job is paid more than another. [7]   ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/04/o/n/08  5 investment spending is undertaken by bot h the private sector and the public sector.      (a) use examples to distinguish between private se ctor and public sector investment spending.    [4]     (b) explain why investment spending is important for an economy. [6]       (c) what is the difference between a mixed economy and a market economy? [4]      (d) explain how economic growth might change the relative importance of the primary,  secondary and service sectors. [6]    6 low inflation and low unemployment are often aims of government policy.     (a) what is meant by inflation? [3]       (b) explain how inflation is measured. [7]     (c) describe two reasons why there might be changes in the level of unemployment in a  country. [4]     (d) discuss why governments might be concerned to keep the rate of unemployment low. [6]    7 kenya and tanzania have fishing rights in their coastal waters which contain large numbers of commercial fish species. the fish are being caught illegally by boats from other african and far eastern countries. the european union has negotiated to buy a share of the fishing rights for its  own fishing companies and help control the industry in which there is a lack of capital and corrupt  practices.  however, the fear is that there will still be overfishing and not enough money will reach the kenyan and tanzanian economies.       (a) explain why developing countries such as kenya and tanzania might need the intervention of foreign companies. [4]       (b) is intervention by a foreign multi-national always beneficial for a country? [6]     (c) explain two policies a country might use in international trade to protect its home industries.    [4]     (d) if a country has a rich natural resource, should it exploit or conserve it? [6]    ",
            "6": "6    blank page   0455/04/o/n/08  ",
            "7": "7    blank page   0455/04/o/n/08  ",
            "8": "8    blank page    copyright acknowledgements:    question 1 \u00a9 u.s. census bureau.  permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.  university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    0455/04/o/n/08   "
        },
        "0455_w08_qp_6.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page.  ib08 11_0455_06/4rp  \u00a9 ucles 2008  [turn over      *3750815764* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/06     paper 6  alternative to coursework  october/november 2008     1 hour 30 minutes    additional materials: answer booklet/paper       read these instructions first    if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet.  write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.  write in dark blue or black pen. you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.   answer all questions.    at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.   ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/06/o/n/08  1 chocolate and coffee     extract 1 is from the back of a box of chocolates produced by a uk company called   hotel chocolat.    \u2018we are still owned and run by the two original founders of the company and have delivered over  2 million products all around the world. we are only a small buyer in the global chocolate market  but are concerned with an ethical trading policy. we help fund projects in ghana \u2013 the world\u2019s second largest cocoa producing country. we recently provided new, more productive tree  seedlings to replace 50 year old stock to enable farmers to earn more through higher yields. we  also donate to village schools to ensure children have opportunities through education. the dyes we use to colour the boxes come from the cocoa pods (beans) that we use for the chocolate.\u2019     extract 2 is from a leaflet produced by the natural coffee company.    the natural coffee company has developed a range of organic coffee selected from farms  around the world and chosen for their quality and flavour. the company says \u2018this enables us to maintain the individual characteristics of the coffee which are often lost when coffee is produced  and packed on a large scale. we do not sell our coffee to supermarkets as we prefer to deal with  small producers that have limited production. thus, we can be sure that every pack of coffee meets our high standards. all our coffee is roasted and packed to order so reflecting our personal interest in delivering the product in as fresh a condition as possible.    we bring you the best coffee without damaging the environment and the communities in which it  is grown. for example, we trade in guatemala where a family-run farm of 412 acres gives equal pay for women and pays nearly three times the minimum wage during the coffee season. we also trade in el salvador where there are 240 members of the coffee co-operative. they aim to  generate economic growth and social benefits for the community. all members benefit from the  profits made. in peru, we work with 800 co-operatives, employing 4500 people, while in costa rica there are 3500 small producers in a co- operative. the organisation has enabled them to  support 224 schools in the last 12 years.\u2019     (a) explain whether there is any evidence in extract 1 to conclude that hotel chocolat is a multi-national company. [3]     (b) analyse whether the new trees provided in ghana would necessarily enable farmers to earn  more. [4]    (c) (i)   identify from extract 1 an example of joint supply. [1]    (ii) product x and product y are jointly supplied.  suppose a change in tastes causes a  decrease in demand for product x. use demand and supply diagrams to show how this would affect the price and quantity in the market for product x and in the market for  product y. [4]     (d) consider the evidence in extract 2 about co-operatives.    (i) explain what is meant by a co-operative. [3]    (ii) explain what advantages these co-operatives are said to give. [5]    (e) what else might you need to know in order to decide whether co-operatives are always a  beneficial organisation for production? [7]     [total: 27]  ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2008 0455/06/o/n/08  2 economic indicators      the table gives information on gross domestic product (gdp), industrial production, consumer  prices and trade balances for a number of countries in 2006.     % change on previous year last 12 months  country gdp industrial  production consumer  prices trade  balance  us$ billions  china +9.9  +16.2 +0.9  +102.6  czech republic +6.9  +15.1 +2.8  +1.7  singapore +8.7  +1.3 +1.8  +31.1  taiwan +6.4  +4.4 +1.0  +7.6  turkey +7.0  -4.5 +8.2  -43.9       (a) does the table support the idea that countries should copy china and have a large increase in industrial production in order to achieve a high increase in gdp? [4]       (b) the table shows that the gdp in singapore increased by 2.3  % more than that in taiwan.  what evidence is there to suggest that the people in singapore may not feel 2.3  % better off  than those in taiwan? [2]       (c) what else might you investigate to determine whether people in singapore were in fact better off than people in taiwan? [7]     [total: 13]      ",
            "4": "4    blank page    copyright acknowledgements:    extract 1 \u00a9 hotel chocolat. extract 2 \u00a9 natural coffee company.  permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.  university of cambridge international examinations is part of  the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    0455/06/o/n/08   "
        }
    },
    "2009": {
        "0455_s09_qp_1.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 8 printed pages.  ib09 06_0455_01/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2009  [turn over      *6694025066* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics  0455/01     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2009     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.   read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/01/m/j/09  1 what is the basic economic problem facing all societies?  a how to achieve price stability  b how to keep employment levels high  c the extent to which incomes should be redistributed  d what will be produced, how and for whom      2 a major airline needs a range of people and equipment. these can be divided into factors of  production.    which is allocated to its correct factor of production?     people or equipment factor of production  a aircraft capital  b computer network land  c pilots enterprise  d shareholders labour     3 commercial companies are cutting down tropical rainforests for hardwood timber.   what is the opportunity cost to society of this activity?  a tax revenue from the sale of the timber  b the environment that is destroyed  c the products made from the timber  d the profits of the companies     4 who is definitely employed in the primary sector?  a a person in a firm producing goods for other firms to use  b a person in a firm engaged in agricultural production  c a person in an organisation which first deals with any imports into the country  d a person in the head office of a company     5 which argument can be used in favour of the market economy?  a it enables consumers to show their preferences for goods.  b it ensures that all capital resources are used.  c it guarantees full employment.  d it leads to an equal distribution of wealth.   ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/01/m/j/09 [turn over  6 the market for a good was in equilibrium. a change occurred which resulted in a new equilibrium  with a higher price for the good and a lower quantity traded.    what change would have caused this?  a the demand curve moved to the left.  b the demand curve moved to the right.  c the supply curve moved to the left.  d the supply curve moved to the right.     7 it was reported in 2002 that south africa, a mixed economy, would face sharp increases in air  and water pollution unless action was taken to develop environmentally friendly policies for its citizens.    why is a mixed economy thought to be a satisfactory means of achieving environmentally friendly  development?  a because all development is paid for by the government  b because it allows external costs to be considered  c because it ensures development at lowest cost  d because it is the most productive system      8 it was reported that a company producing designer clothes had increased its revenue by 20  % at  a time when it decreased its prices.    what does this suggest about the demand for these goods at that time?  a it was perfectly price elastic.  b it was perfectly price inelastic.  c it was price elastic.  d it was price inelastic.      9 which costs will be reduced if a factory decreases the amount of pollution it causes to the  environment?  a average costs  b external costs c fixed costs d variable costs     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/01/m/j/09  10 what function does a central bank provide for the general public?  a accepting deposits  b issuing banknotes  c making loans  d providing overdrafts      11 a person is keen to repay a large debt owed on his credit card.    what is likely to cause that person to reduce the credit card repayment and spend more from his  weekly wage?  a an increase in interest rates  b an increase in the price of essential products  c an increase in the range of products available  d an increase in weekly earnings      12 why are farm workers likely to be paid a lower wage rate than workers in manufacturing?  a farm workers are more likely to be in a trade union.  b farm workers are more likely to have a shorter working life.  c farm workers are more likely to have poorer working conditions.  d farm workers are more likely to produce goods with a lower value.      13 three doctors decide to work together in one health centre.    what form of business organisation are they most likely to choose?  a a partnership  b a private company  c a public company  d a public corporation     14 how does a firm guarantee that it makes the maximum profit?  a by maximising the difference between its total revenue and total cost  b by maximising the number of goods that it sells  c by minimising the amount of goods that it keeps in stock  d by minimising the difference between average revenue and average cost    ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/01/m/j/09 [turn over  15 some travellers complain about the disturbance caused when other people use their mobile (cell)  phones. as a result, a uk train operator announces that it will buy some new trains that will have  a device fitted to prevent the use of mobile (cell) phones.    what will definitely happen to the train operator?  a its average revenue will decrease.  b its total revenue will increase.  c its fixed cost will increase.  d its total cost will decrease.      16 which is a diseconomy of scale?  a bulk buying reduces costs.  b communications deteriorate.  c employees are more motivated.  d technological improvements take place.     17 the diagram shows the fixed costs, variable costs and total costs of a firm.    60 5040302010 0costs ($000) units100     what is the firm\u2019s variable cost at an output of 100 units?  a $500  b $10 000 c $50 000  d $60 000      18 what is likely to increase with economic growth?  a cyclical unemployment  b income per head  c the budget deficit  d the conservation of natural resources    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/01/m/j/09  19 a government decreased the tax on all goods imported into the country.    what is the most likely result of this?  a a decrease in domestic production  b an increase in economic growth  c an increase in exports  d an improvement in the balance of trade in goods     20 changes in demand mean that the government of bangladesh hopes to switch some production  from clothes made by low-paid, unskilled workers to medicines produced by highly-trained  technicians.    what policies would enable bangladesh to achieve this switch in employment and production?  a demolish clothes factories and decrease imports  b encourage immigration of foreign labour and introduce tariffs on clothing  c invest in education and purchase new machines  d substitute labour for machines and encourage emigration of workers from bangladesh     21 what is not an important step in the construction of an accurate retail price index?  a choosing a base year with normal economic conditions  b comparing price rises with those of international competitors  c sampling prices from a wide range of retail outlets  d selecting a typical basket of goods consumed by the average citizen    22 the table shows the percentage changes in earnings and consumer prices for four countries for  one year.    which country is likely to have experienced the greatest increase in real income during the year?     country earnings consumer prices  a france +12.5 +9.5  b japan +4.0 +2.0  c uk +8.5 +5.0  d germany +4.0 +4.0    ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/01/m/j/09 [turn over  23 what might cause a decline in economic output?    a a decrease in income tax  b a decrease in sales tax  c an increase in company investment  d an increase in unemployment      24 a closed economy has both a private sector and a public sector.    gross domestic product (gdp) consists of total consumer expenditure plus gross investment  plus  a the value of exports.  b the value of exports minus the value of imports.  c total government expenditure.  d total government expenditure minus total taxation.      25 what is most likely to cause an immediate decrease in the size of the working population?  a a fall in the average size of families  b a fall in the birth rate  c a reduction in the age of retirement  d an increase in net immigration      26 what is least  likely  to be found in a typical developing country?  a ill-health affects many of the population.  b many workers are highly skilled.  c production is labour-intensive.  d there is an unequal  distribution of income and wealth.    27 which statement about economic development is correct?  a a country needs more than a high gdp to be considered developed.  b a country which has rich reserves of raw materials is classed as developed.  c a country will have no people living in poverty when it is developed.  d a country with a trade surplus is considered to be developed.    ",
            "8": "8      permission to reproduce items where thir d-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of  the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/01/m/j/09  28 what is not an advantage of specialisation and division of labour?  a a product is manufactured in separate stages, making it easier to use machinery.  b some workers become more dependent on other workers.  c workers complete a limited range of tasks and become more efficient at them.  d workers spend less time moving from one task to another.      29 a large amount of the agricultural products in a country were damaged by floods.    what is likely to have happened to the price of agricultural products and the volume of imports of  agricultural products?     price of products volume of imports  a fall fall  b fall rise  c rise fall  d rise rise    30 what would be least likely to limit international trade?  a border restrictions on movement  b common regulations in different countries  c complicated customs procedures  d poor information on international markets      "
        },
        "0455_s09_qp_2.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 4 printed pages.  ib09 06_0455_02/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2009  [turn over      *2969522440* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/02     paper 2  structured questions  may/june 2009     2 hours    additional materials: answer booklet/paper       read these instructions first    if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet.  write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.  write in dark blue or black pen. you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.   section a  answer question 1.  section b answer any three  questions.   at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.   ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/02/m/j/09  section a    answer this question.      1 economic growth in uganda    in 2007 there were 27.7 million people in uganda. it was reported that by 2025 the population  was expected to almost double, making uganda the country with the fastest increase in  population in the world. there was concern that with limited employment, health care and  education in uganda, such an increase in population would result in increased poverty. however, the president of uganda said that the count ry was under-populated and that the population  increase would result in a bigger internal market and a larger workforce which would improve  economic prospects and economic growth.      (a) explain what is meant by economic growth. [4]       (b) discuss why many countries aim to increase economic growth. [4]      (c) identify two macro-economic aims, apart from economic growth, that a government may  have, and explain why a government might think these aims are important. [6]      (d) discuss whether you agree with the president of uganda that an increase in population  causes an increase in the workforce which would improve economic growth. [6]     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/02/m/j/09 [turn over  section b    answer any three  questions from this section.      2 a company produces cigarettes which it believes have a low price elasticity of demand.      (a) explain what is meant by price elasticity of demand. [4]     (b) how might knowledge of price elasticity be of use to a producer? [6]       (c) some countries have now prohibited smoking in public areas in buildings. use the concepts of private and social costs and benefits to explain this policy. [6]      (d) discuss what effect the policy of prohibiting smoking in public areas might have on the  manufacturers of cigarettes. [4]     3 in 2007, it was reported that a trade union of  post office workers feared that increased capital  investment would mean more automation and job losses. the union demanded that managers  allow higher wages and shorter working hours for its members.      (a) explain what is meant by the factors of production and identify which factors are involved in  the above statement. [4]      (b) describe the functions of a trade union. [6]      (c) what is meant when an industry is said to become more capital-intensive rather than labour- intensive? [3]     (d) discuss whether increased automation is likely to make it easy for the union to achieve both of its demands in the statement above. [7]    4 in the same industry there are often firms of different sizes. sometimes a firm integrates with another firm.     (a) what is the difference between horizontal and vertical integration? [4]      (b) contrast the characteristics of two types of business organisation. [6]      (c) discuss whether the growth of a firm is advantageous for both the firm and consumers. [10]    ",
            "4": "4    copyright acknowledgements:    question 1  \u00a9 xan rice; the guardian , 01 september 2006.   permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.  university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.   \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/02/m/j/09  5 many governments have increased their spending on police and armed forces but there is an opportunity cost of this policy.     (a) explain the term opportunity cost and discuss why an increase in spending on police and  armed forces may result in an opportunity cost. [4]      (b) discuss whether such government spending could be a result of market failure. [6]     (c) sometimes governments do not provide goods and services but they still influence the activities of private firms. analyse how they might do this. [10]    6 (a) what is meant by inflation? [4]      (b) explain how a government might calculate the rate of inflation in its economy. [6]      (c) how might inflation affect a person\u2019s spending, saving and borrowing? [10]    7 countries sometimes establish agreements with each other to encourage free trade by abolishing tariffs or quotas on trade between them.       (a) distinguish between a tariff and a quota. [4]      (b) analyse the possible link between the level of tariffs and international specialisation. [4]      (c) analyse the advantages of trading without tariffs and quotas. [6]       (d) there is sometimes opposition to the removal of a tariff. analyse how this might be justified.   [6]     "
        },
        "0455_s09_qp_3.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 8 printed pages and 1 insert.  ib09 06_0455_03/6rp  \u00a9 ucles 2009  [turn over      *6179459504* for examiner's use  1   2   total   university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/03     paper 3  analysis and critical evaluation  may/june 2009     1 hour 30 minutes    candidates answer on the question paper. additional materials: insert       read these instructions first    write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.  write in dark blue or black pen.  you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.  do not  write in any barcodes.    answer all questions.    at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.   ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/03/m/j/09  for  examiner's  use the extract \u2018 skin-care products \u2019 will be needed for this question.     1 (a) identify three  reasons why products containing rice are popular with consumers.                   [3]     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/03/m/j/09 [turn over  for  examiner's  use  (b) explain, using demand and supply diagrams, what is likely to happen in the market for  rice and in the market for cosmetics if there were to be a failure in the rice harvest.                                                   [5]     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/03/m/j/09  for  examiner's  use  (c) the extract says the government wishes to encourage exports. why might this be a  government aim?                               [5]       (d) explain what is meant by a subsidy.         [2]     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/03/m/j/09 [turn over  for  examiner's  use  (e) the extract says \u2018subsidies have been moved away from small farmers towards larger,  more efficient, operations\u2019. if you were asked to discover whether small farmers are in fact inefficient, what would you need to know?                                           [7]     [total: 22]     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/03/m/j/09  for  examiner's  use the extract \u2018 economic growth in vietnam\u2019 will be needed for this question.     2 (a) what is meant by gdp per capita?                   [3]     (b) identify from the chart which country had the biggest increase in gdp per capita  between 1990-2005.   [1]     (c) do the charts support the view that the higher the increase in gdp per capita the greater the reduction in poverty levels?                         [4]  ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/03/m/j/09 [turn over  for  examiner's  use  (d) explain, using examples, what the extract says is happening to the primary and  secondary sectors in vietnam.                   [3]      (e) discuss possible reasons why the european union (eu) introduced tariffs.                   [3]           part (f) is on the next page. ",
            "8": "8      permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publis her (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.   university of cambridge international examinations is part of  the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.   \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/03/m/j/09   (f) discuss whether the evidence given suggests that vietnam is a market economy.                         [4]     [total: 18]    "
        },
        "0455_w09_qp_1.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib09 11_0455_01/5rp  \u00a9 ucles 2009  [turn over      *3455415698* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/01     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2009     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.   read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/01/o/n/09  1 nolwazi lived in a rural area in botswana and made baskets to sell to the tourists. the local  government gave her a loan to buy a car to take the baskets to the city market.    which factor of production increased?  a capital  b enterprise  c labour  d land     2 what, according to the definition of opportunity cost, is sacrificed when a decision is taken?  a an identical alternative  b any possible alternative  c the least valuable alternative  d the next best alternative     3 a friend said his french grandmother kept switching off the lights but left the tap running. his  namibian relative left the lights on while shouting at him to turn off the water.    which availability of resources and level of prices would make economic sense of these  consumer actions?     in france in namibia  a adequate water supplies expensive electricity  b cheap electricity adequate water supplies  c expensive electricity scarce water supplies  d scarce water supplies cheap electricity     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/01/o/n/09 [turn over  4 the table shows the value of output for some parts of an economy.     $ billion  fishing 25.0  mining 23.0  manufacturing 130.5  financial services 100.3  other services 170.0    which conclusion may be drawn from these statistics?  a the tertiary sector was the most valuable.  b the value of the primary sector was $  25.0 billion.  c the value of the secondary sector was $  153.5 billion.  d the value of the secondary sector was worth less than the value of the primary sector.     5 a government decides that an economy should make more use of the market.    which policy might help to achieve this?  a a decrease in controls on imported goods  b an increase in government ownership of land c an increase in subsidies to industry d the fixing of minimum wage levels for workers     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/01/o/n/09  6 the diagram shows an initial equilibrium point (x) in a market and a new equilibrium point (y).    oprice quantityy x     which combination of changes in demand and supply could have caused the movement from x  to y?     demand supply  a decrease decrease  b decrease increase  c increase decrease  d increase increase    7 a large supermarket applied to build on land which was an area of natural beauty. the local  government allowed the building, even though the natural beauty of the area would be lost,  because many jobs would be created and much needed income would be brought to the local  community.    which economic ideas cannot  be found in the above statement?  a external cost and private enterprise  b free market and the conservation of resources  c opportunity cost and improved standards of living  d public sector and external benefit     8 for what would price elasticity of demand be used?  a calculating current disposable income  b calculating the rate of price inflation  c estimating changes in a company\u2019s cost  d identifying changes in consumer spending patterns     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/01/o/n/09 [turn over  9 what is an external benefit when a charge is made for vehicles entering a city centre?  a increased government revenue  b increased traffic  c reduced air pollution  d reduced business activity      10 in august 2007 the central bank of swaziland increased its interest rate from 9.5  % to 10  %.    which effect would this be likely to have on producers and consumers?     producers consumers  a borrow less save more  b borrow less spend more  c invest more save more  d invest more spend more      11 why might a family increase the proportion of its income it spends on food?  a some of the children start work.  b the government increases the benefits it pays to families.  c the number of children in the family increases.  d the second parent becomes employed.      12 in 2007 the average annual pay of a scientist in the uk was \u00a337  290. the average annual pay of  a laboratory technician was \u00a326  157.    what could explain this difference in earnings?  a laboratory technicians have stronger bargaining power than scientists.  b laboratory technicians have to work more unsociable hours than scientists.  c the period of training for scientists is longer than that for laboratory technicians.  d the supply of scientists is high relative to demand for their services.      13 what distinguishes a multi-national company from other companies?  a it has agents in other countries.  b it produces in other countries.  c it takes part in international trade.  d it uses raw materials and components from more than one country.   ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/01/o/n/09  14 cadbury schweppes, the confectionery business, is reported to want to reduce the number of its  offices in an attempt to decrease its general and administrative costs.    which type of cost does cadbury schweppes hope to decrease?  a average variable cost  b marginal cost  c total fixed cost  d total variable cost     15 prices tend to be lower in a competitive industry than in a monopoly.    why is this?  a a monopoly has less influence on the market.  b competitive industry has more economies of scale.  c new firms are free to enter the competitive industry.  d profits are lower in a monopoly.     16 india is experiencing rapid growth in air travel. the number and size of airlines is increasing every  year.    which effect arising from this growth is an external economy of scale?  a banks are more prepared to lend to large airlines rather than small airlines.  b fuel suppliers charge less to airlines that buy in bulk.  c institutions are established to train flight crew.  d larger airlines operate aircraft which can carry more passengers.      17 the table shows the total cost of a firm. it can sell the units for $4 each.    quantity produced (units) 5 6 7 8  total cost $ 17 18 21 23    how many units will the firm produce to maximise profits?  a 5 b 6 c 7 d 8     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/01/o/n/09 [turn over  18 economic growth can be defined as  a an increase in a country\u2019s exports.  b an increase in a country\u2019s population.  c an increase in the productive capacity of an economy.   d a reduction in inflation.      19 a country has different rates of income tax depending on the level of income earned.     the highest rate of income tax is cut from 40  % to 38  %.    from this statement it can be deduced that taxation will become  a less indirect.  b less progressive.  c less regressive.  d more difficult to evade.      20 the government pays a subsidy for each worker employed by a firm in an area of high  unemployment.    when would this policy be most successful in reducing unemployment?  a when the firm is capital-intensive  b when the firm is labour-intensive, requiring mainly unskilled labour  c when the firm provides professional services  d when the firm requires mainly specialist, skilled labour     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/01/o/n/09  21 the graph shows the labour force of a country from 2003-2015.    17 161514131211 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2011 2013 2014 2015 estimates projectionsmillionsmale female     what may be concluded from the graph?  a between 2003 and 2015, women will become a higher percentage of the labour force.  b it is estimated that more girls than boys will be born between 2003 and 2005.  c the labour force will remain relatively unchanged after 2006 at approximately 16 million.  d the total population of the country in 2010-2011 will be approximately 28 million.      22 in 2008 inflation was close to 100  000  % in zimbabwe. in a bid to reduce this high rate, the  zimbabwean government imposed maximum prices on a range of products. this caused price  rises amongst those goods sold unofficially or illegally.    what could explain this?  a the maximum prices increased demand whilst reducing supply.  b the maximum prices reduced demand whilst increasing supply.  c the maximum prices were set above the equilibrium price levels.  d the maximum prices were set at the equilibrium price levels.     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/01/o/n/09 [turn over  23 the table shows a number of economic indicators for four countries in 2004.    which country best fits the description of \u2018the fastest real economic growth with the strongest  international position\u2019?     country gdp  (annual % change) prices  (annual % change) trade balance ($bn) foreign reserves  ($bn)  a chile 4.8 1.1 +6.2 15.9  b hungary 4.2 7.5 \u2013  4.2 12.6  c peru 4.2 4.3 +1.5 10.4  d philippines 6.4 5.1 \u20131.3 13.0      24 as a result of a decrease in the demand for coal, several coal mines were closed.    what type of unemployment would this cause?  a cyclical  b frictional  c seasonal   d structural      25 which factor is most  likely to reduce the average age of a population in a developed country?  a a lower birth rate  b a lower death rate  c emigration  d immigration     26 what is most  likely to be found in a typical developing country?  a a good education sector  b a small average family size   c a small percentage of very old people  d high spending on entertainment     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/01/o/n/09  27 the chinese government is concerned about two population problems \u2013 overpopulation and a  gender imbalance, with males outnumbering females.     in 2007 it reduced the number of babies that foreigners are allowed to adopt; almost all of the  babies are girls.    what effect might this have on the size of china\u2019s population and gender imbalance in the short run?     size of population gender imbalance  a increase increase  b increase reduce  c reduce increase  d reduce reduce     28 what benefit is likely to result from the extension of specialisation within manufacturing?  a for a consumer, there are more individually made goods available.  b for a consumer, there could be a lower cost of living.  c for an employee, job satisfaction will increase.  d for an employee, the nature of work is more varied.      29 which two items, as well as trade in goods and services, are included in the current account of  the balance of payments?  a foreign reserves and international investment  b government spending and international borrowing  c incomes and current transfers  d taxation and foreign aid     30 drinks producers in india are resisting plans to remove tariffs on imported drinks. they claim that  a reduction in tariffs would destroy the emerging drinks industry with large-scale imports of cheap  drinks.    which argument for protectionism are they putting forward?  a the declining industry argument  b the infant industry argument  c the strategic industry argument  d the sunset industry argument     ",
            "11": "11   0455/01/o/n/09  blank page",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of  the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.     0455/01/o/n/09  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_w09_qp_2.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 4 printed pages.  ib09 11_0455_02/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2009  [turn over      *7483897647* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/02     paper 2  structured questions  october/november 2009     2 hours    additional materials: answer booklet/paper       read these instructions first    if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet.  write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.  write in dark blue or black pen. you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.   section a  answer question 1.  section b answer any three  questions.   at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/02/o/n/09  section a    answer this question.      1 a developed country had a fall in its birth rate. from 1997, numbers in government junior  (primary) schools fell by 300  000 over ten years. in time, this decline in numbers reached  government senior (secondary) schools.     it was predicted in 2007 that, in the next ten years, the population of all children under 19 would  further decrease by 4.5  %, with the numbers at senior school age (11 to 18 years) falling by 11  %.        (a) explain whether a decline in the birth rate would mean that the population of a country is  declining. [4]     (b) analyse the possible effect in the employment market of a fall in the number of school  leavers for a ten year period. [6]      (c) explain why governments are involved in spending on education. [5]     (d) discuss whether the concept of opportunity cost could be applied to the changes in government spending that might be required in senior schools. [5]     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/02/o/n/09 [turn over  section b    answer any three  questions from this section.      2 in 2007, there was an increase in demand for holidays using cruise ships as people wished to  avoid long delays at airports caused by increased security controls.      (a) explain, using a demand and supply diagram, what is likely to happen in the market for air  travel as a result of increased delays at airports. [4]      (b) identify a complementary (jointly demanded) good or service industry connected with cruise  ships and discuss the possible employment prospects in that industry as a result of the increase in airport delays. [6]      (c) some countries rely very heavily on the tourist industry. discuss the possible consequences  of the delays at airports for the economy of such a country. [10]     3 after studying for your economics qualification you have to decide whether to leave school and  find a job or enrol at a college for more specialised training.     (a) what factors might you consider when making your decision? [5]     (b) is it always an advantage for an individual to have a specialised job? [5]       (c) explain how an individual\u2019s earnings might change over time. [4]     (d) analyse why different income groups have different spending patterns. [6]    4 cadbury, the chocolate manufacturer, declared to its shareholders profits of \u00a369 million in the first  six months of 2007. however, in july 2007, floods in the uk severely damaged farms. as a  result, cadbury had to pay \u00a320 million extra for milk to make the chocolate in addition to its  annual milk cost of \u00a3150 million.      (a) explain whether milk is a fixed or variable cost for cadbury. [3]      (b) discuss whether the demand for chocolate is likely to be price elastic or price inelastic. [7]       (c) suggest, from the information given, what ty pe of business organisation cadbury is likely to  be.  [4]       (d) discuss whether the rise in milk costs is likely to have a significant effect on cadbury\u2019s profits. [6] ",
            "4": "4      permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publis her (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of t he cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/02/o/n/09  5 (a) describe what is meant by a mixed economy. [4]     (b) explain three  macro-economic aims a government might have. [6]       (c) what is meant by a government\u2019s budget? [4]      (d) discuss how a government might finance its expenditure. [6]     6 (a) what is meant by the balance of payments? [4]     (b) why do countries trade with each other? [6]      (c) discuss whether it is likely to be better or worse for a country\u2019s inhabitants if a country  increases the tariffs and quotas it puts on international trade. [10]     7 (a) what is meant by a developing country? [5]      (b) discuss whether a country should conserve or use its resources. [5]       (c) how may living standards between countries be compared? [10]    "
        },
        "0455_w09_qp_3.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 7 printed pages, 1 blank page and 1 insert.  ib09 11_0455_03/5rp  \u00a9 ucles 2009  [turn over      *3323764999* for examiner's use  1   2   total   university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/03     paper 3  analysis and critical evaluation  october/november 2009     1 hour 30 minutes    candidates answer on the question paper. additional materials: insert       read these instructions first    write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.  write in dark blue or black pen.  you may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.  do not  write in any barcodes.    answer all questions.    at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.   ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/03/o/n/09  for  examiner's  use the extract \u2018 banking services from mobile (cell) phones \u2019 will be needed for this question.     1 (a) identify two reasons why the m-pesa phone account is preferred to conventional  banking.         [2]      (b) describe the functions of a commercial bank.                               [5]     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/03/o/n/09 [turn over  for  examiner's  use  (c) explain how an improvement in financial services might help reduce poverty.                                     [6]  ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/03/o/n/09  for  examiner's  use  (d) discuss what differences there might be between the working conditions and type of  occupation of a rural worker compared with those of a city worker.                         [4]     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/03/o/n/09 [turn over  for  examiner's  use  (e) suppose you were asked to investigate whet her the movement of workers from a rural  area to a city or to another country was a benefit. discuss what you might need to find  out in order to come to a conclusion.                                                 [8]     [total: 25]    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/03/o/n/09  for  examiner's  use the extract \u2018 zambezi hydro-electric power \u2019 will be needed for this question.     2 (a) explain what is meant by a private benefit.         [2]     (b) use examples from the extract to explain what is meant by an externality.                         [4]  ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2009 0455/03/o/n/09 for  examiner's  use  (c) what would you need to find out in order to determine whether the large hep project,  rather than alternative methods, is the best way of providing electricity?                                                       [9]     [total: 15]",
            "8": "8    blank page      permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publis her (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.   university of cambridge international examinations is part of  the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    0455/03/o/n/09   "
        }
    },
    "2010": {
        "0455_s10_qp_11.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib10 06_0455_11/5rp  \u00a9 ucles 2010  [turn over      *5601627 815* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/11     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2010     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.   read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/11/m/j/10  1 which terms summarise the nature of the economic problem?  a finite resources and limited wants  b finite resources and unlimited wants  c infinite resources and limited wants  d infinite resources and unlimited wants      2 which statement about the factors of production is correct?  a a river from which a company draws water is called land.  b raising finance for a company is called capital.  c supervisors employed in a company are called enterprise.  d the owner of a company is called labour.     3 which economic change would increase the problem of scarcity?  a a decrease in fish stocks  b a discovery of a new oil field c an increase in labour productivity d a reduction in waste     4 the government of a country with a rapidly increasing population decides to switch resources  from investment to increased subsidies to farmers.    what is the opportunity cost of this decision?  a the profit earned by farmers  b the rent of the land on which food is grown  c the reduction in investment  d the wages of the farm workers     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/11/m/j/10 [turn over  5 the diagram shows the market for fresh fish in the caribbean with equilibrium point x. new, more  efficient boats with lower running costs are then used.    which point represents the new equilibrium?    price quantityoa xb dcs3 s1 d1s2 d2       6 the diagram shows the demand for and the supply of bread.   price quantityos dp1     a maximum price p 1 is fixed by the government.    what is likely to be the immediate result of this?  a a movement of the demand curve to the right  b a movement of the supply curve to the right c a shortage of bread  d a surplus of bread     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/11/m/j/10  7 the diagram shows a market for wheat that is in equilibrium.    price quantityov wt xs d z y     which area represents the total revenue for wheat farmers?  a otxy b ovxz c ovxy d owxy      8 the diagram shows the supply curve for a good.   0 10 20 304 2price ($) quantity (units)s     what is the price elasticity of supply when the price rises from $2 to $4?  a 0.2 b 0.5 c 1 d 2     9 what is a function of a commercial bank?  a acting as the lender of last resort  b deciding what is a legal tender  c determining monetary policy  d providing overdrafts    ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/11/m/j/10 [turn over  10 a person is most likely to save more when there is an increase in a country\u2019s  a exchange rate.  b inflation rate.  c interest rates.  d money supply.      11 one of the functions of money is to act as a measure of value.    what does this mean?  a money allows people to borrow and lend.  b money allows people to save their surplus income. c money is used to buy goods and services.  d money is used to compare the worth of different goods and services.     12 what is a function of a trade union?  a to negotiate workers\u2019 contracts  b to promote workers to more responsible jobs  c to recruit workers for the firm  d to supervise the workers in the firm     13 what is an example of occupational mobility of labour?  a a japanese car manufacturer locates in england.  b a nurse returns to work after her children have grown up.  c a student takes an evening job in a restaurant.  d farm workers retrain as call-centre workers.      14 in august 2008, infosys, an indian information technology company, bought axon, a uk  information technology company.    which type of integration is this?  a conglomerate  b horizontal  c vertical backwards  d vertical forwards     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/11/m/j/10  15 what is correct about a monopoly?  a it may benefit from economies of scale.  b it must be privately not state owned.  c its costs are always higher than those of a firm in perfect competition.  d it sells only one product.      16 south african companies are planning to undertake major investment in zimbabwe in order to  mine platinum.     if this investment occurs, what would happen in the short term to the supply of platinum, the price of platinum and the profits of the companies?     supply curve price of platinum profits of the companies  a no change rise rise  b shift to left no change fall  c shift to right rise rise  d shift to right fall uncertain     17 barilla, an italian company, is the world\u2019s largest pasta maker. it also produces bread.    in 2006 its bread production contributed $1.5  billion (bn) to its total revenue of $5.1  bn.  overall profit was $0.6  bn.    what was the total cost to barilla of producing pasta and bread in 2006?  a $2.1  bn b $3.0  bn c $3.6  bn d $4.5  bn    18 a firm which sells its product for $6 has the following total costs.    output (units) 0 10 20 30  total costs ($) 40 100 120 150    which statement is correct?  a average cost is lowest when 10 units are produced.  b the firm breaks even when 20 units are sold.  c the firm has no fixed costs.  d total variable costs fall continuously over these outputs.     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/11/m/j/10 [turn over  19 what is a direct tax?  a a tax on electricity  b a tax on imported goods  c a tax on services  d a tax on income and wealth      20 a government achieves a high rate of economic growth.    how may this conflict with other government aims?  a it may increase government income.  b it may increase incomes for the lower paid. c it may increase the supply of exports.  d it may increase the volume of imports.     21 the directors of a firm have to discuss the following topics.    which topic is least  likely to be directly affected by the government\u2019s influence on the firm?  a health and safety laws  b the interest it pays on borrowed money  c the minimum wage it must pay its workers  d the replacement of the director of finance      22 between 2002 and 2007, approximately 18 million latin american households moved out of  poverty.    which change in the region is most likely to have caused this fall in poverty?  a an increase in economic growth  b an increase in inflation  c a reduction in employment  d a reduction in exports      23 the retail price index of a country rose during a year from 200 to 240.    what was the annual rate of inflation?  a 20  % b 40  % c 240  % d 440  %     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/11/m/j/10  24 what name is given to the type of unemployment that occurs while people search for new jobs?  a cyclical  b frictional  c residual  d structural      25 why is the human development index (hdi) a better indicator of comparative living standards  than gross domestic product (gdp) per head?  a it includes international trade.  b it includes more measures of living standards.  c it is measured in money terms.  d it is more directly linked to economic growth.     26 gross domestic product (gdp) per capita is commonly used as an indicator of the comparative  level of development in different countries.    what does not lead to difficulties when using this as a comparison between countries?  a different climatic conditions  b different international exchange rates  c different population growth rates  d different rates of inflation      27 india has a more evenly distributed income than china but a greater proportion of its population  living on less than $1 a day.    what can be concluded from this statement?  a china has a smaller proportion of very rich people.  b india has a greater proportion of poor people.  c most of the population of india live on $1 a day.  d the average income in china is higher than that in india.     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/11/m/j/10  28 what is likely to happen in a developing country as it becomes more developed?  a a lower percentage of people will go to university.  b average life expectancy will rise.  c the rate of population growth will increase.  d the tertiary sector will decline in importance.      29 there was an increase in the value of the united states (us) dollar against the south african  rand.    what is a result of this?  a an increase in the number of exports from the us to south africa  b an increase in the number of imports to the us from south africa  c fewer people from the us spend holidays in south africa  d more people from south africa spend holidays in the us      30 which policy would best enable a government to encourage greater specialisation in the use of  its country\u2019s resources?  a encouraging diversification in industry  b protecting small businesses  c reducing tariffs on imports into its country  d subsidising job creation in rural areas    ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/11/m/j/10  blank page     ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/11/m/j/10  blank page      ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/11/m/j/10  blank page    "
        },
        "0455_s10_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib10 06_0455_12/rp  \u00a9 ucles 2010  [turn over      *0962957 775* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/12     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2010     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.   read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/12/m/j/10  1 which statement about the factors of production is correct?  a a river from which a company draws water is called land.  b raising finance for a company is called capital.  c supervisors employed in a company are called enterprise.  d the owner of a company is called labour.      2 which terms summarise the nature of the economic problem?  a finite resources and limited wants  b finite resources and unlimited wants  c infinite resources and limited wants  d infinite resources and unlimited wants      3 the government of a country with a rapidly increasing population decides to switch resources  from investment to increased subsidies to farmers.    what is the opportunity cost of this decision?  a the profit earned by farmers  b the rent of the land on which food is grown  c the reduction in investment  d the wages of the farm workers      4 which economic change would increase the problem of scarcity?  a a decrease in fish stocks  b a discovery of a new oil field  c an increase in labour productivity  d a reduction in waste      5 what is a function of a commercial bank?  a acting as the lender of last resort  b deciding what is a legal tender  c determining monetary policy  d providing overdrafts     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/12/m/j/10 [turn over  6 the diagram shows the market for fresh fish in the caribbean with equilibrium point x. new, more  efficient boats with lower running costs are then used.    which point represents the new equilibrium?      price quantityoa xb dcs3 s1 d1s2 d2      7 the diagram shows the demand for and the supply of bread.   price quantityos dp1     a maximum price p 1 is fixed by the government.    what is likely to be the immediate result of this?  a a movement of the demand curve to the right  b a movement of the supply curve to the right  c a shortage of bread  d a surplus of bread     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/12/m/j/10  8 the diagram shows a market for wheat that is in equilibrium.    price quantityov wt xs d z y     which area represents the total revenue for wheat farmers?  a otxy b ovxz c ovxy d owxy      9 the diagram shows the supply curve for a good.   0 10 20 304 2price ($) quantity (units)s     what is the price elasticity of supply when the price rises from $2 to $4?  a 0.2 b 0.5 c 1 d 2     10 what is an example of occupational mobility of labour?  a a japanese car manufacturer locates in england.  b a nurse returns to work after her children have grown up. c a student takes an evening job in a restaurant.  d farm workers retrain as call-centre workers.     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/12/m/j/10 [turn over  11 a person is most likely to save more when there is an increase in a country\u2019s  a exchange rate.  b inflation rate.  c interest rates.  d money supply.      12 one of the functions of money is to act as a measure of value.    what does this mean?  a money allows people to borrow and lend.  b money allows people to save their surplus income. c money is used to buy goods and services.  d money is used to compare the worth of different goods and services.     13 what is a function of a trade union?  a to negotiate workers\u2019 contracts  b to promote workers to more responsible jobs  c to recruit workers for the firm  d to supervise the workers in the firm     14 a firm which sells its product for $6 has the following total costs.    output (units) 0 10 20 30  total costs ($) 40 100 120 150    which statement is correct?  a average cost is lowest when 10 units are produced.  b the firm breaks even when 20 units are sold.  c the firm has no fixed costs.  d total variable costs fall continuously over these outputs.     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/12/m/j/10  15 in august 2008, infosys, an indian information technology company, bought axon, a uk  information technology company.    which type of integration is this?  a conglomerate  b horizontal  c vertical backwards  d vertical forwards     16 barilla, an italian company, is the world\u2019s largest pasta maker. it also produces bread.    in 2006 its bread production contributed $1.5  billion (bn) to its total revenue of $5.1  bn.  overall profit was $0.6  bn.    what was the total cost to barilla of producing pasta and bread in 2006?  a $2.1  bn b $3.0  bn c $3.6  bn d $4.5  bn     17 south african companies are planning to undertake major investment in zimbabwe in order to  mine platinum.     if this investment occurs, what would happen in the short term to the supply of platinum, the price of platinum and the profits of the companies?     supply curve price of platinum profits of the companies  a no change rise rise  b shift to left no change fall  c shift to right rise rise  d shift to right fall uncertain      18 what is correct about a monopoly?  a it may benefit from economies of scale.  b it must be privately not state owned. c its costs are always higher than those of a firm in perfect competition. d it sells only one product.     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/12/m/j/10 [turn over  19 the directors of a firm have to discuss the following topics.    which topic is least  likely to be directly affected by the government\u2019s influence on the firm?  a health and safety laws  b the interest it pays on borrowed money c the minimum wage it must pay its workers d the replacement of the director of finance     20 what is a direct tax?  a a tax on electricity  b a tax on imported goods c a tax on services  d a tax on income and wealth     21 a government achieves a high rate of economic growth.    how may this conflict with other government aims?  a it may increase government income.  b it may increase incomes for the lower paid.  c it may increase the supply of exports.  d it may increase the volume of imports.      22 what name is given to the type of unemployment that occurs while people search for new jobs?  a cyclical  b frictional  c residual  d structural    23 between 2002 and 2007, approximately 18 million latin american households moved out of  poverty.    which change in the region is most likely to have caused this fall in poverty?  a an increase in economic growth  b an increase in inflation  c a reduction in employment  d a reduction in exports   ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/12/m/j/10  24 the retail price index of a country rose during a year from 200 to 240.    what was the annual rate of inflation?  a 20  % b 40  % c 240  % d 440  %     25 india has a more evenly distributed income than china but a greater proportion of its population  living on less than $1 a day.    what can be concluded from this statement?  a china has a smaller proportion of very rich people.  b india has a greater proportion of poor people.  c most of the population of india live on $1 a day.  d the average income in china is higher than that in india.     26 why is the human development index (hdi) a better indicator of comparative living standards  than gross domestic product (gdp) per head?  a it includes international trade.  b it includes more measures of living standards.  c it is measured in money terms.  d it is more directly linked to economic growth.     27 gross domestic product (gdp) per capita is commonly used as an indicator of the comparative  level of development in different countries.    what does not lead to difficulties when using this as a comparison between countries?  a different climatic conditions  b different international exchange rates c different population growth rates  d different rates of inflation     28 which policy would best enable a government to encourage greater specialisation in the use of  its country\u2019s resources?  a encouraging diversification in industry  b protecting small businesses  c reducing tariffs on imports into its country  d subsidising job creation in rural areas    ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/12/m/j/10  29 what is likely to happen in a developing country as it becomes more developed?  a a lower percentage of people will go to university.  b average life expectancy will rise.  c the rate of population growth will increase.  d the tertiary sector will decline in importance.      30 there was an increase in the value of the united states (us) dollar against the south african  rand.    what is a result of this?  a an increase in the number of exports from the us to south africa  b an increase in the number of imports to the us from south africa  c fewer people from the us spend holidays in south africa  d more people from south africa spend holidays in the us     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/12/m/j/10  blank page      ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/12/m/j/10  blank page     ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/12/m/j/10  blank page     "
        },
        "0455_s10_qp_13.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib10 06_0455_13/fp  \u00a9 ucles 2010  [turn over      *2346089071* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/13     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2010     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.   read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/13/m/j/10  1 which statement about the factors of production is correct?  a a river from which a company draws water is called land.  b raising finance for a company is called capital.  c supervisors employed in a company are called enterprise.  d the owner of a company is called labour.      2 which terms summarise the nature of the economic problem?  a finite resources and limited wants  b finite resources and unlimited wants  c infinite resources and limited wants  d infinite resources and unlimited wants      3 the government of a country with a rapidly increasing population decides to switch resources  from investment to increased subsidies to farmers.    what is the opportunity cost of this decision?  a the profit earned by farmers  b the rent of the land on which food is grown  c the reduction in investment  d the wages of the farm workers      4 which economic change would increase the problem of scarcity?  a a decrease in fish stocks  b a discovery of a new oil field  c an increase in labour productivity  d a reduction in waste      5 what is a function of a commercial bank?  a acting as the lender of last resort  b deciding what is a legal tender  c determining monetary policy  d providing overdrafts     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/13/m/j/10 [turn over  6 the diagram shows the market for fresh fish in the caribbean with equilibrium point x. new, more  efficient boats with lower running costs are then used.    which point represents the new equilibrium?      price quantityoa xb dcs3 s1 d1s2 d2      7 the diagram shows the demand for and the supply of bread.   price quantityos dp1     a maximum price p 1 is fixed by the government.    what is likely to be the immediate result of this?  a a movement of the demand curve to the right  b a movement of the supply curve to the right  c a shortage of bread  d a surplus of bread     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/13/m/j/10  8 the diagram shows a market for wheat that is in equilibrium.    price quantityov wt xs d z y     which area represents the total revenue for wheat farmers?  a otxy b ovxz c ovxy d owxy      9 the diagram shows the supply curve for a good.   0 10 20 304 2price ($) quantity (units)s     what is the price elasticity of supply when the price rises from $2 to $4?  a 0.2 b 0.5 c 1 d 2     10 what is an example of occupational mobility of labour?  a a japanese car manufacturer locates in england.  b a nurse returns to work after her children have grown up. c a student takes an evening job in a restaurant.  d farm workers retrain as call-centre workers.     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/13/m/j/10 [turn over  11 a person is most likely to save more when there is an increase in a country\u2019s  a exchange rate.  b inflation rate.  c interest rates.  d money supply.      12 one of the functions of money is to act as a measure of value.    what does this mean?  a money allows people to borrow and lend.  b money allows people to save their surplus income. c money is used to buy goods and services.  d money is used to compare the worth of different goods and services.     13 what is a function of a trade union?  a to negotiate workers\u2019 contracts  b to promote workers to more responsible jobs  c to recruit workers for the firm  d to supervise the workers in the firm     14 a firm which sells its product for $6 has the following total costs.    output (units) 0 10 20 30  total costs ($) 40 100 120 150    which statement is correct?  a average cost is lowest when 10 units are produced.  b the firm breaks even when 20 units are sold.  c the firm has no fixed costs.  d total variable costs fall continuously over these outputs.     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/13/m/j/10  15 in august 2008, infosys, an indian information technology company, bought axon, a uk  information technology company.    which type of integration is this?  a conglomerate  b horizontal  c vertical backwards  d vertical forwards     16 barilla, an italian company, is the world\u2019s largest pasta maker. it also produces bread.    in 2006 its bread production contributed $1.5  billion (bn) to its total revenue of $5.1  bn.  overall profit was $0.6  bn.    what was the total cost to barilla of producing pasta and bread in 2006?  a $2.1  bn b $3.0  bn c $3.6  bn d $4.5  bn    17 south african companies are planning to undertake major investment in zimbabwe in order to  mine platinum.     if this investment occurs, what would happen in the short term to the supply of platinum, the price of platinum and the profits of the companies?     supply curve price of platinum profits of the companies  a no change rise rise  b shift to left no change fall  c shift to right rise rise  d shift to right fall uncertain      18 what is correct about a monopoly?  a it may benefit from economies of scale.  b it must be privately not state owned. c its costs are always higher than those of a firm in perfect competition.  d it sells only one product.     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/13/m/j/10 [turn over  19 the directors of a firm have to discuss the following topics.    which topic is least  likely to be directly affected by the government\u2019s influence on the firm?  a health and safety laws  b the interest it pays on borrowed money c the minimum wage it must pay its workers d the replacement of the director of finance     20 what is a direct tax?  a a tax on electricity  b a tax on imported goods c a tax on services  d a tax on income and wealth     21 a government achieves a high rate of economic growth.    how may this conflict with other government aims?  a it may increase government income.  b it may increase incomes for the lower paid.  c it may increase the supply of exports.  d it may increase the volume of imports.      22 what name is given to the type of unemployment that occurs while people search for new jobs?  a cyclical  b frictional  c residual  d structural    23 between 2002 and 2007, approximately 18 million latin american households moved out of  poverty.    which change in the region is most likely to have caused this fall in poverty?  a an increase in economic growth  b an increase in inflation  c a reduction in employment  d a reduction in exports   ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/13/m/j/10  24 the retail price index of a country rose during a year from 200 to 240.    what was the annual rate of inflation?  a 20  % b 40  % c 240  % d 440  %     25 india has a more evenly distributed income than china but a greater proportion of its population  living on less than $1 a day.    what can be concluded from this statement?  a china has a smaller proportion of very rich people.  b india has a greater proportion of poor people.  c most of the population of india live on $1 a day.  d the average income in china is higher than that in india.     26 why is the human development index (hdi) a better indicator of comparative living standards  than gross domestic product (gdp) per head?  a it includes international trade.  b it includes more measures of living standards.  c it is measured in money terms.  d it is more directly linked to economic growth.     27 gross domestic product (gdp) per capita is commonly used as an indicator of the comparative  level of development in different countries.    what does not lead to difficulties when using this as a comparison between countries?  a different climatic conditions  b different international exchange rates c different population growth rates  d different rates of inflation     28 which policy would best enable a government to encourage greater specialisation in the use of  its country\u2019s resources?  a encouraging diversification in industry  b protecting small businesses  c reducing tariffs on imports into its country  d subsidising job creation in rural areas    ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/13/m/j/10  29 what is likely to happen in a developing country as it becomes more developed?  a a lower percentage of people will go to university.  b average life expectancy will rise.  c the rate of population growth will increase.  d the tertiary sector will decline in importance.      30 there was an increase in the value of the united states (us) dollar against the south african  rand.    what is a result of this?  a an increase in the number of exports from the us to south africa  b an increase in the number of imports to the us from south africa  c fewer people from the us spend holidays in south africa  d more people from south africa spend holidays in the us     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/13/m/j/10  blank page     ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/13/m/j/10  blank page     ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/13/m/j/10  blank page     "
        },
        "0455_s10_qp_21.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. dc (leo/slm) 19735/1 \u00a9 ucles 2010 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *2908597930 *economics 0455/21 paper 2  structured questions may/june 2010  2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. section a answer question 1.section banswer any three questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/21/m/j/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010section a answer this question. 1 south africa imposes a quota on chinese imports  in 2007, the south african government imposed a quota on the imports of clothing and textiles  from china. the aim was to try and reduce these imports and increase home production instead.  in the first quarter of 2007, imports from china fell by 35% but some were replaced by imports from other countries, including unlikely sources such as malawi and zimbabwe which doubled their exports to south africa. it was thought that china was exporting to south africa via these countries. overall, imports fell by only 13%.  the hope of increased home production was not achieved as some south african companies could not obtain the imports of the necessary fabrics used as raw materials. lack of raw materials forced one company to reduce its workforce by 8% despite previously investing heavily for a planned expansion.  other south african manufacturers did not have the capacity to meet demand so the quotas did not help create employment. the employers said that union power had also not helped. unions wanted guaranteed employment but employers said, \u2018we run a business where fashion dictates what we buy and make. we do not know what our fabric requirements are years into the future and cannot promise future employment.\u2019 0  2003 2004 2005 (year)2006 2007200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 south africa imports of clothing  and textiles from china  (rand million)   (a) where are clothing and textile imports recorded in the balance of payments? [2]  (b) explain what effect the imposition of a quota by a government might have on an economy. [4]  (c) the graph shows imports of clothing and textiles from china. suggest why imports took the path shown between 2006-2007. [2]  (d) explain whether the existence of a union in an industry such as clothing manufacturing is always a benefit to the textile workers. [4]  (e) consider whether there is evidence in the article to suggest that the quota system was a success. [8]",
            "3": "3 0455/21/m/j/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2 a government decided to stop subsidising students when they went to university. this meant a  university course cost the students more but the government had extra funds.  (a) define opportunity cost and explain how the above decision might be used to illustrate an opportunity cost. [4]  (b) with the aid of a demand and supply diagram discuss how the effect of a subsidy might vary in different markets. [6]  (c) apart from a subsidy, how might a government change the market price of a good? [4]  (d) analyse the differences between a market economy and a mixed economy. [6] 3 (a) sometimes it is said that a person chooses a job because of non-wage factors. explain, using three examples, the meaning of non-wage factors. [4]  (b) what might determine why one person saves a higher proportion of income and spends a lower proportion than another person? [6]  (c) some occupations pay much more than other occupations. why might this happen? [10] 4 a large, capital-intensive german company producing electrical goods decided to establish a factory in india.  (a) from the information given above, describe the type of business organisation that the german company is likely to be. [4]  (b) discuss what might be the advantages for a company of establishing a factory in another country. [6]  (c) how might the establishment of the factory affect existing indian companies and the indian economy? [10]",
            "4": "4 0455/21/m/j/10 \u00a9 ucles 20105 (a) describe what is meant by economic growth and explain how it might be measured. [5]  (b) if there is economic growth, unemployment often declines. identify three types of  unemployment and explain their causes. [6]  (c) discuss how (i) consumers (ii) firms and (iii) the government might benefit if there is economic growth. [9] 6 firms employ factors of production to produce goods and services in order to make profits.  (a) what is meant by the term factors of production? [4]  (b) how do the characteristics of a monopoly differ from those of perfect competition? [6]  (c) discuss how firms might become large and evaluate whether monopolies are necessarily advantageous. [10] 7 people often have an account with a commercial bank in which they deposit some of their money and from which they can pay their bills.  (a) describe the functions of money. [6]  (b) identify and explain three functions of a central bank which differ from the functions of a commercial bank. [6]  (c) sometimes the value of money is decreased because of inflation. discuss the main causes of inflation. [8] permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s10_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. dc (sm) 23232/1 \u00a9 ucles 2010 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *7145386745*economics 0455/22 paper 2  structured questions may/june 2010  2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. section a answer question 1.section banswer any three questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/22/m/j/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010section a answer this question. 1 economic downturn puts pressure on new zealand firms to be more productive in 2009, it was announced in new zealand that the world-wide economic downturn, or recession,  was causing an increase in the number of job losses in the country. it was also putting a great deal of pressure on firms to be more productive and efficient. this applied to all firms in the economy, but it was especially the case with some of the larger public limited companies. trade unions had a key role to play and they were having to work really hard in these circumstances  to make sure that as many workers as possible were able to keep their jobs. the trade unions were trying to exercise influence both on individual firms and on the government. some workers were still moving from one job to another for various reasons, but most just wanted to keep hold of the jobs they had. it is likely they would only think about changing jobs when the recession ended and economic growth began to pick up again.  (a) explain what is meant by a recession. [2]  (b) what is meant by productivity? [2]  (c) describe the main features of public limited companies. [3]  (d) explain three possible reasons that could influence a worker\u2019s decision to move from one job  to another. [6]  (e) discuss how effective trade unions may be in influencing individual firms and the government. [7]",
            "3": "3 0455/22/m/j/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2 (a) (i) using a demand diagram, show an increase in demand for a product.   [2]   (ii) identify two causes of such an increase in demand. [2]  (b) explain what is meant by price elasticity of demand. [4]  (c) why is the concept of price elasticity of demand potentially very useful to a business? [4]  (d) discuss why market failure could occur in an economy. [8] 3 (a) define fixed cost and variable cost, giving one example of each. [4]  (b) explain three factors of production that are involved in the operation of an airport. [6]  (c) a proposal has been put forward to build a new runway at an airport. discuss the social costs  and benefits of such a decision. [10] 4 in nigeria, firms vary in size from the smallest businesses up to very large enterprises.  (a) distinguish between a sole proprietor and a partnership. [4]  (b) explain why a business might wish to change from a partnership to a private limited company. [4]  (c) describe the reasons why small firms are often successful in the retail trade in many countries. [5]  (d) discuss to what extent a large firm is able to benefit from economies of scale in the television manufacturing industry. [7] 5 (a) explain why governments impose taxes. [6]  (b) describe, with the aid of examples, the differences between direct and indirect taxes. [4]  (c) discuss the extent to which taxes can be successful in redistributing income in a country.  [10] 6 both china and india have a population of over 1 billion people each.   (a)  describe one economic advantage and one economic disadvantage to countries such as  china and india of having a very large population. [4]  (b) explain the reasons for the different rates of population growth in different countries. [6]   (c) discuss how effectively gross domestic product (gdp) measures the standard of living in a country. [10]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/m/j/10 \u00a9 ucles 20107 whilst in recent years more countries have adopted freely floating exchange rates, a number of  countries have been increasing the protection they are giving to their domestic industries.  (a) define the term exchange rate. [2]  (b) explain what determines the value of a freely floating exchange rate. [6]  (c) describe two methods of trade protection. [4]  (d) discuss whether a country should impose more trade restrictions. [8]   permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s10_qp_23.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. dc (slm) 27520 \u00a9 ucles 2010 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *3833335482*economics 0455/23 paper 2  structured questions may/june 2010  2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. section a answer question 1.section banswer any three questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/23/m/j/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010section a answer this question. 1 economic downturn puts pressure on new zealand firms to be more productive in 2009, it was announced in new zealand that the world-wide economic downturn, or recession,  was causing an increase in the number of job losses in the country. it was also putting a great deal of pressure on firms to be more productive and efficient. this applied to all firms in the economy, but it was especially the case with some of the larger public limited companies. trade unions had a key role to play and they were having to work really hard in these circumstances  to make sure that as many workers as possible were able to keep their jobs. the trade unions were trying to exercise influence both on individual firms and on the government. some workers were still moving from one job to another for various reasons, but most just wanted to keep hold of the jobs they had. it is likely they would only think about changing jobs when the recession ended and economic growth began to pick up again.  (a) explain what is meant by a recession. [2]  (b) what is meant by productivity? [2]  (c) describe the main features of public limited companies. [3]  (d) explain three possible reasons that could influence a worker\u2019s decision to move from one job  to another. [6]  (e) discuss how effective trade unions may be in influencing individual firms and the government. [7]",
            "3": "3 0455/23/m/j/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2 (a) (i) using a demand diagram, show an increase in demand for a product.   [2]   (ii) identify two causes of such an increase in demand. [2]  (b) explain what is meant by price elasticity of demand. [4]  (c) why is the concept of price elasticity of demand potentially very useful to a business? [4]  (d) discuss why market failure could occur in an economy. [8] 3 (a) define fixed cost and variable cost, giving one example of each. [4]  (b) explain three factors of production that are involved in the operation of an airport. [6]  (c) a proposal has been put forward to build a new runway at an airport. discuss the social costs  and benefits of such a decision. [10] 4 in nigeria, firms vary in size from the smallest businesses up to very large enterprises.  (a) distinguish between a sole proprietor and a partnership. [4]  (b) explain why a business might wish to change from a partnership to a private limited company. [4]  (c) describe the reasons why small firms are often successful in the retail trade in many countries. [5]  (d) discuss to what extent a large firm is able to benefit from economies of scale in the television manufacturing industry. [7] 5 (a) explain why governments impose taxes. [6]  (b) describe, with the aid of examples, the differences between direct and indirect taxes. [4]  (c) discuss the extent to which taxes can be successful in redistributing income in a country.  [10] 6 both china and india have a population of over 1 billion people each.   (a)  describe one economic advantage and one economic disadvantage to countries such as  china and india of having a very large population. [4]  (b) explain the reasons for the different rates of population growth in different countries. [6]   (c) discuss how effectively gross domestic product (gdp) measures the standard of living in a country. [10]",
            "4": "4 0455/23/m/j/10 \u00a9 ucles 20107 whilst in recent years more countries have adopted freely floating exchange rates, a number of  countries have been increasing the protection they are giving to their domestic industries.  (a) define the term exchange rate. [2]  (b) explain what determines the value of a freely floating exchange rate. [6]  (c) describe two methods of trade protection. [4]  (d) discuss whether a country should impose more trade restrictions. [8]   permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s10_qp_31.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 9 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (kn) 16562/5 \u00a9 ucles 2010 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education read these instructions first write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.do not write in any barcodes. answer all questions.at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. *6552030983 *economics 0455/31 paper 3  analysis and critical evaluation may/june 2010  1 hour 30 minutes candidates answer on the question paper.additional materials: insert. for examiner\u2019s use 1 2 total",
            "2": "2 0455/31/m/j/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010for examiner\u2019s usethe extracts \u2018coffee is like gold for some people \u2013 but not for everybody\u2019 and \u2018starbucks to  open fewer stores\u2019 will be needed for this question. 1 (a) why is jamaican blue mountain coffee called \u2018black gold\u2019?  .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]  (b) why might some people involved in coffee production not think of coffee as similar to  gold?  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[3]",
            "3": "3 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/31/m/j/10for examiner\u2019s use (c) discuss whether jamaica should be pleased that such a large amount of coffee is sold  to one country, japan.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[5]",
            "4": "4 0455/31/m/j/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010for examiner\u2019s use (d) explain the difference between variable cost and fixed cost and identify what happened  to starbucks\u2019 fixed and variable costs in 2007.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[6]",
            "5": "5 0455/31/m/j/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010 [turn overblank page question 1(e) is on the next page",
            "6": "6 0455/31/m/j/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010for examiner\u2019s use (e) the extract says that starbucks had a bad year. as a researcher, you are asked to  assess whether this is correct. discuss whether the evidence in the extract supports this claim and suggest what other information you might require.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..",
            "7": "7 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/31/m/j/10for examiner\u2019s use ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [10]  [total: 26]",
            "8": "8 0455/31/m/j/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018charging some cars extra to enter london may raise, not lower, pollution\u2019 will  be needed for this question. 2 (a) define the term social cost.  .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]  (b) explain how the use of cars causes a social cost. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[4]",
            "9": "9 0455/31/m/j/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010 [turn overblank page question 2(c) is on the next page",
            "10": "10 0455/31/m/j/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010for examiner\u2019s use (c) y ou are asked to make a decision on whether the proposal to increase the charge on  some vehicles is worthwhile. discuss whether the information you have been given is sufficient to say whether an increase in charges is worthwhile.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..",
            "11": "11 \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/31/m/j/10for examiner\u2019s use ..  .. .. .. .. ..[8]  [total: 14]",
            "12": "12 0455/31/m/j/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010blank page copyright acknowledgements: question 1  \u00a9 robert booth; \u2018black gold\u2019 coffee leaves a bitter taste for some; the guardian news and media; 22/03/08. question 1  \u00a9 suzy jagger; froth comes off starbucks ...; the times; 17/11/07.question 2  \u00a9 david williams; low-emission zone \u2018will raise traffic and pollution\u2019; evening standard; 18/10/07. permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s10_qp_32.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 8 printed pages and 1 insert. dc (sm) 23158/2 \u00a9 ucles 2010 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education read these instructions first write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.do not write in any barcodes. answer all questions.at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. *8569442022*economics 0455/32 paper 3  analysis and critical evaluation may/june 2010  1 hour 30 minutes candidates answer on the question paper.additional materials: insert. for examiner\u2019s use 1 2 total",
            "2": "2 0455/32/m/j/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018high rice prices lead to export restrictions\u2019 will be needed for this question. 1 (a) (i) explain what is meant by opportunity cost.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]   (ii) identify, from the extract, one example of opportunity cost. .. .. [1]  (b) why might the price of rice have increased less in egypt than in the philippines in  2008?   .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]",
            "3": "3 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/32/m/j/10for examiner\u2019s use (c) draw a demand and supply diagram, for each case below, to show the effect on the  market for rice of:   (i) floods in north korea [3]   (ii) rises in income in china. [3]",
            "4": "4 0455/32/m/j/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010for examiner\u2019s use (d) does the extract suggest that demand for rice in the philippines was price elastic or  price inelastic in 2008? explain your answer.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[3]  (e) explain why the removal of export restrictions in vietnam could reduce poverty in the  philippines.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[3]",
            "5": "5 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/32/m/j/10for examiner\u2019s use (f) discuss what you would need to know to decide whether thailand would benefit from  specialising even more in rice production.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[7] [total: 24]",
            "6": "6 0455/32/m/j/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018a social and economic comparison of selected indian states 2006\u2019 will be  needed for this question. 2 (a) (i) why would economists expect that states with high senior school enrolment ratios  would have a small percentage of their population living in poverty?  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]   (ii)  does the information in the extract support the view that states with high senior school  enrolment ratios have a small percentage of their population living in poverty? .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [4]",
            "7": "7 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/32/m/j/10for examiner\u2019s use (b) (i) assess whether the information in the extract indicates that people living in kerala  enjoyed a higher quality of life than people in madhya pradesh in 2006.   .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [4]  question 2(b)(ii) is on the next page",
            "8": "8 0455/32/m/j/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010for examiner\u2019s use  (ii) discuss what other information you would need to decide whether the quality of life  is higher in kerala than in madhya pradesh.     .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [6] [total: 16] copyright acknowledgements: question 2 table 1 \u00a9 government of india economic survey 2007\u201308 ; oxford university press, new delhi; 2008. permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s10_qp_33.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 8 printed pages and 1 insert. dc (nf) 26594/1 \u00a9 ucles 2010 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education read these instructions first write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.do not write in any barcodes. answer all questions.at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. *7287908 240*economics 0455/33 paper 3  analysis and critical evaluation may/june 2010  1 hour 30 minutes candidates answer on the question paper.additional materials: insert. for examiner\u2019s use 1 2 total",
            "2": "2 0455/33/m/j/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018high rice prices lead to export restrictions\u2019 will be needed for this question. 1 (a) (i) explain what is meant by opportunity cost.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]   (ii) identify, from the extract, one example of opportunity cost. .. .. [1]  (b) why might the price of rice have increased less in egypt than in the philippines in  2008?   .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]",
            "3": "3 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/33/m/j/10for examiner\u2019s use (c) draw a demand and supply diagram, for each case below, to show the effect on the  market for rice of:   (i) floods in north korea [3]   (ii) rises in income in china. [3]",
            "4": "4 0455/33/m/j/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010for examiner\u2019s use (d) does the extract suggest that demand for rice in the philippines was price elastic or  price inelastic in 2008? explain your answer.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[3]  (e) explain why the removal of export restrictions in vietnam could reduce poverty in the  philippines.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[3]",
            "5": "5 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/33/m/j/10for examiner\u2019s use (f) discuss what you would need to know to decide whether thailand would benefit from  specialising even more in rice production.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[7] [total: 24]",
            "6": "6 0455/33/m/j/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018a social and economic comparison of selected indian states 2006\u2019 will be  needed for this question. 2 (a) (i) why would economists expect that states with high senior school enrolment ratios  would have a small percentage of their population living in poverty?  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]   (ii)  does the information in the extract support the view that states with high senior school  enrolment ratios have a small percentage of their population living in poverty? .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [4]",
            "7": "7 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/33/m/j/10for examiner\u2019s use (b) (i) assess whether the information in the extract indicates that people living in kerala  enjoyed a higher quality of life than people in madhya pradesh in 2006.   .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [4]  question 2(b)(ii) is on the next page",
            "8": "8 0455/33/m/j/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010for examiner\u2019s use  (ii) discuss what other information you would need to decide whether the quality of life  is higher in kerala than in madhya pradesh.     .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [6] [total: 16] copyright acknowledgements: question 2 table 1 \u00a9 government of india economic survey 2007\u201308 ; oxford university press, new delhi; 2008. permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_w10_qp_11.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib10 11_0455_11/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2010  [turn over      *7760178 046* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/11     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2010     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.   read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/11/o/n/10  1 what makes choice an important element in the basic economic problem?  a increased demand leads to higher market prices.  b limited resources have many alternative uses.  c reaching a market equilibrium may take a long time.  d scarce economic resources are distributed equally.      2 what is a factor of production?  a an advantage of producing on a large scale  b a resource used to produce goods and services  c a sub-section of a manufacturing process  d a unit of output      3 a government is faced with the choice of spending on either education or healthcare.     of what is this an example?  a conservation of resources  b monetary policy  c opportunity cost  d substitution of factors     4 a farmer pays a landowner for the use of a field.    what is the income to the landowner called?  a interest  b profit  c rent  d wages     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/11/o/n/10 [turn over  5 the diagram shows demand and supply curves for a product at its equilibrium price p.    pricep q quantityod1 d2s2s1s d     how would the introduction of a subsidy be shown?  a demand would shift to d 1.  b demand would shift to d 2.  c supply would shift to s 1.  d supply would shift to s 2.     6 which statement could explain a decrease in the demand for natural rubber?  a demand for car tyres has increased.  b new techniques of producing substitutes for rubber have been introduced.  c productivity of rubber plantations has increased.  d the area of land on which rubber is grown has increased.    7 the table illustrates the demand and supply for rice in a market in africa.    price per kg ($) quantity demanded (kg) quantity supplied (kg)  10 50 10  20 40 20  30 30 30  40 20 40    when the price rises from $20 to $30 per kg, w hat is the approximate price elasticity of demand  for rice?  a 0.25 b 0.5 c 1.0 d 2.0     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/11/o/n/10  8 the diagram shows that when a tax of $2 on a good raises the supply curve from s 1 to s 2, the  price to the consumer rises from $4 to $5.    05 price $ 4 3 quantity75 100ds1s2     what is the total tax yield to the government?  a $75 b $150 c $200 d $375     9 a stock exchange is a market in which  a a system of barter operates.  b the interest rate is fixed.  c the value of the exchange rate is determined.  d shares are bought and sold.      10 \u2018savers suffer as inflation rises to 4.4  %.\u2019    which function of money is most involved in this statement?  a means of deferred payments  b medium of exchange c store of value  d unit of account     11 what is the most likely reason for a worker preferring to be employed by the government rather  than by a firm in the private sector?  a more chance of a fast changing environment  b more chance to work in a large organisation  c more opportunity to gain from successful risk taking  d more possibility of productivity bonuses    ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/11/o/n/10 [turn over  12 \u2018there are actors who earn extremely high incomes.\u2019    what best explains this?  a acting is a popular career.  b actors have regular employment. c actors work short hours. d some actors have a unique talent.     13 what might be a direct benefit to the individual worker of a specialised job?  a specialisation can enable the worker to become more skilled.  b specialisation enables a better quality product to be produced. c specialisation enables the firm to introduce more machinery.  d specialisation makes better use of resources.     14 a milk processing company takes over a group of dairy farms before merging with a chain of  supermarkets.    which types of integration have taken place?  a diversification followed by horizontal  b horizontal followed by vertical backward c vertical backward followed by vertical forward d vertical forward followed by diversification     15 what is usually an advantage of a small firm?  a the ability to benefit from bulk buying arrangements  b the ability to raise finance from a stock exchange c the ability to respond quickly to changes in consumer demand  d the ability to run a national advertising campaign     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/11/o/n/10  16 in 2008, xl, the uk\u2019s third largest tour operator went out of business.    what would have been the effect of this on the level of competition in the industry, the external  economies of scale experienced by the remaining firms and the level of business confidence in the uk?     level of competition external economies  of scale uk business  confidence  a increase increase reduce  b increase reduce increase  c reduce increase increase  d reduce reduce reduce     17 in 2008, the world\u2019s largest metal mining company, bhp, increased its profits by 20  %.    what could have helped that happen?  a a decrease in economic growth in the uk and the us  b an increase in demand from china c more competition from other companies  d more difficult mining conditions     18 the table shows a firm\u2019s fixed and variable costs at four levels of output.    output (units) fixed costs ($) variable costs ($)  2 50 110  3 50 130  4 50 210  5 50 300    at which level of output is average cost at its lowest?  a 2 b 3 c 4 d 5    19 direct taxes can be used to  a place the burden of tax on sellers not buyers.  b protect domestic industries from foreign competition.  c raise revenue without affecting the number of hours employees work.  d redistribute incomes from rich to poor.     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/11/o/n/10 [turn over  20 brazil is a highly taxed economy. some brazilian economists have suggested that if the  government were to cut tax rates, the government would actually receive more tax revenue.    why may cutting taxes increase revenue?  a it may encourage emigration.  b it may increase the tax burden.  c it may lead to a fall in investment.  d it may reduce tax evasion.     21 what is most likely to be the responsibility of a central government?  a the provision of immigration officials at an airport  b the provision of security cameras in a shopping centre  c the provision of security staff at a bank  d the provision of ticket inspectors on a train      22 in september 2008, the chinese government in creased the sales tax on cars with large engines  whilst it reduced the sales tax on cars with small engines. most cars in china with large engines  are imported whilst most cars with small engines are home produced.    which effects would the changes in sales tax be  expected to have on china\u2019s trade surplus and  the demand for home produced cars?     trade surplus demand for home  produced cars  a increase increase  b increase reduce  c reduce increase  d reduce reduce    23 in germany\u2019s 2007 retail price index, transport received a higher weighting than clothing and  footwear.    what does this difference indicate?  a households spent more on transport than on clothing and footwear.  b the price of transport rose by more than the price of clothing and footwear. c transport is more of a luxury good than clothing and footwear. d wage rises in the transport industry were higher than wage rises in the clothing and footwear  industry.     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/11/o/n/10  24 how is the pattern of employment likely to change when a country becomes more developed?  a from rural employment to urban employment  b from skilled employment to primary employment  c from technical employment to manual employment  d from tertiary employment to secondary employment      25 in 2008, the us had a higher gdp per head than iceland, but a lower human development index  ranking than iceland.    what could explain this difference?  a average family size is higher in iceland.  b life expectancy is higher in iceland.  c school enrolments are higher in the us.  d the population of the us is larger.      26 the table shows four countries in 2007.    which country is most likely to have the lowest standard of living?     country gdp (us$ billion) population (million)  a bangladesh 206.7 153.5  b india 2989.1 1147.9  c nigeria 292.7 138.3  d south africa 467.1 43.8     27 what will be the likely effect on the remaining population of a developing country when newly  trained, skilled workers migrate to developed countries?  a its average age will increase.  b its mobility will increase. c its productivity will increase.  d its total size will increase.     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/11/o/n/10  28 what is most likely to indicate that an economy is developed rather than developing?  a a high birth rate and a low death rate  b a large primary sector and a high population growth  c a large service sector and capital intensive production  d a low level of investment and a high rate of savings      29 one argument for protectionism is to prevent dumping.    what is meant by dumping?  a countries paying low wages to their workers to gain price advantage  b countries providing poor working conditions for their employees to keep costs low c countries selling products abroad at less than the cost of production  d countries selling products abroad that do not meet health and safety standards     30 what might cause the balance on the current account of mauritius to improve?  a increased purchases of coffee from kenya  b increased transport of mauritian goods in portuguese ships  c increased spending by mauritians on holidays in goa  d increased spending by tourists in mauritian hotels     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/11/o/n/10  blank page     ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/11/o/n/10  blank page     ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where thir d-party owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/11/o/n/10  blank page     "
        },
        "0455_w10_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib10 11_0455_12/rp  \u00a9 ucles 2010  [turn over      *5381475 252* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/12     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2010     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.   read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/12/o/n/10  1 a farmer pays a landowner for the use of a field.    what is the income to the landowner called?  a interest  b profit  c rent  d wages     2 what makes choice an important element in the basic economic problem?  a increased demand leads to higher market prices.  b limited resources have many alternative uses. c reaching a market equilibrium may take a long time.  d scarce economic resources are distributed equally.     3 what is a factor of production?  a an advantage of producing on a large scale  b a resource used to produce goods and services  c a sub-section of a manufacturing process  d a unit of output     4 a government is faced with the choice of spending on either education or healthcare.    of what is this an example?  a conservation of resources  b monetary policy  c opportunity cost  d substitution of factors     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/12/o/n/10 [turn over  5 the diagram shows that when a tax of $2 on a good raises the supply curve from s 1 to s 2, the  price to the consumer rises from $4 to $5.    05 price $ 4 3 quantity75 100ds1s2     what is the total tax yield to the government?  a $75 b $150 c $200 d $375     6 the diagram shows demand and supply curves for a product at its equilibrium price p.    pricep q quantityod1 d2s2s1s d     how would the introduction of a subsidy be shown?  a demand would shift to d 1.  b demand would shift to d 2.  c supply would shift to s 1.  d supply would shift to s 2.     7 which statement could explain a decrease in the demand for natural rubber?  a demand for car tyres has increased.  b new techniques of producing substitutes for rubber have been introduced.  c productivity of rubber plantations has increased.  d the area of land on which rubber is grown has increased. ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/12/o/n/10  8 the table illustrates the demand and supply for rice in a market in africa.    price per kg ($) quantity demanded (kg) quantity supplied (kg)  10 50 10  20 40 20  30 30 30  40 20 40    when the price rises from $20 to $30 per kg, what is the approximate price elasticity of demand for rice?  a 0.25 b 0.5 c 1.0 d 2.0     9 what might be a direct benefit to the individual worker of a specialised job?  a specialisation can enable the worker to become more skilled.  b specialisation enables a better quality product to be produced.  c specialisation enables the firm to introduce more machinery.  d specialisation makes better use of resources.     10 a stock exchange is a market in which  a a system of barter operates.  b the interest rate is fixed.  c the value of the exchange rate is determined.  d shares are bought and sold.      11 \u2018savers suffer as inflation rises to 4.4  %.\u2019    which function of money is most involved in this statement?  a means of deferred payments  b medium of exchange c store of value  d unit of account     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/12/o/n/10 [turn over  12 what is the most likely reason for a worker preferring to be employed by the government rather  than by a firm in the private sector?  a more chance of a fast changing environment  b more chance to work in a large organisation  c more opportunity to gain from successful risk taking  d more possibility of productivity bonuses      13 \u2018there are actors who earn extremely high incomes.\u2019    what best explains this?  a acting is a popular career.  b actors have regular employment.  c actors work short hours.  d some actors have a unique talent.      14 the table shows a firm\u2019s fixed and variable costs at four levels of output.    output (units) fixed costs ($) variable costs ($)  2 50 110  3 50 130  4 50 210  5 50 300    at which level of output is average cost at its lowest?  a 2 b 3 c 4 d 5      15 a milk processing company takes over a group of dairy farms before merging with a chain of  supermarkets.    which types of integration have taken place?  a diversification followed by horizontal  b horizontal followed by vertical backward  c vertical backward followed by vertical forward  d vertical forward followed by diversification     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/12/o/n/10  16 what is usually an advantage of a small firm?  a the ability to benefit from bulk buying arrangements  b the ability to raise finance from a stock exchange  c the ability to respond quickly to changes in consumer demand  d the ability to run a national advertising campaign      17 in 2008, xl, the uk\u2019s third largest tour operator went out of business.    what would have been the effect of this on the level of competition in the industry, the external  economies of scale experienced by the remaining firms and the level of business confidence in  the uk?     level of competition external economies  of scale uk business  confidence  a increase increase reduce  b increase reduce increase  c reduce increase increase  d reduce reduce reduce     18 in 2008, the world\u2019s largest metal mining company, bhp, increased its profits by 20  %.    what could have helped that happen?  a a decrease in economic growth in the uk and the us  b an increase in demand from china  c more competition from other companies  d more difficult mining conditions      19 in september 2008, the chinese government in creased the sales tax on cars with large engines  whilst it reduced the sales tax on cars with small engines. most cars in china with large engines are imported whilst most cars with small engines are home produced.    which effects would the changes in sales tax be  expected to have on china\u2019s trade surplus and  the demand for home produced cars?     trade surplus demand for home  produced cars  a increase increase  b increase reduce  c reduce increase  d reduce reduce ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/12/o/n/10 [turn over  20 direct taxes can be used to  a place the burden of tax on sellers not buyers.  b protect domestic industries from foreign competition.  c raise revenue without affecting the number of hours employees work.  d redistribute incomes from rich to poor.      21 brazil is a highly taxed economy. some brazilian economists have suggested that if the  government were to cut tax rates, the government would actually receive more tax revenue.    why may cutting taxes increase revenue?  a it may encourage emigration.  b it may increase the tax burden.  c it may lead to a fall in investment.  d it may reduce tax evasion.      22 what is most likely to be the responsibility of a central government?  a the provision of immigration officials at an airport  b the provision of security cameras in a shopping centre  c the provision of security staff at a bank  d the provision of ticket inspectors on a train      23 in 2008, the us had a higher gdp per head than iceland, but a lower human development index  ranking than iceland.    what could explain this difference?  a average family size is higher in iceland.  b life expectancy is higher in iceland.  c school enrolments are higher in the us.  d the population of the us is larger.     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/12/o/n/10  24 in germany\u2019s 2007 retail price index, transport received a higher weighting than clothing and  footwear.    what does this difference indicate?  a households spent more on transport than on clothing and footwear.  b the price of transport rose by more than the price of clothing and footwear.  c transport is more of a luxury good than clothing and footwear.  d wage rises in the transport industry were higher than wage rises in the clothing and footwear  industry.      25 how is the pattern of employment likely to change when a country becomes more developed?  a from rural employment to urban employment  b from skilled employment to primary employment  c from technical employment to manual employment  d from tertiary employment to secondary employment      26 what is most likely to indicate that an economy is developed rather than developing?  a a high birth rate and a low death rate  b a large primary sector and a high population growth  c a large service sector and capital intensive production  d a low level of investment and a high rate of savings      27 the table shows four countries in 2007.    which country is most likely to have the lowest standard of living?     country gdp (us$ billion) population (million)  a bangladesh 206.7 153.5  b india 2989.1 1147.9  c nigeria 292.7 138.3  d south africa 467.1 43.8    ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/12/o/n/10  28 what will be the likely effect on the remaining population of a developing country when newly  trained, skilled workers migrate to developed countries?  a its average age will increase.  b its mobility will increase. c its productivity will increase.  d its total size will increase.      29 what might cause the balance on the current account of mauritius to improve?  a increased purchases of coffee from kenya  b increased transport of mauritian goods in portuguese ships c increased spending by mauritians on holidays in goa d increased spending by tourists in mauritian hotels     30 one argument for protectionism is to prevent dumping.    what is meant by dumping?  a countries paying low wages to their workers to gain price advantage  b countries providing poor working conditions for their employees to keep costs low  c countries selling products abroad at less than the cost of production  d countries selling products abroad that do not meet health and safety standards     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/12/o/n/10  blank page     ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/12/o/n/10  blank page     ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/12/o/n/10  blank page     "
        },
        "0455_w10_qp_13.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib10 11_0455_13/rp  \u00a9 ucles 2010  [turn over      *7775507 302* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/13     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2010     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.   read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/13/o/n/10  1 a government is faced with the choice of spending on either education or healthcare.    of what is this an example?  a conservation of resources  b monetary policy  c opportunity cost  d substitution of factors     2 a farmer pays a landowner for the use of a field.   what is the income to the landowner called?  a interest  b profit  c rent  d wages      3 what makes choice an important element in the basic economic problem?  a increased demand leads to higher market prices.  b limited resources have many alternative uses.  c reaching a market equilibrium may take a long time.  d scarce economic resources are distributed equally.      4 what is a factor of production?  a an advantage of producing on a large scale  b a resource used to produce goods and services c a sub-section of a manufacturing process d a unit of output     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/13/o/n/10 [turn over  5 the table illustrates the demand and supply for rice in a market in africa.    price per kg ($) quantity demanded (kg) quantity supplied (kg)  10 50 10  20 40 20  30 30 30  40 20 40    when the price rises from $20 to $30 per kg, w hat is the approximate price elasticity of demand  for rice?  a 0.25 b 0.5 c 1.0 d 2.0     6 the diagram shows that when a tax of $2 on a good raises the supply curve from s 1 to s 2, the  price to the consumer rises from $4 to $5.    05 price $ 4 3 quantity75 100ds1s2     what is the total tax yield to the government?  a $75 b $150 c $200 d $375     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/13/o/n/10  7 the diagram shows demand and supply curves for a product at its equilibrium price p.    pricep q quantityod1 d2s2s1s d     how would the introduction of a subsidy be shown?  a demand would shift to d 1.  b demand would shift to d 2.  c supply would shift to s 1.  d supply would shift to s 2.     8 which statement could explain a decrease in the demand for natural rubber?  a demand for car tyres has increased.  b new techniques of producing substitutes for rubber have been introduced.  c productivity of rubber plantations has increased.  d the area of land on which rubber is grown has increased.    9 \u2018there are actors who earn extremely high incomes.\u2019    what best explains this?  a acting is a popular career.  b actors have regular employment.  c actors work short hours.  d some actors have a unique talent.      10 what might be a direct benefit to the individual worker of a specialised job?  a specialisation can enable the worker to become more skilled.  b specialisation enables a better quality product to be produced. c specialisation enables the firm to introduce more machinery. d specialisation makes better use of resources. ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/13/o/n/10 [turn over  11 a stock exchange is a market in which  a a system of barter operates.  b the interest rate is fixed.  c the value of the exchange rate is determined.  d shares are bought and sold.      12 \u2018savers suffer as inflation rises to 4.4  %.\u2019    which function of money is most involved in this statement?  a means of deferred payments  b medium of exchange c store of value  d unit of account     13 what is the most likely reason for a worker preferring to be employed by the government rather  than by a firm in the private sector?  a more chance of a fast changing environment  b more chance to work in a large organisation  c more opportunity to gain from successful risk taking  d more possibility of productivity bonuses     14 in 2008, the world\u2019s largest metal mining company, bhp, increased its profits by 20  %.    what could have helped that happen?  a a decrease in economic growth in the uk and the us  b an increase in demand from china c more competition from other companies  d more difficult mining conditions     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/13/o/n/10  15 the table shows a firm\u2019s fixed and variable costs at four levels of output.    output (units) fixed costs ($) variable costs ($)  2 50 110  3 50 130  4 50 210  5 50 300    at which level of output is average cost at its lowest?  a 2 b 3 c 4 d 5      16 a milk processing company takes over a group of dairy farms before merging with a chain of  supermarkets.    which types of integration have taken place?  a diversification followed by horizontal  b horizontal followed by vertical backward  c vertical backward followed by vertical forward  d vertical forward followed by diversification      17 what is usually an advantage of a small firm?  a the ability to benefit from bulk buying arrangements  b the ability to raise finance from a stock exchange  c the ability to respond quickly to changes in consumer demand  d the ability to run a national advertising campaign      18 in 2008, xl, the uk\u2019s third largest tour operator went out of business.    what would have been the effect of this on the level of competition in the industry, the external  economies of scale experienced by the remaining firms and the level of business confidence in  the uk?     level of competition external economies  of scale uk business  confidence  a increase increase reduce  b increase reduce increase  c reduce increase increase  d reduce reduce reduce     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/13/o/n/10 [turn over  19 what is most likely to be the responsibility of a central government?  a the provision of immigration officials at an airport  b the provision of security cameras in a shopping centre  c the provision of security staff at a bank  d the provision of ticket inspectors on a train      20 in september 2008, the chinese government in creased the sales tax on cars with large engines  whilst it reduced the sales tax on cars with small engines. most cars in china with large engines  are imported whilst most cars with small engines are home produced.    which effects would the changes in sales tax be  expected to have on china\u2019s trade surplus and  the demand for home produced cars?     trade surplus demand for home  produced cars  a increase increase  b increase reduce  c reduce increase  d reduce reduce    21 direct taxes can be used to  a place the burden of tax on sellers not buyers.  b protect domestic industries from foreign competition.  c raise revenue without affecting the number of hours employees work.  d redistribute incomes from rich to poor.      22 brazil is a highly taxed economy. some brazilian economists have suggested that if the  government were to cut tax rates, the government would actually receive more tax revenue.    why may cutting taxes increase revenue?  a it may encourage emigration.  b it may increase the tax burden.  c it may lead to a fall in investment.  d it may reduce tax evasion.     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/13/o/n/10  23 how is the pattern of employment likely to change when a country becomes more developed?  a from rural employment to urban employment  b from skilled employment to primary employment  c from technical employment to manual employment  d from tertiary employment to secondary employment      24 in 2008, the us had a higher gdp per head than iceland, but a lower human development index  ranking than iceland.    what could explain this difference?  a average family size is higher in iceland.  b life expectancy is higher in iceland.  c school enrolments are higher in the us.  d the population of the us is larger.      25 in germany\u2019s 2007 retail price index, transport received a higher weighting than clothing and  footwear.    what does this difference indicate?  a households spent more on transport than on clothing and footwear.  b the price of transport rose by more than the price of clothing and footwear. c transport is more of a luxury good than clothing and footwear.  d wage rises in the transport industry were higher than wage rises in the clothing and footwear  industry.      26 what will be the likely effect on the remaining population of a developing country when newly  trained, skilled workers migrate to developed countries?  a its average age will increase.  b its mobility will increase. c its productivity will increase.  d its total size will increase.      27 what is most likely to indicate that an economy is developed rather than developing?  a a high birth rate and a low death rate  b a large primary sector and a high population growth c a large service sector and capital intensive production d a low level of investment and a high rate of savings ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/13/o/n/10  28 the table shows four countries in 2007.    which country is most likely to have the lowest standard of living?     country gdp (us$ billion) population (million)  a bangladesh 206.7 153.5  b india 2989.1 1147.9  c nigeria 292.7 138.3  d south africa 467.1 43.8      29 one argument for protectionism is to prevent dumping.    what is meant by dumping?  a countries paying low wages to their workers to gain price advantage  b countries providing poor working conditions for their employees to keep costs low  c countries selling products abroad at less than the cost of production  d countries selling products abroad that do not meet health and safety standards     30 what might cause the balance on the current account of mauritius to improve?  a increased purchases of coffee from kenya  b increased transport of mauritian goods in portuguese ships  c increased spending by mauritians on holidays in goa  d increased spending by tourists in mauritian hotels     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/13/o/n/10  blank page     ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/13/o/n/10  blank page     ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where thir d-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/13/o/n/10  blank page     "
        },
        "0455_w10_qp_21.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. dc (leo/slm) 19737/2 \u00a9 ucles 2010 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *4731254030*economics 0455/21 paper 2  structured questions october/november 2010  2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. section a answer question 1.section banswer any three questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/21/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010section a answer this question. 1 tourism in kenya  on average, over one million holiday makers travel to kenya each year. many holiday makers like  to get away from the colder climates in europe and north america, and they enjoy visiting the safari parks and beaches.   tourism is kenya\u2019s largest foreign exchange earner. it brings in between us$1000 million and us$1500 million a year, more than the combined earnings from the next two largest earners, horticulture (flowers and vegetables) and tea. the tourist industry directly employs 500 000 people. it employs another 500 000 people indirectly. for example, the farmers in areas without a tourist industry sell products to restaurants and hotels in the tourist areas.   economic growth was a success story for the kenyan government, and between 2002 and 2007, economic growth increased from 0.5% to 7%. however, in 2008, the demand for holidays in kenya fell as holiday makers chose to visit other destinations. this had a huge impact on kenya\u2019s economy, and analysts feared a recession was likely. for the kenyan economy to continue with a 7% growth rate after 2008, tourism would have to increase again.   (a) identify two reasons why people choose to holiday in kenya. [2]  (b) explain how tourism affected kenya\u2019s balance of payments before and after 2008. [5]  (c) what is meant by economic growth? [4]  (d) discuss why the article calls kenya\u2019s economic growth a \u2018success story\u2019 and consider how a fall in the number of holiday makers might affect the incomes and employment of people in kenya. [9]",
            "3": "3 0455/21/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2 in recent years there has been publicity that eating fish is often healthier than eating meat. at the  same time, environmentalists in one country complained that the local supply of some fish had declined and they persuaded their government to limit the amount of fish that could be caught.  (a) describe, with the aid of a demand and supply diagram, what might have happened in the market for fish. [5]  (b) explain how the changes mentioned might affect   (i) the incomes of fishermen [4]   (ii) the profits of food retailers. [4]  (c) sometimes the government influences private industry. what measures might it use to influence private industry? [7] 3 sometimes there is not enough skilled labour for a particular occupation.  (a) why might companies spend money on training to increase the skills of their workforce? [4]  (b) apart from lack of skills, explain three other reasons that might prevent a person moving from one job to another. [6]  (c) why might a worker join a trade union? [4]  (d) discuss how a government might influence the demand for and the supply of labour. [6] 4 (a) identify two types of business organisation that are likely to be found in a mixed economy and  describe their characteristics. [6]  (b) explain why most countries have mixed economies. [6]  (c) sometimes firms and business organisations grow in size. discuss how this might occur. [8]",
            "4": "4 0455/21/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 20105 lack of rain in some developing countries can be a problem. the developed countries often send  food and other essential items to help.  (a) why might low rainfall have such a disastrous effect in many developing countries? [5]   (b) what economic policies might the government of a developing country use to reduce the problem of food shortages?  [7]  (c) discuss which indicators economists might find most useful to determine whether a country is developed or developing. [8] 6 as scientists discover more about the spread of disease, governments introduce health education programmes and increase spending on health care. these programmes are particularly significant in developing countries and can change the age structure of the population.  (a) identify and explain two concerns that a health education programme might cover. [4]  (b) how may the age structure of the population in a developing country change as a result of increased spending on health care? [6]  (c) explain what is meant by    (i) opportunity cost [2]   (ii) social benefit. [2]  (d) discuss whether it is possible to apply the concepts of opportunity cost and social benefit to health care programmes. [6] 7 some governments impose tariffs and quotas on imports.  (a) explain the difference between a tariff and a quota. [3]  (b) what effect might a tariff on imports have in the country that imposed the tariff? [8]  (c) discuss what might happen if free trade between countries was established. [9] permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_w10_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. dc (leo) 23433/2 \u00a9 ucles 2010 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *9692857408*economics 0455/22 paper 2  structured questions october/november 2010  2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. section a answer question 1.section banswer any three questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/22/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010section a answer this question. 1 the asian development bank meets in indonesia  in 2009, the asian development bank, representing 67 member countries, held its annual meeting  in bali, indonesia. it warned that 61 million people in asia would remain trapped in extreme poverty because of the global downturn and that this figure could double if slow growth continued for the next few years.  it reported that many governments in asia, especially those in japan, south korea and china, were using fiscal policy to try to stimulate economies in the region. the japanese finance minister stated that, \u2018the asian region needs to increase domestic demand to avoid economic downturn.\u2019 public spending on health care and state benefits, for example, could be a crucial step to boosting confidence and reducing the human cost of such an economic downturn.  some observers at the meeting, held at an international convention centre surrounded by five star hotels, commented that these luxury hotels provided a clear contrast to the poverty experienced throughout asia. more than 900 million people in asia live on us$1.25 or less a day.  (a) (i) define fiscal policy. [2]   (ii) explain how fiscal policy could be used to increase domestic demand.  [4]  (b) assess whether public spending on health care or public spending on state benefits would be more successful in stimulating an economy. [4]  (c) explain two possible reasons why so many people in asia have to live on us$1.25 or less a  day. [4]  (d) discuss the possible effectiveness of government policies, other than spending on health care and state benefits, in reducing poverty. [6]",
            "3": "3 0455/22/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2 the economic problem exists everywhere in the world, whatever type of economic system a  country may have.   (a) giving an example of each, define the four factors of production. [4]  (b) explain the nature of the economic problem. [4]  (c) compare how resources are allocated in market and mixed economic systems. [4]   (d) discuss whether people living in a country would benefit if their country\u2019s economic system changed from a mixed to a market economy. [8] 3 money, in terms of how we earn it, spend it and save it, is of fundamental importance to everybody.  (a) describe the functions of money. [4]  (b) analyse, with the aid of a demand and supply diagram, the effect of an increase in demand for air travel on the wages of pilots. [6]  (c) describe how an individual\u2019s earnings are likely to change over their lifetime. [3]  (d) discuss why some individuals spend less than their income whilst others spend more.  [7] 4 in brazil, firms vary in size from the very small to the very large.  (a) describe the main characteristics of a multi-national company. [4]  (b) explain the reasons why small firms continue to exist in all economies. [6]  (c) discuss the advantages and disadvantages of monopoly. [10]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 20105 most countries are faced with economic problems including unemployment and inflation.   (a) describe what is meant by full employment. [3]  (b) explain the different types of unemployment that can exist in an economy. [6]  (c) describe the main features of a retail (consumer) price index. [5]  (d) discuss whether inflation is always harmful. [6] 6 changes in population have a significant effect on many countries.   (a) (i) what is meant by net migration? [2]   (ii) identify two other factors that influence the size of a country\u2019s population. [2]  (b) compare the consequences of population growth for developing and developed countries.  [6]  (c) discuss whether a change in the occupational structure of a country would be beneficial for  the economy. [10] 7 (a) describe the structure of the current account of a country\u2019s balance of payments.  [4]  (b) explain the policies a government could use to reduce a deficit on the current account of the balance of payments. [6]  (c) what is meant by specialisation? [4]  (d) discuss the benefits and disadvantages of specialisation at the national level. [6] permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_w10_qp_23.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. dc (leo) 23434/2 \u00a9 ucles 2010 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *655778 4908*economics 0455/23 paper 2  structured questions october/november 2010  2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. section a answer question 1.section banswer any three questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/23/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010section a answer this question. 1 large car firms in merger talks  it was announced in 2009 that the canadian car company magna was in merger talks with the  american car company general motors to buy its european car making factories. this could include the uk\u2019s vauxhall brand and germany\u2019s opel brand.   the intention of magna was that the merger would create a very large organisation that would be able to benefit from economies of scale. the chairman of magna stated that takeovers and mergers would help to create \u2018a very strong group\u2019.  opel alone would need at least us$4.3 billion to survive. the german finance minister stated that the german government did not intend offering opel substantial financial support to keep it going, and encouraged it to find a private sector investor. he declared that the government would be willing, however, to offer an investor some limited support from public sector funds.  general motors, like many car producers around the world, has seen sales fall sharply in recent years. this decline has been made worse by the recession (economic downturn).  (a) distinguish between a merger and a takeover. [2]  (b) explain, using examples, how a car production company could benefit from economies of scale. [5]  (c) it is stated that sales of general motors\u2019 cars have fallen sharply in recent years. explain three possible reasons for this. [6]  (d) discuss whether a government should offer a private sector investor finance from public sector funds to support a takeover of a large company in its country. [7]",
            "3": "3 0455/23/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2 the malaysian government has stated that it wants to promote enterprise and is seeking to  increase the role of market forces in the economy.  (a) describe the role of entrepreneurs. [4]  (b) explain two ways that a government could promote enterprise. [4]  (c) explain, with the aid of demand and supply diagrams, how resources are re-allocated in a  market economy.  [6]  (d) discuss whether it is a disadvantage to rely just on market forces to allocate resources. [6] 3 commercial banks and stock exchanges are playing an increasing role in the chinese economy with, for instance, more of the chinese labour force being employed in the financial sector.  (a) describe the functions of a commercial bank. [4]  (b) explain how a stock exchange can play a key role in an economy. [4]  (c) analyse the differences in earnings between different groups of workers. [6]  (d) discuss whether high income earners will always save more than low income earners. [6] 4 (a) describe the main features of:   (i) a co-operative [2]   (ii) a public corporation. [2]  (b) explain two factors that determine the demand for labour in an economy. [6]  (c) discuss whether it is better to be employed in the public sector or the private sector.  [10]",
            "4": "4 0455/23/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 20105 in a number of countries, governments have tried to reduce inflation by introducing subsidies.  (a) explain what is meant by inflation. [3]  (b) analyse the possible causes of inflation. [7]  (c) explain what is meant by a subsidy. [3]  (d) discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a government intervening in a market through  the use of subsidies. [7] 6 in 2009 unemployment in south africa rose to 24% and its real gross domestic product (gdp) fell by 1.3%. both of these changes reduced living standards in the country.   (a) explain why it may sometimes be difficult to know precisely what the rate of unemployment is in a country. [3]  (b) analyse the possible consequences of unemployment for a country. [6]  (c) explain what is meant by real gross domestic product. [4]  (d) discuss whether the quality of life is always higher in developed than in developing countries. [7] 7 changes in the exchange rate of a country\u2019s currency can have a significant influence on the value of its imports and exports.   (a) explain two factors, other than a change in its exchange rate, that could cause an increase in  the volume of a country\u2019s imports. [4]  (b) analyse the advantages of maintaining a fixed exchange rate. [6]  (c) discuss whether an economy would always benefit from a fall in its exchange rate. [10] permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_w10_qp_31.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 9 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (kn) 16565/4 \u00a9 ucles 2010 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education read these instructions first write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.do not write in any barcodes. answer all questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. *0871556813* economics 0455/31 paper 3  analysis and critical evaluation october/november 2010  1 hour 30 minutes candidates answer on the question paper. additional materials: insert. for examiner\u2019s use 1 2 total",
            "2": "2 0455/31/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018iron ore prices rise\u2019 will be needed for this question. 1 (a) explain what is meant by primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of production and  identify which sectors are referred to in the extract.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[5]",
            "3": "3 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/31/o/n/10for examiner\u2019s use (b) what does the extract mean when it says, \u2018a decline in iron ore prices in real terms\u2019?  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[3]  (c) what evidence is there in the extract that the demand for steel from china was a large  part of the market?  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]",
            "4": "4 0455/31/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010for examiner\u2019s use (d) explain, using a demand and supply diagram, the change in the market price for iron  ore between 2002 - 2007.  ..  .. .. .. .. ..[5]",
            "5": "5 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/31/o/n/10for examiner\u2019s use (e) use the information in the extract to suggest what might happen to the price of steel in  2008.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[4]",
            "6": "6 0455/31/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010for examiner\u2019s use (f) the extract says, \u2018successful mining companies used these profits to buy rival  competitors in order to cut costs and increase profits even further\u2019. discuss whether the purchase of another company might lead to lower costs and higher profit.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[7]  [total: 26]",
            "7": "7 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/31/o/n/10for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018reduced furniture prices help bring down inflation\u2019 will be needed for this  question. 2 (a) why are governments interested in calculating the price index?  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[3]  (b) identify four reasons which, according to the extract, helped to cause the rate of inflation  to fall. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]",
            "8": "8 0455/31/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010for examiner\u2019s use (c) the extract says that food accounts for a 9% weighting and furniture has a 2% weighting  in the price index. what is meant by the term weighting and explain why food and furniture are given different weightings.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[3]",
            "9": "9 \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/31/o/n/10for examiner\u2019s use (d) use the evidence in the extract to discuss why a rise in interest rates might affect the  pattern of consumer spending and consumer saving.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[6]   [total: 14]",
            "10": "10 0455/31/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010blank page",
            "11": "11 0455/31/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010blank page",
            "12": "12 0455/31/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010blank page permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_w10_qp_32.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 9 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (kn) 23160/3 \u00a9 ucles 2010 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education read these instructions first write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.do not write in any barcodes. answer all questions.at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. *8544421 850*economics 0455/32 paper 3  analysis and critical evaluation october/november 2010  1 hour 30 minutes candidates answer on the question paper. additional materials: insert. for examiner\u2019s use 1 2 total",
            "2": "2 0455/32/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018africa\u2019s growing mobile (cell) phone market\u2019 will be needed for this question. 1 (a) give two possible causes of an increase in the supply of mobile phones.   .. .. .. ..[2]  (b) using the information in the table, compare the ownership of mobile phones and  computers in the three african countries with that in the three western countries.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[4]",
            "3": "3 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/32/o/n/10for examiner\u2019s use (c) using a demand diagram in each case, illustrate the effect on the demand for mobile  phones of:   (i) a fall in the price of mobile phones     [2]   (ii) an increase in the awareness of the benefits of mobile phones.     [2]",
            "4": "4 0455/32/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010for examiner\u2019s use (d) explain how the use of mobile phones may reduce market failure in agricultural  markets.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[3]  (e) describe two characteristics of a private limited company such as globacom. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]",
            "5": "5 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/32/o/n/10for examiner\u2019s use (f) (i) are corporate taxes direct or indirect taxes? explain your answer.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]",
            "6": "6 0455/32/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010for examiner\u2019s use  (ii) discuss whether imposing corporate taxes on the profits of mobile phone companies  will discourage multi-national phone companies from setting up in a country.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [7]  [total: 24]",
            "7": "7 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/32/o/n/10for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018united states (us) unemployment reaches new heights\u2019 will be needed for this  question. 2 (a) explain what is meant by the unemployment rate.   .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]  (b) what could have explained the difference in the number of americans losing their jobs  and the rise in us unemployment in december 2008?  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[3]",
            "8": "8 0455/32/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010for examiner\u2019s use (c) using information from the extract, identify three reasons why the number of hours  worked fell in the us in 2008.  .. .. .. .. .. ..[3]  (d) discuss what other information you would need to assess whether economic  performance in the us was stronger than japan\u2019s at the start of 2009.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..",
            "9": "9 \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/32/o/n/10for examiner\u2019s use ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[8]  [total: 16]",
            "10": "10 0455/32/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010blank page",
            "11": "11 0455/32/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010blank page",
            "12": "12 0455/32/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010blank page permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_w10_qp_33.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 9 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (kn) 23162/2 \u00a9 ucles 2010 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education read these instructions first write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.do not write in any barcodes. answer all questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. *1598455596 *economics 0455/33 paper 3  analysis and critical evaluation october/november 2010  1 hour 30 minutes candidates answer on the question paper. additional materials: insert. for examiner\u2019s use 1 2 total",
            "2": "2 0455/33/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018the power of gazprom\u2019 will be needed for this question. 1 (a) draw a demand and supply diagram to show the effect of an increase in demand for gas  on the world market for gas.  [3]  (b) using information from the extract, explain why gazprom\u2019s share price may have fallen in 2009.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[3]",
            "3": "3 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/33/o/n/10for examiner\u2019s use (c) (i) give two reasons why a firm may borrow.  .. .. .. .. [2]   (ii) what effect might gazprom\u2019s spending on building new pipelines have on the  company\u2019s profits in the short term and long term?  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [4]",
            "4": "4 0455/33/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010for examiner\u2019s use (d) why might the best engineers want to work for gazprom?  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[3]  (e) (i) comment on how close gazprom was to being a monopoly in 2008. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [3]",
            "5": "5 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/33/o/n/10for examiner\u2019s use  (ii) discuss the information you would need in order to assess whether a monopoly is  benefiting consumers.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [6]  [total: 24]",
            "6": "6 0455/33/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018information on gross domestic product (gdp), human development index  (hdi), foreign aid and health expenditure in selected countries\u2019 will be needed for this  question. 2 (a) economists expect countries which have a high gdp per head to have a high hdi value.  does the information in the extract support this expected relationship?  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[4]",
            "7": "7 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/33/o/n/10for examiner\u2019s use (b) explain why a country may have a relatively high gdp per head but a relatively low hdi  value.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[3]  (c) (i) explain how a country\u2019s level of gdp per head might be expected to affect the level  of foreign aid received per head.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]",
            "8": "8 0455/33/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010for examiner\u2019s use  (ii) does the information in the extract confirm this expected relationship between gdp  per head and the level of foreign aid received per head?  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]",
            "9": "9 \u00a9 ucles 2010 0455/33/o/n/10for examiner\u2019s use (d) of the countries shown, sierra leone had the lowest spending on health care per head  and the lowest gdp per head. discuss what factors will influence whether a rise in spending on health care would increase real gdp per head.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[5]  [total: 16]",
            "10": "10 0455/33/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010blank page",
            "11": "11 0455/33/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010blank page",
            "12": "12 0455/33/o/n/10 \u00a9 ucles 2010blank page permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        }
    },
    "2011": {
        "0455_s11_qp_11.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib11 06_0455_11/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2011  [turn over      *9692953902* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics  0455/11     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2011     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.   read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/11/m/j/11  1 what is meant by the economic problem?  a how to achieve efficiency with the existence of fixed resources and limited wants  b how to allocate resources between public and private sectors  c how to balance unlimited wants against finite resources  d how to decide which methods to use to exploit all resources      2 each of the factors of production earns an income.     what are the incomes for land and capital?     land capital  a rent interest  b rent profit  c wages interest  d wages profit     3 a firm decides to stop manufacturing ovens and to produce washing machines instead.    what is the opportunity cost to the firm?  a the additional washing machines produced  b the cost of producing ovens c the cost of producing washing machines  d the loss of the production of ovens     4 what is an advantage of the market economic system?  a it aims for equality of income.  b it ensures the provision of defence and law and order. c it gives an incentive to produce.  d it reduces pollution and congestion.     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/11/m/j/11 [turn over  5 due to changes in the costs of production, an industry\u2019s supply curve shifted at various times  from s 1 to either s 2 or s 3.    s2  d1 s1  s3  d2 w  x  y  o price  quantity     if a shift in supply was due to a seasonal increase in the cost of raw materials, what would have  been the effect on demand?  a the demand curve would move from d 1 to d 2.  b the quantity demanded would move from x to w.  c the quantity demanded would move from x to y.  d the quantity demanded would remain the same at x.     6 the table shows the changes in two influenc es on the demand for and supply of televisions.    if these two changes occurred at the same time, in which case is it impossible for the price of  televisions to rise?     consumers\u2019 incomes costs of production  a fall fall  b fall rise  c rise fall  d rise rise    7 in a country where the demand for petrol (gas) is price-inelastic, the incidence of any increase in  petrol tax will be mainly on  a the company that refines the oil.  b the motorist who buys the petrol.  c the petrol station that sells the petrol.  d the wholesale company that stores the petrol.     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/11/m/j/11  8 what is an example of market failure?  a a growth of competition  b an existence of scarcity  c a spread of pollution  d a surplus of production in the short-term      9 which action by the operators of an airport directly reduces external costs?  a the stopping of night flights  b the building of a new runway  c the payment of a productivity bonus  d the reduction of charges for landing aircraft      10 what may cause an individual to save a higher proportion of their income?  a a belief that the price of goods will rise in the future  b a fall in the rate of interest paid by the country\u2019s banks  c a fear that income will fall in the future  d a rise in the individual\u2019s wish to enjoy higher consumption immediately    11 a person wishes to buy shares in order to ma ke a long-term profit, but wants as little risk of   short-term loss as possible.    which type of share is most  likely to meet these wishes?  a a share in a coffee growing company  b a share in a fashion house  c a share in a high-tech electronics company  d a share in a supermarket chain      12 which statement about a country\u2019s banks is correct?  a commercial banks hold the financial accounts of the government.  b commercial banks settle debts by clearing customers\u2019 cheques.  c the central bank sets the government\u2019s tax and spending policies.  d the central bank supplies foreign currency to members of the public.     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/11/m/j/11 [turn over  13 why might factory workers have higher wage rates than agricultural workers?  a factory workers are in greater supply.  b factory workers face fewer risks of accidents.  c factory workers have cleaner working conditions.  d factory workers use more productive equipment.      14 a musician has a choice of playing for an orchestra in either england or germany.    which combination of incomes and cost of living is most  likely to cause her to choose the  german orchestra?    incomes and cost of living in germany compared with those in england    pre-tax (gross) income  after-tax (net) income cost of living  a higher higher higher  b higher lower lower  c lower higher higher  d lower higher lower      15 a major computer company announced that its profits had fallen below the level predicted.    what might have caused this?  a increased advertising costs that greatly improved sales  b low prices that made the company\u2019s product competitive  c new technology that reduced costs  d reduced sales and low prices     16 a firm raised the price of its product from $10 to $15 and as a result its sales fell from 200 units to  150 units.    what happened to its average revenue and total revenue?     average revenue total revenue  a decreased decreased  b decreased increased  c increased decreased  d increased increased    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/11/m/j/11  17 which change must occur when a firm starts to experience diseconomies of scale?  a average costs begin to rise.  b employees are made redundant.  c profits turn into losses.  d variable costs become fixed.      18 if a firm increases its output in the short run, what will happen to its average fixed cost (afc)?  a afc will decrease continually.  b afc will equal zero.  c afc will increase then decrease.  d afc will increase continually.     19 cathay pacific, hong kong\u2019s largest airline, flies to a number of countries.    shares in the firm are owned by both individuals and other firms in a number of countries. the  shares are traded on the hong kong stock exchange.    which type of business organisation is cathay pacific?  a a partnership  b a private limited company  c a public corporation  d a public limited company     20 the central bank of mexico set its rate of interest to try to keep the rise in the price level to  only 3  %.    which government aim was it directly trying to achieve?  a balance of payments equilibrium  b economic growth c full employment d low inflation      21 when is a direct tax described as progressive?  a when the government changes the basic rate of tax in each budget  b when the government taxes companies rather than individuals  c when the tax takes a larger proportion of earnings as earnings increase  d when the tax takes a smaller proportion of earnings as earnings increase ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/11/m/j/11 [turn over  22 in 2008, the government of argentina imposed a tax on exports of wheat and soya beans.    what was the most  likely aim of this tax?  a to increase agricultural output  b to increase exports  c to reduce a budget surplus  d to reduce the rise in domestic food prices     23 during 2009 some governments adopted policies to try to end the recession in their country and  increase economic growth.    which combination of policies is most  likely to achieve this?  a lower taxes and decrease government spending  b lower taxes and increase government spending c raise taxes and decrease government spending d raise taxes and increase government spending     24 the table shows the percentage change in empl oyment over a period for a country with three  economic sectors.    economic sector percentage (%) change  in employment  agriculture \u20136  manufacturing +2  services +4    which statement must be correct?  a agricultural output fell.  b the country became more developed.  c the working population stayed constant.  d total employment remained the same.      25 why may gdp not be a good measure to compare the standard of living of two countries?  a it does not include government expenditure.  b it does not take account of population size.  c it is based on a sample \u2018basket of goods\u2019.  d it only compares export prices with import prices.   ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/11/m/j/11  26 what is likely to happen as a developing country becomes more developed?  a a higher percentage of children will attend school.  b infant mortality will rise.  c life expectancy will fall.  d the agricultural sector will increase in importance.      27 many developed countries are faced with an ageing population.    what is the likely result of this?  a a reduced dependency ratio  b increased mobility of labour  c increased spending on medical care  d reduced tax levels     28 the table shows statistics for four countries in southern africa.    from the information given, which country has the lowest standard of living?     average annual growth rate of  population (%) population density  per square  kilometre life  expectancy real gdp  per capita  (us$)  a 1.9 19 46 190  b 2.7 2 58 1700  c 3.7 45 59 210  d 4.2 89 44 190    ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/11/m/j/11  29 the diagrams show the composition of exports and imports of a country.    goods 50  %services 50  % total exports $120  milliongoods 60  %services 40  % total imports $100  millionexports imports     what is true for this country?  a there was a deficit in the balance of trade in goods.  b there was a deficit in the balance of trade in services.  c there was a surplus in the balance of trade in goods.  d there was a surplus in the balance of trade in services.      30 a government may use customs barriers to restrict free trade.    what is an economic reason for doing this?  a to discourage the production of strategic goods  b to improve the balance of trade  c to increase a balance of payments deficit  d to make imports cheaper     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/11/m/j/11  blank page     ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/11/m/j/11  blank page     ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where third -party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to t race copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/11/m/j/11  blank page     "
        },
        "0455_s11_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib11 06_0455_12/fp  \u00a9 ucles 2011  [turn over      *9296593106* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/12     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2011     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.   read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/12/m/j/11  1 each of the factors of production earns an income.     what are the incomes for land and capital?     land capital  a rent interest  b rent profit  c wages interest  d wages profit    2 a firm decides to stop manufacturing ovens and to produce washing machines instead.    what is the opportunity cost to the firm?  a the additional washing machines produced  b the cost of producing ovens c the cost of producing washing machines  d the loss of the production of ovens     3 what is an advantage of the market economic system?  a it aims for equality of income.  b it ensures the provision of defence and law and order. c it gives an incentive to produce.  d it reduces pollution and congestion.     4 what is meant by the economic problem?  a how to achieve efficiency with the existence of fixed resources and limited wants  b how to allocate resources between public and private sectors  c how to balance unlimited wants against finite resources  d how to decide which methods to use to exploit all resources    ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/12/m/j/11 [turn over  5 the table shows the changes in two influences on the demand for and supply of televisions.    if these two changes occurred at the same time, in which case is it impossible for the price of  televisions to rise?     consumers\u2019 incomes costs of production  a fall fall  b fall rise  c rise fall  d rise rise     6 in a country where the demand for petrol (gas) is price-inelastic, the incidence of any increase in  petrol tax will be mainly on  a the company that refines the oil.  b the motorist who buys the petrol. c the petrol station that sells the petrol. d the wholesale company that stores the petrol.     7 what is an example of market failure?  a a growth of competition  b an existence of scarcity  c a spread of pollution  d a surplus of production in the short-term    8 which action by the operators of an airport directly reduces external costs?  a the stopping of night flights  b the building of a new runway c the payment of a productivity bonus  d the reduction of charges for landing aircraft     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/12/m/j/11  9 due to changes in the costs of production, an industry\u2019s supply curve shifted at various times  from s 1 to either s 2 or s 3.    s2  d1 s1  s3  d2 w  x  y  o price  quantity     if a shift in supply was due to a seasonal increase in the cost of raw materials, what would have  been the effect on demand?  a the demand curve would move from d 1 to d 2.  b the quantity demanded would move from x to w.  c the quantity demanded would move from x to y.  d the quantity demanded would remain the same at x.     10 a person wishes to buy shares in order to ma ke a long-term profit, but wants as little risk of   short-term loss as possible.    which type of share is most  likely to meet these wishes?  a a share in a coffee growing company  b a share in a fashion house  c a share in a high-tech electronics company  d a share in a supermarket chain    11 which statement about a country\u2019s banks is correct?  a commercial banks hold the financial accounts of the government.  b commercial banks settle debts by clearing customers\u2019 cheques.  c the central bank sets the government\u2019s tax and spending policies.  d the central bank supplies foreign currency to members of the public.    ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/12/m/j/11 [turn over  12 why might factory workers have higher wage rates than agricultural workers?  a factory workers are in greater supply.  b factory workers face fewer risks of accidents.  c factory workers have cleaner working conditions.  d factory workers use more productive equipment.      13 a musician has a choice of playing for an orchestra in either england or germany.    which combination of incomes and cost of living is most  likely to cause her to choose the  german orchestra?    incomes and cost of living in germany compared with those in england    pre-tax (gross) income  after-tax (net) income cost of living  a higher higher higher  b higher lower lower  c lower higher higher  d lower higher lower      14 what may cause an individual to save a higher proportion of their income?  a a belief that the price of goods will rise in the future  b a fall in the rate of interest paid by the country\u2019s banks  c a fear that income will fall in the future  d a rise in the individual\u2019s wish to enjoy higher consumption immediately     15 a firm raised the price of its product from $10 to $15 and as a result its sales fell from 200 units to  150 units.    what happened to its average revenue and total revenue?     average revenue total revenue  a decreased decreased  b decreased increased  c increased decreased  d increased increased    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/12/m/j/11  16 which change must occur when a firm starts to experience diseconomies of scale?  a average costs begin to rise.  b employees are made redundant.  c profits turn into losses.  d variable costs become fixed.      17 if a firm increases its output in the short run, what will happen to its average fixed cost (afc)?  a afc will decrease continually.  b afc will equal zero.  c afc will increase then decrease.  d afc will increase continually.     18 cathay pacific, hong kong\u2019s largest airline, flies to a number of countries.    shares in the firm are owned by both individuals and other firms in a number of countries. the  shares are traded on the hong kong stock exchange.    which type of business organisation is cathay pacific?  a a partnership  b a private limited company  c a public corporation  d a public limited company     19 a major computer company announced that its profits had fallen below the level predicted.    what might have caused this?  a increased advertising costs that greatly improved sales  b low prices that made the company\u2019s product competitive  c new technology that reduced costs  d reduced sales and low prices      20 when is a direct tax described as progressive?  a when the government changes the basic rate of tax in each budget  b when the government taxes companies rather than individuals  c when the tax takes a larger proportion of earnings as earnings increase  d when the tax takes a smaller proportion of earnings as earnings increase   ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/12/m/j/11 [turn over  21 in 2008, the government of argentina imposed a tax on exports of wheat and soya beans.    what was the most  likely aim of this tax?  a to increase agricultural output  b to increase exports  c to reduce a budget surplus  d to reduce the rise in domestic food prices     22 during 2009 some governments adopted policies to try to end the recession in their country and  increase economic growth.    which combination of policies is most  likely to achieve this?  a lower taxes and decrease government spending  b lower taxes and increase government spending c raise taxes and decrease government spending d raise taxes and increase government spending     23 the central bank of mexico set its rate of interest to try to keep the rise in the price level to  only 3  %.    which government aim was it directly trying to achieve?  a balance of payments equilibrium  b economic growth  c full employment  d low inflation      24 why may gdp not be a good measure to compare the standard of living of two countries?  a it does not include government expenditure.  b it does not take account of population size.  c it is based on a sample \u2018basket of goods\u2019.  d it only compares export prices with import prices.     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/12/m/j/11  25 the table shows the percentage change in employment over a period for a country with three  economic sectors.    economic sector percentage (%) change  in employment  agriculture \u20136  manufacturing +2  services +4    which statement must be correct?  a agricultural output fell.  b the country became more developed.  c the working population stayed constant.  d total employment remained the same.     26 many developed countries are faced with an ageing population.    what is the likely result of this?  a a reduced dependency ratio  b increased mobility of labour  c increased spending on medical care  d reduced tax levels     27 the table shows statistics for four countries in southern africa.    from the information given, which country has the lowest standard of living?     average annual growth rate of  population (%) population density  per square  kilometre life  expectancy real gdp  per capita  (us$)  a 1.9 19 46 190  b 2.7 2 58 1700  c 3.7 45 59 210  d 4.2 89 44 190    ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/12/m/j/11  28 what is likely to happen as a developing country becomes more developed?  a a higher percentage of children will attend school.  b infant mortality will rise.  c life expectancy will fall.  d the agricultural sector will increase in importance.      29 a government may use customs barriers to restrict free trade.    what is an economic reason for doing this?  a to discourage the production of strategic goods  b to improve the balance of trade c to increase a balance of payments deficit  d to make imports cheaper     30 the diagrams show the composition of exports and imports of a country.    goods 50  %services 50  % total exports $120  milliongoods 60  %services 40  % total imports $100  millionexports imports     what is true for this country?  a there was a deficit in the balance of trade in goods.  b there was a deficit in the balance of trade in services.  c there was a surplus in the balance of trade in goods.  d there was a surplus in the balance of trade in services.     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/12/m/j/11  blank page     ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/12/m/j/11  blank page     ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where thir d-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of t he cambridge assessment group. ca mbridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/12/m/j/11  blank page     "
        },
        "0455_s11_qp_13.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib11 06_0455_13/fp  \u00a9 ucles 2011  [turn over      *2695654349* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/13     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2011     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.   read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/13/m/j/11  1 each of the factors of production earns an income.     what are the incomes for land and capital?     land capital  a rent interest  b rent profit  c wages interest  d wages profit    2 a firm decides to stop manufacturing ovens and to produce washing machines instead.    what is the opportunity cost to the firm?  a the additional washing machines produced  b the cost of producing ovens c the cost of producing washing machines  d the loss of the production of ovens     3 what is an advantage of the market economic system?  a it aims for equality of income.  b it ensures the provision of defence and law and order. c it gives an incentive to produce.  d it reduces pollution and congestion.     4 what is meant by the economic problem?  a how to achieve efficiency with the existence of fixed resources and limited wants  b how to allocate resources between public and private sectors  c how to balance unlimited wants against finite resources  d how to decide which methods to use to exploit all resources    ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/13/m/j/11 [turn over  5 the table shows the changes in two influenc es on the demand for and supply of televisions.    if these two changes occurred at the same time, in which case is it impossible for the price of  televisions to rise?     consumers\u2019 incomes costs of production  a fall fall  b fall rise  c rise fall  d rise rise      6 in a country where the demand for petrol (gas) is price-inelastic, the incidence of any increase in  petrol tax will be mainly on  a the company that refines the oil.  b the motorist who buys the petrol. c the petrol station that sells the petrol. d the wholesale company that stores the petrol.     7 what is an example of market failure?  a a growth of competition  b an existence of scarcity  c a spread of pollution  d a surplus of production in the short-term    8 which action by the operators of an airport directly reduces external costs?  a the stopping of night flights  b the building of a new runway c the payment of a productivity bonus  d the reduction of charges for landing aircraft     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/13/m/j/11  9 due to changes in the costs of production, an industry\u2019s supply curve shifted at various times  from s 1 to either s 2 or s 3.    s2  d1 s1  s3  d2 w  x  y  o price  quantity     if a shift in supply was due to a seasonal increase in the cost of raw materials, what would have  been the effect on demand?  a the demand curve would move from d 1 to d 2.  b the quantity demanded would move from x to w.  c the quantity demanded would move from x to y.  d the quantity demanded would remain the same at x.     10 a person wishes to buy shares in order to ma ke a long-term profit, but wants as little risk of   short-term loss as possible.    which type of share is most  likely to meet these wishes?  a a share in a coffee growing company  b a share in a fashion house  c a share in a high-tech electronics company  d a share in a supermarket chain    11 which statement about a country\u2019s banks is correct?  a commercial banks hold the financial accounts of the government.  b commercial banks settle debts by clearing customers\u2019 cheques.  c the central bank sets the government\u2019s tax and spending policies.  d the central bank supplies foreign currency to members of the public.    ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/13/m/j/11 [turn over  12 why might factory workers have higher wage rates than agricultural workers?  a factory workers are in greater supply.  b factory workers face fewer risks of accidents.  c factory workers have cleaner working conditions.  d factory workers use more productive equipment.      13 a musician has a choice of playing for an orchestra in either england or germany.    which combination of incomes and cost of living is most  likely to cause her to choose the  german orchestra?    incomes and cost of living in germany compared with those in england    pre-tax (gross) income  after-tax (net) income cost of living  a higher higher higher  b higher lower lower  c lower higher higher  d lower higher lower      14 what may cause an individual to save a higher proportion of their income?  a a belief that the price of goods will rise in the future  b a fall in the rate of interest paid by the country\u2019s banks  c a fear that income will fall in the future  d a rise in the individual\u2019s wish to enjoy higher consumption immediately     15 a firm raised the price of its product from $10 to $15 and as a result its sales fell from 200 units to  150 units.    what happened to its average revenue and total revenue?     average revenue total revenue  a decreased decreased  b decreased increased  c increased decreased  d increased increased    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/13/m/j/11  16 which change must occur when a firm starts to experience diseconomies of scale?  a average costs begin to rise.  b employees are made redundant.  c profits turn into losses.  d variable costs become fixed.      17 if a firm increases its output in the short run, what will happen to its average fixed cost (afc)?  a afc will decrease continually.  b afc will equal zero.  c afc will increase then decrease.  d afc will increase continually.     18 cathay pacific, hong kong\u2019s largest airline, flies to a number of countries.    shares in the firm are owned by both individuals and other firms in a number of countries. the  shares are traded on the hong kong stock exchange.    which type of business organisation is cathay pacific?  a a partnership  b a private limited company  c a public corporation  d a public limited company     19 a major computer company announced that its profits had fallen below the level predicted.    what might have caused this?  a increased advertising costs that greatly improved sales  b low prices that made the company\u2019s product competitive  c new technology that reduced costs  d reduced sales and low prices      20 when is a direct tax described as progressive?  a when the government changes the basic rate of tax in each budget  b when the government taxes companies rather than individuals  c when the tax takes a larger proportion of earnings as earnings increase  d when the tax takes a smaller proportion of earnings as earnings increase   ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/13/m/j/11 [turn over  21 in 2008, the government of argentina imposed a tax on exports of wheat and soya beans.    what was the most  likely aim of this tax?  a to increase agricultural output  b to increase exports  c to reduce a budget surplus  d to reduce the rise in domestic food prices     22 during 2009 some governments adopted policies to try to end the recession in their country and  increase economic growth.    which combination of policies is most  likely to achieve this?  a lower taxes and decrease government spending  b lower taxes and increase government spending c raise taxes and decrease government spending d raise taxes and increase government spending     23 the central bank of mexico set its rate of interest to try to keep the rise in the price level to  only 3  %.    which government aim was it directly trying to achieve?  a balance of payments equilibrium  b economic growth  c full employment  d low inflation      24 why may gdp not be a good measure to compare the standard of living of two countries?  a it does not include government expenditure.  b it does not take account of population size.  c it is based on a sample \u2018basket of goods\u2019.  d it only compares export prices with import prices.     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/13/m/j/11  25 the table shows the percentage change in employment over a period for a country with three  economic sectors.    economic sector percentage (%) change  in employment  agriculture \u20136  manufacturing +2  services +4    which statement must be correct?  a agricultural output fell.  b the country became more developed.  c the working population stayed constant.  d total employment remained the same.     26 many developed countries are faced with an ageing population.    what is the likely result of this?  a a reduced dependency ratio  b increased mobility of labour  c increased spending on medical care  d reduced tax levels     27 the table shows statistics for four countries in southern africa.    from the information given, which country has the lowest standard of living?     average annual growth rate of  population (%) population density  per square  kilometre life  expectancy real gdp  per capita  (us$)  a 1.9 19 46 190  b 2.7 2 58 1700  c 3.7 45 59 210  d 4.2 89 44 190    ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/13/m/j/11  28 what is likely to happen as a developing country becomes more developed?  a a higher percentage of children will attend school.  b infant mortality will rise.  c life expectancy will fall.  d the agricultural sector will increase in importance.      29 a government may use customs barriers to restrict free trade.    what is an economic reason for doing this?  a to discourage the production of strategic goods  b to improve the balance of trade c to increase a balance of payments deficit  d to make imports cheaper     30 the diagrams show the composition of exports and imports of a country.    goods 50  %services 50  % total exports $120  milliongoods 60  %services 40  % total imports $100  millionexports imports     what is true for this country?  a there was a deficit in the balance of trade in goods.  b there was a deficit in the balance of trade in services.  c there was a surplus in the balance of trade in goods.  d there was a surplus in the balance of trade in services.     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/13/m/j/11  blank page     ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/13/m/j/11  blank page     ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where thir d-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of t he cambridge assessment group. ca mbridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/13/m/j/11  blank page     "
        },
        "0455_s11_qp_21.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. dc (sjf) 35254/3 \u00a9 ucles 2011 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *1971712293*economics 0455/21 paper 2  structured questions may/june 2011  2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. section a answer question 1.section banswer any three questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/21/m/j/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011section a answer this question. 1 rio de janeiro wins the vote to host the 2016 olympic games the brazilian city of rio de janeiro has been chosen to host the olympic games in 2016.  winning the vote would seem to have been the easy bit. holding the games will require effort and expense on a massive scale. apart from new stadiums and other sports facilities, the city will needinfrastructure such as new bridges and roads, and also double the number of hotel rooms. the metro railway line will need to be extended by almost 10 miles (approximately 16 kilometres). the city government has allocated us$14.4 billion to pay for the improvements in the infrastructure,  although it is widely thought that the actual figure will be much higher than this.  the decaying port area will be redeveloped and the nearby bay will be cleaned as this is currently  affected by sewage and industrial pollution. it is hoped that the construction and redevelopment work will lead to an increase in the demand  for labour, thereby reducing the city\u2019s high unemployment rate. there are some people, however, who think that government revenue should be used for other  purposes. a spokesperson from the institute for studies on labour and society suggested that the money should be spent on getting rid of the city\u2019s worst slum areas, reducing the high crime rate and doing something about the poverty in a city where one in six residents is poor.  (a) name two sources of government revenue. [2]   (b) explain why government spending on getting the city ready for the olympic games is an example of opportunity cost. [4]  (c) explain, using a demand and supply diagram, how the change in the demand for labour is likely to affect the wages paid to construction workers. [6]  (d) discuss the economic advantages and economic disadvantages to rio de janeiro of hosting the olympic games in 2016. [8]",
            "3": "3 0455/21/m/j/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2 a market system, such as in spain, has a number of advantages but, despite these benefits, it can  also be said to fail in certain circumstances. this is why governments are sometimes required to intervene.  (a)  describe the advantages of a market system.      [6]  (b) explain what causes market failure. [6]  (c) discuss whether government intervention is always successful in correcting market failure.     [8] 3  commercial banks perform an important role in most economies. money helps in the exchange of goods and services and, in the form of wages, is an influence on the choice of occupation for many individuals.  (a)  explain the role of commercial banks.      [4]  (b)  describe the various functions that money performs in an economy.    [4]  (c)  describe the likely changes in income for individuals over their lifetime.     [4]  (d)  discuss whether wages are the most important factor influencing the choice of occupation for many individuals.     [8] 4  sole proprietors and partnerships play an important role in pakistan. they can often be regarded as a feature of perfect competition, especially sole proprietors.  (a) describe the key features of a sole proprietor.     [4]  (b) explain why a lawyer, working as a sole proprietor, might wish to change the business to a partnership.       [4]    (c)  describe the characteristics of perfect competition.        [4]  (d) discuss whether perfect competition is always to be preferred to monopoly. [8]",
            "4": "4 0455/21/m/j/11 \u00a9 ucles 20115 inflation and unemployment continue to be major problems in many countries.  (a) what is meant by inflation? [3]  (b)  explain the possible causes of inflation. [5]  (c)  identify and describe two different types of unemployment that can exist in an economy.  [4]  (d)  discuss whether unemployment or inflation is the greater problem. [8] 6 when an economy develops, the occupational, age and geographical structure of the population  is likely to change. standards of living usually increase, but there are still likely to be regional differences in living standards.  (a)  describe how the (i) occupational, (ii) age and (iii) geographical structure of a population is likely to change as a country becomes more developed. [6]  (b) explain why there may be differences in living standards in various regions within a country. [6]  (c) discuss which policies are likely to be most effective in reducing the differences in living standards in various regions within a country. [8] 7 changes in a country\u2019s exchange rate can sometimes have significant effects on its economy and on its balance of payments.  (a) identify two causes of a change in a country\u2019s exchange rate. [2]  (b) explain the effects of a fall in a country\u2019s exchange rate on its production. [6]  (c) explain any two of the four sections of the current account. [4]  (d) discuss whether an improvement in a country\u2019s current account position will result in an increase in its employment. [8] permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s11_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. dc (leo) 35264/4 \u00a9 ucles 2011 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *6374047178*economics 0455/22 paper 2  structured questions may/june 2011  2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. section a answer question 1.section banswer any three questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/22/m/j/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011section a answer this question. 1 the dhaka stock exchange is doing well  grameenphone, the biggest mobile (cell) phone company in bangladesh with over 21 million  customers, decided in 2009 that it needed more finance to develop its services. to help generate this finance, grameenphone announced its intention to raise us$70 million through selling additional shares.  grameenphone is a multi-national company which is owned by telenor, a norwegian telephone company, and grameen telecom, a non-profit company founded by muhammad yunus. muhammad yunus, who is a pioneer of microfinance, also founded the grameen bank which provides loans to people, such as village entrepreneurs, who find it difficult to obtain finance from traditional sources.  the stock exchange in dhaka, the capital of bangladesh, has 284 companies listed and the value of these companies more than doubled between 2007 and 2009. the value of these companies is now equivalent to approximately 16% of bangladesh\u2019s gross domestic product. the opportunity to buy shares in grameenphone will further increase the value of the dhaka stock exchange.   the bangladesh government has offered financial incentives to multi-national companies to encourage more of them to locate in bangladesh.   (a) explain what is meant by an entrepreneur. [2]  (b) describe the role that a stock exchange can play in a country\u2019s economy. [4]  (c) identify two possible reasons why the supply of mobile (cell) phones may increase. [2]  (d) explain two financial incentives, other than subsidies, which a government might offer multi- national companies to locate in its country. [4]  (e) discuss whether a multi-national company which locates in a country will always be advantageous to that economy. [8]",
            "3": "3 0455/22/m/j/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2 one feature of many mixed economies is that governments may intervene by giving subsidies to  some producers.  (a) what is meant by a subsidy? [3]  (b) explain, using a demand and supply diagram, how a subsidy can affect the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity in a market. [6]  (c) identify the three questions faced by every type of economic system. [3]   (d) discuss why virtually every country today has a mixed economy. [8] 3 firms are keen to know what influences consumers in their buying decisions. publishing firms in india have researched why people buy particular magazines and have found that the price elasticity of demand for different magazines varies.  (a) describe the factors that can affect the demand for a product. [6]  (b) explain what is meant by price elasticity of demand. [6]  (c) discuss how knowledge of the price elasticity of demand for magazines may be used by a firm which produces and sells magazines. [8] 4 deciding on an occupation is difficult for some individuals. there are so many factors that need to be taken into consideration. one of these is whether or not there is a trade union they can join.  (a) describe the factors, other than possible membership of a trade union, which can affect an individual\u2019s choice of occupation. [6]  (b) is it always true that individuals are paid more as they get older? [4]  (c) explain the benefits that an individual may get from being a member of a trade union. [4]  (d) discuss whether trade unions always have a harmful effect on the wider economy. [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/m/j/11 \u00a9 ucles 20115 the size of firms in the united arab emirates can vary enormously, from very small sole proprietor  businesses to very large public limited companies.  (a) describe the disadvantages of a sole proprietor business. [4]  (b) explain why a private limited company might wish to become a public limited company. [6]  (c) explain how firms can grow in size. [4]  (d) discuss whether some large firms might benefit from reducing their size. [6] 6 many governments are concerned about inflation in their economies. this was, for example, a particular problem in zimbabwe where there has been a very high rate of inflation.  (a) what is meant by inflation? [3]  (b) describe how a retail (consumer) price index is calculated. [7]  (c) explain what is meant by demand-pull inflation. [4]  (d) discuss whether a government should be concerned about a high rate of inflation in its economy. [6] 7 the living standards of people vary enormously and yet it is not always easy to measure these with great accuracy. it is, however, certainly the case that some countries suffer from extreme poverty.  (a) describe how living standards in a country can be measured. [6]  (b) explain two reasons why the measurement of living standards in a country is not always  accurate. [6]  (c) discuss the actions a government might take to reduce poverty. [8] permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s11_qp_23.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. dc (leo) 43150/1 \u00a9 ucles 2011 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *9782996691*economics 0455/23 paper 2  structured questions may/june 2011  2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. section a answer question 1.section banswer any three questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/23/m/j/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011section a answer this question. 1 the dhaka stock exchange is doing well  grameenphone, the biggest mobile (cell) phone company in bangladesh with over 21 million  customers, decided in 2009 that it needed more finance to develop its services. to help generate this finance, grameenphone announced its intention to raise us$70 million through selling additional shares.  grameenphone is a multi-national company which is owned by telenor, a norwegian telephone company, and grameen telecom, a non-profit company founded by muhammad yunus. muhammad yunus, who is a pioneer of microfinance, also founded the grameen bank which provides loans to people, such as village entrepreneurs, who find it difficult to obtain finance from traditional sources.  the stock exchange in dhaka, the capital of bangladesh, has 284 companies listed and the value of these companies more than doubled between 2007 and 2009. the value of these companies is now equivalent to approximately 16% of bangladesh\u2019s gross domestic product. the opportunity to buy shares in grameenphone will further increase the value of the dhaka stock exchange.   the bangladesh government has offered financial incentives to multi-national companies to encourage more of them to locate in bangladesh.   (a) explain what is meant by an entrepreneur. [2]  (b) describe the role that a stock exchange can play in a country\u2019s economy. [4]  (c) identify two possible reasons why the supply of mobile (cell) phones may increase. [2]  (d) explain two financial incentives, other than subsidies, which a government might offer multi- national companies to locate in its country. [4]  (e) discuss whether a multi-national company which locates in a country will always be advantageous to that economy. [8]",
            "3": "3 0455/23/m/j/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2 one feature of many mixed economies is that governments may intervene by giving subsidies to  some producers.  (a) what is meant by a subsidy? [3]  (b) explain, using a demand and supply diagram, how a subsidy can affect the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity in a market. [6]  (c) identify the three questions faced by every type of economic system. [3]   (d) discuss why virtually every country today has a mixed economy. [8] 3 firms are keen to know what influences consumers in their buying decisions. publishing firms in india have researched why people buy particular magazines and have found that the price elasticity of demand for different magazines varies.  (a) describe the factors that can affect the demand for a product. [6]  (b) explain what is meant by price elasticity of demand. [6]  (c) discuss how knowledge of the price elasticity of demand for magazines may be used by a firm which produces and sells magazines. [8] 4 deciding on an occupation is difficult for some individuals. there are so many factors that need to be taken into consideration. one of these is whether or not there is a trade union they can join.  (a) describe the factors, other than possible membership of a trade union, which can affect an individual\u2019s choice of occupation. [6]  (b) is it always true that individuals are paid more as they get older? [4]  (c) explain the benefits that an individual may get from being a member of a trade union. [4]  (d) discuss whether trade unions always have a harmful effect on the wider economy. [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/23/m/j/11 \u00a9 ucles 20115 the size of firms in the united arab emirates can vary enormously, from very small sole proprietor  businesses to very large public limited companies.  (a) describe the disadvantages of a sole proprietor business. [4]  (b) explain why a private limited company might wish to become a public limited company. [6]  (c) explain how firms can grow in size. [4]  (d) discuss whether some large firms might benefit from reducing their size. [6] 6 many governments are concerned about inflation in their economies. this was, for example, a particular problem in zimbabwe where there has been a very high rate of inflation.  (a) what is meant by inflation? [3]  (b) describe how a retail (consumer) price index is calculated. [7]  (c) explain what is meant by demand-pull inflation. [4]  (d) discuss whether a government should be concerned about a high rate of inflation in its economy. [6] 7 the living standards of people vary enormously and yet it is not always easy to measure these with great accuracy. it is, however, certainly the case that some countries suffer from extreme poverty.  (a) describe how living standards in a country can be measured. [6]  (b) explain two reasons why the measurement of living standards in a country is not always  accurate. [6]  (c) discuss the actions a government might take to reduce poverty. [8] permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s11_qp_31.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 7 printed pages, 1 blank page and 1 insert. dc (sjf) 35195/2 \u00a9 ucles 2011 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education read these instructions first write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.do not write in any barcodes. answer all questions.at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. *1068315960* economics 0455/31 paper 3  analysis and critical evaluation may/june 2011  1 hour 30 minutes candidates answer on the question paper. additional materials: insert. for examiner\u2019s use 1 2 total",
            "2": "2 0455/31/m/j/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018the global water crisis\u2019 will be needed for this question. 1 (a) what is meant by a finite resource?    .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]  (b) explain, using a demand and supply diagram, the effect of setting the price of water too  low.   ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[4]",
            "3": "3 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/31/m/j/11for examiner\u2019s use (c) (i) define opportunity cost.  . . . . . .. . .. [2]   (ii) using the extract, calculate the opportunity cost in terms of wheat of using the  water needed to produce one kilogram of beef.  . .[1]  (d) explain two possible reasons why the world\u2019s demand for water may not grow as rapidly  as the extract suggests.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[4]",
            "4": "4 0455/31/m/j/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011for examiner\u2019s use (e) discuss the arguments for and against taxing household use of water.    .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[7]  [total: 20]",
            "5": "5 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/31/m/j/11for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018economic challenges facing brazil\u2019 will be needed for this question. 2  (a)  what is meant by the exchange rate?   .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]  (b) using the extract:   (i) calculate the percentage of brazil\u2019s output accounted for by the tertiary sector   . .[1]   (ii) identify a brazilian industry that operates in the secondary sector.   . .[1]  (c) what is meant by a relatively self-sufficient economy?   .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]",
            "6": "6 0455/31/m/j/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011for examiner\u2019s use (d) what has attracted investment into brazil?    .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]  (e) (i) explain what happened to the price level in brazil over the period shown in  table 1.  . . . . . . .. .. [2]   (ii) explain one consequence of inflation referred to in the extract. . . . .. .. .. . . . . . .[3]",
            "7": "7 \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/31/m/j/11for examiner\u2019s use (f) discuss whether the brazilian government\u2019s approach to reducing poverty is likely to be  successful.    .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[7]  [total: 20]",
            "8": "8 0455/31/m/j/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011blank page permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s11_qp_32.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 8 printed pages and 1 insert. dc (sjf) 35196/3 \u00a9 ucles 2011 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education read these instructions first write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.do not write in any barcodes. answer all questions.at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. *6109738436* economics 0455/32 paper 3  analysis and critical evaluation may/june 2011  1 hour 30 minutes candidates answer on the question paper. additional materials: insert. for examiner\u2019s use 1 2 total",
            "2": "2 0455/32/m/j/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018is china\u2019s economic growth sustainable?\u2019 will be needed for this question. 1 (a) state two influences on the demand for a country\u2019s exports.   .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]  (b) identify two possible reasons why the chinese savings ratio may fall in the future.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]  (c) (i) what is meant by cyclical unemployment?  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]",
            "3": "3 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/32/m/j/11for examiner\u2019s use  (ii) explain one consequence of unemployment referred to in the extract.   ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [3]  (d) (i) describe the relationship between unemployment and inflation shown in table 1.  ..  .. [1]   (ii) explain one possible reason for the relationship described in (d) (i).   ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [3]",
            "4": "4 0455/32/m/j/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011for examiner\u2019s use (e) discuss what factors are likely to influence whether unemployment will rise in china in  the future.   ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[7]  [total: 20]",
            "5": "5 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/32/m/j/11for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018japan\u2019s population problem\u2019 will be needed for this question. 2 (a) calculate the estimated percentage fall in the japanese population from 2008 to 2050.  .. ..[1]  (b) identify:   (i) one cause of a decline in population size not mentioned in the extract   .. .. [1]   (ii) two possible causes of the change in japan\u2019s death rate.   .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]  (c) what is meant by the labour force?  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]",
            "6": "6 0455/32/m/j/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011for examiner\u2019s use (d) explain, using a demand and supply diagram, the likely effect of an ageing population  on the price of residential care.  ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[4]",
            "7": "7 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/32/m/j/11for examiner\u2019s use (e) explain why raising the retirement age would be expected to raise tax revenue.   .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[4] question 2 (f) is on the next page",
            "8": "8 0455/32/m/j/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011for examiner\u2019s use permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge. (f) discuss the information you would need to assess whether a rise in a country\u2019s birth  rate would benefit its economy.   ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[6]  [total: 20]"
        },
        "0455_s11_qp_33.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 8 printed pages and 1 insert. dc (sjf) 43237 \u00a9 ucles 2011 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education read these instructions first write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.do not write in any barcodes. answer all questions.at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. *1863078946* economics 0455/33 paper 3  analysis and critical evaluation may/june 2011  1 hour 30 minutes candidates answer on the question paper. additional materials: insert. for examiner\u2019s use 1 2 total",
            "2": "2 0455/33/m/j/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018is china\u2019s economic growth sustainable?\u2019 will be needed for this question. 1 (a) state two influences on the demand for a country\u2019s exports.   .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]  (b) identify two possible reasons why the chinese savings ratio may fall in the future.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]  (c) (i) what is meant by cyclical unemployment?  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]",
            "3": "3 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/33/m/j/11for examiner\u2019s use  (ii) explain one consequence of unemployment referred to in the extract.   ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [3]  (d) (i) describe the relationship between unemployment and inflation shown in table 1.  ..  .. [1]   (ii) explain one possible reason for the relationship described in (d) (i).   .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [3]",
            "4": "4 0455/33/m/j/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011for examiner\u2019s use (e) discuss what factors are likely to influence whether unemployment will rise in china in  the future.   ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[7]  [total: 20]",
            "5": "5 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/33/m/j/11for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018japan\u2019s population problem\u2019 will be needed for this question. 2 (a) calculate the estimated percentage fall in the japanese population from 2008 to 2050.  .. ..[1]  (b) identify:   (i) one cause of a decline in population size not mentioned in the extract   .. .. [1]   (ii) two possible causes of the change in japan\u2019s death rate.   .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]  (c) what is meant by the labour force?  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]",
            "6": "6 0455/33/m/j/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011for examiner\u2019s use (d) explain, using a demand and supply diagram, the likely effect of an ageing population  on the price of residential care.  ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[4]",
            "7": "7 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/33/m/j/11for examiner\u2019s use (e) explain why raising the retirement age would be expected to raise tax revenue.   .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[4] question 2 (f) is on the next page",
            "8": "8 0455/33/m/j/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011for examiner\u2019s use permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge. (f) discuss the information you would need to assess whether a rise in a country\u2019s birth  rate would benefit its economy.   ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[6]  [total: 20]"
        },
        "0455_w11_qp_11.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib11 11_0455_11/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2011  [turn over      *3865527306* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/11     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2011     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.   read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/11/o/n/11  1 every business organisation faces the problem of satisfying wants.    what is the reason why wants are not fully satisfied?  a an economy can only produce a limited amount of goods and services.  b governments cannot print enough money to pay for goods and services.  c there is an over-production of goods and services by business organisations.  d workers are too skilled for the requirements of the jobs available.    2 a university rejects 2000 qualified applicants who wish to study there.   what factor of production could have caused the university to make this decision?  a infinite quantity of capital  b scarcity of labour  c surplus of land  d unlimited supply of enterprise      3 the diagram shows the choices for an individual between leisure and earnings.   24  20 16 12  8 4 0  0 20 40 60 80 100 120  earnings $ hours of leisure per dayx  y      what is the opportunity cost to the individual of the extra earnings when moving from position x  to position y?  a $20  b $80 c 4 hours of leisure per day  d 8 hours of leisure per day     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/11/o/n/11 [turn over  4 how are economic decisions determined in a pure market system?  a by a mixture of market forces and government regulation  b by central planners of production and consumption  c by government regulation of the price mechanism  d by the forces of demand and supply      5 wet weather in 2009 led to a fall in the sales of summer clothes. to support businesses the  government reduced the sales tax (vat).    how would these events be shown on a demand and supply diagram for summer clothes?     demand curve supply curve  a move to the left move to the right  b move to the left no change  c move to the right move to the left  d no change move to the right     6 drought in african countries often results in poor harvests. other countries then help by sending  quantities of food.    what are the likely results of these events for the price of food in the drought-affected countries?  a it will fall and then rise.  b it will rise and continue to rise.  c it will rise and remain at this higher level.  d it will rise and then fall.      7 the graphs, drawn to the same scale, show the demand curves of four firms. the market price is  $10. the price then falls to $8.    which firm will have the largest increase in total revenue?    quantityprice $ 10a d 0q1 quantityprice $ 10b d 0 q1 quantityprice $ 10d d 0q1 quantityprice $ 10c d 0 q1     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/11/o/n/11  8 which person would wish to encourage the use of the market system?  a someone who believes that people should have equal living standards  b someone who believes that people should have freedom of action  c someone who believes that profit maximisation is wrong  d someone who believes that the government should correct peoples\u2019 bad behaviour      9 what is an example of an external cost?  a a company\u2019s transport costs  b the cost of bringing about a merger  c the cost of buying components from suppliers  d the cost of industrial pollution       10 which motive is most likely to increase the wish to open a savings account?  a to have cash immediately available  b to prepare for future expenditure c to satisfy essential needs d to widen present consumption choices     11 share prices on the stock market are most likely to rise if  a employment falls.  b interest rates fall.  c interest rates rise.  d tax rates rise.    12 the ways of making and receiving payments continue to develop. as well as cash, debit cards  and credit cards, mobile (cell) phones are now being used to make payments.    which method of paying for products provides no information to sellers about their customers?  a cash  b debit cards c credit cards d mobile (cell) phones     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/11/o/n/11 [turn over  13 a group of workers in a firm join a trade union.    what would the union be expected to do?  a arrange for labour-saving technology to be introduced  b discuss safety issues in the workplace with the employer  c ensure job security by promoting the firm\u2019s products through advertising  d negotiate new contracts with major buyers of the firm\u2019s products     14 in 2009, the chinese government tried to increase household spending.    which policy measure would have been most  likely to achieve this objective?  a an increase in both direct and indirect taxes  b a reduction in subsidies given to manufacturers  c a requirement for commercial banks to reduce their lending  d a switch from public to private sector provision of health care and pensions      15 the table shows how a firm\u2019s total cost rises with changes in output.    output total cost ($)  0 20 000  1000 30 000  2000 35 000  3000 40 000  4000 45 000  5000 50 000    what is the average fixed cost of producing 5000 units?  a $4 b $5 c $6 d $10     16 general motors, a large multi-national company based in the united states, sold some of its  european car assembly plants to other car manufacturers during the world recession (economic  downturn) in 2009.    which economic reason would have been most likely to influence this decision?  a to benefit from horizontal integration of manufacturing  b to diversify and expand its product range  c to encourage vertical integration of sales and production  d to reduce its excess capacity in car production   ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/11/o/n/11  17 a firm is producing an output which enables it to make more than normal profit.    what must be true at that output?  a average revenue must be greater than total revenue.  b average revenue must equal average cost.  c total revenue must be greater than total cost.  d variable cost must equal price.     18 which statement about total fixed cost is correct?  a it falls as output increases.  b it is calculated by adding total cost and total variable cost.  c it is calculated by dividing total cost by output.  d it must be paid even if output is zero.    19 which type of business organisation has its shares quoted on a stock exchange?  a co-operative  b private company  c public company  d public corporation    20 what is a long-term advantage of economic growth?  a employment falls  b incomes rise  c prices rise  d savings fall      21 a tax on which of the following is usually progressive and is paid by a large number of tax  payers?  a company profits  b goods and services  c incomes  d sales of shares     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/11/o/n/11 [turn over  22 which government policy would be likely to help local companies expand?  a encouraging investment by foreign companies  b increasing income tax  c providing a subsidy  d raising interest rates      23 between december 2008 and august 2009, the c entral bank of south africa cut the rate of  interest from 12.5  % to 7  %.    what effect would this action be expected to have on economic growth and unemployment?     economic growth unemployment  a decrease decrease  b decrease increase  c increase decrease  d increase increase     24 there was a fall in investment spending by businesses in the third quarter of 2008.    what would be the likely result of this?  a an increase in economic growth  b an increase in exports  c an increase in incomes  d an increase in unemployment     25 what is typical of a recession (economic downturn)?  a falling gross domestic product  b falling unemployment  c rising living standards  d rising retail price index    ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/11/o/n/11  26 the table gives information about four countries.    which country is likely to have the lowest  standard of living?     country life expectancy  at birth (years) gnp per head  ($) adult literacy  (%)  a ethiopia 43 110 66  b india 59 350 43  c nigeria 51 290 43  d mozambique 45 80 39      27 what is most  likely to happen if there is a fall in the death rate while the birth rate and migration  remain unchanged?  a the population structure will remain the same.  b the population will increase. c there will be a change in the proportion of men to women. d the standard of living will increase.     28 developing countries are sometimes given aid by charities and foreign governments.    which aid programme would be least  likely to lead to long-term economic growth?  a the building of an irrigation system  b the construction of a new airport  c the distribution of gifts of food  d the training of technical staff      29 many sportsmen and sportswomen from developing countries go to the united states (us) to  earn money, most of which they send back to their own countries.    what impact would this have on the balance of payments?  a the current account balance of the developing countries would improve.  b the current account balance of the us would improve.  c the trade balance of the developing countries would improve.  d the trade balance of the us would improve.     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/11/o/n/11  30 the table gives the retail price of a pa perback book as printed on its back cover.    united kingdom \u00a36.99   canada $11.99 (canadian dollars)  australia $14.99 (australian dollars)  new zealand $20.95 (new zealand dollars)    what is needed to make a clear comparison of the price in the four countries?  a exchange rates  b indirect tax rates  c inflation rates  d retail  price indices     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/11/o/n/11  blank page     ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/11/o/n/11  blank page     ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where thir d-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the p ublisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of t he cambridge assessment group. ca mbridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/11/o/n/11  blank page     "
        },
        "0455_w11_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib11 11_0455_12/fp  \u00a9 ucles 2011  [turn over       *3065456843* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/12     paper 1 multiple choice  october/november 2011     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.   read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/12/o/n/11  1 the diagram shows the choices for an individual between leisure and earnings.    24  20 16 12  8 4 0  0 20 40 60 80 100 120  earnings $ hours of leisure per dayx  y      what is the opportunity cost to the individual of the extra earnings when moving from position x  to position y?  a $20  b $80 c 4 hours of leisure per day d 8 hours of leisure per day     2 every business organisation faces the problem of satisfying wants.   what is the reason why wants are not fully satisfied?  a an economy can only produce a limited amount of goods and services.  b governments cannot print enough money to pay for goods and services.  c there is an over-production of goods and services by business organisations.  d workers are too skilled for the requirements of the jobs available.      3 a university rejects 2000 qualified applicants who wish to study there.   what factor of production could have caused the university to make this decision?  a infinite quantity of capital  b scarcity of labour  c surplus of land  d unlimited supply of enterprise     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/12/o/n/11 [turn over  4 what is an example of an external cost?  a a company\u2019s transport costs  b the cost of bringing about a merger  c the cost of buying components from suppliers  d the cost of industrial pollution       5 how are economic decisions determined in a pure market system?  a by a mixture of market forces and government regulation  b by central planners of production and consumption  c by government regulation of the price mechanism  d by the forces of demand and supply     6 wet weather in 2009 led to a fall in the sales of summer clothes. to support businesses the  government reduced the sales tax (vat).    how would these events be shown on a demand and supply diagram for summer clothes?     demand curve supply curve  a move to the left move to the right  b move to the left no change  c move to the right move to the left  d no change move to the right      7 drought in african countries often results in poor harvests. other countries then help by sending  quantities of food.    what are the likely results of these events for the price of food in the drought-affected countries?  a it will fall and then rise.  b it will rise and continue to rise.  c it will rise and remain at this higher level.  d it will rise and then fall.     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/12/o/n/11  8 the graphs, drawn to the same scale, show the demand curves of four firms. the market price is  $10. the price then falls to $8.    which firm will have the largest increase in total revenue?    quantityprice $ 10a d 0q1 quantityprice $ 10b d 0 q1 quantityprice $ 10d d 0q1 quantityprice $ 10c d 0 q1       9 which person would wish to encourage the use of the market system?  a someone who believes that people should have equal living standards  b someone who believes that people should have freedom of action  c someone who believes that profit maximisation is wrong  d someone who believes that the government should correct peoples\u2019 bad behaviour      10 in 2009, the chinese government tried to increase household spending.    which policy measure would have been most  likely to achieve this objective?  a an increase in both direct and indirect taxes  b a reduction in subsidies given to manufacturers  c a requirement for commercial banks to reduce their lending  d a switch from public to private sector provision of health care and pensions    11 which motive is most likely to increase the wish to open a savings account?  a to have cash immediately available  b to prepare for future expenditure  c to satisfy essential needs  d to widen present consumption choices     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/12/o/n/11 [turn over  12 share prices on the stock market are most likely to rise if  a employment falls.  b interest rates fall.  c interest rates rise.  d tax rates rise.      13 the ways of making and receiving payments continue to develop. as well as cash, debit cards  and credit cards, mobile (cell) phones are now being used to make payments.    which method of paying for products provides no information to sellers about their customers?  a cash  b debit cards  c credit cards  d mobile (cell) phones      14 a group of workers in a firm join a trade union.    what would the union be expected to do?  a arrange for labour-saving technology to be introduced  b discuss safety issues in the workplace with the employer  c ensure job security by promoting the firm\u2019s products through advertising  d negotiate new contracts with major buyers of the firm\u2019s products     15 which type of business organisation has its shares quoted on a stock exchange?  a co-operative  b private company  c public company  d public corporation    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/12/o/n/11  16 the table shows how a firm\u2019s total cost rises with changes in output.    output total cost ($)  0 20 000  1000 30 000  2000 35 000  3000 40 000  4000 45 000  5000 50 000    what is the average fixed cost of producing 5000 units?  a $4 b $5 c $6 d $10     17 general motors, a large multi-national company based in the united states, sold some of its  european car assembly plants to other car manufacturers during the world recession (economic downturn) in 2009.    which economic reason would have been most likely to influence this decision?  a to benefit from horizontal integration of manufacturing  b to diversify and expand its product range  c to encourage vertical integration of sales and production  d to reduce its excess capacity in car production    18 a firm is producing an output which enables it to make more than normal profit.    what must be true at that output?  a average revenue must be greater than total revenue.  b average revenue must equal average cost.  c total revenue must be greater than total cost.  d variable cost must equal price.     19 which statement about total fixed cost is correct?  a it falls as output increases.  b it is calculated by adding total cost and total variable cost.  c it is calculated by dividing total cost by output.  d it must be paid even if output is zero.    ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/12/o/n/11 [turn over  20 between december 2008 and august 2009, the c entral bank of south africa cut the rate of  interest from 12.5  % to 7  %.    what effect would this action be expected to have on economic growth and unemployment?     economic growth unemployment  a decrease decrease  b decrease increase  c increase decrease  d increase increase      21 which government policy would be likely to help local companies expand?  a encouraging investment by foreign companies  b increasing income tax  c providing a subsidy  d raising interest rates      22 a tax on which of the following is usually progressive and is paid by a large number of tax  payers?  a company profits  b goods and services  c incomes  d sales of shares     23 what is a long-term advantage of economic growth?  a employment falls  b incomes rise c prices rise  d savings fall     24 what is typical of a recession (economic downturn)?  a falling gross domestic product  b falling unemployment  c rising living standards  d rising retail price index    ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/12/o/n/11  25 there was a fall in investment spending by businesses in the third quarter of 2008.    what would be the likely result of this?  a an increase in economic growth  b an increase in exports c an increase in incomes d an increase in unemployment     26 many sportsmen and sportswomen from developing countries go to the united states (us) to  earn money, most of which they send back to their own countries.    what impact would this have on the balance of payments?  a the current account balance of the developing countries would improve.  b the current account balance of the us would improve.  c the trade balance of the developing countries would improve.  d the trade balance of the us would improve.     27 the table gives the retail price of a pa perback book as printed on its back cover.    united kingdom \u00a36.99   canada $11.99 (canadian dollars)  australia $14.99 (australian dollars)  new zealand $20.95 (new zealand dollars)    what is needed to make a clear comparison of the price in the four countries?  a exchange rates  b indirect tax rates  c inflation rates  d retail  price indices     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/12/o/n/11  28 the table gives information about four countries.    which country is likely to have the lowest  standard of living?     country life expectancy  at birth (years) gnp per head  ($) adult literacy  (%)  a ethiopia 43 110 66  b india 59 350 43  c nigeria 51 290 43  d mozambique 45 80 39      29 developing countries are sometimes given aid by charities and foreign governments.    which aid programme would be least  likely to lead to long-term economic growth?  a the building of an irrigation system  b the construction of a new airport c the distribution of gifts of food  d the training of technical staff     30 what is most  likely to happen if there is a fall in the death rate while the birth rate and migration  remain unchanged?  a the population structure will remain the same.  b the population will increase.  c there will be a change in the proportion of men to women.  d the standard of living will increase.     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/12/o/n/11  blank page  ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/12/o/n/11  blank page  ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where third -party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to t race copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/12/o/n/11  blank page    "
        },
        "0455_w11_qp_13.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib11 11_0455_13/rp  \u00a9 ucles 2011  [turn over      *4606260 358* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/13     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2011     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.   read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/13/o/n/11  1 a university rejects 2000 qualified applicants who wish to study there.    what factor of production could have caused the university to make this decision?  a infinite quantity of capital  b scarcity of labour  c surplus of land  d unlimited supply of enterprise     2 the diagram shows the choices for an individual between leisure and earnings.   24  20 16 12  8 4 0  0 20 40 60 80 100 120  earnings $ hours of leisure per dayx  y      what is the opportunity cost to the individual of the extra earnings when moving from position x  to position y?  a $20  b $80  c 4 hours of leisure per day  d 8 hours of leisure per day      3 every business organisation faces the problem of satisfying wants.   what is the reason why wants are not fully satisfied?  a an economy can only produce a limited amount of goods and services.  b governments cannot print enough money to pay for goods and services.  c there is an over-production of goods and services by business organisations.  d workers are too skilled for the requirements of the jobs available.    ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/13/o/n/11 [turn over  4 which person would wish to encourage the use of the market system?  a someone who believes that people should have equal living standards  b someone who believes that people should have freedom of action  c someone who believes that profit maximisation is wrong  d someone who believes that the government should correct peoples\u2019 bad behaviour      5 what is an example of an external cost?  a a company\u2019s transport costs  b the cost of bringing about a merger  c the cost of buying components from suppliers  d the cost of industrial pollution       6 how are economic decisions determined in a pure market system?  a by a mixture of market forces and government regulation  b by central planners of production and consumption  c by government regulation of the price mechanism  d by the forces of demand and supply    7 wet weather in 2009 led to a fall in the sales of summer clothes. to support businesses the  government reduced the sales tax (vat).    how would these events be shown on a demand and supply diagram for summer clothes?     demand curve supply curve  a move to the left move to the right  b move to the left no change  c move to the right move to the left  d no change move to the right    8 drought in african countries often results in poor harvests. other countries then help by sending  quantities of food.    what are the likely results of these events for the price of food in the drought-affected countries?  a it will fall and then rise.  b it will rise and continue to rise.  c it will rise and remain at this higher level.  d it will rise and then fall. ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/13/o/n/11  9 the graphs, drawn to the same scale, show the demand curves of four firms. the market price is  $10. the price then falls to $8.    which firm will have the largest increase in total revenue?    quantityprice $ 10a d 0q1 quantityprice $ 10b d 0 q1 quantityprice $ 10d d 0q1 quantityprice $ 10c d 0 q1       10 a group of workers in a firm join a trade union.    what would the union be expected to do?  a arrange for labour-saving technology to be introduced  b discuss safety issues in the workplace with the employer  c ensure job security by promoting the firm\u2019s products through advertising  d negotiate new contracts with major buyers of the firm\u2019s products     11 in 2009, the chinese government tried to increase household spending.    which policy measure would have been most  likely to achieve this objective?  a an increase in both direct and indirect taxes  b a reduction in subsidies given to manufacturers  c a requirement for commercial banks to reduce their lending  d a switch from public to private sector provision of health care and pensions      12 which motive is most likely to increase the wish to open a savings account?  a to have cash immediately available  b to prepare for future expenditure c to satisfy essential needs d to widen present consumption choices     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/13/o/n/11 [turn over  13 share prices on the stock market are most likely to rise if  a employment falls.  b interest rates fall.  c interest rates rise.  d tax rates rise.      14 the ways of making and receiving payments continue to develop. as well as cash, debit cards  and credit cards, mobile (cell) phones are now being used to make payments.    which method of paying for products provides no information to sellers about their customers?  a cash  b debit cards  c credit cards  d mobile (cell) phones      15 which statement about total fixed cost is correct?  a it falls as output increases.  b it is calculated by adding total cost and total variable cost.  c it is calculated by dividing total cost by output.  d it must be paid even if output is zero.      16 which type of business organisation has its shares quoted on a stock exchange?  a co-operative  b private company  c public company  d public corporation    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/13/o/n/11  17 the table shows how a firm\u2019s total cost rises with changes in output.    output total cost ($)  0 20 000  1000 30 000  2000 35 000  3000 40 000  4000 45 000  5000 50 000    what is the average fixed cost of producing 5000 units?  a $4 b $5 c $6 d $10     18 general motors, a large multi-national company based in the united states, sold some of its  european car assembly plants to other car manufacturers during the world recession (economic downturn) in 2009.    which economic reason would have been most likely to influence this decision?  a to benefit from horizontal integration of manufacturing  b to diversify and expand its product range  c to encourage vertical integration of sales and production  d to reduce its excess capacity in car production    19 a firm is producing an output which enables it to make more than normal profit.    what must be true at that output?  a average revenue must be greater than total revenue.  b average revenue must equal average cost.  c total revenue must be greater than total cost.  d variable cost must equal price.     20 which government policy would be likely to help local companies expand?  a encouraging investment by foreign companies  b increasing income tax c providing a subsidy  d raising interest rates     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/13/o/n/11 [turn over  21 between december 2008 and august 2009, the cen tral bank of south africa cut the rate of  interest from 12.5  % to 7  %.    what effect would this action be expected to have on economic growth and unemployment?     economic growth unemployment  a decrease decrease  b decrease increase  c increase decrease  d increase increase      22 a tax on which of the following is usually progressive and is paid by a large number of tax  payers?  a company profits  b goods and services  c incomes  d sales of shares     23 there was a fall in investment spending by businesses in the third quarter of 2008.    what would be the likely result of this?  a an increase in economic growth  b an increase in exports  c an increase in incomes  d an increase in unemployment      24 what is typical of a recession (economic downturn)?  a falling gross domestic product  b falling unemployment  c rising living standards  d rising retail price index     25 what is a long-term advantage of economic growth?  a employment falls  b incomes rise  c prices rise  d savings fall ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/13/o/n/11  26 the table gives the retail price of a pa perback book as printed on its back cover.    united kingdom \u00a36.99   canada $11.99 (canadian dollars)  australia $14.99 (australian dollars)  new zealand $20.95 (new zealand dollars)    what is needed to make a clear comparison of the price in the four countries?  a exchange rates  b indirect tax rates  c inflation rates  d retail  price indices     27 many sportsmen and sportswomen from developing countries go to the united states (us) to  earn money, most of which they send back to their own countries.    what impact would this have on the balance of payments?  a the current account balance of the developing countries would improve.  b the current account balance of the us would improve.  c the trade balance of the developing countries would improve.  d the trade balance of the us would improve.      28 what is most  likely to happen if there is a fall in the death rate while the birth rate and migration  remain unchanged?  a the population structure will remain the same.  b the population will increase. c there will be a change in the proportion of men to women.  d the standard of living will increase.     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/13/o/n/11  29 the table gives information about four countries.    which country is likely to have the lowest  standard of living?     country life expectancy  at birth (years) gnp per head  ($) adult literacy  (%)  a ethiopia 43 110 66  b india 59 350 43  c nigeria 51 290 43  d mozambique 45 80 39      30 developing countries are sometimes given aid by charities and foreign governments.    which aid programme would be least  likely to lead to long-term economic growth?  a the building of an irrigation system  b the construction of a new airport c the distribution of gifts of food  d the training of technical staff     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/13/o/n/11  blank page  ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/13/o/n/11  blank page  ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material prot ected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to t race copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/13/o/n/11  blank page   "
        },
        "0455_w11_qp_21.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. dc (sjf) 35341/3 \u00a9 ucles 2011 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *0413938903*economics 0455/21 paper 2  structured questions october/november 2011  2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. section a answer question 1.section banswer any three questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/21/o/n/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011section a answer this question. 1 the chinese economy is growing in 2009, the chinese economy, as measured by the increase in real gross domestic product  (gdp), grew by 9%. this was a much higher rate of economic growth than most other economies. indeed, in some countries the real gdp actually fell.  the role of the private sector is increasing in china, with more firms having profit maximisation  as an important aim. the future of many firms in china looks encouraging, with profits up by an average of 7% in 2009.  one of the reasons for the impressive rate of economic growth in china has been the willingness  of the commercial banks to lend. this has set china apart from many other countries, where it has often been difficult to obtain the required finance. bank lending in china increased by 34% during 2009. another reason for the high rate of economic growth has been the willingness of the chinese  government to increase public spending, especially to improve the country\u2019s infrastructure. this has been most noticeable in relation to the expenditure on the country\u2019s railways and roads, many of which were in great need of improvement.  (a) what is meant by economic growth?  [2]  (b) explain why firms aim to maximise profits. [4]  (c) describe how lending by commercial banks can have a significant impact on an economy.  [6]  (d) discuss whether economic growth is always beneficial for an economy.  [8]",
            "3": "3 0455/21/o/n/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2  car production in the united states has changed dramatically during the last forty years. the  managers of the firms have decided to use more advanced machinery and fewer employees to produce the cars.  (a)  identify and explain the factors of production in the information above.  [4]  (b) most car producing firms are now very large. explain how they may have benefited from:   (i) horizontal integration  [4]   (ii) vertical integration.  [4]  (c) the wages paid to employees in the car industry vary widely. discuss the possible reasons why these earnings vary so much.  [8] 3 many governments intervene in their economies by imposing an indirect tax on a product. sometimes, this is to try to overcome a market failure.  (a) using an example, describe what is meant by an indirect tax.  [3]  (b) explain, using a demand and supply diagram, how the introduction of an indirect tax can affect the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity in a market.  [6]  (c)  explain why markets often fail.  [5]  (d) discuss the extent to which the introduction of an indirect tax could correct market failure.  [6] 4 it was reported in the netherlands in 2010 that the proportion of income that was saved, rather than spent, had actually increased for the first time in many years. at the same time, borrowing fell.  (a) explain what could influence people to save more.  [6]  (b)  explain the disadvantages to an economy of people saving a high proportion of their income. [6]  (c) discuss how a government could encourage people to spend a higher proportion of their income.  [8]",
            "4": "4 0455/21/o/n/11 \u00a9 ucles 20115 one of the important aims of governments is full employment. the unemployment rate in some  countries, however, has increased over the last few years.  (a) define:   (i) full employment  [2]   (ii) the unemployment rate.  [2]   (b) describe the different types of unemployment which could exist in an economy.  [6]  (c) discuss whether a rise in employment always benefits an economy.  [10] 6 the population of the world continues to rise, despite the efforts of some countries to control population growth.  (a)  explain why the rate of population growth in some countries might be higher than in other countries.  [6]  (b) as a country becomes more developed, describe what is likely to happen to:   (i) the geographical distribution of its population  [2]   (ii) the occupational distribution of its workforce.  [4]  (c) discuss whether an increase in the population of a country should always be regarded as undesirable.  [8] 7 in recent years there have been attempts to increase free trade so that countries are able to  benefit from specialisation.  trade protection, however, still survives as a strong force in many parts  of the world.  (a) explain what is meant by trade protection. [4]  (b) explain two reasons why a government might introduce trade protection.  [6]   (c)  discuss the extent to which free trade can be seen as a benefit to (i) all consumers and (ii) all producers.  [10] permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_w11_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. dc (sjf) 35342/4 \u00a9 ucles 2011 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *7151178319*economics 0455/22 paper 2  structured questions october/november 2011  2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. section a answer question 1.section banswer any three questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/22/o/n/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011section a answer this question. 1 the struggles of the ivory coast\u2019s cocoa farmers cocoa prices have hit a 30-year high due to demand exceeding supply. production of cocoa in the ivory coast, which provides about a third of the world\u2019s cocoa beans,  has fallen as a result of poor weather and under-investment in the industry. the 2009 harvest was badly affected by dry weather, pests and disease. a spokesperson at the international cocoa organisation commented, \u201cwe have now had three  consecutive years of supply declining. with current production methods, the ivory coast has reached maximum output. farmers don\u2019t use many chemicals and pesticides. they need to invest more in chemicals and other farming techniques to increase their yields.\u201d the demand for cocoa has continued to grow. the fashion for more expensive, high-quality  chocolate has helped to increase demand as it typically has a higher cocoa content. a spokesperson from the fair trade association commented, \u201cthe large, unpredictable fluctuations  in the cocoa market make life extremely difficult for farmers.\u201d the government of the ivory coast is planning to create greater stability in the cocoa market  by regulating the industry. it is thinking of selling the cocoa itself and also fixing the price. if the government fixed the price for cocoa, the farmers would be less vulnerable to fluctuations in prices due to changes in demand and supply factors.  (a) (i) state one reason for the increase in demand for cocoa.  [1]   (ii) state two reasons for the decrease in supply of cocoa.  [2]  (b) explain, using a demand and supply diagram, how the changes in the demand for and the supply of cocoa have affected the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity in the cocoa market. [6]  (c) explain why the large, unpredictable fluctuations in the cocoa market make life difficult for cocoa farmers. [3]  (d) discuss whether an economy would benefit from its government intervening to regulate an industry. [8]",
            "3": "3 0455/22/o/n/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2 all countries face the basic economic problem in relation to the factors of production. one country  might allocate more resources to education and health care than another, but there will always be an opportunity cost involved in such decisions.  (a) why do all countries face the basic economic problem? [4]  (b) state and explain the factors of production.   [4]  (c) define opportunity cost and explain why it is an important concept for economists.  [4]  (d)  discuss whether a government should allocate more resources to education and health care rather than other forms of expenditure. [8] 3 the government of bangladesh is planning to build a new motorway with the help of private companies. it recognises that there are a number of costs and benefits, both private and social, that need to be taken into account before a final decision is taken.   (a) explain what is meant by (i) a private cost, (ii) a private benefit, (iii) an external cost and (iv) an external benefit. [4]  (b) for each of the following, identify one example of (i) a private cost, (ii) a private benefit, (iii) an external cost and (iv) an external benefit that might be involved in the building of a  motorway.  [4]  (c) why might a government want to involve private companies in a motorway project?  [4]  (d) discuss how nearby communities are likely to be affected by the building of a motorway.  [8] 4 trade unions play a role in the new zealand economy, but not every worker belongs to one. this is especially the case in small firms.  (a) describe the functions of a trade union.  [4]  (b)  why might some workers not belong to a trade union? [4]   (c) explain why small firms continue to exist in most economies.  [4]  (d)  discuss whether firms always benefit from growing larger.   [8]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/o/n/11 \u00a9 ucles 20115 the government of nigeria has a number of economic aims. one of these is to increase the rate  of economic growth in the country. it recognises, however, that this aim could conflict with some of its other aims.  (a) describe what is meant by economic growth.   [2]   (b) state four economic aims a government may have, other than economic growth.  [4]  (c) describe the policies that a government might adopt to increase the rate of economic growth in its country. [6]  (d) discuss whether economic growth conflicts with the achievement of the other government economic aims.  [8]    6 there are over 200 countries in the world and they vary enormously in terms of their level of  development and extent of poverty. many of the developing countries have high rates of population growth.  (a) describe what an economist would need to know to decide whether a country should be classified as developed or not.  [6]  (b) explain what influences a country\u2019s birth rate.  [6]  (c) discuss whether encouraging multi-national companies to set up in a country would reduce that country\u2019s level of poverty.  [8]   7 the world trade organisation aims to encourage free trade but, despite its best efforts, trade  protection is still carried out by many countries.  (a) explain why countries specialise in producing different goods and services.  [4]  (b) identify and describe two methods of trade protection which a government might use.  [6]  (c) discuss whether the advantages of free trade are so great that no country should ever think about trying to protect its own industries.  [10]   permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_w11_qp_23.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. dc (sjf) 35343/3 \u00a9 ucles 2011 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *1858806443*economics 0455/23 paper 2  structured questions october/november 2011  2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. section a answer question 1.section banswer any three questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/23/o/n/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011section a answer this question. 1 oil and gas extraction in the peruvian rainforest several thousand tribespeople in peru\u2019s amazon rainforest have been protesting about the  government allowing companies to buy land at very low prices to extract the natural resources of oil and gas in the region. the government of peru is very keen to encourage the development of its economy and it sees  oil and gas exploration as a key part of this. the government owns the land and the oil, gas or minerals it contains. since 2005, the proportion of peru\u2019s amazon rainforest that is allocated to oil and gas exploration has increased from 15% to 72%. tribespeople are unhappy about this. they want to see their living standards improved and  recognise that extraction of natural resources has the potential to create wealth. however, they are concerned that such extraction by companies will have a significant impact on the rainforest. they think more should be done to reduce the environmental impact and to prevent the land where they are living from being sold at very low prices. some of the oil and gas extraction companies are foreign-owned. some companies are privately- owned, and some of them are government-owned and the environmental record of some government-owned companies is often worse than that of the private companies.  (a) describe the possible benefits of economic development to the people living in a country. [4]    (b) explain two possible reasons why the government of peru might be prepared to sell land at  very low prices.  [4]  (c) what are the potential disadvantages of a company being owned by a government?  [4]   (d) discuss, using the example of oil and gas extraction in peru, whether it is in the long-term  interests of a country to use its natural resources rather than conserve them.  [8]",
            "3": "3 0455/23/o/n/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2 a market approach to the basic economic problem has the advantage that prices act like an  \u2018invisible hand\u2019 to allocate the resources in an economy. however, the market system also has some disadvantages.  (a) what is meant by the basic economic problem?  [2]  (b) describe what could cause an increase in the demand for a good or service.  [4]  (c) explain, using a demand and supply diagram, how an increase in the demand for a good or service can affect its equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity in a market. [6]  (d) discuss whether the advantages of the market system are greater than its disadvantages.  [8] 3 the united states, like many countries, has recently experienced serious difficulties with a number of its financial institutions. its central bank, the federal reserve, has intervened to provide financial support to some of these institutions.   (a) describe the functions of a central bank.  [6]  (b) explain three of the functions of money.  [6]  (c) discuss whether a government should support financial institutions when they experience difficulties.  [8]  4 there is a wide variety of different types of business organisation operating in south africa, including co-operatives, public limited companies and public corporations. some of the companies are monopolies.  (a) (i) identify two features of a co-operative.  [2]   (ii) give examples of two types of co-operative.  [2]  (b) explain the differences between a public limited company and a public corporation.  [6]  (c) discuss whether the advantages of a monopoly are greater than its disadvantages.  [10]",
            "4": "4 0455/23/o/n/11 \u00a9 ucles 20115 governments impose taxes for a number of reasons. one of these reasons is to bring about a  redistribution of income.  (a) describe the difference between a progressive and a regressive tax and give one example of each.   [4]  (b) explain why governments impose taxes, apart from to bring about a redistribution of income. [6]  (c) discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a government trying to redistribute income more evenly.  [10]   6 some countries have a deficit on the current account of their balance of payments. one way to reduce the deficit is to change the exchange rate.  (a) what is meant by an exchange rate?  [2]  (b) explain what can cause fluctuations in exchange rates.  [6]  (c) describe the structure of the current account of a country\u2019s balance of payments.  [4]  (d) discuss whether a change in the exchange rate will always solve a country\u2019s deficit on the current account of its balance of payments.  [8] 7 many people emigrate to another country for a variety of reasons and this trend seems to be on the increase.  (a) describe what is meant by net migration.  [3]  (b) explain the possible economic reasons why some people might emigrate.  [7]  (c) discuss the economic effects of a large increase in the number of migrants into a country.  [10] permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_w11_qp_31.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 8 printed pages and 1 insert. dc (sjf) 35654/3 \u00a9 ucles 2011 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education read these instructions first write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.do not write in any barcodes. answer all questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. *9255739565* economics 0455/31 paper 3  analysis and critical evaluation october/november 2011  1 hour 30 minutes candidates answer on the question paper. additional materials: insert. for examiner\u2019s use 1 2 total",
            "2": "2 0455/31/o/n/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018the brain drain\u2019 will be needed for this question. 1 (a) what is meant by a \u2018brain gain\u2019?  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]  (b) explain two possible reasons why, in the future, ghanaian doctors may choose to work  in ghana.   .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[4]",
            "3": "3 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/31/o/n/11for examiner\u2019s use (c) (i) using the extract identify:    \u0081 a private benefit of education    .. .. [1]    \u0081 an external benefit of education.   .. .. [1]   (ii) explain two policies a government could use to encourage more people to enter  higher education.   .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [4]",
            "4": "4 0455/31/o/n/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011for examiner\u2019s use (d) using table 1, identify, relative to its gdp:   (i) the country most dependent on remittances    .. [1]   (ii) the country least dependent on remittances.  .. [1]  (e) discuss what factors should be taken into account when assessing whether an economy  would benefit from the emigration of its workers.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[6]  [total: 20]",
            "5": "5 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/31/o/n/11for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018microfinance\u2019 will be needed for this question. 2 (a) identify, from the extract, three motives for borrowing.    ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[3]  (b) (i) explain what is meant by poverty.   .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]",
            "6": "6 0455/31/o/n/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011for examiner\u2019s use  (ii) apart from the difficulty of borrowing, explain one other disadvantage the extract  suggests the poor experience.    .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]  (c) (i) state two reasons why a conventional commercial bank may be reluctant to lend to  the poor.   .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]",
            "7": "7 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/31/o/n/11for examiner\u2019s use  (ii) using a demand and supply diagram, show the effect of increasing loans to poor  entrepreneurs on the market for basic, inexpensive capital goods such as sewing machines.   [3]  (d) (i) what is meant by entrepreneurial skills?    .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2] question 2(d)(ii) is on the next page",
            "8": "8 0455/31/o/n/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011for examiner\u2019s use  (ii) discuss the factors that affect an individual\u2019s choice of whether to work for someone  else or to start their own business.    ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [6]  [total: 20] permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_w11_qp_32.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 8 printed pages and 1 insert. dc (sjf) 52680/4 r \u00a9 ucles 2011 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education read these instructions first write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.do not write in any barcodes. answer all questions.at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. *4233334935* economics 0455/32 paper 3  analysis and critical evaluation october/november 2011  1 hour 30 minutes candidates answer on the question paper. additional materials: insert. for examiner\u2019s use 1 2 total",
            "2": "2 0455/32/o/n/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018diamond mining in sierra leone\u2019 will be needed for this question. 1 (a) (i) calculate sierra leone\u2019s human development index (hdi) value in 2008.  .. .. [1]   (ii) identify two components of the hdi.   .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]  (b) (i) what is the formula for calculating price elasticity of demand?   .. .. .. .. [2]   (ii) explain whether the extract suggests that the demand for diamonds is price elastic  or price inelastic.    .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]",
            "3": "3 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/32/o/n/11for examiner\u2019s use (c) using a demand and supply diagram, analyse the effect of the change in the number of  diamond mines in 2008 on the market for diamonds.    ..  .. .. .. .. ..[4]  (d) identify from the extract two examples of factors of production changing their use.    .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]",
            "4": "4 0455/32/o/n/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011for examiner\u2019s use (e) discuss whether a successful, domestic diamond industry would benefit the economy  of sierra leone.    .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[7]  [total: 20]",
            "5": "5 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/32/o/n/11for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018the changing fate of the philippines\u2019 will be needed for this question. 2 (a) define labour productivity.     .. .. .. ..[1]  (b) (i) what has happened to a country\u2019s real gdp if its economic growth rate has fallen  from 7.3% to 4.6%?  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]   (ii) using information from the extract, explain why the philippines\u2019 economy was not  seriously affected by the global recession (economic downturn) in 2008.     .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]",
            "6": "6 0455/32/o/n/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011for examiner\u2019s use (c) explain how a government subsidising house-building may reduce poverty.       .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[4]  (d) (i) using table 1, calculate which country had the highest gdp per head in 2007.  show your workings.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]",
            "7": "7 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/32/o/n/11for examiner\u2019s use  (ii) why might gdp per head in a country rise at a time when its gdp is falling?  .. .. .. .. [1]  (e) discuss the factors which may influence whether tax revenue will increase in the  philippines in the future.    .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. additional writing space is on the next page",
            "8": "8 0455/32/o/n/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011for examiner\u2019s use ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[8]  [total: 20] permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_w11_qp_33.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 8 printed pages and 1 insert. dc (sjf) 35661/3 \u00a9 ucles 2011 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education read these instructions first write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.do not write in any barcodes. answer all questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. *3205654990* economics 0455/33 paper 3  analysis and critical evaluation october/november 2011  1 hour 30 minutes candidates answer on the question paper. additional materials: insert. for examiner\u2019s use 1 2 total",
            "2": "2 0455/33/o/n/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018the growth of world tourism\u2019 will be needed for this question. 1 (a) which two government aims are referred to in the extract?    .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]  (b) using a demand and supply diagram, analyse how the change in the demand for air  travel mentioned in the extract would be expected to affect the market for air travel.    ..  .. .. .. .. ..[4]",
            "3": "3 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/33/o/n/11for examiner\u2019s use (c) explain the effect that the growth in tourism to india would be expected to have on  india\u2019s:   (i) employment    .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [4]   (ii) wages. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]  (d) using table 1, which country was the largest net earner from tourism in 2008?  .. ..[1]",
            "4": "4 0455/33/o/n/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011for examiner\u2019s use (e) discuss what information you would need to decide whether the building of a new airport  would benefit the inhabitants of a city.    .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[7]  [total: 20] ",
            "5": "5 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/33/o/n/11for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018bangladesh\u2019s garment (clothing) industry\u2019  will be needed for this question. 2 (a) what was the value of bangladesh\u2019s exports of garments in 2009?    ..  ..[1]  (b) (i)  what is meant by a fixed cost?   .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]   (ii) identify one example of a fixed cost from the extract.   .. .. [1]",
            "6": "6 0455/33/o/n/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011for examiner\u2019s use (c) explain two reasons why bangladesh\u2019s garment workers are low-paid.    .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[4]  (d) (i) what is meant by an industry being labour-intensive?   .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]",
            "7": "7 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2011 0455/33/o/n/11for examiner\u2019s use  (ii) explain two types of internal economies of scale from which a garment firm could  benefit.    .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [4] question 2(e) is on the next page",
            "8": "8 0455/33/o/n/11 \u00a9 ucles 2011for examiner\u2019s use (e) discuss what factors are likely to influence whether bangladesh\u2019s garment industry will  sell more garments in the future.   .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[6]  [total: 20] permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        }
    },
    "2012": {
        "0455_s12_qp_11.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page.  ib12 06_0455_11/2rp  \u00a9 ucles 2012  [turn over      *9795280331* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/11     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2012     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.   read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/11/m/j/12  1 which combination of resources and wants causes the economic problem?     resources wants  a limited limited  b limited unlimited  c unlimited limited  d unlimited unlimited    2 what does an economist mean by capital?  a man-made goods that do not directly satisfy human wants  b money used to set up new businesses and expand existing businesses  c natural resources that will not be replaced  d the ability to earn profits by combining resources to produce goods      3 a student leaves school and decides to spend the next two years at a college to improve her  qualifications.    what is the opportunity cost to the student of taking this decision?  a the cost of the course fees at the college  b the increase in job opportunities she will have as a result of her extra qualifications  c the lost production due to her not being in work  d the money she would have earned if she had been in work for the two years      4 what is found in a mixed economy but not a free market economy?  a banks  b division of labour  c price controls  d profit motive     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/11/m/j/12 [turn over  5 a large shop selling clothes opened in a town. its prices were much cheaper than other shops  selling similar items. as a result many more customers came to the area. they also visited  restaurants near the shop. the restaurants reported a 10  % increase in sales.    what economic concept does the above statement best illustrate?  a external benefit  b inelastic demand  c market failure  d perfect competition      6 what is not held constant in constructing a demand schedule?  a the incomes of consumers   b the prices of complementary goods   c the price of the good itself  d the tastes of consumers    7 a shop sells chocolate birthday cakes. when the price was $15 it sold 40 cakes. it reduced the  price to $10 and sold 60 cakes.    what can be concluded from this?  a the firm will make less profit because the price has fallen.  b the firm will make more profit because sales have increased.  c the price elasticity is inelastic because demand only increased by 50  %.  d there is unit price elasticity because the firm\u2019s revenue remained the same after the price  change.     8 in 2010, a major oil leak from an oil rig affected many people living around the gulf of mexico.   what type of market failure did they experience?  a monopoly exploitation  b negative externality  c price discrimination  d rising tax burden     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/11/m/j/12  9 what changes would move the equilibrium in the diagram from point x to a new point within   area z?    quantity opricexzs d     a a decrease in demand with a decrease in supply  b a decrease in demand with an increase in supply  c an increase in demand with a decrease in supply  d an increase in demand with an increase in supply      10 what is likely to cause wages in an occupation to be high?  a a low level of responsibility  b high unemployment c pleasant working conditions  d the need for special skills     11 a trade union negotiates a basic weekly wage for its members with all employers in an industry.  in addition to the basic wage, one company also  operates a production bonus at factory level.    what is the aim of this company?  a to give equal wages to all workers  b to increase the efficiency of the workers  c to introduce a minimum wage  d to reduce its total wage bill    ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/11/m/j/12 [turn over  12 what might cause a rise in the proportion of income that a person saves?  a a fall in interest rates  b a fall in population  c a fall in real incomes  d a fall in the income tax rate      13 for anything to be used as money, it must be  a a fixed value.  b in fixed supply.  c legal tender.  d readily acceptable.      14 the table shows information for two workers.     doctor window cleaner  annual income ($) 50  000 20  000  total deductions ($) 10  000 8  000    both workers save 10  % of their disposable income.    how much is this in each case?     doctor window cleaner  a $12  000 $40  000  b $1  200 $4  000  c $40  000 $12  000  d $4  000 $1  200    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/11/m/j/12  15 which is a diseconomy of scale?  a bulk buying reduces costs.  b communications deteriorate.  c employees are more motivated.  d technological improvements take place.      16 the financial director of a company adds up the cost for the firm of rent, insurance, new  machinery and the chief executive\u2019s basic salary. the director then divides that total by the firm\u2019s  output.     what has the director calculated?  a average fixed cost   b average revenue  c average total cost   d average variable cost     17 amit and pardeep set up in business together. each has half of the shares in the business and  limited liability.    what type of business organisation is this?  a a co-operative  b a partnership  c a private company  d a public company      18 the table shows a firm\u2019s average revenue and average cost.    what level of output, a, b, c or d, gives maximum profit?     output (units) average revenue ($) average cost ($)  a 5  10  30   b 10  20  20   c 15  25  15   d 20  30  18     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/11/m/j/12 [turn over  19 if a perfectly competitive market becomes a monopoly, what will be likely to increase and what  will be likely to decrease?     increase decrease  a barriers to entry economies of scale  b long-run profits competition  c output market share  d consumer choice prices     20 what would be most  likely to reduce the rate of inflation?  a an increase in direct taxes  b an increase in government expenditure  c an increase in indirect taxes  d an increase in the budget deficit     21 why are schools sometimes built and run with government money?  a the private sector could not afford the cost of investment to build schools.  b the private sector would have lower standards than government schools.  c the provision of schools by the government ensures the widest choice for students.  d there are external benefits from the provision of education.    22 changes in demand mean that the government of bangladesh hopes to switch some production  from clothes made by low-paid, unskilled workers to medicines produced by highly-trained technicians.    which policies would enable bangladesh to achieve this switch in employment and production?  a close clothes factories and decrease imports  b encourage immigration of foreign labour and introduce tariffs on clothing  c invest in education and purchase new machines  d substitute labour for machines and encourage emigration of workers from bangladesh     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/11/m/j/12  23 a country has a tax system which places no tax on incomes below $5000, is proportional on  incomes between $5000 and $10 000 and is progressive on incomes above $10 000.    which graph illustrates this tax system?    0 5 10 income $000s15% of income paid in taxa 0 5 10 income $000s15% of income paid in taxb 0 5 10 income $000s15% of income paid in taxc 0 5 10 income $000s15% of income paid in taxd       24 between 2009 and 2010, an economy grew by 2.1  %.    what is most likely to have increased during this period?  a population  b production  c unemployment  d wages     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/11/m/j/12 [turn over  25 a government has a target of keeping inflation between 2  % and 3  %.    the diagram shows the rate of inflation over a four year period.    12345 43210 \u20131 yearinflation  target rate of inflation %      what can be deduced from the diagram?  a the government target was missed in two years.  b the price level fell in two years.  c the price level was at its highest in the first year.  d the real value of money fell in three years.      26 after more than 70 years of production, a german car manufacturer, volkswagen, has decided to  locate the production of its biggest selling car in developing countries, rather than germany.    what is the main advantage of this policy?  a to access new management techniques  b to make use of better infrastructure  c to sell the car only to customers in developing countries  d to train and employ labour at a lower cost      27 what is usually a characteristic of a developed country?  a a dependency on primary product exports  b high rates of economic growth  c low levels of productivity  d low rates of population growth     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/11/m/j/12  28 the charts show the population structure of a country in 1950 and 2010.    3210 0123male femaleage 85+ 80 \u2013 84 millions 195075 \u2013 79 70 \u2013 7465 \u2013 6960 \u2013 6455 \u2013 5950 \u2013 5445 \u2013 4940 \u2013 4435 \u2013 3930 \u2013 3425 \u2013 2920 \u2013 2415 \u2013 1910 \u2013 14 5 \u2013 90 \u2013 4 3210 0123male femaleage 85+ 80 \u2013 84 millions 201075 \u2013 7970 \u2013 7465 \u2013 6960 \u2013 6455 \u2013 5950 \u2013 5445 \u2013 4940 \u2013 4435 \u2013 3930 \u2013 3425 \u2013 2920 \u2013 2415 \u2013 1910 \u2013 14 5 \u2013 90 \u2013 4     what decreased  between 1950 and 2010?  a average age  b number of people below 15  c number of people over 60  d total population       29 what is an advantage to a country of free trade?  a greater international diversification of production  b greater range of domestically produced goods  c greater reliance on other countries  d greater specialisation in the use of resources    ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/11/m/j/12  30 the diagram shows the value of exports and imports of goods of a country in five years.    1 2 3  year 4 5 30 25201510 50 $m exports  imports key      between which two years did the country have an increase in the value of imports and an  improvement in its trade balance?  a 1 and 2 b 2 and 3 c 3 and 4 d 4 and 5    ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where thir d-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/11/m/j/12  blank page     "
        },
        "0455_s12_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page.  ib12 06_0455_12/rp  \u00a9 ucles 2012  [turn over      *1961570916* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/12     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2012     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.   read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/12/m/j/12  1 economics is primarily concerned with  a allocating scarce resources for unlimited wants.  b controlling unemployment and inflation.  c determining the level of government expenditure.  d studying how new wants and economic resources can be produced.      2 which statement about the factors of production is correct?  a capital includes factories and machinery but not roads and ports.  b enterprise is more often found in the public sector rather than the private sector.  c labour is the factor that takes risks and can become unemployed.  d land is the natural factor that can be improved by human action.     3 a student leaves school and decides to spend the next two years at a college to improve her  qualifications.    what is the opportunity cost to the student of taking this decision?  a the cost of the course fees at the college  b the increase in job opportunities she will have as a result of her extra qualifications  c the lost production due to her not being in work  d the money she would have earned if she had been in work for the two years      4 what is true of a mixed economy but is not true of a free market economy?  a there is a mixture of agricultural, manufacturing and service industries.  b there is a mixture of central authorities, firms and consumers.  c there is a mixture of external benefits and private costs.  d there is a mixture of large and small companies.      5 journeys in city centres may be made by bus or by car.   what is an external cost of this?  a bus fares  b car fumes and noise  c licence fees for cars  d purchase of buses     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/12/m/j/12 [turn over  6 what is not held constant in constructing a demand schedule?  a the incomes of consumers   b the prices of complementary goods   c the price of the good itself  d the tastes of consumers      7 the table shows the demand for chocolates at two different prices.    price  $ quantity  demanded  0.50 400  0.45 480    what is the price elasticity of demand when the price falls from $0.50 to $0.45?  a less than 0.5  b between 0.5 and 1  c between 1 and 1.5  d greater than 1.5      8 what is an example of market failure?  a a monopoly making abnormal profit  b prices charged to cover social cost  c the closure of small, independent shops in a rural area  d the inability of a car producer to achieve economies of scale     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/12/m/j/12  9 what changes would move the equilibrium in the diagram from point x to a new point within   area z?    quantity opricexzs d     a a decrease in demand with a decrease in supply  b a decrease in demand with an increase in supply  c an increase in demand with a decrease in supply  d an increase in demand with an increase in supply      10 cleaning the streets can be an unpleasant j ob and yet in many countries it is badly paid.    what is likely to be the reason for this?  a there is a high degree of trade union membership among these workers.  b there is a high supply of labour because the work is unskilled.  c there is a high demand for staff in busy urban areas.  d there is a long working year because there are few holidays.      11 what might be an advantage to a trade union when arguing for an increase in its members\u2019 pay?  a an increase in imports of a similar product  b the development of a new and profitable brand of the company\u2019s product  c the development of new machines requiring fewer workers  d the establishment of a local college providing training     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/12/m/j/12 [turn over  12 in 2008\u20132009 the central bank of a developed country reduced interest rates from 5  % to 0.5  %  per year to stimulate the economy.    how would this policy have affected the amount saved and the cost of borrowing by individuals?     amount saved cost of borrowing  a decrease decrease  b decrease increase  c increase decrease  d increase increase      13 for anything to be used as money, it must be  a a fixed value.  b in fixed supply.  c legal tender.  d readily acceptable.      14 the table shows information for two workers.     doctor window cleaner  annual income ($) 50  000 20  000  total deductions ($) 10  000 8  000    both workers save 10  % of their disposable income.    how much is this in each case?     doctor window cleaner  a $12  000 $40  000  b $1  200 $4  000  c $40  000 $12  000  d $4  000 $1  200    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/12/m/j/12  15 which is a diseconomy of scale?  a bulk buying reduces costs.  b communications deteriorate.  c employees are more motivated.  d technological improvements take place.      16 when would a firm achieve maximum profits?  a when average revenue equals average cost  b when average revenue minus variable cost is greatest  c when fixed costs are equal to variable costs  d when total revenue minus total cost is greatest      17 which of these statements made by an economics student about different types of business  organisation is true?    a partnerships face problems in raising large sums of finance.  b private companies cannot have limited liability.  c public companies operate in the public sector of the economy.  d public corporations operate in the private sector of the economy.     18 the table shows the total costs of a firm. it can sell the units for $4 each.    quantity produced and sold (units) 5 6 7 8  total cost $ 17 18 21 23    how many units will the firm produce to maximise profits?  a 5 b 6 c 7 d 8     19 a monopoly takes over an industry from competitive firms.    what is not  likely to be true about the monopoly compared with a competitive firm?  a a monopoly will earn a higher rate of profit.  b a monopoly will gain a greater share of the market.  c a monopoly will offer a wider choice to the consumer.  d a monopoly will operate on a larger scale of production.    ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/12/m/j/12 [turn over  20 what would be most  likely to reduce the rate of inflation?  a an increase in direct taxes  b an increase in government expenditure  c an increase in indirect taxes  d an increase in the budget deficit      21 which combination of government policies would most  likely increase the rate of growth of  domestic production in an economy?  a an increase in expenditure on infrastructure and an increase in income tax  b an increase in interest rates and an increase in quotas on imported goods  c an increase in subsidies to domestic industry and an increase in tariffs  d an increase in value added tax (goods and services tax) and an increase in education expenditure      22 changes in demand mean that the government of bangladesh hopes to switch some production  from clothes made by low-paid, unskilled workers to medicines produced by highly-trained technicians.    which policies would enable bangladesh to achieve this switch in employment and production?  a close clothes factories and decrease imports  b encourage immigration of foreign labour and introduce tariffs on clothing  c invest in education and purchase new machines  d substitute labour for machines and encourage emigration of workers from bangladesh     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/12/m/j/12  23 a country has a tax system which places no tax on incomes below $5000, is proportional on  incomes between $5000 and $10 000 and is progressive on incomes above $10 000.    which graph illustrates this tax system?    0 5 10 income $000s15% of income paid in taxa 0 5 10 income $000s15% of income paid in taxb 0 5 10 income $000s15% of income paid in taxc 0 5 10 income $000s15% of income paid in taxd       24 the inhabitants of an economy experience an increase in their cost of living, their living standards  and their leisure time.    which combination of events could explain these changes?     price level real gdp average  working week  a decrease decrease increase  b decrease increase decrease  c increase decrease increase  d increase increase decrease    ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/12/m/j/12 [turn over  25 the diagram shows a country\u2019s inflation rate in four successive years.    year1234+15 +10 +5 0 \u20135inflation rate %     in which year was the country\u2019s general price level lowest and highest?     lowest general price  level year highest general price  level year  a 1 3  b 3 2  c 3 4  d 4 2     26 what level of unemployment and what distribution of income are often found in developing  economies?     level of unemployment distribution of income  a high evenly distributed  b high unequal  c low evenly distributed  d low unequal    27 why is the size of the average family higher in developing countries than in developed countries?  a in developing countries babies are more likely to survive at birth.  b in developing countries parents start families at a later age. c in developing countries there is often a shortage of family planning advice.  d in developing countries the government provides a higher level of child support.     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/12/m/j/12  28 the charts show the population structure of a country in 1950 and 2010.    3210 0123male femaleage 85+ 80 \u2013 84 millions 195075 \u2013 79 70 \u2013 7465 \u2013 6960 \u2013 6455 \u2013 5950 \u2013 5445 \u2013 4940 \u2013 4435 \u2013 3930 \u2013 3425 \u2013 2920 \u2013 2415 \u2013 1910 \u2013 14 5 \u2013 90 \u2013 4 3210 0123male femaleage 85+ 80 \u2013 84 millions 201075 \u2013 7970 \u2013 7465 \u2013 6960 \u2013 6455 \u2013 5950 \u2013 5445 \u2013 4940 \u2013 4435 \u2013 3930 \u2013 3425 \u2013 2920 \u2013 2415 \u2013 1910 \u2013 14 5 \u2013 90 \u2013 4     what decreased  between 1950 and 2010?  a average age  b number of people below 15  c number of people over 60  d total population      ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/12/m/j/12  29 a government removed the quota on goods imported into the country.    what is the most  likely result of this?  a a decrease in demand for domestic production  b a decrease in domestic unemployment  c a decrease in exports  d a decrease in the balance of trade deficit     30 the table shows the exchange rate of the po und (\u00a3) in us dollars ($) and the uk balance of  payments on current account from 1998 to 2001.    year number of us   $ for each \u00a3 uk current  account    \u00a3m  1998 1.65 \u20134 814  1999 1.61 \u201319 729  2000 1.51 \u201319 208  2001 1.44 \u201320 453    which of the following correctly describes these trends between 1998 and 2001?     value of \u00a3  in terms of us  $ current account  a appreciating improving  b appreciating worsening  c depreciating improving  d depreciating worsening    ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/12/m/j/12  blank page    "
        },
        "0455_s12_qp_13.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page.  ib12 06_0455_13/rp  \u00a9 ucles 2012  [turn over      *4233531144* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/13     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2012     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.   read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/13/m/j/12  1 economics is primarily concerned with  a allocating scarce resources for unlimited wants.  b controlling unemployment and inflation.  c determining the level of government expenditure.  d studying how new wants and economic resources can be produced.      2 which statement about the factors of production is correct?  a capital includes factories and machinery but not roads and ports.  b enterprise is more often found in the public sector rather than the private sector.  c labour is the factor that takes risks and can become unemployed.  d land is the natural factor that can be improved by human action.     3 a student leaves school and decides to spend the next two years at a college to improve her  qualifications.    what is the opportunity cost to the student of taking this decision?  a the cost of the course fees at the college  b the increase in job opportunities she will have as a result of her extra qualifications  c the lost production due to her not being in work  d the money she would have earned if she had been in work for the two years      4 what is true of a mixed economy but is not true of a free market economy?  a there is a mixture of agricultural, manufacturing and service industries.  b there is a mixture of central authorities, firms and consumers.  c there is a mixture of external benefits and private costs.  d there is a mixture of large and small companies.      5 journeys in city centres may be made by bus or by car.   what is an external cost of this?  a bus fares  b car fumes and noise  c licence fees for cars  d purchase of buses     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/13/m/j/12 [turn over  6 what is not held constant in constructing a demand schedule?  a the incomes of consumers   b the prices of complementary goods   c the price of the good itself  d the tastes of consumers      7 the table shows the demand for chocolates at two different prices.    price  $ quantity  demanded  0.50 400  0.45 480    what is the price elasticity of demand when the price falls from $0.50 to $0.45?  a less than 0.5  b between 0.5 and 1  c between 1 and 1.5  d greater than 1.5      8 what is an example of market failure?  a a monopoly making abnormal profit  b prices charged to cover social cost  c the closure of small, independent shops in a rural area  d the inability of a car producer to achieve economies of scale     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/13/m/j/12  9 what changes would move the equilibrium in the diagram from point x to a new point within   area z?    quantity opricexzs d     a a decrease in demand with a decrease in supply  b a decrease in demand with an increase in supply  c an increase in demand with a decrease in supply  d an increase in demand with an increase in supply      10 cleaning the streets can be an unpleasant j ob and yet in many countries it is badly paid.    what is likely to be the reason for this?  a there is a high degree of trade union membership among these workers.  b there is a high supply of labour because the work is unskilled.  c there is a high demand for staff in busy urban areas.  d there is a long working year because there are few holidays.      11 what might be an advantage to a trade union when arguing for an increase in its members\u2019 pay?  a an increase in imports of a similar product  b the development of a new and profitable brand of the company\u2019s product  c the development of new machines requiring fewer workers  d the establishment of a local college providing training     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/13/m/j/12 [turn over  12 in 2008\u20132009 the central bank of a developed country reduced interest rates from 5  % to 0.5  %  per year to stimulate the economy.    how would this policy have affected the amount saved and the cost of borrowing by individuals?     amount saved cost of borrowing  a decrease decrease  b decrease increase  c increase decrease  d increase increase      13 for anything to be used as money, it must be  a a fixed value.  b in fixed supply.  c legal tender.  d readily acceptable.      14 the table shows information for two workers.     doctor window cleaner  annual income ($) 50  000 20  000  total deductions ($) 10  000 8  000    both workers save 10  % of their disposable income.    how much is this in each case?     doctor window cleaner  a $12  000 $40  000  b $1  200 $4  000  c $40  000 $12  000  d $4  000 $1  200    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/13/m/j/12  15 which is a diseconomy of scale?  a bulk buying reduces costs.  b communications deteriorate.  c employees are more motivated.  d technological improvements take place.      16 when would a firm achieve maximum profits?  a when average revenue equals average cost  b when average revenue minus variable cost is greatest  c when fixed costs are equal to variable costs  d when total revenue minus total cost is greatest      17 which of these statements made by an economics student about different types of business  organisation is true?    a partnerships face problems in raising large sums of finance.  b private companies cannot have limited liability.  c public companies operate in the public sector of the economy.  d public corporations operate in the private sector of the economy.     18 the table shows the total costs of a firm. it can sell the units for $4 each.    quantity produced and sold (units) 5 6 7 8  total cost $ 17 18 21 23    how many units will the firm produce to maximise profits?  a 5 b 6 c 7 d 8     19 a monopoly takes over an industry from competitive firms.    what is not  likely to be true about the monopoly compared with a competitive firm?  a a monopoly will earn a higher rate of profit.  b a monopoly will gain a greater share of the market.  c a monopoly will offer a wider choice to the consumer.  d a monopoly will operate on a larger scale of production.    ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/13/m/j/12 [turn over  20 what would be most  likely to reduce the rate of inflation?  a an increase in direct taxes  b an increase in government expenditure  c an increase in indirect taxes  d an increase in the budget deficit      21 which combination of government policies would most  likely increase the rate of growth of  domestic production in an economy?  a an increase in expenditure on infrastructure and an increase in income tax  b an increase in interest rates and an increase in quotas on imported goods  c an increase in subsidies to domestic industry and an increase in tariffs  d an increase in value added tax (goods and services tax) and an increase in education expenditure      22 changes in demand mean that the government of bangladesh hopes to switch some production  from clothes made by low-paid, unskilled workers to medicines produced by highly-trained technicians.    which policies would enable bangladesh to achieve this switch in employment and production?  a close clothes factories and decrease imports  b encourage immigration of foreign labour and introduce tariffs on clothing  c invest in education and purchase new machines  d substitute labour for machines and encourage emigration of workers from bangladesh     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/13/m/j/12  23 a country has a tax system which places no tax on incomes below $5000, is proportional on  incomes between $5000 and $10 000 and is progressive on incomes above $10 000.    which graph illustrates this tax system?    0 5 10 income $000s15% of income paid in taxa 0 5 10 income $000s15% of income paid in taxb 0 5 10 income $000s15% of income paid in taxc 0 5 10 income $000s15% of income paid in taxd       24 the inhabitants of an economy experience an increase in their cost of living, their living standards  and their leisure time.    which combination of events could explain these changes?     price level real gdp average  working week  a decrease decrease increase  b decrease increase decrease  c increase decrease increase  d increase increase decrease    ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/13/m/j/12 [turn over  25 the diagram shows a country\u2019s inflation rate in four successive years.    year1234+15 +10 +5 0 \u20135inflation rate %     in which year was the country\u2019s general price level lowest and highest?     lowest general price  level year highest general price  level year  a 1 3  b 3 2  c 3 4  d 4 2     26 what level of unemployment and what distribution of income are often found in developing  economies?     level of unemployment distribution of income  a high evenly distributed  b high unequal  c low evenly distributed  d low unequal    27 why is the size of the average family higher in developing countries than in developed countries?  a in developing countries babies are more likely to survive at birth.  b in developing countries parents start families at a later age. c in developing countries there is often a shortage of family planning advice.  d in developing countries the government provides a higher level of child support.     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/13/m/j/12  28 the charts show the population structure of a country in 1950 and 2010.    3210 0123male femaleage 85+ 80 \u2013 84 millions 195075 \u2013 79 70 \u2013 7465 \u2013 6960 \u2013 6455 \u2013 5950 \u2013 5445 \u2013 4940 \u2013 4435 \u2013 3930 \u2013 3425 \u2013 2920 \u2013 2415 \u2013 1910 \u2013 14 5 \u2013 90 \u2013 4 3210 0123male femaleage 85+ 80 \u2013 84 millions 201075 \u2013 7970 \u2013 7465 \u2013 6960 \u2013 6455 \u2013 5950 \u2013 5445 \u2013 4940 \u2013 4435 \u2013 3930 \u2013 3425 \u2013 2920 \u2013 2415 \u2013 1910 \u2013 14 5 \u2013 90 \u2013 4     what decreased  between 1950 and 2010?  a average age  b number of people below 15  c number of people over 60  d total population      ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/13/m/j/12  29 a government removed the quota on goods imported into the country.    what is the most  likely result of this?  a a decrease in demand for domestic production  b a decrease in domestic unemployment  c a decrease in exports  d a decrease in the balance of trade deficit     30 the table shows the exchange rate of the po und (\u00a3) in us dollars ($) and the uk balance of  payments on current account from 1998 to 2001.    year number of us   $ for each \u00a3 uk current  account    \u00a3m  1998 1.65 \u20134 814  1999 1.61 \u201319 729  2000 1.51 \u201319 208  2001 1.44 \u201320 453    which of the following correctly describes these trends between 1998 and 2001?     value of \u00a3  in terms of us  $ current account  a appreciating improving  b appreciating worsening  c depreciating improving  d depreciating worsening    ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/13/m/j/12  blank page     "
        },
        "0455_s12_qp_21.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page. dc (nh) 46666/2 \u00a9 ucles 2012 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *0076762834*economics 0455/21 paper 2 structured questions may/june 2012  2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. section a answer question 1.section banswer any three questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/21/m/j/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012section a answer this question. 1 a major change in the indian economy  a major change in india has been the decrease in the primary sector and an increase in the  manufacturing sector. agriculture\u2019s share of india\u2019s national output has dropped from 40% in 1980 to 17% in 2010. for the first time, the primary sector is smaller than the secondary sector (manufacturing and construction). as a result, even more workers are leaving the land to work in the secondary sector.  there has been a large increase in investment in new plant and machinery in the manufacturing sector and much of this has been due to multi-national firms deciding to locate in india.  in april 2008, the indian government passed the national rural employment guarantee act. this promised those living in the rural areas at least 100 days\u2019 work each year at a minimum wage. a local trade union leader stated that \u201cpeople here are feeling a sense of security for the first time.\u201d  a major problem for india, however, is inflation. the prices of many items have been rising significantly. the price of sugar, for example, rose by 35% in 2010. the reserve bank of india, the country\u2019s central bank, has announced that it will need to change the rate of interest.  (a) explain why workers might decide to move from the primary sector to the secondary sector of an economy. [4]  (b) what are the advantages of the indian government promising employment in rural areas? [4]  (c) analyse how a change in india\u2019s interest rate might influence its inflation rate. [4]  (d) discuss whether it is always a benefit to a developing economy when a multi-national firm decides to locate there. [8]",
            "3": "3 0455/21/m/j/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012section b answer any three questions from this section. 2 (a) explain the economic problem of scarcity. [3]   (b) define the concept of opportunity cost. [3]  (c) distinguish, using examples, between the different factors of production. [6]  (d) discuss whether a country should conserve or use its natural resources. [8] 3 (a) explain the functions that money performs in an economy. [6]  (b) the demand for workers with a particular skill has increased significantly in the last few years.  explain, using a demand and supply diagram, how this is likely to affect the equilibrium wage and the equilibrium quantity of such workers. [6]  (c) discuss whether skilled workers always earn more than unskilled workers. [8] 4 (a) explain why a firm might wish to change from a private limited company to a public limited company. [4]  (b) analyse why most firms want to maximise profits. [6]  (c) discuss whether a firm will always benefit from an increase in its size. [10] 5 (a) explain why a government may sometimes decide to produce certain goods and services itself rather than leave the production of such goods and services to the private sector. [6]  (b) define the term full employment. [4]  (c) discuss the extent to which frictional unemployment and structural unemployment are serious problems for (i) an individual and (ii) the economy. [10] 6 (a) explain why the rate of population growth varies so much between some countries. [6]  (b) explain the main features of a country classified as being developed. [6]  (c) discuss whether an ageing population should always be regarded as an economic problem. [8] 7 (a) describe the structure of the current account of a country\u2019s balance of payments. [4]  (b) explain the main causes of a current account deficit. [6]  (c) discuss what would be the most effective policies to increase a country\u2019s exports. [10]",
            "4": "4 0455/21/m/j/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012blank page permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s12_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. dc (sjf) 46689/4 \u00a9 ucles 2012 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *9133526439*economics 0455/22 paper 2  structured questions may/june 2012  2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. section a answer question 1.section banswer any three questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/22/m/j/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012section a answer this question. 1 china decides to move towards a more flexible exchange rate in the past, the chinese government kept an exchange rate of 6.8 yuan to us$1. however, a  spokesperson for the people\u2019s bank of china, the country\u2019s central bank, said that it would begin to allow the market to play a much greater role in determining the exchange rate. it is expected that a more flexible rate will result in an increase in the value of the chinese currency. china has had a surplus on the current account of its balance of payments in recent years.  economists believe that an appreciation of its currency should help to reduce the size of the surplus. the decision by china will please the united states (us) and many other countries which have a  large trade deficit with china. the president of the us has said that \u201cmarket-determined exchange rates are essential to global economic vitality.\u201d if the chinese government had not decided to allow its exchange rate to be determined by market forces, many american companies would have demanded tough protectionist measures to reduce the number of chinese imports coming into the us. they had criticised the chinese government for keeping its currency artificially weak which gave chinese exporters an unfair advantage.   (a) what evidence is there in the extract to suggest that china is planning to move from a fixed to a floating exchange rate?  [2]  (b) analyse how a rise in the external value of the yuan might affect china\u2019s current account balance. [6]  (c) explain why a large surplus for china over many years in the current account of the balance of payments could be a problem for other countries, such as the us. [4]   (d) discuss the extent to which trade protection could correct a balance of trade in goods and services deficit. [8]        ",
            "3": "3 0455/22/m/j/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2 (a) explain, using examples, what is meant by the factor of production called land.  [3]  (b) analyse why a firm might decide to change from labour-intensive production to capital- intensive production.   [7]  (c) discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a newly established firm, with limited resources, expanding into foreign markets.  [10] 3 both the private sector and the public sector are involved in building houses. in one country a private firm has built an extra 100 000 houses but, at the same time, its government has increased income tax significantly.     (a) explain, using a demand and supply diagram, how these two actions would have affected the equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity of houses.     [6]     (b) explain what determines the demand for houses.   [6]   (c) discuss whether it is better for the public sector to build houses rather than the private sector.       [8] 4  money plays a significant role in all economies.     (a)  explain why it is better for individuals to use money rather than barter.   [6]    (b)  describe the functions that commercial banks perform in an economy.  [6]   (c)  analyse why some individuals are more likely to borrow money than others.  [8] 5  (a)  identify the differences between a partnership and a company.   [4]  (b)  explain why a firm\u2019s profits might increase.     [4]   (c)  distinguish between internal and external economies of scale.   [4]  (d)  discuss whether all small firms will eventually become large firms.  [8] 6 low inflation, low unemployment and high economic growth are all government economic aims.    (a) explain the possible causes of inflation.    [5]  (b) distinguish between structural unemployment and demand-deficient (cyclical) unemployment.         [5]   (c) discuss whether it is always possible for a government to achieve a high rate of economic growth.     [10]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/m/j/12 \u00a9 ucles 20127 (a) define the term death rate and describe the factors that can affect a country\u2019s death rate.     [6]  (b) explain what is meant when a country is said to be overpopulated.   [4]  (c) discuss whether the population problems found in the developing world are the same as  those found in the developed world.    [10]   permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s12_qp_23.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. dc (cw) 56867 \u00a9 ucles 2012 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *9066231135*economics 0455/23 paper 2  structured questions may/june 2012  2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. section a answer question 1.section banswer any three questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/23/m/j/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012section a answer this question. 1 china decides to move towards a more flexible exchange rate in the past, the chinese government kept an exchange rate of 6.8 yuan to us$1. however, a  spokesperson for the people\u2019s bank of china, the country\u2019s central bank, said that it would begin to allow the market to play a much greater role in determining the exchange rate. it is expected that a more flexible rate will result in an increase in the value of the chinese currency. china has had a surplus on the current account of its balance of payments in recent years.  economists believe that an appreciation of its currency should help to reduce the size of the surplus. the decision by china will please the united states (us) and many other countries which have a  large trade deficit with china. the president of the us has said that \u201cmarket-determined exchange rates are essential to global economic vitality.\u201d if the chinese government had not decided to allow its exchange rate to be determined by market forces, many american companies would have demanded tough protectionist measures to reduce the number of chinese imports coming into the us. they had criticised the chinese government for keeping its currency artificially weak which gave chinese exporters an unfair advantage.   (a) what evidence is there in the extract to suggest that china is planning to move from a fixed to a floating exchange rate?  [2]  (b) analyse how a rise in the external value of the yuan might affect china\u2019s current account balance. [6]  (c) explain why a large surplus for china over many years in the current account of the balance of payments could be a problem for other countries, such as the us. [4]   (d) discuss the extent to which trade protection could correct a balance of trade in goods and services deficit. [8]        ",
            "3": "3 0455/23/m/j/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2 (a) explain, using examples, what is meant by the factor of production called land.  [3]  (b) analyse why a firm might decide to change from labour-intensive production to capital- intensive production.   [7]  (c) discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a newly established firm, with limited resources, expanding into foreign markets.  [10] 3 both the private sector and the public sector are involved in building houses. in one country a private firm has built an extra 100 000 houses but, at the same time, its government has increased income tax significantly.     (a) explain, using a demand and supply diagram, how these two actions would have affected the equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity of houses.     [6]     (b) explain what determines the demand for houses.   [6]   (c) discuss whether it is better for the public sector to build houses rather than the private sector.       [8] 4  money plays a significant role in all economies.     (a)  explain why it is better for individuals to use money rather than barter.   [6]    (b)  describe the functions that commercial banks perform in an economy.  [6]   (c)  analyse why some individuals are more likely to borrow money than others.  [8] 5  (a)  identify the differences between a partnership and a company.   [4]  (b)  explain why a firm\u2019s profits might increase.     [4]   (c)  distinguish between internal and external economies of scale.   [4]  (d)  discuss whether all small firms will eventually become large firms.  [8] 6 low inflation, low unemployment and high economic growth are all government economic aims.    (a) explain the possible causes of inflation.    [5]  (b) distinguish between structural unemployment and demand-deficient (cyclical) unemployment.         [5]   (c) discuss whether it is always possible for a government to achieve a high rate of economic growth.     [10]",
            "4": "4 0455/23/m/j/12 \u00a9 ucles 20127 (a) define the term death rate and describe the factors that can affect a country\u2019s death rate.     [6]  (b) explain what is meant when a country is said to be overpopulated.   [4]  (c) discuss whether the population problems found in the developing world are the same as  those found in the developed world.    [10]   permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s12_qp_31.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 8 printed pages and 1 insert. dc (nf) 46686/5 \u00a9 ucles 2012 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *4213678674* economics 0455/31 paper 3  analysis and critical evaluation may/june 2012  1 hour 30 minutes candidates answer on the question paper. read these instructions first write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.do not write in any barcodes. answer all questions.at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. for examiner\u2019s use 1 2 total",
            "2": "2 0455/31/m/j/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018russia\u2019s tax on imported cars\u2019  will be needed for this question. 1 (a) what method of protection does russia use to protect its car industry?  ..  .. .. . [1]  (b) using information from the extract, explain one reason why russian car manufacturers  have become less internationally competitive.  ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. . [2]  (c) explain two reasons why a multi-national car company may want to set up in a country.  ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..",
            "3": "3 0455/31/m/j/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012 [turn overfor examiner\u2019s use ..  .. . [4]  (d) (i) what relationship would economists expect to find between changes in the value of  exports and changes in the current account of the balance of payments?  ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. . [2]   (ii) comment on the relationship shown in table 1.  ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [3]",
            "4": "4 0455/31/m/j/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012for examiner\u2019s use (e) discuss whether the russian government should increase its tax on imported cars.  ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..",
            "5": "5 0455/31/m/j/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012 [turn overfor examiner\u2019s use ..  .. . [8]  [total: 20] the extract \u2018changes in the kenyan tea market\u2019 will be needed for this question. 2 (a) identify, from the extract, two influences on the demand for tea. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [2]  (b) (i) explain what is likely to have happened to the price of kenyan tea in 2009. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [2]",
            "6": "6 0455/31/m/j/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012for examiner\u2019s use  (ii) explain what is likely to have happened to the price of kenyan tea in 2010.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [2]  (c) using information from the extract, explain two reasons why kenyan tea pickers may  want to switch to other jobs.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [4]",
            "7": "7 0455/31/m/j/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012 [turn overfor examiner\u2019s use (d) why is there a high average cost of producing tea in kenya?  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [4]  (e) discuss whether giving a subsidy to kenyan tea farmers would be likely to increase  sales of kenyan tea to pakistan.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. additional writing space is on the next page",
            "8": "8 0455/31/m/j/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012for examiner\u2019s use ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [6]  [total: 20] permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s12_qp_32.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 8 printed pages and 1 insert. dc (leo) 46690/5 \u00a9 ucles 2012 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education read these instructions first write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.do not write in any barcodes. answer all questions.at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. *8232168153* economics 0455/32 paper 3  analysis and critical evaluation may/june 2012  1 hour 30 minutes candidates answer on the question paper. for examiner\u2019s use 1 2 total",
            "2": "2 0455/32/m/j/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018a tax on high fat foods \u2019 will be needed for this question. 1 (a) what is meant by external costs?  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]  (b) what evidence is there in the extract of the economic problem? .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]  (c) why may obesity lead to an increase in government spending? .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]",
            "3": "3 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/32/m/j/12for examiner\u2019s use (d) (i) does the extract suggest that the poor spend more on food than the rich? explain  your answer.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [3]   (ii) does the extract suggest that the demand for cigarettes is price elastic or price  inelastic? explain your answer.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [3]",
            "4": "4 0455/32/m/j/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012for examiner\u2019s use (e) discuss whether the us government should tax chocolate.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..",
            "5": "5 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/32/m/j/12for examiner\u2019s use ..  .. .. .. ..[8]  [total: 20] the extract \u2018challenges facing the brics\u2019 will be needed for this question. 2 (a) using information from the extract, state what happened to the price level in 2009 in:   (i) india  .. .. [1]   (ii) china. .. .. [1]  (b) why may a country experience a shortage of workers at the same time as it is  encountering a relatively high unemployment rate?  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]",
            "6": "6 0455/32/m/j/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012for examiner\u2019s use (c) explain how raising the rate of interest can reduce aggregate (total) demand.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[4]",
            "7": "7 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/32/m/j/12for examiner\u2019s use (d) using figure 1, describe the trends in the current accounts of the balance of payments  as percentages of gdp in the four countries shown.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[4]  (e) explain an example of a conflict between government economic aims mentioned in the  extract.   .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2] question 2(f) is on the next page",
            "8": "8 0455/32/m/j/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.for examiner\u2019s use (f) discuss whether an economy will always benefit from a reduction in unemployment.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..  ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. ..  ..  .. .. ..  ..  ..[6]  [total: 20]"
        },
        "0455_s12_qp_33.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 8 printed pages and 1 insert. dc (slm) 58687 \u00a9 ucles 2012 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education read these instructions first write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.do not write in any barcodes. answer all questions.at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. *3719654924* economics 0455/33 paper 3  analysis and critical evaluation may/june 2012  1 hour 30 minutes candidates answer on the question paper. for examiner\u2019s use 1 2 total",
            "2": "2 0455/33/m/j/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018a tax on high fat foods \u2019 will be needed for this question. 1 (a) what is meant by external costs?  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]  (b) what evidence is there in the extract of the economic problem? .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]  (c) why may obesity lead to an increase in government spending? .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]",
            "3": "3 0455/33/m/j/12 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2012for examiner\u2019s use (d) (i) does the extract suggest that the poor spend more on food than the rich? explain  your answer.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [3]   (ii) does the extract suggest that the demand for cigarettes is price elastic or price  inelastic? explain your answer.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [3]",
            "4": "4 0455/33/m/j/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012for examiner\u2019s use (e) discuss whether the us government should tax chocolate.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..",
            "5": "5 0455/33/m/j/12 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2012for examiner\u2019s use ..  .. .. .. ..[8]  [total: 20] the extract \u2018challenges facing the brics\u2019 will be needed for this question. 2 (a) using information from the extract, state what happened to the price level in 2009 in:   (i) india  .. .. [1]   (ii) china. .. .. [1]  (b) why may a country experience a shortage of workers at the same time as it is  encountering a relatively high unemployment rate?  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]",
            "6": "6 0455/33/m/j/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012for examiner\u2019s use (c) explain how raising the rate of interest can reduce aggregate (total) demand.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[4]",
            "7": "7 0455/33/m/j/12 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2012for examiner\u2019s use (d) using figure 1, describe the trends in the current accounts of the balance of payments  as percentages of gdp in the four countries shown.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[4]  (e) explain an example of a conflict between government economic aims mentioned in the  extract.   .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2] question 2(f) is on the next page",
            "8": "8 0455/33/m/j/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.for examiner\u2019s use (f) discuss whether an economy will always benefit from a reduction in unemployment.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..  ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. ..  ..  .. .. ..  ..  ..[6]  [total: 20]"
        },
        "0455_w12_qp_11.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib12 11_0455_11/rp  \u00a9 ucles 2012  [turn over      *5109676550* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/11     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2012     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.   read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/11/o/n/12  1 on average, doctors earn more than bus drivers.    which change would be likely to reduce the earnings gap between doctors and bus drivers?  a a decrease in the profits earned by bus companies  b a decrease in the qualifications needed to be a doctor  c an increase in demand for medical care  d an increase in the number of people passing the driving test     2 what could reduce the ability of a trade union to gain a pay rise for its members in a shoe  factory?  a an increase in sales of shoe exports  b a rise in the demand for shoes  c a rise in the productivity of shoe workers  d more people willing to work in the shoe industry      3 what might encourage a consumer to save rather than to spend?  a being made unemployed  b discounts on products  c government subsidies to producers  d high interest rates      4 why do banknotes function as money?  a they are backed by gold.  b they are durable.  c they are generally acceptable.  d they have intrinsic value.     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/11/o/n/12 [turn over  5 the table shows the proportion of income saved for different age groups.    age 15 \u2013 29 30 \u2013 39 40 \u2013 49 50 \u2013 62 63+  % of income saved \u201334  % \u2013  4 % 18  % 29  % \u201323  %    what can be concluded from this data?  a the 50 \u2013 62 age group has the highest level of income.  b the 50 \u2013 62 age group saves the highest proportion of its income.  c the older age groups earn more than the younger age groups.  d the youngest age group spends more than the oldest age group.      6 which is an external economy of scale?  a availability of training facilities in local colleges  b greater production from employees c increased credit facilities from banks  d lower costs through bulk buying     7 what is a variable cost to a firm producing bicycles?  a the component parts of the bicycles  b the interest on money borrowed  c the rent of the bicycle factory  d the salaries of the senior managers    8 partnerships in the united states of america (us) can now issue tradable shares and can limit  the amount of money that shareholders may lose.    to which type of business organisation do these changes make us partnerships similar?  a co-operatives  b public corporations  c public limited companies  d sole traders     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/11/o/n/12  9 the graphs show the average total cost (atc) curves of four firms and how they change as  output increases.     which firm has the highest fixed costs?    a cost $ ooutputatcb cost $ ooutputatcc cost $ ooutputatcd cost $ ooutputatc      10 what is a possible advantage to the consumer of a monopoly supplier in a market?  a it achieves average costs which are lower than if there were many suppliers.  b it achieves profits which are higher than if there were many suppliers.  c it conducts advertising campaigns to discourage competition.  d it decides which retail outlets may sell and distribute its goods.    11 in china the government is concerned about the level of poverty and the need for more resources  in the poorer regions of the country. as a result, it is increasing its expenditure there and reducing it in the wealthier regions.    which economic concept does this government policy illustrate best?  a diseconomies of scale  b market forces  c opportunity cost  d specialisation      12 a country with a low income per head discovers large quantities of oil, which eventually makes  everybody better off.    why is the basic economic problem of scarcity not solved by this discovery?  a people may not get jobs in the oil industry.  b people\u2019s wants are always changing and increasing.  c prices of oil can fluctuate on the world market.  d production of oil can damage the environment.     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/11/o/n/12 [turn over  13 two telecommunications companies are to merge to finance investments in new technology,  which will be more efficient and require smaller buildings. three hundred workers will lose their  jobs.    what will happen to the factors of production used?     land labour capital enterprise   a fall fall rise fall  b fall fall uncertain rise  c rise rise rise rise  d uncertain rise fall fall    14 why might a free market economy be more advantageous than a mixed economy?  a equality of income is encouraged.  b in a mixed economy, governments use taxes which are inefficient. c production is determined solely by consumer wishes.  d social costs are taken into consideration.     15 an international company drilled for oil in deep water and caused a major oil leakage, which  affected the jobs of the fishing community. the government ordered the company to close the  well and to stop drilling in the area.    what are the external costs of this incident?  a the costs borne by the fishing community  b the costs of closing the well  c the costs to the company of drilling the well in deep water  d the loss of revenue when the oil company stopped drilling     16 a supply curve for a commodity is drawn to show how quantity supplied varies with  a government taxes.  b income.  c tastes.  d the price of the commodity.     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/11/o/n/12  17 in 2010, floods caused severe damage to wheat production.    how would this be shown on a market demand and supply diagram for wheat?     supply curve demand curve  a no change shift to the right   b shift to the left no change  c shift to the left shift to the left  d shift to the right shift to the left     18 which is a type of market failure?  a a general increase in the price of hotel rooms in busy summer seasons  b an increase in house prices caused by easier borrowing for house buyers  c an increase in travel time caused by a road accident  d an increase in unsold goods because of a change in tastes      19 the market for a normal good is in equilibrium at point x. consumers\u2019 incomes fall and the cost of  producing the good rises.    in which area of the diagram will the new equilibrium be?    oquantityprice xa cb dsupply demand      20 an economics student described a typical developing country as having a large population, a low  gdp per head, a relatively large primary sector and an uneven income distribution.    which of these features is not necessarily accurate?  a a large population   b a low gdp per head   c an uneven income distribution  d a relatively large primary sector   ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/11/o/n/12 [turn over  21 in the developing economies of southern africa, both infant mortality and life expectancy have  fallen.  life expectancy now averages only 41 years.    what is the result of these changes?  a current labour supply has fallen.  b fewer primary schools are needed.  c governments will pay for more retirement pensions.  d less will need to be spent on health care.     22 the table shows the percentages of consumer spending on different items in four countries,  which have similar geographical conditions and climate.    which country is likely to have the highest standard of living?    percentage of consumer spending on each item  country  food housing transport  a 20 30 30  b 40 25 15  c 50 20 10  d 45 20 15    23 a government agreed to provide $20 million to a developing country to help supply emergency  aid.    in which part of the current account of the balance of payments was this payment recorded?  a current transfer flows  b income flows  c trade in goods  d trade in services     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/11/o/n/12  24 in some asian countries the cost of labour is lower than in developed countries. as a result they  manufacture and export clothes to europe, where the demand for clothes is high.    the quality of these clothes, however, is not as go od as some of the clothes produced in europe.    what is likely to happen in the asian countries and to  the total expenditure on clothes in europe?     impact in asian countries change in  expenditure in  europe  a capital account will improve increase  b current account will improve uncertain  c exchange rate will fall uncertain  d terms of trade will fall decrease      25 which government policy would best protect the environment?  a encouraging economic growth  b exploiting natural resources  c increasing tax on fuel  d removing controls on industry      26 a government wishes to stimulate economic recovery.    which action will assist this?  a decreasing government investment  b decreasing income tax  c increasing indirect taxation  d increasing interest rates     27 a country has a proportional system of taxation.    a person pays $500 tax when earnings are $5000.    how much tax will be paid if earnings rise to $12 000?  a $120 b $500 c $1200 d $7500    ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/11/o/n/12  28 the graph shows government revenue and spending in a country, as a percentage of gdp,  between 2004 and 2011.    48 4644424038363432 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011% of gdp government spending government revenue year    what can be concluded from the graph?  a the balance of payments position improved.  b the borrowing of the government increased.  c the economy went into recession (economic downturn).  d the government budget moved from deficit to surplus.      29 each year, extra cleaning staff were employed by a hotel on a temporary basis during the busy  holiday period. they were not employed when the hotel was not busy.    what type of unemployment occurred when the hotel was not busy?  a cyclical  b frictional  c seasonal  d technological      30 in the measurement of the uk\u2019s retail prices index, a greater weight was given to bottled water  in 2010 than 2009.    what does this change indicate?  a government statisticians checked the price change of a greater range of bottled water in  2010 than in 2009.  b people spent a higher proportion of their tota l spending on bottled water in 2010 than in  2009.  c the price of bottled water increased more in 2010 than in 2009.  d there was an improvement in the quality of bottled water in 2010 compared with 2009. ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/11/o/n/12  blank page",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/11/o/n/12  blank page  ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of t he cambridge assessment group. ca mbridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/11/o/n/12  blank page   "
        },
        "0455_w12_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib12 11_0455_12/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2012  [turn over      *5202540811* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/12     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2012     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.   read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/12/o/n/12  1 in china the government is concerned about the level of poverty and the need for more resources  in the poorer regions of the country. as a result, it is increasing its expenditure there and reducing  it in the wealthier regions.    which economic concept does this government policy illustrate best?  a diseconomies of scale  b market forces  c opportunity cost  d specialisation      2 a country with a low income per head discovers large quantities of oil, which eventually makes  everybody better off.    why is the basic economic problem of scarcity not solved by this discovery?  a people may not get jobs in the oil industry.  b people\u2019s wants are always changing and increasing.  c prices of oil can fluctuate on the world market.  d production of oil can damage the environment.     3 two telecommunications companies are to merge to finance investments in new technology,  which will be more efficient and require smaller buildings. three hundred workers will lose their jobs.    what will happen to the factors of production used?     land labour capital enterprise   a fall fall rise fall  b fall fall uncertain rise  c rise rise rise rise  d uncertain rise fall fall      4 why might a free market economy be more advantageous than a mixed economy?  a equality of income is encouraged.  b in a mixed economy, governments use taxes which are inefficient. c production is determined solely by consumer wishes.  d social costs are taken into consideration.     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/12/o/n/12 [turn over  5 an international company drilled for oil in deep water and caused a major oil leakage, which  affected the jobs of the fishing community. the government ordered the company to close the  well and to stop drilling in the area.    what are the external costs of this incident?  a the costs borne by the fishing community  b the costs of closing the well  c the costs to the company of drilling the well in deep water  d the loss of revenue when the oil company stopped drilling      6 a supply curve for a commodity is drawn to show how quantity supplied varies with  a government taxes.  b income.  c tastes.  d the price of the commodity.      7 in 2010, floods caused severe damage to wheat production.   how would this be shown on a market demand and supply diagram for wheat?     supply curve demand curve  a no change shift to the right   b shift to the left no change  c shift to the left shift to the left  d shift to the right shift to the left     8 which is a type of market failure?  a a general increase in the price of hotel rooms in busy summer seasons  b an increase in house prices caused by easier borrowing for house buyers  c an increase in travel time caused by a road accident  d an increase in unsold goods because of a change in tastes     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/12/o/n/12  9 the market for a normal good is in equilibrium at point x. consumers\u2019 incomes fall and the cost of  producing the good rises.    in which area of the diagram will the new equilibrium be?    oquantityprice xa cb dsupply demand      10 on average, doctors earn more than bus drivers.    which change would be likely to reduce the earnings gap between doctors and bus drivers?  a a decrease in the profits earned by bus companies  b a decrease in the qualifications needed to be a doctor  c an increase in demand for medical care  d an increase in the number of people passing the driving test      11 what could reduce the ability of a trade union to gain a pay rise for its members in a shoe  factory?  a an increase in sales of shoe exports  b a rise in the demand for shoes c a rise in the productivity of shoe workers  d more people willing to work in the shoe industry     12 what might encourage a consumer to save rather than to spend?  a being made unemployed  b discounts on products  c government subsidies to producers  d high interest rates    ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/12/o/n/12 [turn over  13 why do banknotes function as money?  a they are backed by gold.  b they are durable.  c they are generally acceptable.  d they have intrinsic value.      14 the table shows the proportion of income saved for different age groups.    age 15 \u2013 29 30 \u2013 39 40 \u2013 49 50 \u2013 62 63+  % of income saved \u201334  % \u2013  4 % 18  % 29  % \u201323  %    what can be concluded from this data?  a the 50 \u2013 62 age group has the highest level of income.  b the 50 \u2013 62 age group saves the highest proportion of its income.  c the older age groups earn more than the younger age groups.  d the youngest age group spends more than the oldest age group.     15 which is an external economy of scale?  a availability of training facilities in local colleges  b greater production from employees c increased credit facilities from banks  d lower costs through bulk buying     16 what is a variable cost to a firm producing bicycles?  a the component parts of the bicycles  b the interest on money borrowed  c the rent of the bicycle factory  d the salaries of the senior managers    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/12/o/n/12  17 partnerships in the united states of america (us) can now issue tradable shares and can limit  the amount of money that shareholders may lose.    to which type of business organisation do these changes make us partnerships similar?  a co-operatives  b public corporations  c public limited companies  d sole traders     18 the graphs show the average total cost (atc) curves of four firms and how they change as  output increases.     which firm has the highest fixed costs?    a cost $ ooutputatcb cost $ ooutputatcc cost $ ooutputatcd cost $ ooutputatc     19 what is a possible advantage to the consumer of a monopoly supplier in a market?  a it achieves average costs which are lower than if there were many suppliers.  b it achieves profits which are higher than if there were many suppliers.  c it conducts advertising campaigns to discourage competition.  d it decides which retail outlets may sell and distribute its goods.    20 which government policy would best protect the environment?  a encouraging economic growth  b exploiting natural resources  c increasing tax on fuel  d removing controls on industry    ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/12/o/n/12 [turn over  21 a government wishes to stimulate economic recovery.    which action will assist this?  a decreasing government investment  b decreasing income tax  c increasing indirect taxation  d increasing interest rates     22 a country has a proportional system of taxation.    a person pays $500 tax when earnings are $5000.    how much tax will be paid if earnings rise to $12 000?  a $120 b $500 c $1200 d $7500    23 the graph shows government revenue and spending in a country, as a percentage of gdp,  between 2004 and 2011.    48 4644424038363432 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011% of gdp government spending government revenue year    what can be concluded from the graph?  a the balance of payments position improved.  b the borrowing of the government increased. c the economy went into recession (economic downturn).  d the government budget moved from deficit to surplus.     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/12/o/n/12  24 each year, extra cleaning staff were employed by a hotel on a temporary basis during the busy  holiday period. they were not employed when the hotel was not busy.    what type of unemployment occurred when the hotel was not busy?  a cyclical  b frictional  c seasonal  d technological     25 in the measurement of the uk\u2019s retail prices index, a greater weight was given to bottled water  in 2010 than 2009.    what does this change indicate?  a government statisticians checked the price change of a greater range of bottled water in  2010 than in 2009.  b people spent a higher proportion of their tota l spending on bottled water in 2010 than in  2009.  c the price of bottled water increased more in 2010 than in 2009.  d there was an improvement in the quality of bottled water in 2010 compared with 2009.     26 an economics student described a typical developing country as having a large population, a low  gdp per head, a relatively large primary sector and an uneven income distribution.    which of these features is not necessarily accurate?  a a large population   b a low gdp per head   c an uneven income distribution  d a relatively large primary sector     27 in the developing economies of southern africa, both infant mortality and life expectancy have  fallen.  life expectancy now averages only 41 years.    what is the result of these changes?  a current labour supply has fallen.  b fewer primary schools are needed. c governments will pay for more retirement pensions.  d less will need to be spent on health care.     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/12/o/n/12  28 the table shows the percentages of consumer spending on different items in four countries,  which have similar geographical conditions and climate.    which country is likely to have the highest standard of living?    percentage of consumer spending on each item  country  food housing transport  a 20 30 30  b 40 25 15  c 50 20 10  d 45 20 15      29 a government agreed to provide $20 million to a developing country to help supply emergency  aid.    in which part of the current account of the balance of payments was this payment recorded?  a current transfer flows  b income flows  c trade in goods  d trade in services     30 in some asian countries the cost of labour is lower than in developed countries. as a result they  manufacture and export clothes to europe, where the demand for clothes is high.    the quality of these clothes, however, is not as go od as some of the clothes produced in europe.    what is likely to happen in the asian countries and to  the total expenditure on clothes in europe?     impact in asian countries change in  expenditure in  europe  a capital account will improve increase  b current account will improve uncertain  c exchange rate will fall uncertain  d terms of trade will fall decrease    ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/12/o/n/12  blank page     ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/12/o/n/12  blank page   ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of t he cambridge assessment group. ca mbridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/12/o/n/12  blank page     "
        },
        "0455_w12_qp_13.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib12 11_0455_13/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2012  [turn over      *6318749523* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/13     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2012     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.   read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/13/o/n/12  1 in china the government is concerned about the level of poverty and the need for more resources  in the poorer regions of the country. as a result, it is increasing its expenditure there and reducing  it in the wealthier regions.    which economic concept does this government policy illustrate best?  a diseconomies of scale  b market forces  c opportunity cost  d specialisation      2 as the need for energy increases, energy suppliers use a mix of resources.    which resource is renewable?  a coal  b gas c oil  d water     3 a public limited company delivers groceries which customers order on the internet.   what is an example for the firm of the factor of production called capital?  a the computers required to receive the orders  b the fuel used by the delivery vehicles  c the money required to pay the firm\u2019s costs  d the shares it sells on the stock exchange      4 what is likely to play a more important role in a mixed economy than in a free market economy?  a consumer wishes  b government intervention  c international trade  d the profit motive      5 what necessarily happens when an external benefit exists?  a social benefit is greater than private benefit.  b social benefit is greater than social cost.  c social cost is equal to private cost.  d social cost is greater than private cost. ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/13/o/n/12 [turn over  6 a supply curve for a commodity is drawn to show how quantity supplied varies with  a government taxes.  b income.  c tastes.  d the price of the commodity.      7 in june 2010, a government published a propo sal to increase value added tax (goods and  services tax) on some goods from january 2011. between june 2010 and january 2011  consumers bought more of those goods before the price increase occurred. after january, consumers bought less of the goods.    how would the changes be shown on a demand diagram for the goods?     from june-january after january  a a movement down the curve a shift of the curve to the right  b a movement up the curve a shift of the curve to the right  c a shift of the curve to the left a movement down the curve  d a shift of the curve to the right a movement up the curve    8 a developer built some large houses in a rural area which poorer people could not afford. the  houses destroyed an area of natural beauty.    what type of market failure resulted from the development?  a inequality of income  b lack of information c negative externality  d price discrimination     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/13/o/n/12  9 the market for a normal good is in equilibrium at point x. consumers\u2019 incomes rise and the  government gives a subsidy to the producers of the good.    in which area of the diagram will the new equilibrium be?    oprice quantitydba cxsupply demand      10 what work is in the primary sector?  a delivering milk  b designing gardens  c growing fruit trees  d selling agricultural fertiliser    11 what are the actions of a trade union intended to achieve in the long run?  a benefits to society  b harm to employers  c help for members  d reduced company profits    12 an individual has various financial assets.    what is the most easily available as cash?  a a current (checking) bank account  b government bonds c share certificates in a public company d time deposits in a savings bank     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/13/o/n/12 [turn over  13 why do banknotes function as money?  a they are backed by gold.  b they are durable.  c they are generally acceptable.  d they have intrinsic value.      14 the table shows the proportion of income saved for different age groups.    age 15 \u2013 29 30 \u2013 39 40 \u2013 49 50 \u2013 62 63+  % of income saved \u201334  % \u2013  4 % 18  % 29  % \u201323  %    what can be concluded from this data?  a the 50 \u2013 62 age group has the highest level of income.  b the 50 \u2013 62 age group saves the highest proportion of its income.  c the older age groups earn more than the younger age groups.  d the youngest age group spends more than the oldest age group.     15 a firm opens new branches in four different citie s. as a result, it can negotiate a better deal from  its foreign suppliers because it purchases larger quantities. however, it finds the distance between branches causes organisational problems.    what describes the result for the firm?  a an external economy of scale and an external diseconomy of scale  b an external economy of scale and an internal diseconomy of scale  c an internal economy of scale and an external diseconomy of scale  d an internal economy of scale and an internal diseconomy of scale     16 as a firm increases its weekly output from 10 units to 20 units, its average cost falls from $15 to  $10.    which of its costs have risen?  a fixed costs and variable costs only  b fixed costs, variable costs and total costs  c total costs only  d variable costs and total costs only    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/13/o/n/12  17 a group of hotels, owned and operated in france, needs its staff to be able to speak a number of  languages so it employs people from different countries. different firms, providing tours from  other countries, send customers to the hotels in france. the hotel group has shares issued on the stock exchange.     what type of company is the hotel group?  a a multi-national   b a partnership  c a private company  d a public company      18 the graphs show the average total cost (atc) curves of four firms and how they change as  output increases.     which firm has the highest fixed costs?    a cost $ ooutputatcb cost $ ooutputatcc cost $ ooutputatcd cost $ ooutputatc      19 machu picchu is peru\u2019s most popular tourist destination. one train company, perurail, operates  a monopoly service up to the site.    why might competition on the route increase the fares paid by passengers?  a competitive firms have more influence on price than a monopoly.  b competitive firms never make a loss.  c less advantage may be taken of economics of scale.  d more profit may be available to spend on new technology to reduce costs of production.    20 which government policy would best protect the environment?  a encouraging economic growth  b exploiting natural resources  c increasing tax on fuel  d removing controls on industry    ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/13/o/n/12 [turn over  21 russia exports wheat. in 2010, because of a bad harvest, the russian government prevented  the export of wheat to keep enough supplies for domestic use.    what happened as a result of the government\u2019s action?  a prices were fixed by the wheat producers.  b the amount produced was determined by the government.  c the price of wheat abroad fell.  d there was a redistribution of domestic production.      22 a country has a proportional system of taxation.    a person pays $500 tax when earnings are $5000.    how much tax will be paid if earnings rise to $12 000?  a $120 b $500 c $1200 d $7500      23 the graph shows government revenue and spending in a country, as a percentage of gdp,  between 2004 and 2011.    48 4644424038363432 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011% of gdp government spending government revenue year    what can be concluded from the graph?  a the balance of payments position improved.  b the borrowing of the government increased.  c the economy went into recession (economic downturn).  d the government budget moved from deficit to surplus.     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/13/o/n/12  24 an increase in online banking by customers using home computers has reduced the level of  employment in the banking sector of developed countries.    what describes this kind of unemployment?  a frictional  b regional  c seasonal  d technological     25 china has become south africa\u2019s largest trading partner. in 2009, 16  % of south africa\u2019s imports  came from china while 11  % of its exports went to china.    china is also investing in infrastructure designed to help increase production in south africa.    what can be concluded from this information?  a china is investing more in south africa than in other countries.  b china\u2019s gdp will grow more slowly than south africa\u2019s gdp.  c gdp in south africa is likely to rise.  d south africa imported a greater number of goods and services from china than it exported to  china.      26 what is usually true of workers approaching retirement when they are compared with new  entrants to the workforce?    a they will be more adaptable.  b they will be more experienced.  c they will be more mobile.  d they will be physically stronger.     27 in 2010, nigeria had a birth rate of 36 and an infant mortality rate of 94.    what can be concluded from this information?  a nigeria experienced a natural decrease in population.  b nigeria\u2019s population increased.  c 36 children were born per hundred of the population.  d 94 babies died before their first birthday out of every thousand babies born.    ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/13/o/n/12  28 the table shows the percentages of consumer spending on different items in four countries,  which have similar geographical conditions and climate.    which country is likely to have the highest standard of living?    percentage of consumer spending on each item  country  food housing transport  a 20 30 30  b 40 25 15  c 50 20 10  d 45 20 15      29 a japanese car manufacturer decided to produce its cars in a factory in europe.    what would not be a reason why they might have chosen to do this?  a cheaper wage costs in europe  b the availability of raw materials  c to gain external economies from skilled labour in europe  d to increase japanese self-sufficiency     30 a country imports oil, which has risen in price and which is used for production and for  distribution. there has also been an increase in unemployment in the country. businesses have closed and total consumer demand has fallen.    what is likely to happen to the balance of trade and economic growth?     balance of trade economic growth  a improve likely to increase  b uncertain likely to decrease  c worsen likely to decrease  d worsen likely to increase     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/13/o/n/12  blank page     ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/13/o/n/12  blank page     ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/13/o/n/12  blank page    "
        },
        "0455_w12_qp_21.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. dc (sm) 46685/2 \u00a9 ucles 2012 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *3971292565*economics 0455/21 paper 2 structured questions october/november 2012  2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. section a answer question 1.section banswer any three questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/21/o/n/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012section a answer this question. 1 the united states postal service is in trouble since 2006, the volume of mail carried by the united states postal service (usps) has fallen  considerably and as a result it has reduced the number of its employees. table 1:  usps volume of mail and number of employees in 2006 and 2010  2006 2010 volume of mail (in billions of items)220 176 number of employees (in thousands)720 612 one reason for the problems of the usps has been the recession. this has prompted businesses and advertisers, which account for most of the usps\u2019s income, to reduce the number of letters and parcels they send. a long-term problem is that the volume of mail is not likely to go back to pre-2006 figures as the economy improves because of the strong challenge from the internet. email is fast and cheap, businesses are advertising online more and they are increasingly asking customers to pay their bills online. all of these issues are making it very difficult for the usps, which does not receive any government  subsidies. it estimated that it would lose us$8 billion in 2010. the usps plans to increase revenue by charging more for its services and to cut its costs by  stopping saturday deliveries and collections. many usps customers, including firms that use this service, are opposed to the plan. some firms, however, stand to gain from this plan. one firm, pitney bowes, for example, makes products used by the usps, such as automated sorting machines and automated franking machines. it expects demand for these products to rise if the usps seeks to replace some of its employees with capital equipment.   (a) did the number of employees of the usps fall by a smaller or greater percentage than the volume of mail between 2006 and 2010? show your workings. [2]  (b) (i) explain what is meant by a substitute and give two examples from the extract. [3]   (ii) explain two reasons why a firm may seek to replace some of its employees with capital  equipment. [4]  (c) it is stated that the usps plans to charge more for its services. explain why such a decision might not necessarily lead to an increase in revenue. [4]  (d) discuss whether it would be a good idea for a business, such as the usps, to be supported by a government subsidy. [7]",
            "3": "3 0455/21/o/n/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2 labour is one of the four factors of production.  (a) explain three causes of an increase in the supply of labour in a particular industry. [6]   (b) explain, using a demand and supply diagram, how an increase in the supply of labour in a  particular industry would affect the wages of people working in that industry. [6]   (c) discuss what affects the ability of a trade union to achieve a wage increase for itsmembers. [8] 3 (a) explain what is meant by a central bank. [2]  (b) describe the role that a central bank plays in a country\u2019s economy. [4]  (c) explain why different income groups have different spending patterns. [6]  (d) discuss to what extent non-wage factors are likely to be more important than wage factors in influencing a woman\u2019s choice of occupation. [8] 4 (a) explain why multi-nationals are unlikely to be private limited companies. [4]  (b) analyse the different ways in which firms can grow in size. [6]  (c) discuss whether consumers would always want to be supplied by firms in perfect competition rather than by a monopoly. [10] 5 (a) explain what is meant by economic growth. [4]  (b) explain what actions a government could take to increase the rate of economic growth in a country. [6]  (c) discuss the extent to which a high rate of economic growth always benefits a developing economy. [10] 6 (a) distinguish between gross domestic product (gdp) per head and the human development index. [4]  (b) explain how changes in a country\u2019s birth rate can influence its gdp per head. [6]  (c) many countries have high levels of poverty. discuss which policies would be most useful in reducing poverty in a country. [10]",
            "4": "4 0455/21/o/n/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.7 (a) explain why countries often specialise. [5]  (b) despite the potential advantages of specialisation, explain why a country may choose not to  specialise. [5]  (c) discuss why some countries have fixed exchange rates while others have floating exchange  rates. [10]"
        },
        "0455_w12_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. dc (nh) 46673/1 \u00a9 ucles 2012 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *0258231293*economics 0455/22 paper 2 structured questions october/november 2012  2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. section a answer question 1.section banswer any three questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/22/o/n/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012section a answer this question. 1 a new city is to be built in ghana  ghana is a mainly agricultural country where nearly a third of the population lives in poverty. the  infrastructure is poor. millions of people are moving into the cities, especially ghana\u2019s capital, accra. these areas are unable to cope with this geographical movement of people, resulting in an increasing number of shanty towns.  a businessman in ghana is planning to build an eco-city, called sikafutu, on land 30 miles (approximately 48 kilometres) outside accra. it is called an eco-city because the building materials, such as wood and sand, would be obtained locally. methane from food waste could be used to produce gas for cooking. solar panels, and hydro power from a nearby river, would reduce pollution.  the eco-city will eventually cost us$1.7 billion to build. it could one day be home to 60 000 people. at the moment it is open land, used mainly for farming, with just a few people living there. the local tribespeople own this land and they have been promised a significant payment if they agree to sell the land, so that the project can go ahead.  the government would like property prices in the eco-city to be as low as possible, so that people are able to move from the shanty towns but, without government intervention, prices will be determined by market forces. population and income are expected to rise in the area and these changes will have an impact on the future price of housing.  (a) what evidence is there in the extract to suggest that ghana is a developing country? [4]  (b) explain the economic reasons why some people might decide to move from rural parts of ghana to the cities.  [4]  (c) explain, using a demand and supply diagram, how the expected changes in population and income are likely to affect the future price of property in the eco-city. [4]  (d) discuss the advantages and disadvantages of building the new city to (i) the local tribespeople  who are already living on the land and (ii) the economy of ghana as a whole. [8]",
            "3": "3 0455/22/o/n/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2 (a) describe, with the use of examples, two factors of production. [4]  (b) explain what is meant by the economic problem and why opportunity cost is relevant to the  allocation of resources. [6]  (c) discuss whether every economy should have some government intervention. [10] 3 a government is planning to build a high speed railway through a large area of fertile land and scenic beauty. a decision to construct the railway will depend upon how the project is financed and the social costs and social benefits arising from its construction.  (a) describe, with the aid of examples from the construction of a railway, the meaning of social costs. [4]  (b) explain why a government might consider using private funding rather than public funding to finance the project. [6]  (c) discuss the advantages and disadvantages of such a high speed railway to a country\u2019s economy, both locally and nationally. [10] 4 money is said to be of vital importance in all economies.  (a) describe the four functions of money. [4]  (b) explain how commercial banks may encourage saving. [6]  (c) analyse why there are often differences in the earnings of workers in the public sector and workers in the private sector. [10] 5 (a) describe the main features of (i) a co-operative and (ii) a public corporation. [4]  (b) explain to what extent (i) a co-operative and (ii) a public corporation have profit maximisation  as an objective. [4]  (c) firms can grow large through integration. explain, with the aid of examples, the difference between horizontal and vertical integration. [4]  (d) discuss whether the disadvantages of a monopoly always outweigh the advantages. [8] 6 governments usually aim to have a low rate of inflation and a high rate of employment, but these two aims can sometimes conflict.  (a) explain why inflation can be harmful to an economy. [6]  (b) explain why unemployment which lasts for more than a year has more harmful effects than short-term unemployment for (i) the unemployed and (ii) the economy. [6]  (c) discuss to what extent the aims of a low rate of inflation and a high rate of employment are likely to conflict. [8]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/o/n/12 \u00a9 ucles 20127 (a) explain the advantages of regional specialisation in an economy. [4]  (b) describe the structure of the current account of a country\u2019s balance of payments. [4]  (c) explain why the value of a currency may fall in a floating exchange rate system. [4]  (d) discuss whether a floating exchange rate system is always to be preferred to a fixed one. [8] permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_w12_qp_23.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. dc (rw) 46671/2 \u00a9 ucles 2012 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *0626478764*economics 0455/23 paper 2  structured questions october/november 2012  2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. section a answer question 1.section banswer any three questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/23/o/n/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012section a answer this question. 1 wheat crisis in russia  russia, the world\u2019s third largest wheat exporter, announced in 2010 a ban on exports of wheat  because wildfires had destroyed a large amount of farmland, equivalent to the size of portugal. these fires in russia were the result of a severe drought. it had been estimated that russia would produce 25%\u201330% less wheat than it did in 2009.  russia announced this ban on exports of wheat to protect its own population from inflation, but this put pressure on the world price. the withdrawal of large supplies of wheat from the world market had a dramatic effect on the price of wheat.  this was good news for producers of wheat, but it was not good news for consumers of bread. as a result of the ban, the price of bread rose by between 10% and 20% in 2010. bread is an important item in the consumption patterns of many people. this price rise contributed to an increase in the rate of inflation.  one expert, however, stated that the price of bread would not rise much more. \u201cthe market for bread remains very competitive, which will restrict the ability of firms to pass on the higher cost of raw materials in the form of higher prices.\u201d  (a) explain, using a demand and supply diagram, the likely effect on the world price of wheat of russia\u2019s decision to ban the export of wheat. [4]  (b) using the extract, explain why russia was experiencing cost-push inflation during 2010. [3]  (c) explain how the rate of inflation in a country is measured. [5]  (d) discuss whether it is always good for a market to be \u2018very competitive\u2019. [8]",
            "3": "3 0455/23/o/n/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2 (a) define the term capital and explain why this factor of production is important in the production  process. [4]  (b) explain what is meant by enterprise and analyse the effect that an entrepreneur can have on a business. [6]  (c) discuss why the concept of opportunity cost is important for (i) firms, (ii) consumers and (iii) governments to consider when making choices. [10] 3 (a) explain what is meant by price elasticity of supply. [5]  (b) explain what influences the price elasticity of demand of a product. [7]  (c) discuss how knowledge of price elasticity of supply and of price elasticity of demand could be of use to a business. [8] 4 (a) what are the benefits of owning shares in a company? [3]  (b) describe the role that a stock exchange can play in a country\u2019s economy. [4]  (c) explain the reasons why an individual might want to work in financial services, such as banking. [5]  (d) some workers in financial services are members of a trade union. discuss to what extent trade unions can benefit an economy. [8] 5 (a) describe the difference between a tax and a subsidy. [4]  (b) explain why a government may want to subsidise a good or service. [6]  (c) discuss whether a government should increase income tax. [10] 6 (a) explain net migration and consider whether it is likely to be the main factor affecting the size of a country\u2019s population. [5]  (b) many countries spend large amounts of money on healthcare programmes. is such expenditure, by itself, likely to reduce poverty in a country? [7]  (c) discuss how useful the human development index is in comparing living standards in different countries. [8]",
            "4": "4 0455/23/o/n/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.7 (a) what determines the value of a currency in a floating exchange rate system? [3]  (b) explain the effects on an economy of a significant rise in the value of its exchange rate. [6]  (c) what is the difference between a quota and an embargo? [3]  (d) discuss whether countries should use trade protection despite the potential advantages of  free trade. [8]"
        },
        "0455_w12_qp_31.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 8 printed pages and 1 insert. dc (leo) 46678/3 \u00a9 ucles 2012 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education read these instructions first write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.do not write in any barcodes. answer all questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. *2886209312* economics 0455/31 paper 3  analysis and critical evaluation october/november 2012  1 hour 30 minutes candidates answer on the question paper. for examiner\u2019s use 1 2 total",
            "2": "2 0455/31/o/n/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018changes in japan\u2019s price level \u2019 will be needed for this question. 1 (a) define the term \u2018inflation\u2019.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]  (b) does table 1 support the view that japan was experiencing a harmful fall in the price  level? explain your answer.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[3]  (c) apart from the price level and unemployment, identify another economic indicator  mentioned in the extract.  .. ..[1]",
            "3": "3 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/31/o/n/12for examiner\u2019s use (d) explain why spending on capital equipment may decrease during a period of a harmful  fall in the price level.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[4]  (e) what is meant by fiscal policy? .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]",
            "4": "4 0455/31/o/n/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012for examiner\u2019s use (f) discuss whether a central bank should reduce its interest rate.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..",
            "5": "5 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/31/o/n/12for examiner\u2019s use ..  .. .. .. ..[8]  [total: 20] the extract \u2018improving the environment\u2019 will be needed for this question.2 (a) identify:   (i) a private benefit from switching off electrical equipment .. .. [1]   (ii) an external benefit from switching off electrical equipment. .. .. [1]  (b) what is meant by government regulation? .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]",
            "6": "6 0455/31/o/n/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012for examiner\u2019s use (c) (i) identify two examples from the extract of the factor of production called land.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]   (ii) explain how resources are allocated in a market system. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [3]",
            "7": "7 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/31/o/n/12for examiner\u2019s use  (iii) explain how the events described in the extract will affect the price of coal.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]  (d) what evidence is there in the extract that government intervention does not always  solve market failure?  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[3] question 2(e) is on the next page",
            "8": "8 0455/31/o/n/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012for examiner\u2019s use (e) discuss whether a reduction in consumption of palm oil by pakistan would reduce global  co2 emissions.  ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[6]  [total: 20] permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_w12_qp_32.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 7 printed pages, 1 blank page and 1 insert. dc (nh) 46675/2 \u00a9 ucles 2012 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *6754940542* economics 0455/32 paper 3 analysis and critical evaluation october/november 2012  1 hour 30 minutes candidates answer on the question paper. read these instructions first write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.do not write in any barcodes. answer all questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. for examiner\u2019s use 1 2 total",
            "2": "2 0455/32/o/n/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018poverty\u2019 will be needed for this question. 1 (a) (i) state two reasons why some workers are paid more than others.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]   (ii) what do the gender gap figures for japan and costa rica indicate? .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]  (b) explain two costs of poverty indicated in the extract. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..",
            "3": "3 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/32/o/n/12for examiner\u2019s use ..  .. .. .. ..[4]  (c) (i) using table 1, analyse the relationship between the mpi measure and the income  measure.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]   (ii) identify two possible reasons why uzbekistan has low poverty on the mpi measure.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]",
            "4": "4 0455/32/o/n/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012for examiner\u2019s use (d) discuss whether increasing government spending will always reduce poverty.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..",
            "5": "5 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/32/o/n/12for examiner\u2019s use ..  ..[8]  [total: 20] the extract \u2018market changes\u2019  will be needed for this question. 2 (a) identify two variable costs for hotel owners mentioned in the extract.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]  (b) what does the price elasticity of demand of (\u2013) 1.5 for hotel accommodation mean? .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..  ..[4]",
            "6": "6 0455/32/o/n/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012for examiner\u2019s use (c) explain two reasons for the increase in the demand for tickets on emirates airline.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[4]  (d) what evidence is there in the extract that the airline industry is not operating under  conditions of perfect competition? .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..  ..",
            "7": "7 \u00a9 ucles 2012 0455/32/o/n/12for examiner\u2019s use ..  .. ..[4]  (e) discuss whether the merger between united airlines and continental airlines would  benefit air passengers.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[6]  [total: 20]",
            "8": "8 0455/32/o/n/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_w12_qp_33.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 8 printed pages and 1 insert. dc (nf) 46668/3 \u00a9 ucles 2012 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *5532528113* economics 0455/33 paper 3  analysis and critical evaluation october/november 2012  1 hour 30 minutes candidates answer on the question paper. read these instructions first write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.do not write in any barcodes. answer all questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. for examiner\u2019s use 1 2 total",
            "2": "2 0455/33/o/n/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018the yasuni itt initiative\u2019 will be needed for this question. 1 (a) identify, from the extract, two benefits tourism provides for the economy of ecuador.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [2]  (b) (i) what evidence is there in the extract that peru has been more concerned with  environmental conservation than ecuador?  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [2]   (ii) why might conservation restrict economic development? .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..",
            "3": "3 0455/33/o/n/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012 [turn overfor examiner\u2019s use ..  .. .. .. . [4]  (c) (i) explain whether petroecuador is a public corporation or a public limited company. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [2]   (ii) explain two external costs, referred to in the extract, that might arise from allowing  firms to drill for oil in the itt area. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [4]",
            "4": "4 0455/33/o/n/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012for examiner\u2019s use (d) discuss whether other countries would benefit from ecuador preventing oil extraction in  the itt area.  ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [6]  [total: 20]",
            "5": "5 0455/33/o/n/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012 [turn overfor examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018falling fertility\u2019 will be needed for this question. 2 (a) (i) using information from the extract, explain two reasons why developing countries  tend to have higher fertility rates than developed countries.  ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [4]",
            "6": "6 0455/33/o/n/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012for examiner\u2019s use  (ii) using table 1, comment on whether the data supports the view that fertility rates  fall as countries develop.  ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [4]   (iii) why may the global average replacement rate fall in the future?  ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. . [2]",
            "7": "7 0455/33/o/n/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012 [turn overfor examiner\u2019s use (b) (i) explain two reasons why a country\u2019s fertility rate may fall but its population size  increases.  ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [4]   (ii) discuss what information you would need to assess whether a country would  benefit from a decrease in its population size.  ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. additional writing space is on the next page",
            "8": "8 0455/33/o/n/12 \u00a9 ucles 2012for examiner\u2019s use ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [6]  [total: 20] permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        }
    },
    "2013": {
        "0455_s13_qp_11.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib13 06_0455_11/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2013  [turn over      *3265764590* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/11     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2013     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.   each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/11/m/j/13  1 a tractor factory runs out of important components and has to stop production.    how does this illustrate the economic problem?  a the factory lacks a competitive advantage.  b the factory lacks economies of scale.  c there are limited wants.  d there is evidence of scarce resources.    2 the diagram shows a production possibility curve for digital televisions and cd players.   odigital televisions cd playersz wy x     which movement shows an increase in the use of existing resources to increase production for both digital televisions and cd players?  a x to w b x to z c z to w d z to y     3 which group linked to a firm always bears the risk of the decision to produce?  a creditors  b managers  c owners  d workers    4 in a pure market economy, which secondary factor determines the distribution of goods and  services?  a fairness to the consumer  b needs of the consumer  c price of the product  d quality of the product     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/11/m/j/13 [turn over  5 there are a fixed number of seats at a conc ert. most of the audience would continue to attend  even if the seat prices were increased.    which demand and supply diagram represents this situation?    price quantity oa s d price quantity ob d s price quantity oc sd price quantity od s d      6 maize and fuel are used in the production of mexican tortillas. in 2010 mexico produced a record  maize crop but in 2011 rises in the price of fuel increased costs for tortilla makers.    what is likely to have happened to the price of tortillas in 2010 and 2011?     price in 2010 price in 2011  a decreased decreased  b decreased increased  c increased decreased  d increased increased    7 when the price of shirts rises from $8 to $10, the demand for shirts falls from 1000 to 500.   what is the price elasticity of demand for shirts?  a greater than 1  b unitary  c less than 1   d zero      8 what is a likely reason why many countries\u2019 governments subsidise scientific research?  a private sector firms may overestimate the external benefits and ignore the private benefits of  scientific research.  b private sector firms may overestimate the external costs and ignore the private costs of  scientific research.  c private sector firms may underestimate the private benefits and ignore the external benefits  of scientific research.  d private sector firms may underestimate the private costs and ignore the external costs of  scientific research.   ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/11/m/j/13  9 when the price of a good doubles the demand fa lls by less than half, and the revenue received  by the seller increases.    what does this suggest about the good?    a it has substitutes  b it is a necessity  c it is in fixed supply d it is perfectly elastic in demand      10 the use of a mobile (cell) phone to make payments is an example of which function of money?  a a medium of exchange  b a standard of deferred payment  c a store of wealth  d a unit of account     11 what is most likely to cause a person to save a larger proportion of their weekly income rather  than spend a larger proportion of their weekly income?  a a decrease in the tax on goods and services  b a decrease in weekly income  c an increase in interest rates  d an increase in the range of products available     12 which of the following is most likely to limit wage increases in an industry?    a an increased demand for the industry\u2019s product   b a rise in the industry\u2019s profits c a rise in wages for workers in similar jobs  d the replacement of workers with robots      13 what is a function of a trade union?  a to negotiate workers\u2019 contracts  b to promote workers to more responsible jobs  c to recruit workers for the firm  d to supervise the workers in the firm     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/11/m/j/13 [turn over  14 differences in earnings between higher paid and lower paid jobs have widened in developed  countries.    what is the most likely reason for this?  a immigration of unskilled workers has reduced.  b the demand for highly skilled workers has increased.  c unemployment rates have remained low.  d women are paid the same rates as men.     15 which characteristic relates to perfect competition and which to monopoly?     perfect competition monopoly  a abnormal profit normal profit  b barriers to entry freedom of entry  c few firms many firms  d price taker price maker    16 cocoa and sugar are used in a factory to produce chocolate.     what is a fixed cost in the production of chocolate?    a cocoa  b electricity  c rent d sugar      17 in august 2008, infosys, an indian information technology company, bought axon, a uk  information technology company.    which type of integration is this?  a conglomerate  b horizontal  c vertical backwards  d vertical forwards     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/11/m/j/13  18 the multinational indian tata group, which has companies in chemicals, consumer goods,  engineering and communications, has been buying foreign companies.    what does this action most likely suggest about the company?  a it intends to achieve a domestic monopoly position.  b it intends to increase its level of specialisation.  c it intends to reduce fixed costs.  d it intends to spread risks by diversification.     19 the table shows the costs of a firm.    units of output variable costs ($) total costs ($)  10 20 80  20 50 110  30 80 140  40 110 170    what is the value of the firm\u2019s fixed costs?  a $20 b $30 c $60 d $80     20 what is the most likely result of an increase in interest rates?    a a rise in investment  b a rise in borrowing  c a fall in consumer spending d a fall in productivity      21 what is most likely to be the responsibility of a central government?  a the provision of immigration officials at an airport  b the provision of security cameras in a shopping centre c the provision of security staff at a bank  d the provision of ticket inspectors on a train     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/11/m/j/13 [turn over  22 in the first six months of 2011 a construction company, morgan sindall, saw its profits fall. part of  the reason was the increased competition from foreign competitors.    which government policy is most likely to help such a company?  a increasing benefits to the unemployed  b increasing tax-free allowances on new building projects  c putting a quota on imported raw materials used by the company  d raising interest rates     23 the graph shows the impact of a tax on the supply of petrol (gas).    d quantitys2 s1 price o    what can be concluded from this graph?  a the government will receive no tax revenue  b the impact of the tax will be shared between the consumer and the producer  c the impact of the tax will fall entirely upon the consumer  d the impact of the tax will fall entirely on the producer     24 in developed economies there are changing patterns of employment.    what explains why fewer work in agriculture but food production has increased?  a increased incomes and more leisure  b mechanisation and the use of scientific methods  c movement to factory jobs in manufacturing  d shift to office work using computers     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/11/m/j/13  25 the table gives information about some economic indicators in a number of countries.     inflation  % interest rates  % unemployment  %  country w 1.4 3.4 10.2  country x 3.7 8.7 12.3  country y 3.6 7.3 14.2  country z 2.1 6.0   7.7    what may be concluded from this information?  a countries with higher inflation have higher interest rates.  b countries with higher interest rates have lower inflation.  c the country with the lowest inflation had the highest unemployment. d the country with the lowest unemployment had the highest inflation.     26 the table shows the percentage share of gdp held by the richest 20% and poorest 20% of the  population in each country.    which country had the greatest extremes of income and poverty?    country richest 20% poorest 20%  a ghana 41.7% 8.4%  b nigeria 55.7% 4.4%  c senegal 48.2% 6.4%  d south africa 64.8% 2.9%     27 on 17 october 2006, the us population reached 300  million and was predicted to increase to   400  million by 2043.    which change would mean that the us population moves in the opposite direction to that  predicted?  a a change from net immigration to net emigration  b the birth rate falling more slowly than the death rate  c the death rate falling below the net immigration rate  d the infant mortality rate decreasing more rapidly than the increase in life expectancy     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/11/m/j/13  28 what is most likely to be an indicator that a country is a developed economy rather than a  developing economy?  a a dominant service sector  b a high birth rate  c a lack of capital-intensive production  d a low level of adult literacy      29 what is thought to be a benefit of global free trade?  a it increases the opportunity for domestic producers to specialise.  b it increases the protection for domestic producers.  c it reduces a country\u2019s reliance on other countries.  d it reduces the transport costs involved in trading.    30 the table gives the retail price of a pa perback book as printed on its back cover.    united kingdom \u00a36.99   canada $11.99 (canadian dollars)  australia $14.99 (australian dollars)  new zealand $20.95 (new zealand dollars)    what is needed to make a clear comparison of the price in the four countries?  a direct tax rates  b exchange rates  c inflation rates  d level of import tariffs     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/11/m/j/13  blank page      ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/11/m/j/13  blank page     ",
            "12": "12  copyright acknowledgements:    question 22 question 26 \u00a9  business section;  the daily telegraph;  telegraph media group l td;  9 august 2011.  \u00a9  world bank social  indicatiors;  the world bank;  2002.    permission to reproduce items where thir d-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of  the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/11/m/j/13  blank page       "
        },
        "0455_s13_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib13 06_0455_12/6rp  \u00a9 ucles 2013  [turn over      *0507714691* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/12     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2013     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.   each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/12/m/j/13  1 why will the economic problem never be solved?  a people will always want more products than can be produced.  b people will never agree on what is the best economic system.  c there will always be an uneven distribution of income.  d there will always be some people unemployed.      2 a country is producing at point x on its production possibility curve which shows how it can  allocate its production between capital goods and consumer goods.    a period of recession then causes some of its factories to close.    which point could represent the country\u2019s new position?    capital goods oconsumer goodsa cdb x      3 reena makes a living by selling paintings of the town in which she lives. she sells them in an  open-air market once a week.    in order to be able to sell more pictures in a week she decides to buy a studio, pay someone to help in the studio and try to increase demand by advertising in the local paper.     which factors of production were changed?  a capital and enterprise  b enterprise and labour  c labour and capital  d labour only     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/12/m/j/13 [turn over  4 a country needs extra nurses. how could this be encouraged in a mixed economy but not in a  market economy?  a extra part-time nursing courses could be arranged by private colleges.  b nurses could be given a higher statutory minimum wage.  c nursing students could be asked to pay increased fees.  d nursing training colleges could have their subsidies reduced.      5 there are a fixed number of seats at a conc ert. most of the audience would continue to attend  even if the seat prices were increased.    which demand and supply diagram represents this situation?    price quantity oa s d price quantity ob d s price quantity oc sd price quantity od s d     6 many countries buy oil from saudi arabia.    which change is most likely to lead to a fall in the price of a barrel of oil?  a an increase in demand of 10% with no change in supply  b an increase in demand of 10% with an increase in supply of 10% c no change in demand with a 10% decrease in supply  d no change in demand with a 10% increase in supply      7 a recent study has found that the price ela sticity of demand for cigarettes in the usa is \u20130.7.    what can be concluded from this information?  a a fall in the price of cigarettes would lead to a fall in the revenue of cigarette producers.  b a rise in the price of cigarettes would lead to a fall in consumer expenditure on cigarettes.  c a 7% increase in the price of cigarettes would reduce the quantity demanded by 10%.  d a 10% increase in the cost of producing cigarettes would lead to a 7% fall in the quantity  demanded.     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/12/m/j/13  8 a government makes public transport free to try to reduce car use in a city.    what might explain why people continue to use their own cars?  a cars are less crowded than public transport.  b car use does not cause external costs.  c public transport has a better safety record than cars.  d public transport networks require high capital costs.     9 when the price of a good doubles the demand fa lls by less than half, and the revenue received  by the seller increases.    what does this suggest about the good?    a it has substitutes  b it is a necessity  c it is in fixed supply  d it is perfectly elastic in demand     10 a function of money is to act as a measure of value.   what does this mean?  a it is used to compare the worth of different goods.  b it is used to enable monthly payments for expensive goods.  c it is used to pay the price of a good.  d it is used for future savings.      11 each worker in a firm specialises in performing one task. the firm then decides that each worker  should carry out a variety of tasks.    which benefit will the firm be expecting to gain from the change?  a a decrease in the equipment workers need to be given  b a decrease in the time it takes to train workers  c an increase in the ability to cover for absent staff  d an increase in the skill gained from repetition    ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/12/m/j/13 [turn over  12 which of the following is most likely to limit wage increases in an industry?    a an increased demand for the industry\u2019s product   b a rise in the industry\u2019s profits  c a rise in wages for workers in similar jobs d the replacement of workers with robots     13 what is a function of a trade union?  a to negotiate workers\u2019 contracts  b to promote workers to more responsible jobs c to recruit workers for the firm  d to supervise the workers in the firm     14 the diagram shows how the weekly earnings of four workers changed between ages 16 and 64.    which line is most likely to represent the change in the weekly earnings of an unskilled, manual  labourer?    16 32 48 age64average weeklyearningsa b c d      15 what will happen to a firm that expands to take advantage of economies of scale?  a average costs of production will decrease.  b average costs of production will increase.  c profits will decrease.  d the price of the firm\u2019s products will increase.    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/12/m/j/13  16 cocoa and sugar are used in a factory to produce chocolate.     what is a fixed cost in the production of chocolate?   a cocoa  b electricity c rent  d sugar      17 in august 2008, infosys, an indian information technology company, bought axon, a uk  information technology company.    which type of integration is this?  a conglomerate  b horizontal  c vertical backwards  d vertical forwards     18 in a city, both large and small shops sell clothes.    why do large and small shops exist together?  a large clothing shops create barriers to entry.  b small shops always sell clothes at lower prices. c the market for clothing operates under perfect competition.  d there is demand from consumers for a range of fashions.     19 an entrepreneur buys a workshop for $200 000 to make plastic boxes. in the first year of  operation he spends $70 000 on materials, employs ten production workers paid by the amount  produced (piece rate) at a total cost of $80 000 and buys two delivery vehicles for $10 000 each.    what are his total variable costs?  a $100 000 b $150 000 c $220 000 d $370 000     20 what is the most likely result of an increase in interest rates?    a a rise in investment  b a rise in borrowing  c a fall in consumer spending  d a fall in productivity     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/12/m/j/13 [turn over  21 what is most likely to be the responsibility of a central government?  a the provision of immigration officials at an airport  b the provision of security cameras in a shopping centre  c the provision of security staff at a bank  d the provision of ticket inspectors on a train      22 a government reduces the interest rate to encourage economic growth.    which other aim of government policy might now become more difficult to achieve?  a reducing a balance of trade in goods surplus  b reducing a government budget deficit  c reducing the level of unemployment  d reducing the rate of inflation     23 the graph shows the impact of a tax on the supply of petrol (gas).    d quantitys2 s1 price o    what can be concluded from this graph?  a the government will receive no tax revenue  b the impact of the tax will be shared between the consumer and the producer c the impact of the tax will fall entirely upon the consumer  d the impact of the tax will fall entirely on the producer     24 in an economic recession, which policy might be adopted to reduce unemployment?  a an increase in foreign exchange rates  b an increase in interest rates  c a reduction in import duty  d a reduction in tax rates    ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/12/m/j/13  25 in the united states (us) consumer price index (cpi), food has a weighting of 13.7%. in the  indian cpi, food\u2019s weighting is 46.2%.    what can be concluded from this?  a consumers in india spend more on food than us consumers.  b food is a bigger proportion of consumer spending in india than in the us.  c the farming sector\u2019s output of food is higher in india than in the us.  d the price of food is rising more rapidly in india than in the us.     26 in botswana, better health care has meant that birth rates have been falling faster than death  rates. also the number of children born, on average, to each woman has declined. in 1981, women had 6.4 children on average; by 2006, the average was 3.2    what may be concluded from this information?  a government spending on education will need to increase.  b medical improvements have resulted in falling child mortality rates.  c there will be a decline in income for each person working.  d there will, in future, be an increase in the proportion of working population compared with non-working population.      27 the table shows data for four countries in 2006.     life expectancy  (years) computers per  100 population percentage of  labour force  employed in  agriculture crude birth  rate  bangladesh 64.1 1.2 66 24.8  egypt 71.3 3.7 27 24.2  india 64.8 1.5 60 23.0  pakistan 65.6 1.6 42 27.2    on the basis of the information given, what is the likely ranking order of the four countries in terms of development, starting from the most developed to the least developed?  a bangladesh \u2192 india \u2192 pakistan \u2192 egypt  b egypt \u2192 pakistan \u2192 india \u2192 bangladesh  c india \u2192 egypt \u2192  bangladesh \u2192 pakistan  d pakistan \u2192 bangladesh \u2192 egypt \u2192  india     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/12/m/j/13  28 which combination of changes is most likely to result in a rise in the average living standard in a  country?     gross domestic  product population general price  level  a falls falls rises  b falls rises falls  c rises falls falls  d rises rises rises     29 a country says that it wishes to increase its trade protection policies.    what might that involve?  a conservation of resources and taxes on external costs  b eliminating waste in the use of resources and the encouragement of multinational companies  c increased self sufficiency and barriers to trade  d price controls and increased regulations on domestic monopoly industries     30 the table gives the retail price of a product in four countries in 2012.  new zealand $20.00 (new zealand dollars)  pakistan 1500 rupees  south africa 125 rand  united kingdom \u00a310.00     what is needed to make a clear comparison of the price in the four countries?  a direct tax rates  b exchange rates  c import tariff rates  d transport costs    ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/12/m/j/13  blank page",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/12/m/j/13  blank page",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where thir d-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of t he cambridge assessment group. ca mbridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/12/m/j/13  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_s13_qp_13.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib13 06_0455_13/fp  \u00a9 ucles 2013  [turn over      *5200226011* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/13     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2013     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.   each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/13/m/j/13  1 which characteristic relates to perfect competition and which to monopoly?     perfect competition monopoly  a abnormal profit normal profit  b barriers to entry freedom of entry  c few firms many firms  d price taker price maker    2 cocoa and sugar are used in a factory to produce chocolate.     what is a fixed cost in the production of chocolate?   a cocoa  b electricity  c rent d sugar     3 in august 2008, infosys, an indian information technology company, bought axon, a uk  information technology company.    which type of integration is this?  a conglomerate  b horizontal c vertical backwards  d vertical forwards     4 the multinational indian tata group, which has companies in chemicals, consumer goods,  engineering and communications, has been buying foreign companies.    what does this action most likely suggest about the company?  a it intends to achieve a domestic monopoly position.  b it intends to increase its level of specialisation.  c it intends to reduce fixed costs.  d it intends to spread risks by diversification.     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/13/m/j/13 [turn over  5 the table shows the costs of a firm.    units of output variable costs ($) total costs ($)  10 20 80  20 50 110  30 80 140  40 110 170    what is the value of the firm\u2019s fixed costs?  a $20 b $30 c $60 d $80      6 what is the most likely result of an increase in interest rates?   a a rise in investment  b a rise in borrowing  c a fall in consumer spending d a fall in productivity      7 what is most likely to be the responsibility of a central government?  a the provision of immigration officials at an airport  b the provision of security cameras in a shopping centre c the provision of security staff at a bank  d the provision of ticket inspectors on a train     8 in the first six months of 2011 a construction company, morgan sindall, saw its profits fall. part of  the reason was the increased competition from foreign competitors.    which government policy is most likely to help such a company?  a increasing benefits to the unemployed  b increasing tax-free allowances on new building projects  c putting a quota on imported raw materials used by the company  d raising interest rates     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/13/m/j/13  9 the graph shows the impact of a tax on the supply of petrol (gas).    d quantitys2 s1 price o    what can be concluded from this graph?  a the government will receive no tax revenue  b the impact of the tax will be shared between the consumer and the producer  c the impact of the tax will fall entirely upon the consumer  d the impact of the tax will fall entirely on the producer      10 a tractor factory runs out of important components and has to stop production.    how does this illustrate the economic problem?  a the factory lacks a competitive advantage.  b the factory lacks economies of scale.  c there are limited wants.  d there is evidence of scarce resources.     11 the diagram shows a production possibility curve for digital televisions and cd players.    odigital televisions cd playersz wy x     which movement shows an increase in the use of existing resources to increase production for both digital televisions and cd players?  a x to w b x to z c z to w d z to y     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/13/m/j/13 [turn over  12 which group linked to a firm always bears the risk of the decision to produce?  a creditors  b managers  c owners  d workers      13 in a pure market economy, which secondary factor determines the distribution of goods and  services?  a fairness to the consumer  b needs of the consumer  c price of the product  d quality of the product     14 there are a fixed number of seats at a conc ert. most of the audience would continue to attend  even if the seat prices were increased.    which demand and supply diagram represents this situation?    price quantity oa s d price quantity ob d s price quantity oc sd price quantity od s d     15 maize and fuel are used in the production of mexican tortillas. in 2010 mexico produced a record  maize crop but in 2011 rises in the price of fuel increased costs for tortilla makers.    what is likely to have happened to the price of tortillas in 2010 and 2011?     price in 2010 price in 2011  a decreased decreased  b decreased increased  c increased decreased  d increased increased    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/13/m/j/13  16 when the price of shirts rises from $8 to $10, the demand for shirts falls from 1000 to 500.    what is the price elasticity of demand for shirts?  a greater than 1  b unitary  c less than 1   d zero     17 what is a likely reason why many countries\u2019 governments subsidise scientific research?  a private sector firms may overestimate the external benefits and ignore the private benefits of  scientific research.  b private sector firms may overestimate the external costs and ignore the private costs of  scientific research.  c private sector firms may underestimate the private benefits and ignore the external benefits  of scientific research.  d private sector firms may underestimate the private costs and ignore the external costs of  scientific research.    18 when the price of a good doubles the demand fa lls by less than half, and the revenue received  by the seller increases.    what does this suggest about the good?    a it has substitutes  b it is a necessity  c it is in fixed supply  d it is perfectly elastic in demand      19 the use of a mobile (cell) phone to make payments is an example of which function of money?  a a medium of exchange  b a standard of deferred payment  c a store of wealth  d a unit of account    ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/13/m/j/13 [turn over  20 what is most likely to cause a person to save a larger proportion of their weekly income rather  than spend a larger proportion of their weekly income?  a a decrease in the tax on goods and services  b a decrease in weekly income  c an increase in interest rates  d an increase in the range of products available      21 which of the following is most likely to limit wage increases in an industry?    a an increased demand for the industry\u2019s product   b a rise in the industry\u2019s profits  c a rise in wages for workers in similar jobs  d the replacement of workers with robots      22 what is a function of a trade union?  a to negotiate workers\u2019 contracts  b to promote workers to more responsible jobs  c to recruit workers for the firm  d to supervise the workers in the firm      23 differences in earnings between higher paid and lower paid jobs have widened in developed  countries.    what is the most likely reason for this?  a immigration of unskilled workers has reduced.  b the demand for highly skilled workers has increased.  c unemployment rates have remained low.  d women are paid the same rates as men.      24 what is thought to be a benefit of global free trade?  a it increases the opportunity for domestic producers to specialise.  b it increases the protection for domestic producers.  c it reduces a country\u2019s reliance on other countries.  d it reduces the transport costs involved in trading.     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/13/m/j/13  25 the table gives the retail price of a pa perback book as printed on its back cover.    united kingdom \u00a36.99   canada $11.99 (canadian dollars)  australia $14.99 (australian dollars)  new zealand $20.95 (new zealand dollars)    what is needed to make a clear comparison of the price in the four countries?  a direct tax rates  b exchange rates  c inflation rates  d level of import tariffs     26 the table shows the percentage share of gdp held by the richest 20% and poorest 20% of the  population in each country.    which country had the greatest extremes of income and poverty?    country richest 20% poorest 20%  a ghana 41.7% 8.4%  b nigeria 55.7% 4.4%  c senegal 48.2% 6.4%  d south africa 64.8% 2.9%    27 on 17 october 2006, the us population reached 300  million and was predicted to increase to   400  million by 2043.    which change would mean that the us population moves in the opposite direction to that predicted?  a a change from net immigration to net emigration  b the birth rate falling more slowly than the death rate  c the death rate falling below the net immigration rate  d the infant mortality rate decreasing more rapidly than the increase in life expectancy     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/13/m/j/13  28 what is most likely to be an indicator that a country is a developed economy rather than a  developing economy?  a a dominant service sector  b a high birth rate  c a lack of capital-intensive production  d a low level of adult literacy      29 in developed economies there are changing patterns of employment.    what explains why fewer work in agriculture but food production has increased?  a increased incomes and more leisure  b mechanisation and the use of scientific methods  c movement to factory jobs in manufacturing  d shift to office work using computers      30 the table gives information about some economic indicators in a number of countries.     inflation  % interest rates  % unemployment  %  country w 1.4 3.4 10.2  country x 3.7 8.7 12.3  country y 3.6 7.3 14.2  country z 2.1 6.0   7.7    what may be concluded from this information?  a countries with higher inflation have higher interest rates.  b countries with higher interest rates have lower inflation.  c the country with the lowest inflation had the highest unemployment. d the country with the lowest unemployment had the highest inflation.     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/13/m/j/13  blank page",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/13/m/j/13  blank page",
            "12": "12  copyright acknowledgements:    question 8 question 26 \u00a9  business section;  the daily telegraph;  telegraph media group l td;  9 august 2011.  \u00a9  world bank social  indicatiors;  the world bank;  2002.   permission to reproduce items where third -party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to t race copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of  the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/13/m/j/13  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_s13_qp_21.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. dc (cw) 59986/1 \u00a9 ucles 2013 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *8199406866*economics 0455/21 paper 2 structured questions may/june 2013  2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. section a answer question 1.section banswer any three questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/21/m/j/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013section a answer this question. 1 co-operatives reward customer loyalty  mr kojima\u2019s grocery store, near tokyo\u2019s fish market, has been in business since his grandfather  started it almost 100 years ago.   his store is part of a group of co-operatives, called zen nippon shokuhin, which has nearly 2000 small stores. the co-operatives plan to introduce a loyalty card which rewards customers who use the stores regularly. they do this by giving special offers only to loyalty card holders.  these stores have enjoyed a great deal of success in recent years. sales have increased by 20%. customers like the personal service they receive from a local store. sales in japanese supermarkets, in contrast, have fallen for fourteen years in a row.  some economists, however, consider small stores such as mr kojima\u2019s to be rather outdated.   they also think the inefficiency of these small stores may be one possible cause of the low level of productivity of japan\u2019s service sector.  (a) describe two features of a co-operative. [4]  (b) apart from a loyalty card, explain other ways in which small stores, such as those in japan, can attract customers. [6]  (c) define the term \u2018productivity\u2019. [2]  (d) discuss why small stores sometimes find it difficult to compete with large supermarkets. [8]",
            "3": "3 0455/21/m/j/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2 the economic problem exists in every country, but there are different ways to try to solve it.  (a) describe the nature of the economic problem. [4]  (b) explain how the market system attempts to solve the economic problem. [6]  (c) discuss which are the most important market failures in your country. [10] 3 earnings in nigeria vary a great deal. some workers are highly paid, but others are paid very little.  trade unions are trying to increase the wages of their members.  (a) using a demand and supply diagram, analyse how a trade union can increase the wages of their members. [6]  (b) explain why a skilled worker is likely to be paid more than an unskilled worker. [6]  (c) discuss what is likely to influence the success of trade unions in trying to increase the average wages of workers in an economy. [8] 4 many firms in spain, from the smallest to the largest, have profit maximisation as their main goal, but some of them have different goals.  (a) describe two differences between a partnership and a private limited company.  [4]  (b) describe the principle of profit maximisation. [4]  (c) explain the other goals, apart from profit maximisation, that firms may have. [6]  (d) discuss the extent to which different firms can be affected by diseconomies of scale. [6] 5 many countries experience the problems of inflation, but in some countries, such as japan, there have been problems resulting from deflation.  (a) distinguish between inflation and deflation. [4]  (b) describe how the rate of inflation in a country can be measured. [6]  (c) discuss whether deflation is a greater problem than inflation. [10]",
            "4": "4 0455/21/m/j/13 \u00a9 ucles 20136 a country\u2019s population is influenced by the birth rate, the death rate and net migration.  (a) define (i) birth rate and (ii) death rate. [4]  (b) explain why the birth rate is decreasing in many countries. [4]  (c) describe what is meant by net migration. [2]  (d) discuss whether a rapid rise in a country\u2019s population should always be regarded as a serious  problem. [10] 7 many economies are now experiencing a large current account deficit on their balance of payments.  (a) describe the structure of the current account of the balance of payments. [4]  (b) explain what is meant by a current account deficit on the balance of payments. [4]  (c) explain why a large current account deficit on the balance of payments is usually regarded as a serious problem.  [4]  (d) discuss which is the best way to reduce a large current account deficit on the balance of payments. [8] permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s13_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. dc (kn) 59988/2 \u00a9 ucles 2013 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *5514189382*economics 0455/22 paper 2  structured questions may/june 2013  2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. section a answer question 1.section banswer any three questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/22/m/j/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013section a answer this question. 1 the communications monopoly in mexico   mexico\u2019s telephone and television industries are near-monopolies. over 80% of telephone landlines  are connected to telmex, and over 70% of the mobile (cell) phone market is controlled by one firm, telcel. it is a similar situation in the television industry where one firm, televisa, controls over 70% of the country\u2019s free-to-air television market. all three firms are public limited companies.   although this situation has existed for some time, a number of smaller companies have been campaigning for more competition to benefit consumers.   mexico\u2019s federal competition commission, an organisation which monitors competition in different industries in the country, has agreed that consumers would benefit from greater competition. it has stated that monopolies are against the public interest. for example, in 2011, mobile phone charges in mexico were 43.5% higher than rates charged in north america and europe.    the mexican government, however, has been reluctant to intervene. it believes that it would be better to allow market forces to determine the number of firms in a market and the prices that they charge.  (a)  describe two features of a public limited company.  [4]  (b)  explain two reasons why firms differ in size in an economy, such as mexico.  [4]  (c)  explain how a government might intervene to reduce mobile phone charges. [4]  (d) discuss whether monopolies are always against the public interest.  [8]",
            "3": "3 0455/22/m/j/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2  production involves the use of the four factors of production. the use of these resources involves  an opportunity cost.  (a) using appropriate examples, describe the four factors of production.  [6]  (b)  using a production possibility curve, explain what is meant by opportunity cost.  [6]  (c)  discuss whether more factors of production should be used to build houses. [8] 3  the demand for flat screen televisions has increased enormously in many countries and this has had an effect on the market.  (a) describe what can influence the demand for flat screen televisions.  [4]  (b)  using a demand and supply diagram, analyse how an increase in income can affect the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity of flat screen televisions. [6]  (c)  explain what is meant by price elasticity of demand.  [4]  (d)  discuss the potential usefulness of price elasticity of demand to a manufacturer of flat screen televisions.  [6] 4 the central bank and stock exchanges can perform important roles in economies.  (a) what is meant when it is stated that money performs the functions of (i) a medium of exchange  and (ii) a store of value? [4]  (b)  explain the role a central bank can play in an economy.  [6]  (c) discuss how important a stock exchange can be in encouraging firms to expand.  [10] 5  governments can use a range of different policies to encourage economic growth.  (a) describe how economic growth is measured. [4]  (b) explain how fiscal policy can be used to encourage economic growth.  [6]  (c)  discuss to what extent supply-side policies are likely to be more effective than monetary policies in stimulating economic growth. [10]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/m/j/13 \u00a9 ucles 20136  some countries have a fixed exchange rate system, but others allow the external value of their  currency (foreign exchange rate) to float.  (a) explain how the external value of a currency is determined in a floating or flexible exchange rate system.  [4]  (b)  describe how a government maintains the external value of its currency in a fixed exchange rate system.  [4]  (c)  explain why a government might want the external value of its currency to fall.  [4]  (d)  discuss to what extent a floating exchange rate is preferable to a fixed exchange rate system.    [8] 7  a number of countries have high levels of poverty, but there is no agreement as to which is the best way to try to improve standards of living in a country.  (a) distinguish between absolute and relative poverty. [4]  (b)  explain how the human development index is measured.  [6]  (c)  discuss which policies are likely to be most successful in reducing the extent of poverty in a country.  [10] permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s13_qp_23.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. dc (kn) 59987/1 \u00a9 ucles 2013 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *9551800053*economics 0455/23 paper 2  structured questions may/june 2013  2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. section a answer question 1.section banswer any three questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/23/m/j/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013section a answer this question. 1 brazil and the problem of inflation  in 2010, the president of brazil stated that her aims were to increase employment, eliminate  extreme poverty, improve the quality of health care and education and reduce the rate of inflation.  in 2011, however, the rate of inflation increased to 6.2%. interest rates were raised to try to control inflation and were expected to go up further in 2012.  higher interest rates put upward pressure on the external value (foreign exchange rate) of the brazilian currency, which has already doubled in value against the us$ in the last ten years.  the president realised that she would not be able to achieve all these aims and that she would need to reduce the amount of government spending. in 2011, government spending was significantly greater than tax revenue.    (a) define inflation. [3]  (b) explain how a rise in interest rates can help to control a country\u2019s rate of inflation. [5]  (c)  explain why the president of brazil wishes to reduce government spending.  [5]  (d) discuss to what extent a rise in the external value of the brazilian currency is likely to be a serious economic problem for brazil. [7]",
            "3": "3 0455/23/m/j/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2 producers aim to achieve a high rate of productivity. production in some industries tends to be  labour-intensive while in others it is largely capital-intensive.   (a) using examples, define the factors of production, land and capital.  [4]  (b) distinguish between an increase in productivity and an increase in production.  [6]  (c)  discuss to what extent production should be encouraged to move from being labour-intensive to being capital-intensive.  [10] 3  market systems are sometimes said to fail and this can lead to different forms of government intervention.   (a) explain what is meant by a mixed economy. [4]  (b)  using a demand and supply diagram, analyse the effect of introducing an indirect tax on a product on its equilibrium price and its equilibrium quantity.  [6]  (c) discuss whether government intervention to reduce market failure is always likely to be successful.   [10] 4 specialisation, whether at the individual or national level, can have enormous advantages. there can, however, also be some disadvantages.  (a) define the term specialisation.  [4]  (b)  analyse the advantages and disadvantages of a worker specialising. [4]  (c) explain the benefits of countries specialising. [4]  (d) discuss whether trade protection, despite the advantages of international specialisation, can ever be justified.  [8] 5 many people like to save some of their income and commercial banks usually have various ways of encouraging people to save.  (a) analyse two motives that people may have for saving money. [4]  (b)  describe why different groups of people are likely to save different proportions of their income.    [4]  (c)  explain the different ways that commercial banks can encourage people to save.  [5]  (d) discuss whether a government should be worried if more people in a country decide to save a large proportion of their income.  [7]",
            "4": "4 0455/23/m/j/13 \u00a9 ucles 20136  many countries in recent years have suffered from recession. governments, therefore, have  adopted various policies to try to decrease the level of unemployment in their countries.  (a)  define the term recession. [2]  (b)  explain two different types of unemployment.  [4]  (c) explain why unemployment is regarded as a serious economic problem.  [6]  (d) discuss whether policies to decrease unemployment will always conflict with a government\u2019s other aims.   [8] 7 economies, as they become more developed, tend to experience a change in the structure of their labour force with an increasing proportion of employment in the tertiary sector.  (a) using examples, explain the differences between the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of production.  [6]  (b)  describe three characteristics of developing economies.  [6]  (c)  discuss to what extent everybody in a developed country has a higher standard of living than everybody in a developing country.  [8] permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s13_qp_31.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 8 printed pages and 1 insert. dc (leo) 58446/2 \u00a9 ucles 2013 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *7489133745* economics 0455/31 paper 3  analysis and critical evaluation may/june 2013  1 hour 30 minutes candidates answer on the question paper. read these instructions first write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.do not write in any barcodes. answer all questions.at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/31/m/j/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018hong kong\u2019s minimum wage \u2019 will be needed for this question. 1 (a) (i) identify two ways in which a sole proprietor differs from a multinational company.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]   (ii) why may a sole proprietor have low total costs and high average costs? .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]  (b) calculate the percentage increase in the average pay of workers in fast food outlets in  hong kong in 2011.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]",
            "3": "3 0455/31/m/j/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013 [turn overfor examiner\u2019s use (c) using information from the extract, explain two reasons why the introduction of the  national minimum wage may not take everyone out of poverty in hong kong.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[4]  (d) using information from the extract, explain two reasons why the introduction of a  national minimum wage may raise labour productivity.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..",
            "4": "4 0455/31/m/j/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013for examiner\u2019s use ..  .. .. .. .. .. ..[4]  (e) discuss what information you would need to assess whether people will seek to work as  street cleaners in hong kong in the future.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..",
            "5": "5 0455/31/m/j/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013 [turn overfor examiner\u2019s use ..  .. .. .. ..[6]  [total: 20] the extract \u2018does iran\u2019s future lie with oil?\u2019 will be needed for this question.2 (a) what percentage of the global output of oil in 2010 was produced by iran? .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]  (b) using information from the extract, comment on whether iran was producing on or inside  its production possibility curve in 2011.   .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]",
            "6": "6 0455/31/m/j/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013for examiner\u2019s use (c) using the data in table 1, and assuming production continues at the same rate as in  2010, state which country would   (i) run out of reserves first,  .. .. .. .. [1]   (ii) be able to continue to produce oil for the longest period of time. .. .. .. .. [1]  (d) explain two reasons why governments impose taxes.   .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[4]",
            "7": "7 0455/31/m/j/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013 [turn overfor examiner\u2019s use (e) using a demand and supply diagram, explain the effect of an increase in income on the  market for a luxury product.  ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[4] question 2(f) is on the next page.",
            "8": "8 0455/31/m/j/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013for examiner\u2019s use (f) discuss whether iran should increase its production of oil.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[6]  [total: 20] permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s13_qp_32.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 8 printed pages and 1 insert. dc (nh) 58525/2 \u00a9 ucles 2013 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *9833749124* economics 0455/32 paper 3 analysis and critical evaluation may/june 2013  1 hour 30 minutes candidates answer on the question paper. read these instructions first write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.do not write in any barcodes. answer all questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/32/m/j/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018should plastic bags be banned?\u2019  will be needed for this question. 1 (a) (i) define external costs.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]   (ii) using information from the extract, explain two external costs which arise from the  use of plastic bags.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [4]",
            "3": "3 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/32/m/j/13for examiner\u2019s use (b) using a demand and supply diagram, explain the effect a tax imposed on the sale of  plastic bags would have on the market for plastic bags.  ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[4]",
            "4": "4 0455/32/m/j/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013for examiner\u2019s use (c) using information from the extract, explain one disadvantage of banning plastic bags.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]  (d) calculate the percentage of the plastic bags used worldwide in 2011 which were  consumed in the usa.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]  (e) discuss whether an increase in tourism will always benefit a country. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..",
            "5": "5 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/32/m/j/13for examiner\u2019s use ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[6]  [total: 20] the extract \u2018will india overtake china?\u2019  will be needed for this question. 2 (a) what is meant by economic growth? .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]",
            "6": "6 0455/32/m/j/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013for examiner\u2019s use (b) using information from the extract, explain one reason, in each case, why india\u2019s labour  force is expected to grow in   (i) quantity,  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]   (ii) quality. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]  (c) comment on whether the data in table 1 supports the expected relationship between  investment growth and unemployment.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..",
            "7": "7 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/32/m/j/13for examiner\u2019s use ..  .. .. .. .. ..[4]  (d) (i) using information from the extract, identify two functions of commercial banks. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]   (ii) explain one other function of a commercial bank. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]  (e) discuss what factors will influence the amount saved in india in the future. .. .. .. .. .. additional writing space is on the next page.",
            "8": "8 0455/32/m/j/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013for examiner\u2019s use permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge. ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[6]  [total: 20]"
        },
        "0455_s13_qp_33.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 8 printed pages and 1 insert. dc (nf) 58485/2 \u00a9 ucles 2013 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *8626264896* economics 0455/33 paper 3  analysis and critical evaluation may/june 2013  1 hour 30 minutes candidates answer on the question paper. read these instructions first write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.do not write in any barcodes. answer all questions.at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/33/m/j/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018rubber production\u2019 will be needed for this question. 1 (a) identify two disadvantages of small scale production referred to in the extract.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [2]  (b) using information from the extract, explain two reasons why the price of rubber  increased in 2011. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [4]",
            "3": "3 0455/33/m/j/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013 [turn overfor examiner\u2019s use (c) explain two functions of money referred to in the extract.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [4]  (d) using information from the extract, explain two reasons why demand for rubber from  thailand may decrease in the future.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..",
            "4": "4 0455/33/m/j/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013for examiner\u2019s use ..  .. .. . [4]  (e) discuss what factors will influence whether people will want to work for a large rubber  producing firm.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [6]  [total: 20]",
            "5": "5 0455/33/m/j/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013 [turn overfor examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018cuba moves towards a market economy \u2019 will be needed for this question. 2 (a) define the term \u2018trade embargo\u2019.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [2]  (b) using information from the extract, explain why the cuban government is raising the  retirement age.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [2]  (c) explain whether cuba\u2019s income tax system is progressive or regressive. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [2]",
            "6": "6 0455/33/m/j/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013for examiner\u2019s use (d) the cuban government removed the subsidy on sugar. using a demand and supply  diagram, explain the effect this would have had on the market for sugar.  ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [4]",
            "7": "7 0455/33/m/j/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013 [turn overfor examiner\u2019s use (e) (i) calculate the size of cuba\u2019s labour force in 2010.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [2]   (ii) using table 1, comment on whether the data supports the view that a slowdown in  economic growth results in higher unemployment.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [2]  (f) discuss whether consumers in cuba will be likely to benefit from their economy moving  towards a market economy.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. additional writing space is on the next page.",
            "8": "8 0455/33/m/j/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013for examiner\u2019s use permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge. ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [6]  [total: 20]"
        },
        "0455_w13_qp_11.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib13 11_0455_11/fp  \u00a9 ucles 2013  [turn over      *4518584850* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/11     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2013     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.   each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/11/o/n/13  1 what is a reason why firms making similar products sometimes locate near each other?  a competition is decreased  b there are external economies of scale  c there are internal economies of scale  d transport costs may be eliminated      2 the diagrams represent total cost curves (tc) of four firms in the short run.    which firm has only fixed costs?    costs oquantitya tc costs oquantityb tc tccosts oquantityc costs oquantityd tc     3 to achieve horizontal integration a record company producing compact discs (cds) could merge  with another firm.   what would this firm most likely be doing?  a owning shops selling cds  b producing cds  c producing cd players  d producing machinery used in the making of cds    4 what is a difference between a monopoly and a perfectly competitive firm?  a a monopoly always has economies of scale and a perfectly competitive firm has  diseconomies of scale.  b a monopoly always operates in the public sector and a perfectly competitive firm always  operates in the private sector.  c a monopoly is a price maker and a perfectly competitive firm is a price taker.  d a monopoly seeks to maximise profits and a perfectly competitive firm seeks to maximise  output.     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/11/o/n/13 [turn over  5 an entrepreneur started a small business making candles. in the first month 1000 candles were  made. the costs were   $  raw materials 1000  packaging  800  insurance  100  depreciation  100  rent  500     what were the average variable costs for the month?  a $1.00 b $1.80 c $1.90 d $2.00     6 which aim of government policy is most likely to be achieved by an increase in interest rates?  a economic growth  b greater equality of income  c full employment  d price stability    7 why might a government encourage a monopoly?  a it can have high average costs.  b it can compete against foreign firms.  c it can prevent innovation.  d it can make excessive profits.     8 which combination of government policies is most likely to be successful at reducing  unemployment?  a budgeting for a surplus and lowering interest rates  b budgeting for a deficit and raising interest rates  c budgeting for a surplus and raising interest rates  d budgeting for a deficit and lowering interest rates    ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/11/o/n/13  9 a government wishes to raise the general standard of living in its country.    in the short run, which policy would be the most likely to achieve this aim?  a preventing the merger of two companies into a monopoly  b raising taxation to repay government debts  c reducing the rate of income tax while maintaining the services it provides d spending more on roads in rural areas rather than in city centres     10 sam wrote a list of how he would prefer to spend his saturday afternoon.    first choice go to a cricket match  second choice watch the annual town parade  third choice go to the cinema  fourth choice visit relatives    unfortunately a thunderstorm caused the cricket match and the town parade to be cancelled. sam went to the cinema.  what was the opportunity cost of going to the cinema?  a going to the cricket match  b watching the town parade  c visiting his relatives  d losing his saturday free time      11 how does a production possibility curve show that scarcity exists?  a it shows that a rise in demand for one of the products increases its price.  b it shows that as more resources are used to produce a product, its price rises.  c it shows that at any point outside the production possibility curve an economy is wasting  resources.  d it shows that there is a limit to the quantity of products that can be produced with existing  resources and technology.     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/11/o/n/13 [turn over  12 in which case is it possible to set the level of reward before production takes place for the first  factor of production but not for the second?     first factor second factor  a capital land  b enterprise labour  c labour capital  d land enterprise      13 in the 2016 olympics in brazil, the opening ceremony will take place in the maracana stadium,  which can seat 82 000 spectators. it is expected that all tickets for the ceremony will be sold  quickly, leaving many people dissatisfied.    what can be concluded from this?  a price elasticity of demand for tickets will be perfectly elastic.  b some people will be able to resell their tickets at a higher price than they paid for them.  c the olympic authority will make more tickets available for sale.  d this will be an example of market failure.      14 the diagrams show different conditions of demand and supply for a product.    in which diagram would market price remain unchanged if consumers\u2019 incomes fell?    price  quantityo a d  s  price  quantityo b d s price  quantityo c d s  price  quantityo d d s       15 in 2011, a company selling milk in glass bottles replaced them with new plastic bottles. when  they were introduced, the equilibrium quantity on the market fell.    what could be a reason for this fall?  a consumers preferred the new bottle because it was lighter to carry.  b milk from the farms used to fill the bottle cost more.  c the bottle was cheaper than the existing glass bottle to produce.  d the new bottle was introduced with a successful advertising campaign.     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/11/o/n/13  16 which change would make the supply of a product more price elastic?  a an increase in the number of close substitutes for the product  b an increase in the proportion of firms working at full capacity  c a reduction in the time taken to make the product  d a reduction in the time that the product can be stored      17 developers want to increase the size of a majo r retail shopping area in a city. it is thought that the  proposal would create hundreds of jobs, be profitable for the shops but cause major traffic  congestion.     what economic concepts are involved in this statement?  a external cost and private benefit  b income distribution and inelastic demand  c private investment and a decrease in supply  d social benefit and perfect competition     18 which will encourage domestic producers to grow more maize?  a granting subsidies to maize producers   b increasing the sales tax on maize  c removing guaranteed minimum prices for maize d removing quotas on imported maize     19 what will be the most likely effect of a fall in interest rates on saving and borrowing?     saving borrowing  a decrease decrease  b decrease increase  c increase decrease  d increase increase      20 when will a trade union find it easier to achieve higher wages for its members?    a when consumers demand more of the product made  b when the company has a decrease in profits  c when the cost of raw materials increases  d when unemployment increases   ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/11/o/n/13 [turn over  21 what might be a direct benefit to the individual worker of a specialised job?  a specialisation enables a better quality product to be produced.  b specialisation enables the firm to introduce more machinery.  c specialisation enables the worker to become more skilled.  d specialisation makes better use of resources.      22 the table shows the change in real incomes for a number of occupations between 1978 and  2008.    occupation change in real income  %  doctors 153  lawyers 114  accountants   60  bricklayers   37  bus and coach drivers   19  fork-lift truck drivers   \u20135    what can be concluded from the table?  a all occupations were better off in 2008 than in 1978.  b fork-lift truck drivers earned the lowest wages in 2008.  c doctors have earned more than lawyers since 1978.  d professionals received higher percentage increases in income than manual workers.     23 which function of money enables people to compare the worth of different products?  a medium of exchange  b standard for deferred payments  c store of value  d unit of account    24 which of the following could not be a reason for imposing tariffs on imported goods?    a to encourage self sufficiency   b to lower the general price level within the economy  c to protect a growing domestic industry  d to reduce a balance of trade deficit   ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/11/o/n/13  25 which of the following is an export of jamaica?    a  a loan to jamaica by the international monetary fund  b  jamaican holidays taken by american tourists  c  dividends paid by a company in jamaica to its american shareholders  d  sales of japanese cars in jamaica       26 a developing country\u2019s two major sources of income from international trade are fishing and  tourism.    if the country\u2019s exchange rate depreciated, what is likely to happen?  a imported goods would become cheaper for local people.  b the country would definitely become poorer.  c the price of fish sold as exports would become cheaper.  d tourists to the country would be discouraged by higher prices.      27 in some developing countries a large percentage of the population is involved in subsistence  farming.      what can be concluded from this?  a each family will be able to produce enough to live on.  b production is unlikely to be capital intensive.  c production will be efficient.  d there will be a high level of trade.      28 a country has a falling birth rate and a rising death rate while an increasing number of its working  age adults (16-60 years) are seeking employment abroad.    how will this probably affect the numbers in the different age groups in the country?     under 16 years 16-60 years over 60 years  a fall fall fall  b fall rise rise  c rise fall rise  d rise rise fall     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/11/o/n/13  29 which would best indicate the start of an economic recession?  a falling interest rates  b fluctuating levels of employment  c negative growth of gdp  d steadily increasing price levels      30 the table shows the change in the labour force in bangladesh between 2006 and 2009.    group 2006 (millions) 2009 (millions)  urban male labour force   8.9   9.7  urban female labour force   2.8   3.1  total urban labour force 11.7 12.8  rural male labour force 28.5 30.5  rural female labour force   9.3 10.4  total rural labour force 37.8 40.9    which statement is most likely to be consistent with these statistics?  a farming is the major employer in the economy.  b male workers are more mobile than female workers.  c the absolute increase in the labour force is greater in urban areas than rural areas.  d the supply of female workers has fallen.     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/11/o/n/13  blank page ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/11/o/n/13  blank page ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where thir d-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the p ublisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of t he cambridge assessment group. ca mbridge assessment is the brand name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/11/o/n/13  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_w13_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib13 11_0455_12/4rp  \u00a9 ucles 2013  [turn over      *0798196467* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/12     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2013     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.   each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/12/o/n/13  1 sam wrote a list of how he would prefer to spend his saturday afternoon.    first choice go to a cricket match  second choice watch the annual town parade  third choice go to the cinema  fourth choice visit relatives    unfortunately a thunderstorm caused the cricket match and the town parade to be cancelled. sam went to the cinema.   what was the opportunity cost of going to the cinema?  a going to the cricket match  b watching the town parade  c visiting his relatives  d losing his saturday free time     2 how does a production possibility curve show that scarcity exists?  a it shows that a rise in demand for one of the products increases its price.  b it shows that as more resources are used to produce a product, its price rises.  c it shows that at any point outside the production possibility curve an economy is wasting  resources.  d it shows that there is a limit to the quantity of products that can be produced with existing  resources and technology.      3 in which case is it possible to set the level of reward before production takes place for the first  factor of production but not for the second?     first factor second factor  a capital land  b enterprise labour  c labour capital  d land enterprise     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/12/o/n/13 [turn over  4 in the 2016 olympics in brazil, the opening ceremony will take place in the maracana stadium,  which can seat 82 000 spectators. it is expected that all tickets for the ceremony will be sold  quickly, leaving many people dissatisfied.    what can be concluded from this?  a price elasticity of demand for tickets will be perfectly elastic.  b some people will be able to resell their tickets at a higher price than they paid for them.  c the olympic authority will make more tickets available for sale.  d this will be an example of market failure.      5 the diagrams show different conditions of demand and supply for a product.    in which diagram would market price remain unchanged if consumers\u2019 incomes fell?    price  quantityo a d  s  price  quantityo b d s price  quantityo c d s  price  quantityo d d s      6 in 2011, a company selling milk in glass bottles replaced them with new plastic bottles. when  they were introduced, the equilibrium quantity on the market fell.    what could be a reason for this fall?  a consumers preferred the new bottle because it was lighter to carry.  b milk from the farms used to fill the bottle cost more.  c the bottle was cheaper than the existing glass bottle to produce.  d the new bottle was introduced with a successful advertising campaign.      7 which change would make the supply of a product more price elastic?  a an increase in the number of close substitutes for the product  b an increase in the proportion of firms working at full capacity  c a reduction in the time taken to make the product  d a reduction in the time that the product can be stored    ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/12/o/n/13  8 developers want to increase the size of a major retail shopping area in a city. it is thought that the  proposal would create hundreds of jobs, be profitable for the shops but cause major traffic  congestion.    what economic concepts are involved in this statement?  a external cost and private benefit  b income distribution and inelastic demand  c private investment and a decrease in supply  d social benefit and perfect competition      9 which will encourage domestic producers to grow more maize?  a granting subsidies to maize producers   b increasing the sales tax on maize  c removing guaranteed minimum prices for maize d removing quotas on imported maize     10 what will be the most likely effect of a fall in interest rates on saving and borrowing?     saving borrowing  a decrease decrease  b decrease increase  c increase decrease  d increase increase     11 when will a trade union find it easier to achieve higher wages for its members?    a when consumers demand more of the product made  b when the company has a decrease in profits  c when the cost of raw materials increases d when unemployment increases     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/12/o/n/13 [turn over  12 what might be a direct benefit to the individual worker of a specialised job?  a specialisation enables a better quality product to be produced.  b specialisation enables the firm to introduce more machinery.  c specialisation enables the worker to become more skilled.  d specialisation makes better use of resources.    13 the table shows the change in real incomes for a number of occupations between 1978 and  2008.    occupation change in real income  %  doctors 153  lawyers 114  accountants   60  bricklayers   37  bus and coach drivers   19  fork-lift truck drivers   \u20135    what can be concluded from the table?  a all occupations were better off in 2008 than in 1978.  b fork-lift truck drivers earned the lowest wages in 2008.  c doctors have earned more than lawyers since 1978.  d professionals received higher percentage increases in income than manual workers.      14 which function of money enables people to compare the worth of different products?  a medium of exchange  b standard for deferred payments  c store of value  d unit of account    15 what is a reason why firms making similar products sometimes locate near each other?  a competition is decreased  b there are external economies of scale  c there are internal economies of scale  d transport costs may be eliminated    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/12/o/n/13  16 the diagrams represent total cost curves (tc) of four firms in the short run.    which firm has only fixed costs?    costs oquantitya tc costs oquantityb tc tccosts oquantityc costs oquantityd tc       17 to achieve horizontal integration a record company producing compact discs (cds) could merge  with another firm.   what would this firm most likely be doing?  a owning shops selling cds  b producing cds  c producing cd players  d producing machinery used in the making of cds    18 what is a difference between a monopoly and a perfectly competitive firm?  a a monopoly always has economies of scale and a perfectly competitive firm has  diseconomies of scale.  b a monopoly always operates in the public sector and a perfectly competitive firm always  operates in the private sector.  c a monopoly is a price maker and a perfectly competitive firm is a price taker.  d a monopoly seeks to maximise profits and a perfectly competitive firm seeks to maximise  output.    19 an entrepreneur started a small business making candles. in the first month 1000 candles were  made. the costs were   $  raw materials 1000  packaging  800  insurance  100  depreciation  100  rent  500    what were the average variable costs for the month?  a $1.00 b $1.80 c $1.90 d $2.00 ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/12/o/n/13 [turn over  20 which aim of government policy is most likely to be achieved by an increase in interest rates?  a economic growth  b greater equality of income  c full employment  d price stability      21 why might a government encourage a monopoly?  a it can have high average costs.  b it can compete against foreign firms.  c it can prevent innovation.  d it can make excessive profits.     22 which combination of government policies is most likely to be successful at reducing  unemployment?  a budgeting for a surplus and lowering interest rates  b budgeting for a deficit and raising interest rates  c budgeting for a surplus and raising interest rates  d budgeting for a deficit and lowering interest rates    23 a government wishes to raise the general standard of living in its country.    in the short run, which policy would be the most likely to achieve this aim?  a preventing the merger of two companies into a monopoly  b raising taxation to repay government debts  c reducing the rate of income tax while maintaining the services it provides d spending more on roads in rural areas rather than in city centres     24 which would best indicate the start of an economic recession?  a falling interest rates  b fluctuating levels of employment  c negative growth of gdp  d steadily increasing price levels    ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/12/o/n/13  25 the table shows the change in the labour force in bangladesh between 2006 and 2009.    group 2006 (millions) 2009 (millions)  urban male labour force   8.9   9.7  urban female labour force   2.8   3.1  total urban labour force 11.7 12.8  rural male labour force 28.5 30.5  rural female labour force   9.3 10.4  total rural labour force 37.8 40.9    which statement is most likely to be consistent with these statistics?  a farming is the major employer in the economy.  b male workers are more mobile than female workers.  c the absolute increase in the labour force is greater in urban areas than rural areas.  d the supply of female workers has fallen.     26 a developing country\u2019s two major sources of income from international trade are fishing and  tourism.    if the country\u2019s exchange rate depreciated, what is likely to happen?  a imported goods would become cheaper for local people.  b the country would definitely become poorer.  c the price of fish sold as exports would become cheaper.  d tourists to the country would be discouraged by higher prices.     27 in some developing countries a large percentage of the population is involved in subsistence  farming.     what can be concluded from this?  a each family will be able to produce enough to live on.  b production is unlikely to be capital intensive.  c production will be efficient.  d there will be a high level of trade.    ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/12/o/n/13  28 a country has a falling birth rate and a rising death rate while an increasing number of its working  age adults (16-60 years) are seeking employment abroad.    how will this probably affect the numbers in the different age groups in the country?     under 16 years 16-60 years over 60 years  a fall fall fall  b fall rise rise  c rise fall rise  d rise rise fall      29 which of the following could not be a reason for imposing tariffs on imported goods?    a to encourage self sufficiency   b to lower the general price level within the economy  c to protect a growing domestic industry  d to reduce a balance of trade deficit     30 which of the following is an export of jamaica?    a  a loan to jamaica by the international monetary fund  b  jamaican holidays taken by american tourists  c  dividends paid by a company in jamaica to its american shareholders  d  sales of japanese cars in jamaica     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/12/o/n/13  blank page",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/12/o/n/13  blank page",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material prot ected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to t race copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/12/o/n/13  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_w13_qp_13.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib13 11_0455_13/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2013  [turn over      *9010630314* university of cambridge international examinations  international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/13     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2013     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.   each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/13/o/n/13  1 a generating station was built to supply electricity to a rural village in africa.   what was the opportunity cost to the local economy?  a the charge the villagers had to pay for the electricity  b the cost of the building materials  c the school that was not built as a result  d the wages of the workers     2 an economy produces different types of goods using its limited resources. this can be illustrated  by a production possibility curve.    x consumer goods ocapital goods     what does point x on the production possibility curve show?  a all resources are used for the production of consumer goods.  b more resources are allocated to producing capital goods than consumer goods.  c resources are allocated to produce a mixture of consumer and capital goods.  d total resources are not being fully utilised for production of these goods.     3 in a region of high unemployment, a manufacturer applied for a loan from the government so that  the number of machines in an existing factory could be increased. it was hoped this would also  enable more workers to be employed.    which factors of production does this decision involve?  a labour and capital only  b labour, capital and enterprise only  c land, labour and capital only  d land, labour, capital and enterprise   ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/13/o/n/13 [turn over  4 some resources in a market economy are switched from producing chocolate bars to producing  ice cream.    what could explain this?  a an increase in the demand for ice cream and a decrease in the demand for chocolate bars  b an increase in the profits from chocolate bars and a decrease in the profits from ice cream  c an increase in the subsidy given to chocolate bar producers and a decrease in the subsidy  given to ice cream producers  d an increase in the tax on ice cream and a decrease in the tax on chocolate bars      5 the diagrams show different conditions of demand and supply for a product.    in which diagram would market price remain unchanged if consumers\u2019 incomes fell?    price  quantityo a d  s  price  quantityo b d s price  quantityo c d s  price  quantityo d d s      6 supermarkets sell petrol (gas) outside their stores. they reduce the price of petrol below other  suppliers to attract more customers to buy goods in the store when they buy more petrol.    if this were successful, how might it be shown on demand and supply diagrams?     demand and supply  diagram for petrol demand and supply  diagram for the store\u2019s goods  a shift of the demand curve to the left shift of the supply curve to the left  b shift of the demand curve to the right shift of the demand curve to the left  c shift of the supply curve to the left shift of the supply curve to the right  d shift of the supply curve to the right shift of the demand curve to the right    ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/13/o/n/13  7 many people are life-long, devoted fans of the los angeles lakers basketball team in the united  states. the team\u2019s stadium can seat 19 000 spectators and tickets are always sold out.    what does this suggest about the price elasticity of demand and the price elasticity of supply of  tickets to watch the lakers play?     price elasticity of demand price elasticity of supply  a highly elastic perfectly elastic  b highly elastic perfectly inelastic  c highly inelastic perfectly elastic  d highly inelastic perfectly inelastic      8 what is an example of market failure?  a a firm forced to close because of fierce competition  b a firm polluting rivers with waste chemicals  c a high price for an essential product  d a shortage of an agricultural crop    9 which will encourage domestic producers to grow more maize?  a granting subsidies to maize producers   b increasing the sales tax on maize  c removing guaranteed minimum prices for maize d removing quotas on imported maize     10 what will be the most likely effect of a fall in interest rates on saving and borrowing?     saving borrowing  a decrease decrease  b decrease increase  c increase decrease  d increase increase      11 when will a trade union find it easier to achieve higher wages for its members?    a when consumers demand more of the product made  b when the company has a decrease in profits  c when the cost of raw materials increases  d when unemployment increases ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/13/o/n/13 [turn over  12 what might be a direct benefit to the individual worker of a specialised job?  a specialisation enables a better quality product to be produced.  b specialisation enables the firm to introduce more machinery.  c specialisation enables the worker to become more skilled.  d specialisation makes better use of resources.      13 a merchant travels abroad for a few days to buy samples of low-value goods from a range of  manufacturers.    which property of money would be least  necessary for this to take place smoothly?  a acceptability  b divisibility  c durability  d portability      14 the table shows the average monthly wage in bahraini dinars (bhd) for different groups of  workers in bahrain in 2011.     private sector public sector  average monthly wage (bhd) 291   952  bahraini citizen monthly wage (bhd) 589   910  non-bahraini citizen monthly wage (bhd) 214 1208    which statement is most likely to be consistent with these statistics?  a bahraini citizens are more productive than non-bahraini citizens in the public sector.  b the demand for bahraini citizens is greater in the private sector than the public sector.  c the public sector employs better educated workers than the private sector in bahrain.  d there is a greater supply of non-bahraini citizens in the public sector than the private sector.     15 some lawyers charge very high rates per hour for their services.   what best explains this?  a the lawyers are very skilled.  b the lawyers work long hours.  c the lawyers work part-time and need a high hourly rate.  d the law profession is a popular career.    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/13/o/n/13  16 the diagrams represent total cost curves (tc) of four firms in the short run.    which firm has only fixed costs?    costs oquantitya tc costs oquantityb tc tccosts oquantityc costs oquantityd tc       17 39 of the 42 largest chinese firms are described as state-owned enterprises.    what form of organisation will these enterprises have?  a co-operative  b partnership  c public company  d public corporation     18 when a firm produces 500 units its total variable cost is $1000. its total fixed cost is $1500.   what is the average cost of 500 units?  a $2 b $3 c $5 d $2500     19 in 2011, the uk-based rio tinto, the world\u2019s second largest mining company, decided to bid for  australian coal and allied industries, another mining company.    which economic concepts could be involved in this decision?  a amalgamation and external economies  b international finance and forward vertical integration  c monopoly power and horizontal integration  d multinational company and a more competitive market     20 which aim of government policy is most likely to be achieved by an increase in interest rates?  a economic growth  b greater equality of income  c full employment  d price stability    ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/13/o/n/13 [turn over  21 why might a government encourage a monopoly?  a it can have high average costs.  b it can compete against foreign firms.  c it can prevent innovation.  d it can make excessive profits.     22 what is an external economy of scale for a firm?  a agreeing to produce large quantities exclusively for a major retailer  b bulk buying of raw materials  c obtaining discount rates from suppliers  d sharing research from other firms    23 a government wishes to raise the general standard of living in its country.    in the short run, which policy would be the most likely to achieve this aim?  a preventing the merger of two companies into a monopoly  b raising taxation to repay government debts  c reducing the rate of income tax while maintaining the services it provides d spending more on roads in rural areas rather than in city centres     24 an economy is said to have a high economic growth rate.    what is most likely to be found when this occurs?  a a decrease in inflation and a budget deficit  b a decrease in the exchange rate and a fall in savings  c an increase in gdp and low unemployment  d an increase in inflation and a reduction in investment     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/13/o/n/13  25 the diagram shows percentage employment in different sectors in two countries.    primary secondarycountry x services70 605040302010 0percentage employed primary secondarycountry y services70 605040302010 0percentage employed     which statement is correct when comparing country x and country y?  a country x produces more primary output than country y.  b country x employs more workers in secondary industry than country y.  c country y produces more secondary output than country x.  d country y is more developed than country x.     26 official statistics in 2010 showed south africa had a very high unemployment rate at around  25%, yet wages were still double those in brazil.    what might be a reason for south africa\u2019s high wages in a time of unemployment compared with brazil?  a a skilled workforce in brazil  b high levels of savings in south africa  c increased use of labour-intensive production in brazil  d strong trade unions in south africa     27 which changes usually result when a country develops and is able to provide free health care  and good living conditions?     birth rate death rate worker  productivity  a falls falls rises  b falls rises falls  c rises falls falls  d rises rises rises   ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/13/o/n/13  28 what is not likely to be used to measure the difference in the standard of living between  countries?  a gross domestic product per head  b human development index  c the rate of poverty  d the rate of interest     29 how does a tariff differ from a quota?  a a tariff is on exports, a quota is on imports.  b a tariff is on the quantity of an import, a quota is on the price of an import.  c a tariff raises government revenue, a quota raises no government revenue.  d a tariff raises the price at which imports sell, a quota does not.     30 which of the following is an export of jamaica?    a  a loan to jamaica by the international monetary fund  b  jamaican holidays taken by american tourists  c  dividends paid by a company in jamaica to its american shareholders  d  sales of japanese cars in jamaica     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/13/o/n/13  blank page     ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/13/o/n/13  blank page     ",
            "12": "12  copyright acknowledgements:    question 14 \u00a9  labour market regulatory authority, bahrain.    permission to reproduce items where third -party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to t race copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    university of cambridge international examinations is part of  the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/13/o/n/13  blank page    "
        },
        "0455_w13_qp_21.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. dc (sjf) 59990 \u00a9 ucles 2013 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *9963843758*economics 0455/21 paper 2 structured questions october/november 2013  2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. section a answer question 1.section banswer any three questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/21/o/n/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013section a answer this question. 1 oman is confident about the future oman has been experiencing relatively high rates of unemployment in recent years. \u2018throughout  the whole of the middle east region, unemployment is a crucial issue and one we take very seriously,\u2019 one government minister stated. the government is committed to creating as many new job opportunities as possible. it plans  to improve the educational level of its workforce through a number of education and training schemes. secondary and university education are encouraged and there are also vocational training schemes. attractive financial incentives, including generous grants and loans, are also available for those who want to start up their own business.  in 2011, oil revenues made up 76% of oman\u2019s gross domestic product and its government  recognised the need to diversify so that its economy was less dependent on oil. for example, it has been developing its financial and tourism industries. the most recent government budget showed a significant increase in government spending. it was  clear that the government\u2019s fiscal policy was to continue spending on infrastructure development in order to meet the needs of a nation developing rapidly.  (a)  state two industries that have been growing in oman.        [2]  (b)  describe two types of unemployment.          [4]  (c) explain how fiscal policy can be used to support the development of a country such as oman.       [6]  (d)  discuss the extent to which spending on education and training will reduce the rate of unemployment in a country. [8]",
            "3": "3 0455/21/o/n/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2 economic decisions involve an opportunity cost. this can clearly be seen in a production possibility  curve.  (a)  describe why economic decisions involve an opportunity cost.  [4]    (b)  using a production possibility curve diagram, explain how it can show the concept of opportunity cost.    [6]  (c)  discuss the extent to which the concept of opportunity cost is only of use to governments.  [10] 3 prices in a market are determined by the conditions of demand and supply and these conditions can change for a number of different reasons at any time.  (a)  describe what is meant by demand.  [2]  (b) using a demand and supply diagram, analyse the likely effect of an increase in advertising on the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity of a product in a market.  [6]  (c) describe the concept of price elasticity of demand.         [4]  (d) discuss the extent to which knowledge of price elasticity of demand is of use to a business.  [8] 4 money performs an important role in an economy.  (a)  explain how money functions as (i) a unit of account and (ii) a standard for deferred payments.           [4]  (b)  analyse the role that commercial banks can perform in an economy.       [6]  (c)  discuss whether the rate of interest is the only influence on a person\u2019s decision to borrow money from a bank.   [10] 5 the types of business organisation in india vary a great deal.  (a)  describe two features of a partnership.        [4]  (b)  explain why a partnership might become a private limited company.  [5]  (c)  distinguish between internal and external economies of scale.      [4]  (d)  discuss whether all small firms will eventually become large firms.  [7]",
            "4": "4 0455/21/o/n/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.6 the extent of poverty, both absolute and relative, is a major problem in many countries.  (a) describe what is meant by relative poverty.        [4]  (b) explain why a government may not always have accurate knowledge of the level of poverty in  its country.         [6]  (c) discuss whether encouraging multinational companies to locate in a country is likely to reduce significantly the extent of poverty there.              [10] 7 free trade is generally supported by economists, but certain industries may still be protected for various reasons.  (a)  explain what is meant by free trade. [4]  (b)  analyse how a tariff can be used as a method of trade protection.        [4]  (c)  explain why a government might decide to protect a strategic industry in its economy. [4]  (d) discuss whether the protection of an infant industry in an economy can ever be justified.  [8]"
        },
        "0455_w13_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. dc (sjf) 59989/1 \u00a9 ucles 2013 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *2966914604*economics 0455/22 paper 2 structured questions october/november 2013  2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. section a answer question 1.section banswer any three questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/22/o/n/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013section a answer this question. 1  prices rise faster than wages in the united kingdom (uk) household incomes in the uk have suffered their largest fall in three decades. real disposable  incomes fell by 0.8% in 2010. wages often rise faster than prices, but the problem in 2010 was that wage increases failed to  keep up with price increases. this meant that many people suffered effective pay cuts in real terms. the rate of inflation, as measured by the uk consumer prices index, was 4.0% in 2010. the bank of england, the uk\u2019s central bank, stated that the rate of inflation would eventually  start to fall but that, in the meantime, people could expect to continue to suffer from a fall in real incomes for the next few years.  it was thought that the bank of england might raise interest rates to control inflation. however,  such a measure might badly affect many people who would have to pay more for their borrowing.  (a) define the term \u2018disposable incomes\u2019.       [2]  (b)  explain how a consumer prices index is constructed.    [5]  (c)  explain how individual workers can try to increase their wages above the rate of inflation.  [5]  (d)  discuss to what extent a rise in interest rates would be to the advantage of uk workers. [8]",
            "3": "3 0455/22/o/n/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2  an entrepreneur plans to cut down timber in a rainforest. the local community, however, are  concerned that the social costs will be greater than the social benefits.  (a)  define the factor of production, enterprise.              [4]  (b)  distinguish between the social benefits and the social costs involved in this example.     [6]  (c)  discuss whether a resource, such as a rainforest, should be conserved rather than used.    [10] 3 a person is choosing between different occupations and realises that there are both wage and non-wage factors that need to be taken into account.   (a)  describe the non-wage factors that can influence a person\u2019s choice of occupation.    [4]  (b)  explain the different forms of payment that a worker can receive.          [4]  (c)  consider the likely changes in earnings over an individual\u2019s lifetime.       [3]  (d)  discuss whether a worker in the services sector is always likely to receive a higher wage than one in the manufacturing sector.  [9] 4  perfect competition is one type of market structure with a number of distinctive characteristics. it is often compared favourably with monopoly.  (a)  analyse three characteristics of perfect competition.  [6]  (b)  distinguish between a firm that is a price taker and one that is a price maker.    [4]  (c)  discuss whether pricing and output policies in perfect competition are more favourable to the consumer than those in monopoly.           [10] 5  there are usually many different taxes in an economy and they can be divided into direct and indirect taxes.  (a)  explain what is meant by a regressive indirect tax. [4]  (b) using a demand and supply diagram, analyse how an increase in tax on fuel can affect the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity of fuel.      [6]  (c)  discuss the extent to which a direct tax, such as income tax, can affect the distribution of income in an economy.         [10]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/o/n/13 \u00a9 ucles 20136 it is not only the size of a country\u2019s population that concerns economists, but also its age  distribution.  (a)  describe three possible causes of the growth of a country\u2019s population.   [6]  (b)  explain how the rate of population growth may differ between a developed country and a developing country.            [4]  (c)  explain what is meant by an ageing population.            [2]  (d) discuss to what extent an ageing population is a serious economic problem.   [8] 7  there are strong arguments in favour of free trade and yet many countries still use various forms of trade protection.  (a)  explain three potential benefits of free trade.   [6]  (b)  distinguish between quotas and exchange controls as methods of trade protection.  [4]  (c) explain how a subsidy could be used to protect an industry from foreign competition. [4]  (d) discuss whether the protection of a declining and inefficient industry in a country can ever be justified.      [6] permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_w13_qp_23.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages. dc (sjf) 59991/1 \u00a9 ucles 2013 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *4621503920*economics 0455/23 paper 2  structured questions october/november 2013  2 hours additional materials: answer booklet/paper read these instructions first if you have been given an answer booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet. write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. section a answer question 1.section banswer any three questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/23/o/n/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013section a answer this question. 1 pakistan aims to increase its rate of economic growth  the annual rate of economic growth in pakistan has until recently averaged 5.8%. this high rate  of economic growth has been largely due to a change in the contribution of the different industrial sectors to gross domestic product (gdp). by 2011, the proportion contributed by the primary sector had fallen to 20% and by the secondary sector to 27%, while the proportion contributed by the tertiary sector rose to 53%.  however, the pakistan institute of development economics (pide) is concerned about the rate of economic growth in the country now and in the future. the annual growth rate had fallen to 2.6% in 2011 and it was not expected to rise above that figure in the next few years. the pide was asked to suggest how the rate could be substantially increased.  the pide recommended the use of monetary policy, through lowering interest rates and increasing the money supply, to stimulate growth. it was concerned, however, that such a policy, while encouraging growth, could increase the inflation rate. in 2011, the rate of inflation in pakistan was 13.2%. the pide therefore tried to find other ways to encourage an increase in the country\u2019s rate of economic growth.  (a)  define the term \u2018gross domestic product\u2019.     [3]  (b)  (i)  give one example of each of the three industrial sectors.  [3]   (ii) explain whether the change in the industrial sectors in pakistan mentioned in the extract is the one normally expected to occur as a country develops.  [3]  (c)  explain how the use of monetary policy, through lowering interest rates and increasing the money supply, could be used to stimulate the rate of economic growth in a country.  [5]  (d)  discuss whether other policies, apart from monetary policy, might be more successful in raising the rate of economic growth in pakistan.  [6]",
            "3": "3 0455/23/o/n/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2 labour is one of the most important factors of production.  (a) using examples, define the factor of production, labour. [4]  (b)  explain why production is sometimes very labour-intensive. [6]  (c)  discuss whether a worker should always be encouraged to join a trade union.  [10] 3 the costs of production in the motorcycle industry have risen significantly in recent years.  (a)  analyse what might have caused the costs of production in the motorcycle industry to have  risen significantly in recent years.    [4]  (b)  using a demand and supply diagram, analyse the effect of an increase in production costs in the motorcycle industry on the equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity of new motorcycles.    [6]  (c)  explain the concept of price elasticity of supply.      [4]  (d)  discuss to what extent time is the main influence on the price elasticity of supply.  [6] 4 people all over the world are continually being encouraged to spend their money rather than save it.  (a)  describe three influences on spending, apart from changes in taxation.     [6]  (b)  explain how people\u2019s spending could be affected by changes in both direct and indirect taxes. [6]  (c)  discuss whether a government should be concerned if people began to spend most of their money.        [8] 5 firms can vary greatly in size from a sole proprietor to a very large monopoly.  (a)  describe the advantages and disadvantages of a sole proprietor business organisation.  [4]  (b) explain the different goals that such a business organisation might have.    [5]  (c)  analyse two reasons for the different sizes of firms in an economy.      [4]  (d)  discuss whether a monopoly is always in the best interest of consumers.    [7]",
            "4": "4 0455/23/o/n/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.6 economists are concerned with both the size of population and the standard of living of different  countries.  (a) explain why the rate of population growth in some countries is greater than in others. [5]  (b)  explain what is meant when a country is described as being over-populated or under-populated.       [5]  (c) discuss whether the human development index (hdi) is the best way of comparing the standard of living in different countries.      [10] 7  specialisation and exchange rates are two important aspects of international economics.  (a)  explain why specialisation is an important aspect of international trade.    [5]  (b)  describe the potential disadvantages of international specialisation.    [4]  (c)  describe the differences between a fixed and a floating exchange rate.   [4]  (d)  discuss whether a floating exchange rate system is always preferable to a fixed exchange rate system.     [7]"
        },
        "0455_w13_qp_31.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 8 printed pages and 1 insert. dc (nh) 58454/2 \u00a9 ucles 2013 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *8883876764* economics 0455/31 paper 3 analysis and critical evaluation october/november 2013  1 hour 30 minutes candidates answer on the question paper. read these instructions first write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.do not write in any barcodes. answer all questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/31/o/n/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018rising food prices\u2019 will be needed for this question. 1 (a) (i) define equilibrium price.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]   (ii) explain two possible reasons why the price of rice rose in some countries but fell in  other countries. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [4]",
            "3": "3 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/31/o/n/13for examiner\u2019s use (b) using a demand and supply diagram, explain the effect of a rise in the price of oil on the  market for food.  ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[4]",
            "4": "4 0455/31/o/n/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013for examiner\u2019s use (c) (i) calculate the weighting of food in uganda\u2019s consumer prices index.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]   (ii) why do rising food prices harm the poor more than the rich? .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]  (d) discuss what information you would need to assess whether inflation will be harmful to  an economy.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..",
            "5": "5 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/31/o/n/13for examiner\u2019s use ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[6]  [total: 20] the extract \u2018youth unemployment\u2019 will be needed for this question. 2 (a) define monetary policy.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]  (b) using the data in table 1, identify which country has (i) the highest number of young  unemployed and (ii) the lowest number of young unemployed.  (i)  (ii)    [2]",
            "6": "6 0455/31/o/n/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013for examiner\u2019s use (c) using information from the extract, identify two reasons why the lifetime wages of  workers who experienced unemployment when young are likely to be below average.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]  (d) explain why a cut in income tax may reduce unemployment. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[5]",
            "7": "7 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/31/o/n/13for examiner\u2019s use (e) using information from the extract, comment on whether saudi arabia experienced a  recession in 2009.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[3]  (f) discuss what information you would need to decide whether economic growth would  benefit a country\u2019s population.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. additional writing space is on the next page",
            "8": "8 0455/31/o/n/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013for examiner\u2019s use permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge. ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[6]  [total: 20]"
        },
        "0455_w13_qp_32.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 8 printed pages and 1 insert. dc (nh) 58504/2 \u00a9 ucles 2013 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *7878214756* economics 0455/32 paper 3 analysis and critical evaluation october/november 2013  1 hour 30 minutes candidates answer on the question paper. read these instructions first write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.do not write in any barcodes. answer all questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/32/o/n/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018the changeable coffee market\u2019  will be needed for this question. 1 (a) (i) using information from the extract, calculate the percentage change in the price of  coffee from june 2010 to may 2011.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]   (ii) using a demand and supply diagram, explain why the price of coffee rose in 2011.  ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..",
            "3": "3 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/32/o/n/13for examiner\u2019s use ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [6]  (b) (i) what evidence is there in the extract of specialisation? .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]   (ii) explain one disadvantage of a country specialising. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]",
            "4": "4 0455/32/o/n/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013for examiner\u2019s use (c) using information from the extract, explain whether the price elasticity of supply of  coffee is likely to be elastic or inelastic.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]  (d) discuss what factors will influence how much coffee brazil will export in the future. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..",
            "5": "5 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/32/o/n/13for examiner\u2019s use ..  .. ..[6]  [total: 20] the extract \u2018australia\u2019s economic record\u2019 will be needed for this question. 2 (a) (i) define a trade in goods deficit.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]   (ii) what effect does a rise in a country\u2019s foreign exchange rate have on its export  prices and on its import prices?  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]",
            "6": "6 0455/32/o/n/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013for examiner\u2019s use (b) (i) using information from table 1, explain whether agriculture or manufacturing in  china had the higher labour productivity in 2010.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]   (ii) using information from table 1 and the extract, explain which country had more  people employed in the services sector.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]  (c) (i) calculate how many people were unemployed in australia in 2011. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]",
            "7": "7 [turn over \u00a9 ucles 2013 0455/32/o/n/13for examiner\u2019s use  (ii) explain the two benefits of the low unemployment referred to in the extract.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [4]  (d) discuss whether an economy will always benefit from net immigration. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. additional writing space is on the next page",
            "8": "8 0455/32/o/n/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013for examiner\u2019s use permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge. ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[6]  [total: 20]"
        },
        "0455_w13_qp_33.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 8 printed pages and 1 insert. dc (leo) 58461/2 \u00a9 ucles 2013 [turn overuniversity of cambridge international examinations international general certificate of secondary education *1946002268* economics 0455/33 paper 3  analysis and critical evaluation october/november 2013  1 hour 30 minutes candidates answer on the question paper. read these instructions first write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. write in dark blue or black pen.y ou may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.do not write in any barcodes. answer all questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/33/o/n/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013for examiner\u2019s usethe extract \u2018the car market in china and the united states of america (usa) \u2019 will be needed  for this question. 1 (a) (i) define profit. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]   (ii) using information from the extract, explain two reasons why chinese car producers  think the production of electronic cars will be profitable.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [4]",
            "3": "3 0455/33/o/n/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013 [turn overfor examiner\u2019s use (b) using a demand and supply diagram, explain why car sales fell in the usa in 2009.  ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[4]",
            "4": "4 0455/33/o/n/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013for examiner\u2019s use (c) calculate the percentage of the usa\u2019s labour force employed, directly and indirectly, in  the car industry in 2009.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]  (d) identify two ways consumers may benefit from a competitive market.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[2]  (e) discuss whether a merger of car companies would benefit consumers.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..",
            "5": "5 0455/33/o/n/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013 [turn overfor examiner\u2019s use ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[6]  [total: 20] the extract \u2018a brighter future for nigeria? \u2019 will be needed for this question. 2 (a) (i) define supply-side policy. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [2]",
            "6": "6 0455/33/o/n/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013for examiner\u2019s use (a) (ii) explain how two supply-side policy measures that the nigerian government  implemented may have promoted economic growth.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [4]  (b) using information from the extract, explain two reasons why nigeria is classified as a  developing country.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..",
            "7": "7 0455/33/o/n/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013 [turn overfor examiner\u2019s use ..  .. .. .. .. .. ..[4]  (c) using information from the extract, identify three disadvantages nigeria may experience  as a result of a fall in the demand for oil. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[3]  (d) calculate the value of ecowas\u2019s gdp in 2010. .. .. .. ..[1] question 2(e) is on the next page",
            "8": "8 0455/33/o/n/13 \u00a9 ucles 2013for examiner\u2019s use (e) discuss whether attracting more multinational companies will reduce a developing  country\u2019s unemployment rate.  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..[6]  [total: 20] permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. university of cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand  name of university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        }
    },
    "2014": {
        "0455_s14_qp_11.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib14 06_0455_11/4rp  \u00a9 ucles 2014 [turn over       *3974902681* cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/11     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2014     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.   each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/11/m/j/14  1 a power station was built to provide electricity to rural villages in namibia.    what was its opportunity cost?  a the cost of producing the electricity  b the school which could have been built instead  c the time given up by the architect to design the power station  d the wages of the workers who built the power station     2 using all available resources, an economy produces different combinations of two types of  goods, clothes and food, shown by the production possibility curve (ppc) below.    o50 units100 units clothes food    what does the ppc indicate?  a it is more efficient to produce more of clothes than food.  b it is only possible to increase the output of clothes by reducing the output of food.  c the best situation is to produce equal units of clothes and food.  d the cost of producing a unit of clothes is always higher than that of food.      3 what is most likely to reduce the supply of factors of production in an economy?  a increasing the age of retirement  b introducing new methods of irrigation  c lowering the cost of borrowing from banks  d raising the rate of tax on profits     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/11/m/j/14 [turn over  4 the government of a developed country subsidises local private businesses, and encourages  large foreign companies to locate in the country.    which type of economic system is this?  a free market  b mixed  c planned  d subsistence     5 what would cause a movement down the demand curve for cars?  a a fall in the price of cars  b a fall in the price of petrol  c a rise in the price of car insurance  d a rise in the price of public transport     6 an area attracts tourists to see rare animals but the tourists have few hotels in which to stay. the  local government has given permission for a developer to build a hotel. conservationists say that  the area will be ruined as the animals will move away and the nature of the area will be changed.    what is likely to happen as a result of this decision to the private benefit of the tourists and the  external cost?     private benefit external cost  a increase increase  b decrease decrease  c uncertain increase  d uncertain decrease    7 russia is the world\u2019s third largest exporter of grain but much of the country\u2019s farmland was  damaged by fire in 2010.    how would this be represented on demand and supply diagrams for the russian grain market and for a country importing russian grain?     russian grain market market for russian grain  in the importing country  a demand curve shifts to the left demand curve shifts to the right  b demand curve shifts to the right supply curve shifts to the right  c supply curve shifts to the left supply curve shifts to the left  d supply curve shifts to the right demand curve shifts to the left ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/11/m/j/14  8 what may cause an individual to save a higher proportion of their income?  a a belief that the price of goods will rise in the future  b a fall in the rate of interest paid by the country\u2019s banks  c a fear that income will fall in the future  d a rise in the individual\u2019s wish to enjoy higher consumption immediately      9 why are unskilled workers paid less than skilled workers?  a there is a higher demand for unskilled labour than skilled labour.  b there is a larger supply of unskilled labour than skilled labour.  c unskilled labour belong to trade unions.  d unskilled labour is more productive than skilled labour.     10 between 2009 and 2010 the number of potential jobs for qualified law students fell by 16%.  during the same period the total number of applicants for places on law courses increased.    what is the most likely explanation for this?  a an economic recession and an increase in general unemployment  b an increase in crime rates and the possibility of high salaries in the legal profession  c an increase in the retirement age for existing lawyers and an increase in law course fees  d the merger of law firms and the closure of law courses      11 a trade union is negotiating a wage rise for its members.    what will increase the chance of the wage rise being granted?  a the company\u2019s product has many substitutes.  b the economy is entering a period of recession.  c the government has made strike action illegal.  d wages are a small part of the company\u2019s costs.     12 which type of economy of scale results from a firm producing a diverse range of products?  a buying  b financial  c risk bearing  d technical    ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/11/m/j/14 [turn over  13 a market changes from perfect competition to monopoly.    what is likely to happen in this market?     barriers to  entry economies  of scale the size of  the firm  a decrease decrease increase  b decrease increase decrease  c increase decrease decrease  d increase increase increase      14 the diagram shows the fixed costs, variable costs and total costs of a firm.    p q r scosts outputo     which distance represents the firm\u2019s fixed costs?  a ps b qr c qs d rs     15 when it produces 100 units, a firm\u2019s total variable cost is $300 and its total fixed cost is $2700.    what is the average cost?  a $3 b $24 c $27 d $30      16 which are two aims that a government normally pursues when managing the performance of the  whole economy?  a to encourage an increase in production and to prevent high inflation  b to ensure no one is unemployed and to reduce exports  c to give everyone equal incomes and to increase government revenues  d to protect the environment and to reduce interest rates     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/11/m/j/14  17 the mexican government has passed a law which prevents any monopoly charging a price  significantly above its production costs. any m onopoly that breaks the law is fined.    which type of policy measure is this?  a minimum price  b regulation  c subsidy  d tax     18 governments aim to encourage stable prices because inflation can result in a current account  deficit on the balance of payments.    how does high inflation contribute to a current account deficit?  a countries have to barter manufactured goods for raw materials.  b goods manufactured for export lose their competitiveness.  c numbers of foreign visitors increase.  d spending on imported goods is reduced.     19 a government collects the following revenue in a year.     $m  taxes on goods 30  taxes on income 500  taxes on services 20  customs and excise duties 50    what is the amount of indirect tax revenue?  a $30  m b $70  m c $100  m d $500  m    20 what is the definition of inflation?  a an increase in demand  b an increase in output  c an increase in the general price level  d an increase in wages    ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/11/m/j/14 [turn over  21 it was reported in 2011 that an economy had negative economic growth for six months in a row.    what would be evidence for such a situation?  a an increase in gdp  b an increase in profit levels  c an increase in the level of unemployment  d an increase in the standard of living     22 the diagram shows the rate of unemployment and the periods of recession in britain between  1978 and 2012.    12 10 86420britain\u2019s unemploymentrate % 1980 1990 2000 2010key recession years     what can be concluded from the diagram?  a each recession lasted for more than two years.  b recessions occurred at regular intervals.  c the unemployment rate peaked in a recession period.  d the unemployment rate rose during recession periods.      23 in which case is success for the government in achieving the first aim likely to cause problems in  achieving the second?     first aim second aim  a full employment price stability  b high economic growth full employment  c price stability stable balance of payments  d stable balance of payments more even distribution of income     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/11/m/j/14  24 which statement about poverty is correct?  a absolute poverty occurs when income falls below what is needed for survival.  b an advanced economy is likely to have a higher level of absolute poverty than relative  poverty.  c it is impossible for relative poverty to rise as absolute poverty falls.  d relative poverty measures the same goods and services in all countries.      25 developing countries often wish to prevent the population in rural areas moving to the towns.  investment grants are given to companies if they set up their businesses in rural areas.    what is this policy intended to achieve?  a decreased transport costs  b decreased external cost  c increased economies of scale  d increased use of labour      26 the table shows data collected in 2010 for the average number of children a woman gave birth to  and the education she received during her lifetime.    education received average number  of children  none 4.5  primary school level 3.0  secondary school level 2.0  university level 1.7    what can be concluded from this information?  a average fertility was 2.8 in 2010.  b most girls do not go to school.  c providing more education for girls would reduce fertility rates.  d there is no relationship between education and fertility rates.     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/11/m/j/14 [turn over  27 the table gives information about four countries.    which country has the lowest standard of living?     life  expectancy gdp per head  (us $) % of labour  force in  agriculture  a 48 120 80  b 48 250 70  c 54 350 75  d 60 380 60      28 the sri lankan government decides to offer financial support to local firms.    of what is this an example?  a a quota  b a subsidy  c a tariff  d exchange control     29 in 2012 the uk held the olympic games which attracted a large number of visitors from foreign  countries.    which item of the uk\u2019s current account balance will have benefitted directly from this event?  a export trade in goods  b export trade in services  c import trade in goods  d import trade in services     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/11/m/j/14  30 countries in europe were in a recession in 2012. usually a recession would mean oil prices fall.  in fact in 2012, oil prices rose.    which international events might have explained these changes?     possible causes of an oil  price fall in the recession possible causes of an oil  price rise in 2012  a european industrial  production declined china increased  its car production  b india invested huge  amounts in road building japan\u2019s economy  had negative growth  c middle east conflicts made  oil supplies uncertain saudi arabia increased  oil production  d new oil exploration in  poland was successful demand for alternative  fuels increased     ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/11/m/j/14  blank page ",
            "12": "12  copyright acknowledgements:    question 22 question 30 \u00a9  the office for national statistics ;  2012;  open government licence.  \u00a9  telegraph business;  telegraph media group ltd;  5 march 2012.    permission to reproduce items where thir d-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge asse ssment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/11/m/j/14  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_s14_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib14 06_0455_12/4rp  \u00a9 ucles 2014 [turn over       *4297943385* cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/12     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2014     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.   each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/12/m/j/14  1 what is the cause of economic scarcity?  a limited wants with limited resources  b limited wants with unlimited resources  c unlimited wants with limited resources  d unlimited wants with unlimited resources      2 how is an immediate effect of an increase in unemployment illustrated on a production possibility  curve diagram?  a a movement of the production point closer to the curve  b a movement of the production point further inside the curve  c a shift of the production possibility curve inwards  d a shift of the production possibility curve outwards     3 what is a factor of production?  a a semi-skilled, young worker  b direct taxes received by a government   c shares in a manufacturing company  d stocks of money held a bank    4 a supply curve shows the link between the quantity supplied and  a demand.  b equilibrium output.  c the price of the product.  d the scale of production.    5 which headline could apply to a mixed economy but not a free market economy?  a \u2018cheap imports put domestic producers out of business.\u2019  b \u2018local government planning decision angers residents.\u2019  c \u2018many fish die as a company pollutes a river with waste material.\u2019  d \u2018small shops close as large supermarkets open in the area.\u2019    ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/12/m/j/14 [turn over  6 in 2012 the local government of a city deci ded to increase parking charges for motorists. it was  intended to raise money to correct a deficit in the local government\u2019s budget. the local  government said if they did not increase charges they would not be able to provide all their current services. businesses complained about the likely loss of revenue if parking charges were increased.    which concepts does this statement involve?  a inflation and the private sector  b opportunity cost and public expenditure  c private benefit and the free market  d unlimited resources and a centrally planned economy     7 in 2011 the us government declared that the country must increase the manufacture of fuel from  crops such as corn that have previously only been used for food.    what is likely to happen in the market for corn?  a a movement along the demand curve for corn  b a movement along the supply curve for corn  c a shift to the left in the demand curve for corn  d a shift to the left in the supply curve for corn      8 what may cause an individual to save a higher proportion of their income?  a a belief that the price of goods will rise in the future  b a fall in the rate of interest paid by the country\u2019s banks  c a fear that income will fall in the future  d a rise in the individual\u2019s wish to enjoy higher consumption immediately    9 in a particular industry, male workers on average are paid more than female workers.    what might explain this?  a female workers are less likely to take time off work.  b female workers are more likely to be in trade unions.  c male workers have higher qualifications.  d male workers live nearer to their place of work.     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/12/m/j/14  10 in south africa, the rate of consumer spending is relatively high compared with other developing  countries. however, the unemployment rate is high at 25% and only 27% of students complete  the 12 years of basic education.    as a result, what is also likely to be found in south africa?  a a high average standard of living  b a high current rate of savings  c a high level of debt among consumers  d a high supply of skilled workers     11 a trade union is negotiating a wage rise for its members.    what will increase the chance of the wage rise being granted?  a the company\u2019s product has many substitutes.  b the economy is entering a period of recession.  c the government has made strike action illegal.  d wages are a small part of the company\u2019s costs.     12 when a shoe manufacturer doubles all factors of production output more than doubles.    which economic concept does this illustrate?  a diseconomies of scale  b economies of scale  c increasing profits  d opportunity cost      13 which market conditions apply to firms that operate in perfect competition and which to a  monopoly?     perfect competition monopoly  a demand influenced by advertising demand not influenced by advertising  b many barriers to entry no barriers to entry  c no influence on price strong influence on price  d sales of branded products sales of unique products    ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/12/m/j/14 [turn over  14 the diagram shows the fixed costs, variable costs and total costs of a firm.    p q r scosts outputo     which distance represents the firm\u2019s fixed costs?  a ps b qr c qs d rs     15 when it produces 100 units, a firm\u2019s total variabl e cost is $300 and its total fixed cost is $2700.    what is the average cost?  a $3 b $24 c $27 d $30      16 which policy is an example of an expansionary monetary policy?  a lower interest rates  b lower money supply growth  c lower public sector spending  d lower taxation     17 what is not a public sector expenditure?  a claims paid on travel insurance for cancelled flights  b collections of rubbish by a local council to meet regulations on recycling waste  c grants from central funds to compensate people whose property has been damaged by  storms  d the establishment of a national database to assist the police in finding criminals     18 which pair of government actions combines a fiscal policy with a supply-side policy?  a changing government spending with changing interest rates  b cutting tax rates with providing information on job vacancies  c limiting bank lending with the privatisation of industry  d restricting credit with less control over labour markets ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/12/m/j/14  19 a government collects the following revenue in a year.     $m  taxes on goods 30  taxes on income 500  taxes on services 20  customs and excise duties 50    what is the amount of indirect tax revenue?  a $30  m b $70  m c $100  m d $500  m      20 which type of unemployment occurs when the total demand for goods and services in the  economy falls?  a cyclical  b frictional  c seasonal  d structural     21 why is the human development index (hdi) often considered to be better than gdp per head as  a measure of living standards?  a gdp per head excludes economic growth.  b gdp per head ignores population growth.  c hdi includes more than the production of goods and services.  d hdi is calculated by the national government.     22 in 2013 there was a period of low interest rates and high inflation in an economy.    who would be most likely to benefit and who most likely to lose during such a period?     benefit lose  a borrowers savers  b consumers on fixed incomes firms wishing to invest  c credit card companies sellers of luxury goods  d exporters banks    ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/12/m/j/14 [turn over  23 in which case is success for the government in achieving the first aim likely to cause problems in  achieving the second?     first aim second aim  a full employment price stability  b high economic growth full employment  c price stability stable balance of payments  d stable balance of payments more even distribution of income     24 which combination of influences must have occurred for a population to be falling when there is  no migration?     birth rate death rate fertility rate  a falling falling falling  b falling rising falling  c falling rising rising  d rising falling falling      25 developing countries often wish to prevent the population in rural areas moving to the towns.  investment grants are given to companies if they set up their businesses in rural areas.    what is this policy intended to achieve?  a decreased transport costs  b decreased external cost  c increased economies of scale  d increased use of labour      26 increasing numbers of qualified medical workers from developing economies migrate to  developed economies.    what explains this migration?  a there are better working conditions in hospitals and clinics in developed economies.  b there are fewer patients requiring medical treatment in developing countries.  c there is a lack of training opportunities for medical staff in developed economies.  d there is an oversupply of qualified medical workers in developing countries.     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/12/m/j/14  27 the table gives information about four countries.    which country has the lowest standard of living?     life  expectancy gdp per head  (us $) % of labour  force in  agriculture  a 48 120 80  b 48 250 70  c 54 350 75  d 60 380 60      28 the citizens of a country which avoids international trade may benefit from  a an increase in specialisation.  b better political and cultural ties.  c competitive pressure to improve the quality of goods.  d more employment in their industries.      29 in 2012, nokia, a mobile phone manufacturer, produced 18% of finland\u2019s exports.    why might this be undesirable for finland?  a foreign demand for mobile phone firms may grow continuously.  b nokia may introduce new technology which raises total costs by less than output.  c there may be a reduction in trade restrictions on mobile phones.  d there may be an industrial dispute at nokia.     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/12/m/j/14  30 the table shows the values of the items in a country\u2019s current account in two years.    item year 1  ($m) year 2  ($m)  balance of goods and services \u201330 0  net income \u201330 \u201320  net transfers ? ?  balance of current account \u201350 +10    how did the value of the net transfers change between year 1 and year 2?  a decreased by $10m  b decreased by $20m  c increased by $20m  d increased by $30m     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/12/m/j/14  blank page ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/12/m/j/14  blank page ",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where thir d-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge asse ssment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/12/m/j/14  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_s14_qp_13.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib14 06_0455_13/fp  \u00a9 ucles 2014 [turn over       *5639622276* cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/13     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2014     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.   each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/13/m/j/14  1 the government of a developed country subsidises local private businesses, and encourages  large foreign companies to locate in the country.    which type of economic system is this?  a free market  b mixed  c planned  d subsistence     2 what is most likely to reduce the supply of factors of production in an economy?  a increasing the age of retirement  b introducing new methods of irrigation  c lowering the cost of borrowing from banks  d raising the rate of tax on profits     3 using all available resources, an economy produces different combinations of two types of  goods, clothes and food, shown by the production possibility curve (ppc) below.    o50 units100 units clothes food    what does the ppc indicate?  a it is more efficient to produce more of clothes than food.  b it is only possible to increase the output of clothes by reducing the output of food.  c the best situation is to produce equal units of clothes and food.  d the cost of producing a unit of clothes is always higher than that of food.     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/13/m/j/14 [turn over  4 a power station was built to provide electricity to rural villages in namibia.    what was its opportunity cost?  a the cost of producing the electricity  b the school which could have been built instead  c the time given up by the architect to design the power station  d the wages of the workers who built the power station     5 russia is the world\u2019s third largest exporter of grain but much of the country\u2019s farmland was  damaged by fire in 2010.    how would this be represented on demand and supply diagrams for the russian grain market and for a country importing russian grain?     russian grain market market for russian grain  in the importing country  a demand curve shifts to the left demand curve shifts to the right  b demand curve shifts to the right supply curve shifts to the right  c supply curve shifts to the left supply curve shifts to the left  d supply curve shifts to the right demand curve shifts to the left     6 an area attracts tourists to see rare animals but the tourists have few hotels in which to stay. the  local government has given permission for a developer to build a hotel. conservationists say that  the area will be ruined as the animals will move away and the nature of the area will be changed.    what is likely to happen as a result of this decision to the private benefit of the tourists and the external cost?     private benefit external cost  a increase increase  b decrease decrease  c uncertain increase  d uncertain decrease    7 what would cause a movement down the demand curve for cars?  a a fall in the price of cars  b a fall in the price of petrol  c a rise in the price of car insurance  d a rise in the price of public transport   ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/13/m/j/14  8 when it produces 100 units, a firm\u2019s total variable cost is $300 and its total fixed cost is $2700.    what is the average cost?  a $3 b $24 c $27 d $30     9 the diagram shows the fixed costs, variable costs and total costs of a firm.    p q r scosts outputo     which distance represents the firm\u2019s fixed costs?  a ps b qr c qs d rs      10 a market changes from perfect competition to monopoly.    what is likely to happen in this market?     barriers to  entry economies  of scale the size of  the firm  a decrease decrease increase  b decrease increase decrease  c increase decrease decrease  d increase increase increase     11 which type of economy of scale results from a firm producing a diverse range of products?  a buying  b financial  c risk bearing  d technical     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/13/m/j/14 [turn over  12 a trade union is negotiating a wage rise for its members.    what will increase the chance of the wage rise being granted?  a the company\u2019s product has many substitutes.  b the economy is entering a period of recession.  c the government has made strike action illegal.  d wages are a small part of the company\u2019s costs.     13 between 2009 and 2010 the number of potential jobs for qualified law students fell by 16%.  during the same period the total number of applicants for places on law courses increased.    what is the most likely explanation for this?  a an economic recession and an increase in general unemployment  b an increase in crime rates and the possibility of high salaries in the legal profession  c an increase in the retirement age for existing lawyers and an increase in law course fees  d the merger of law firms and the closure of law courses     14 why are unskilled workers paid less than skilled workers?  a there is a higher demand for unskilled labour than skilled labour.  b there is a larger supply of unskilled labour than skilled labour.  c unskilled labour belong to trade unions.  d unskilled labour is more productive than skilled labour.    15 what may cause an individual to save a higher proportion of their income?  a a belief that the price of goods will rise in the future  b a fall in the rate of interest paid by the country\u2019s banks  c a fear that income will fall in the future  d a rise in the individual\u2019s wish to enjoy higher consumption immediately    16 in which case is success for the government in achieving the first aim likely to cause problems in  achieving the second?     first aim second aim  a full employment price stability  b high economic growth full employment  c price stability stable balance of payments  d stable balance of payments more even distribution of income ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/13/m/j/14  17 the diagram shows the rate of unemployment and the periods of recession in britain between  1978 and 2012.    12 10 864 2 0britain\u2019s unemploymentrate % 1980 1990 2000 2010key recession years     what can be concluded from the diagram?  a each recession lasted for more than two years.  b recessions occurred at regular intervals.  c the unemployment rate peaked in a recession period.  d the unemployment rate rose during recession periods.      18 it was reported in 2011 that an economy had negative economic growth for six months in a row.    what would be evidence for such a situation?  a an increase in gdp  b an increase in profit levels  c an increase in the level of unemployment  d an increase in the standard of living      19 what is the definition of inflation?  a an increase in demand  b an increase in output  c an increase in the general price level  d an increase in wages     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/13/m/j/14 [turn over  20 a government collects the following revenue in a year.     $m  taxes on goods 30  taxes on income 500  taxes on services 20  customs and excise duties 50    what is the amount of indirect tax revenue?  a $30  m b $70  m c $100  m d $500  m      21 governments aim to encourage stable prices because inflation can result in a current account  deficit on the balance of payments.    how does high inflation contribute to a current account deficit?  a countries have to barter manufactured goods for raw materials.  b goods manufactured for export lose their competitiveness.  c numbers of foreign visitors increase.  d spending on imported goods is reduced.      22 the mexican government has passed a law which prevents any monopoly charging a price  significantly above its production costs. any m onopoly that breaks the law is fined.    which type of policy measure is this?  a minimum price  b regulation  c subsidy  d tax     23 which are two aims that a government normally pursues when managing the performance of the  whole economy?  a to encourage an increase in production and to prevent high inflation  b to ensure no one is unemployed and to reduce exports  c to give everyone equal incomes and to increase government revenues  d to protect the environment and to reduce interest rates     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/13/m/j/14  24 countries in europe were in a recession in 2012. usually a recession would mean oil prices fall.  in fact in 2012, oil prices rose.    which international events might have explained these changes?     possible causes of an oil  price fall in the recession possible causes of an oil  price rise in 2012  a european industrial  production declined china increased  its car production  b india invested huge  amounts in road building japan\u2019s economy  had negative growth  c middle east conflicts made  oil supplies uncertain saudi arabia increased  oil production  d new oil exploration in  poland was successful demand for alternative  fuels increased     25 in 2012 the uk held the olympic games which attracted a large number of visitors from foreign  countries.    which item of the uk\u2019s current account balance will have benefitted directly from this event?  a export trade in goods  b export trade in services  c import trade in goods  d import trade in services     26 the sri lankan government decides to offer financial support to local firms.    of what is this an example?  a a quota  b a subsidy  c a tariff  d exchange control     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/13/m/j/14 [turn over  27 the table gives information about four countries.    which country has the lowest standard of living?     life  expectancy gdp per head  (us $) % of labour  force in  agriculture  a 48 120 80  b 48 250 70  c 54 350 75  d 60 380 60      28 the table shows data collected in 2010 for the average number of children a woman gave birth to  and the education she received during her lifetime.    education received average number  of children  none 4.5  primary school level 3.0  secondary school level 2.0  university level 1.7    what can be concluded from this information?  a average fertility was 2.8 in 2010.  b most girls do not go to school.  c providing more education for girls would reduce fertility rates.  d there is no relationship between education and fertility rates.     29 developing countries often wish to prevent the population in rural areas moving to the towns.  investment grants are given to companies if they set up their businesses in rural areas.    what is this policy intended to achieve?  a decreased transport costs  b decreased external cost  c increased economies of scale  d increased use of labour     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/13/m/j/14  30 which statement about poverty is correct?  a absolute poverty occurs when income falls below what is needed for survival.  b an advanced economy is likely to have a higher level of absolute poverty than relative  poverty.  c it is impossible for relative poverty to rise as absolute poverty falls.  d relative poverty measures the same goods and services in all countries.     ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/13/m/j/14  blank page ",
            "12": "12  copyright acknowledgements:    question 17   question 24  \u00a9  the office for national statistics ;  2012;  open government licence.   \u00a9  telegraph business;  telegraph media group ltd;  5 march 2012.    permission to reproduce items where thir d-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the p ublisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge asse ssment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/13/m/j/14  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_s14_qp_21.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (lk) 73094/3 \u00a9 ucles 2014 [turn over *8582340940*economics  0455/21 paper 2 structured questions may/june 2014  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. y ou should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.cambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education",
            "2": "2 0455/21/m/j/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014section a answer this question. 1 a bright future for mongolia? economists predict that the asian economy of mongolia will be the fastest growing economy  between 2015 and 2020. in 2011, the country\u2019s economic growth rate was 21%. the forecast annual growth rate for 2015 to 2020 is 24%.  the country is rich in a range of minerals including coal, copper, gold, silver and uranium. china  purchases large quantities of these minerals. in 2011, there was a significant rise in the world demand for a range of minerals including copper. some economists have pointed out that there are a number of risks attached to an economic boom caused by a rise in demand for minerals. one is the so-called \u2018resources curse\u2019. this refers to the disadvantage that can arise as natural resources are used. high international demand for minerals can push up the exchange rate and reduce the competitiveness of other industries. the extraction of minerals can also cause pollution. this is certainly the case in mongolia. the capital city, ulaanbaatar, is one of the most polluted cities in the world.  the mongolian economy faces a number of other problems. its inflation rate is relatively high,  reaching 10.6% in 2011, driven up by increases in food prices and rises in government spending. its unemployment rate, at 10% in the same year, was above that of some of its asian neighbours. this led it to being placed relatively high in the region\u2019s \u2018misery index\u2019. this index, developed by the american economist arthur okun, adds together the unemployment rate and the inflation rate. table 1 shows the unemployment rate, misery index and the interest rate for a number of asian economies.  table 1:  the unemployment rate, misery index and interest rate for selected asian  economies in 2011 countryunemployment rate  (%)misery index (%) (unemployment rate  + inflation rate)interest rate (%) china 6.1 11.7 3.4 india 10.8 19.8 8.4japan 4.5 4.2 1.0malaysia 3.1 6.4 3.0mongolia 10.0 20.6 12.3  nearly 40% of mongolia\u2019s population lives below the poverty line. however, with rising economic  growth, income levels are increasing. indeed, some economists are predicting that mongolians will become very rich. tax revenue will also rise, which will enable the government to increase its spending on, for instance, education. higher spending on education will make it possible for children to spend more years in school.  ",
            "3": "3 0455/21/m/j/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014 [turn over (a) define \u2018economic growth\u2019. [3]  (b) using information from the extract, explain why mongolia\u2019s human development index value  is likely to increase in the future.  [2]  (c) using information from the extract, draw a demand and supply diagram to show what is likely  to have happened to the price of copper in 2011.   [4]  (d) explain why countries with high inflation rates tend to have higher interest rates than those  with lower inflation rates.  [3]    (e) analyse whether the information in table 1 supports the view that countries with high inflation  rates have higher interest rates than those with lower inflation rates.   [5]  (f) discuss whether a rise in a country\u2019s exchange rate will reduce its international  competitiveness. [6]  (g) using information from the extract, explain why the social costs of mining are higher than the  private costs of mining in mongolia.   [2]  (h) discuss whether a rise in incomes in a country will always increase tax revenue.   [5]",
            "4": "4 0455/21/m/j/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014section b answer any three  questions from this section. 2  in 2012, the indian prime minister announced that the government was going to spend  us$90 million on sending a spaceship to the planet mars. some economists argued that it would be better to use the factors of production, such as land and labour, to improve education or to build more roads.  (a) describe two ways in which land is different from labour.   [4]  (b) explain the significance of opportunity cost for a government when making its spending  decisions.   [4]  (c) using a production possibility curve diagram, analyse the impact of an increase in resources  on an economy.   [5]  (d) discuss whether the building of more roads will benefit an economy.   [7] 3   many governments seek to discourage people from smoking cigarettes, whilst encouraging them  to eat more fruit, including bananas and apples. the government\u2019s ability to influence people\u2019s consumption is determined, in part, by the price elasticity of supply and the price elasticity of demand of the products, and by changes in market conditions.  (a) define \u2018price elasticity of supply\u2019.   [2]  (b) explain three  reasons why the supply of bananas may decrease.   [6]  (c) analyse what effect a rise in the price of apples, which are a substitute for bananas, will have  on the market for bananas.   [4]  (d) discuss whether a government should increase the tax on cigarettes.   [8]  4   co-operatives play a key role in the kenyan economy, accounting for 43% of the country\u2019s output.  they operate in a number of industries, some of which come close to a monopoly and some of which are more competitive. there are many co-operative farms growing cotton. the kenyan government is seeking to develop a vertically integrated textile industry.  (a) describe two characteristics of a co-operative.   [4]  (b) explain three  ways in which monopoly differs from perfect competition.   [6]  (c) analyse the advantages of vertical integration.  [4]  (d) discuss what impact a rise in output is likely to have on a farmer\u2019s profit.   [6]",
            "5": "5 0455/21/m/j/14 \u00a9 ucles 20145   walmart, the us multinational retailer, is the world\u2019s largest company. it allows its customers to  pay for their purchases by cash and by using a variety of other forms of money. the company is the third largest employer in the world. most of its workers do not belong to a trade union.  (a) describe two influences on the amount people spend.   [4]  (b) explain why an item has to be generally acceptable and divisible for it to carry out the functions  of money.   [4]  (c) explain two advantages of working for a large company.   [4]  (d) discuss whether a firm will benefit from encouraging its workers to join a trade union.   [8] 6   over time the determinants of population size, including the birth rate and the fertility rate, change.  it is predicted that the world population will rise to 9 billion by 2050. some countries, including italy and japan, however, are expected to experience a fall in population size. it is also predicted that average incomes will rise in most countries.  (a) describe how the birth rate differs from the fertility rate.   [4]  (b) analyse how an increase in average incomes may influence a country\u2019s population size.   [6]  (c) discuss whether a government should be concerned about a fall in the country\u2019s population  size.   [10] 7 algeria\u2019s exports have been increasing in recent years. the country has experienced low inflation,  in part, because of the fiscal and supply-side policy measures the government has introduced. in 2012, the algerian government stated its main objective was to reduce unemployment.  (a) describe two reasons why a country\u2019s exports may increase.   [4]  (b) explain why governments aim for low unemployment.   [6]  (c) discuss whether a government should increase or decrease taxes to reduce inflation.   [10]",
            "6": "6 0455/21/m/j/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/21/m/j/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/21/m/j/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_s14_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (lk) 73097/3 \u00a9 ucles 2014 [turn over *0735718117*economics  0455/22 paper 2  structured questions may/june 2014  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. y ou should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.cambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education",
            "2": "2 0455/22/m/j/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014section a answer this question. 1 the challenges facing angola  angola is one of the fastest growing economies in the world and also one of the most specialised.  it had an average annual growth rate of 11% between 2002 and 2012. in 2010, the country\u2019s capital city, luanda, was the most expensive capital city in the world. the average fare charged by the only taxi (cab) firm in the city was high at us$50, and a standard house cost more than us$1m to buy.  oil production plays a key role in the economy. the country produces 1.9m barrels of oil a day  and this is expected to double by 2020. there is the possibility that angola could overtake nigeria to become africa\u2019s largest oil producer. the oil industry accounts for most of the country\u2019s output, provides 97% of its export revenue and 75% of government tax revenue.  economists have expressed concern that the country is too dependent on oil. sonangol, the state- owned oil enterprise, is seeking to diversify. it is already involved in banking and it also owns an airline and a football team. the government is trying to develop other industries. one of these is the diamond industry. world demand for diamonds increased in 2012.  the angolan government faces a number of challenges in promoting other industries. one of  these is a lack of capital equipment in its manufacturing industries, and another is that much of its agriculture is in the form of subsistence farming.  the economy faces other problems and three of these are connected. they are a widening gap  between the rich and the poor, a lack of education, and a rapidly growing population. some people in the country are very rich but 35% of the population live in poverty. half of the population have no access to health care, the infant mortality rate is one of the highest in the world, and life expectancy is one of the lowest. most of the population only experience five years of education and a third of adults are illiterate. between 2005 and 2010, the country had the eighteenth fastest growing population which might have influenced its level of average income \u2013 see table 1.  table 1:   population growth, gross domestic product (gdp) and gdp per head in selected  african countries in 2011 country population growth  (annual % change)gdp (us$bn) gdp per head (us$) angola 2.92 120 6000 kenya 2.58 72 1800nigeria 2.50 420 2600south africa 0.96 562 11 100uganda 3.24 47 1300",
            "3": "3 0455/22/m/j/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014 [turn over in 2012, angola was experiencing an overall unemployment rate of 26% and an unemployment  rate of 50% among the young. the angolan government was considering cutting taxes to reduce unemployment.  (a) why is the angolan economy considered to be \u2018specialised\u2019?   [2]  (b) using information from the extract, explain why taxi (cab) fares were high in luanda in 2010.    [2]  (c) using information from the extract, draw a demand and supply diagram to show what is likely  to have happened to the price of diamonds in 2012.   [4]   (d) explain why countries with a high population growth rate may have a lower average income  than countries with a lower population growth rate.   [3]  (e) analyse whether the information in table 1 supports the view that countries with a high  population growth rate have a lower average income than countries with a lower population growth rate.   [4]  (f) discuss whether an increase in a country\u2019s gdp will reduce poverty in that country.   [5]   (g) using information from the extract, explain two reasons why labour productivity is low in  angola. [4]  (h) discuss whether a cut in taxes will reduce unemployment.   [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/m/j/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014section b answer any three  questions from this section. 2 a number of economies are devoting more of their resources to the provision of health care. due  to the economic problem, this involves them having to make difficult choices.  (a) what is meant by the \u2018economic problem\u2019?   [2]  (b) using a production possibility curve diagram, explain why choices have to be made as to how  to allocate resources.   [6]  (c) explain how resources are allocated differently in market and mixed economic systems.   [4]  (d) discuss whether an economy would benefit from an increase in the provision of health care.    [8] 3 despite more cars being sold, world demand for bicycles is increasing. it has been estimated that  the world price elasticity of demand for bicycles is \u20130.18 but this does vary between countries. the indirect taxes imposed on bicycles also differ between countries.  (a) define \u2018demand\u2019.   [2]  (b) explain three  likely causes of an increase in demand for bicycles.   [6]  (c) analyse why the demand for a product may be more price elastic in one country than in  another country.   [6]  (d) discuss whether a government should impose indirect taxes only on products with inelastic  demand.  [6] 4 the number of people employed in the banking sector in turkey is increasing. the sector consists  of a number of commercial banks, some of which are growing in size, and the central bank of the republic of turkey.  (a) describe two functions of a central bank.   [4]  (b) explain two types of internal economy of scale that a growing bank can enjoy.   [4]  (c) analyse how the spending pattern of high paid workers is likely to differ from the spending  pattern of low paid workers.   [4]  (d) discuss whether workers employed in banking are likely to earn more than workers employed  in agriculture.   [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/22/m/j/14 \u00a9 ucles 20145 a zambian copper mine is operated by a foreign multinational company. the company\u2019s main goal  is profit maximisation. its mine creates pollution in the area, which causes diseases and damages crops. some economists have suggested that the economy would benefit from the mine being operated by the zambian government.  (a) define a \u2018multinational company\u2019.   [2]  (b) explain one goal a multinational company may have other than profit maximisation.   [3]   (c) explain why pollution is an example of market failure.   [5]  (d) discuss whether a mine operated by the government would be more likely to benefit an  economy than one operated by a foreign multinational company.   [10] 6 in 2012, mexico\u2019s monetary policy was successful in keeping the country\u2019s inflation rate low and  stable. fiscal policy measures, including a rise in government spending, contributed to a relatively high economic growth rate of 3.5% and a reduction in the country\u2019s unemployment rate.  (a) what is meant by \u2018monetary policy\u2019?   [2]  (b) explain two reasons why governments aim for low and stable inflation.   [4]  (c) analyse how an increase in government spending may cause economic growth.   [6]  (d) discuss whether a reduction in a country\u2019s unemployment rate will always benefit an economy.    [8] 7 in march 2012, the indian government increased the tariff on imports of gold. it did this to reduce  the country\u2019s growing deficit on the current account of its balance of payments.    (a) describe how a tariff could reduce imports.   [4]  (b) analyse three  causes of a current account deficit.   [6]  (c) discuss whether a government should always be concerned about a growing current account  deficit.   [10]",
            "6": "6 0455/22/m/j/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/22/m/j/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/22/m/j/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_s14_qp_23.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (lk) 73100/4 \u00a9 ucles 2014 [turn over *5845259419*economics  0455/23 paper 2  structured questions may/june 2014  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. y ou should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.cambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education",
            "2": "2 0455/23/m/j/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014section a answer this question. 1 challenges facing the bahamas  the bahamas is a relatively rich country in the west indies, consisting of more than 700 islands.  the country has a population of 350 000 and is experiencing a fall in its birth rate. the country has a high average income but in recent years it has experienced fluctuations in its gross domestic product (gdp). these fluctuations have affected its employment rate (see table 1).  table 1: the economic growth rate and employment rate of the bahamas 2007\u20132011 y eareconomic growth rate  (annual % change in  gdp)employment rate  (% of the labour force  in employment) 2007 2.8 92.12008 \u20131.5 91.32009 \u20135.4 85.82010 0.5 85.82011 2.0 86.3  a major reason why the economy experienced a recession in 2008 and 2009 was the downturn  in the world economy. the bahamas is very dependent on tourism. it accounts for 50% of the country\u2019s output and employment. it is very reliant on one country: nearly 80% of the tourists coming into the country come from the united states (us).  the second most important industry in the bahamas is financial services, particularly commercial  banking and insurance. this industry accounts for 36% of the country\u2019s output. in contrast to the tertiary sector, the primary and secondary sectors are less significant, contributing only 10% to the country\u2019s output.  the government is keen to make the economy less specialised. it is seeking to increase the  output of a number of other industries, including shipping and fishing. there is the potential for the shipping industry to grow. the country is already a popular destination for cruise ships and currently provides training for sailors. fishing may be more challenging as fish stocks throughout the world were declining in 2012. the government is also exploring for oil but some economists have argued against exploiting any oil reserves it may find.  to ensure inflation remains low, and to reduce unemployment, the government has introduced a  number of supply-side policy measures in recent years. these include privatisation. in 2011, in order to increase competition, the government started to sell bahamas telecommunications, a state-owned monopoly.   the government is also seeking to reduce the budget deficit, that is the gap between government  spending and tax revenue. it is considering introducing new taxes, whilst possibly cutting unemployment benefit.",
            "3": "3 0455/23/m/j/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014 [turn over (a) name two types of tax.   [2]  (b) using information from the extract, explain why the bahamas would benefit from an increase  in household incomes in the us.   [2]  (c) using information from the extract, draw a demand and supply diagram to show what is likely  to have happened to the price of fish in 2012.   [4]  (d) explain why an increase in a country\u2019s gdp is likely to reduce unemployment.   [3]  (e) analyse whether the information in table 1 supports the view that an increase in gdp reduces  unemployment and a decrease in gdp raises unemployment.   [4]  (f) discuss whether a fall in the birth rate will benefit an economy.   [5]  (g) explain how the two supply-side policy measures mentioned in the extract may reduce  unemployment.   [4]  (h) discuss whether the bahamas should exploit any oil reserves it may find.   [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/23/m/j/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014section b answer any three  questions from this section. 2 in 2012, a few countries experienced a decrease in their factors of production, including labour and  enterprise. new zealand, however, experienced an increase in both the quantity and quality of its factors of production. in the same year, the country exported more agricultural and manufactured goods.  (a) what is the difference between labour and enterprise? [4]  (b) explain why farmers should consider opportunity cost when deciding how to use their factors  of production.   [4]  (c) using a production possibility curve diagram, analyse the effect of a decrease in the supply of  labour and enterprise on an economy.   [5]  (d) discuss whether an increase in the quality of a country\u2019s factors of production will always  increase its exports.   [7] 3 the equilibrium price of food has changed considerably in recent years. whilst food in general has  an inelastic demand, some types of food have elastic demand. to try to reduce food prices, some governments have introduced measures designed to shift the supply curve to the right.  (a) describe what determines \u2018equilibrium price\u2019.   [2]  (b) explain two reasons why the supply curve of a product may shift to the right.   [4]  (c) analyse what effect a fall in price may have on a farmer\u2019s profit.   [6]  (d) discuss whether the price of food is likely to increase in the future.   [8] 4 nollywood, the nigerian film (movie) industry, is growing in size. more actors are being employed  but their wages are currently still low. wages and other costs of production may alter as the firms in the industry increase further in size. consumers may also be affected by the growth in the size of the firms.   (a) describe how fixed costs and variable costs are influenced by a rise in output.   [2]  (b) explain two reasons why someone may be prepared to work for a low wage.   [4]  (c) analyse two ways a bank can help a firm increase in size.   [4]  (d) discuss, using the nigerian film (movie) industry as an example, whether consumers will  benefit from larger firms.   [10]",
            "5": "5 0455/23/m/j/14 \u00a9 ucles 20145 in 2012, india\u2019s price level was still rising, largely because of increases in the costs of production.  however, there was a fall in the country\u2019s rate of inflation. this reduction in the inflation rate led some economists to suggest that the rate of interest should be reduced. other economists opposed this, arguing that inflation causes considerable problems for people.  (a) explain what is meant by a fall in the rate of inflation.   [2]  (b) explain what can cause an increase in the costs of production.   [3]  (c) analyse why a reduction in the rate of interest may cause inflation.   [6]  (d) discuss whether inflation harms everyone in an economy.   [9] 6 living standards vary between countries. this is due, in part, to differences in productivity and the  amount of foreign investment the countries can attract.  (a) identify four characteristics of a developed country.   [4]  (b) explain two measures of living standards.   [4]  (c) analyse how a rise in productivity may increase living standards.   [4]  (d) discuss whether developed countries are likely to attract more foreign investment than  developing countries.   [8] 7 between 2011 and 2012 russia\u2019s exchange rate was relatively constant. the country continued  to have a surplus on the current account of its balance of payments. the main change in its international trade position arose from it joining the world trade organisation. in order to do this, the government agreed to move towards free trade.  (a)   describe what is meant by a current account surplus.   [4]  (b)   analyse why a country\u2019s exchange rate may rise in value.   [6]  (c)   discuss whether engaging in free trade will always benefit an economy.   [10]   ",
            "6": "6 0455/23/m/j/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/23/m/j/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/23/m/j/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_w14_qp_11.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib14 11_0455_11/fp  \u00a9 ucles 2015 [turn over       *1040005209* cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/11     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2014     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.   each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/11/o/n/14  1 what is most likely to influence the price elasticity of demand for a food?  a a change in consumer tastes  b the number of close substitutes  c the rate of inflation  d whether the food can be stored easily      2 economics textbooks often start by identifying the existence of the basic economic problem.    what is it that makes this problem \u2018basic\u2019?  a it affects all economies and individuals.  b it is the most urgent target of government economic policy.  c it only affects low-income developing economies.  d it relates to the production of raw materials in the primary sector.     3 which statement about the factors of production is correct?  a capital includes man-made machines that do not keep their original value.  b enterprise is a natural factor of production that cannot be taught.  c labour is an immobile factor that does not change its skill level.  d land is only agricultural fields that cannot be improved by human effort.    ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/11/o/n/14 [turn over  4 the diagram shows two production possibility curves for an economy.    ox y yx agricultural productsmanufactured products     what could have caused the change in t he economy\u2019s production possibility curve from xx  to yy?  a a decrease in the price level  b a large number of industrial disputes  c a major earthquake  d an increase in unemployment      5 the diagram shows the market for refined oil with equilibrium of x.    what will be the new equilibrium when a major oil refinery shuts down for repair work?    s2 s1 s3d3d1d2 a b c dxprice oquantity     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/11/o/n/14  6 what is meant by the equilibrium quantity in the market for a product?  a the average quantity produced over the year  b the average quantity sold over the year  c the quantity at which profit occurs  d the quantity at which the demand and supply curves intersect      7 the following is a headline from the newspaper.    car drivers to pay higher taxes    what will result from an increased tax on cars?  a increased employment in the car industry  b increased petrol (gas) sales  c reduced external costs of car use  d reduced number of bus journeys     8 a group of workers in a firm joins a trade union.    what would the union be expected to do?  a arrange for labour-saving technology to be introduced  b discuss safety issues in the workplace with the employer  c ensure job security by promoting the firm\u2019s products through advertising  d negotiate new contracts with major buyers of the firm\u2019s products      9 when might rapid inflation together with low interest rates be a source of concern for a  consumer?  a when a consumer lives on a pension linked to the consumer price index  b when a consumer needs to use savings for regular expenditure  c when a consumer pays a fixed rent for their accommodation  d when a consumer wishes to buy a good on credit     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/11/o/n/14 [turn over  10 asda, a supermarket chain, noticed a regular, sharp decrease in sales in the third week of the  month as people ran out of cash before their next wage payment. the supermarket offered their  biggest price reductions at that time.    why might this policy increase total revenue?  a because consumers\u2019 demand curve shifts to the left in the third week of the month  b because consumers\u2019 demand curve shifts to the right in the third week of the month  c because the price elasticity of demand for asda\u2019s products decreases in the third week of the  month  d because the price elasticity of demand for asda\u2019s products increases in the third week of the  month     11 in which occupations do wages tend to be lowest?  a in those where the work is dangerous  b in those where there is an excess supply of labour  c in those where workers are paid on a monthly basis  d in those where workers need long training    12 the diagram shows the cost and revenue curves of a firm which starts to make a profit only after  producing 100 units of output.    500 1000costs and revenue $ output1 2     what are the correct labels for line 1 and line 2?     line 1 line 2  a average cost average revenue  b total cost total revenue  c total revenue total cost  d variable cost price     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/11/o/n/14  13 a large tyre manufacturer expands by taking over a rubber plantation.    of what is this an example?  a backward vertical integration  b diversifying integration  c forward vertical integration  d horizontal integration     14 what may exist in perfect competition but not in monopoly?  a barriers to entry  b economies of scale  c many sellers  d product differentiation    15 in 2011 the egyptian government increased the top rate of income tax.    what is likely to have been the main aim of this policy measure?  a a reallocation of resources from producing necessities to producing luxury products  b a redistribution of income from the rich to the poor  c a reduction in the deficit on the current account of the balance of payments  d a reduction in the level of cost-push inflation      16 what describes a regressive tax?  a it is paid by a higher proportion of high income earners.  b it is paid by a higher proportion of low income earners.  c it takes a higher proportion from high incomes.  d it takes a higher proportion from low incomes.    ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/11/o/n/14 [turn over  17 the table shows output and total costs of production of a firm with three workers.     output total costs ($)  week 1 5 1500  week 2 6 1600  week 3 7 1700  week 4 8 1800    how did output per worker and average cost of the product change over the period?     output per worker average cost  a decrease no change  b increase decrease  c increase no change  d no change increase      18 a government aims to keep domestic prices stable in a fully employed economy.    which policy should it use?  a increase expenditure on defence  b increase indirect taxes  c increase the rate of interest  d increase the wages of government workers     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/11/o/n/14  19 the table shows the tax paid at different levels of income.    income   ($) amount of tax   ($)  6000   600  7000   700  8000   900  9000 1100      which describes this tax?  a progressive at all levels of income  b proportional at all levels of income  c proportional at lower incomes, progressive at higher incomes  d proportional at lower incomes, regressive at higher incomes     20 world population increased from 5.26 billion in 1990 to just over 7.00 billion in 2012. it is  predicted to rise to 8.00 billion by 2025.  what is most  likely to explain this?  a an increase in migration from developing to developed countries  b an increase in the birth rate in developing countries  c an increase in the death rate in developed countries  d an increase in the death rate in developing countries    21 the table shows the rate of unemployment and the annual rates of change of gross domestic  product (gdp) and consumer prices for four countries in 2012.    which country was experiencing the worst economic recession?      unemployment  rate  (%) gdp  (% change)  consumer  prices  (% change)  a greece 22.5 \u20137.1 +0.2  b hungary 10.9 \u20130.8 +5.5  c italy 10.8 \u20132.1 +3.2  d spain 24.8 \u20131.6 +2.0    ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/11/o/n/14 [turn over  22 the table shows the percentage change (%) in employment over a period for a country with three  economic sectors.    economic sector (%) change in  employment  agriculture \u20136  manufacturing +2  services +4    what could be concluded from this information?  a agricultural output fell.  b the country became more developed.  c the working population stayed constant.  d total employment remained the same.     23 what must be a consequence of deflation in a country?  a a decrease in its exports  b a decrease in its saving  c an increase in its employment  d an increase in the real value of its money     24 the table shows statistics for four countries in southern africa.    from the information given, which country has the lowest standard of living?     average annual growth rate of  population (%) population density  per square  kilometre life  expectancy real gdp  per capita  (us$)  a 1.9 19 46 190  b 2.7 2 58 1700  c 3.7 45 59 210  d 4.2 89 44 190     25 what will increase the level of economic development in a country?  a a higher infant mortality rate  b a higher inflation rate  c a higher interest rate  d a higher literacy rate ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/11/o/n/14  26 what is most likely to be found in a developed country?    a a small amount of income spent on leisure and entertainment  b a small average family size  c a small number of old people  d a small number of professional people      27 developing countries have, relatively, far more poor people than developed countries.    what is the reason for this?  a developing countries have much higher fertility rates.  b it is not possible for migrants from developing countries to work in developed countries.  c the natural increase in population is lower in developing countries.  d there is an ageing population in all developing countries.    28 which change will increase the demand for imports?  a consumer credit becomes more expensive.  b income tax rates increase.  c the exchange rate appreciates.  d the government increases tariffs.     29 in recent years, the us has experienced a deficit on its overall current account of the balance of  payments.    what could have led to an increase in the size of the deficit?  a increased competitiveness of goods made in the us  b increased earnings by us investors in foreign companies  c increased numbers of overseas visitors to the us  d increased spending on us military bases abroad     30 when the us$ exchange rate falls it will usually  a help to reduce a us trade deficit.  b increase the foreign price of us exports.  c reduce the price of us imports.  d reduce us inflation.    ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/11/o/n/14  blank page      ",
            "12": "12  copyright acknowledgements:    q21 \u00a9  economist intelligence unit ;  the economist;  11 august 2012.     permission to reproduce items where thir d-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge asse ssment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/11/o/n/14  blank page      "
        },
        "0455_w14_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib14 11_0455_12/4rp  \u00a9 ucles 2014 [turn over       *9981133568* cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/12     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2014     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.   each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/12/o/n/14  1 economics textbooks often start by identifying the existence of the basic economic problem.    what is it that makes this problem \u2018basic\u2019?  a it affects all economies and individuals.  b it is the most urgent target of government economic policy.  c it only affects low-income developing economies.  d it relates to the production of raw materials in the primary sector.     2 which statement about the factors of production is correct?  a capital includes man-made machines that do not keep their original value.  b enterprise is a natural factor of production that cannot be taught.  c labour is an immobile factor that does not change its skill level.  d land is only agricultural fields that cannot be improved by human effort.    3 the diagram shows two production possibility curves for an economy.    ox y yx agricultural productsmanufactured products     what could have caused the change in t he economy\u2019s production possibility curve from xx  to yy?  a a decrease in the price level  b a large number of industrial disputes  c a major earthquake  d an increase in unemployment     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/12/o/n/14 [turn over  4 what is most likely to influence the price elasticity of demand for a food?  a a change in consumer tastes  b the number of close substitutes  c the rate of inflation  d whether the food can be stored easily      5 what is meant by the equilibrium quantity in the market for a product?  a the average quantity produced over the year  b the average quantity sold over the year  c the quantity at which profit occurs  d the quantity at which the demand and supply curves intersect     6 the following is a headline from the newspaper.    car drivers to pay higher taxes    what will result from an increased tax on cars?  a increased employment in the car industry  b increased petrol (gas) sales  c reduced external costs of car use  d reduced number of bus journeys    7 the diagram shows the market for refined oil with equilibrium of x.    what will be the new equilibrium when a major oil refinery shuts down for repair work?    s2 s1 s3d3d1d2 a b c dxprice oquantity ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/12/o/n/14  8 a group of workers in a firm joins a trade union.    what would the union be expected to do?  a arrange for labour-saving technology to be introduced  b discuss safety issues in the workplace with the employer  c ensure job security by promoting the firm\u2019s products through advertising  d negotiate new contracts with major buyers of the firm\u2019s products     9 in which occupations do wages tend to be lowest?  a in those where the work is dangerous  b in those where there is an excess supply of labour  c in those where workers are paid on a monthly basis  d in those where workers need long training    10 when might rapid inflation together with low interest rates be a source of concern for a  consumer?  a when a consumer lives on a pension linked to the consumer price index  b when a consumer needs to use savings for regular expenditure  c when a consumer pays a fixed rent for their accommodation  d when a consumer wishes to buy a good on credit      11 asda, a supermarket chain, noticed a regular, sharp decrease in sales in the third week of the  month as people ran out of cash before their next wage payment. the supermarket offered their  biggest price reductions at that time.    why might this policy increase total revenue?  a because consumers\u2019 demand curve shifts to the left in the third week of the month  b because consumers\u2019 demand curve shifts to the right in the third week of the month  c because the price elasticity of demand for asda\u2019s products decreases in the third week of the  month  d because the price elasticity of demand for asda\u2019s products increases in the third week of the  month     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/12/o/n/14 [turn over  12 a large tyre manufacturer expands by taking over a rubber plantation.    of what is this an example?  a backward vertical integration  b diversifying integration  c forward vertical integration  d horizontal integration     13 what may exist in perfect competition but not in monopoly?  a barriers to entry  b economies of scale  c many sellers  d product differentiation    14 the diagram shows the cost and revenue curves of a firm which starts to make a profit only after  producing 100 units of output.    500 1000costs and revenue $ output1 2     what are the correct labels for line 1 and line 2?     line 1 line 2  a average cost average revenue  b total cost total revenue  c total revenue total cost  d variable cost price     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/12/o/n/14  15 the table shows output and total costs of production of a firm with three workers.     output total costs ($)  week 1 5 1500  week 2 6 1600  week 3 7 1700  week 4 8 1800    how did output per worker and average cost of the product change over the period?     output per worker average cost  a decrease no change  b increase decrease  c increase no change  d no change increase      16 a government aims to keep domestic prices stable in a fully employed economy.    which policy should it use?  a increase expenditure on defence  b increase indirect taxes  c increase the rate of interest  d increase the wages of government workers      17 what describes a regressive tax?  a it is paid by a higher proportion of high income earners.  b it is paid by a higher proportion of low income earners.  c it takes a higher proportion from high incomes.  d it takes a higher proportion from low incomes.      18 in 2011 the egyptian government increased the top rate of income tax.    what is likely to have been the main aim of this policy measure?  a a reallocation of resources from producing necessities to producing luxury products  b a redistribution of income from the rich to the poor  c a reduction in the deficit on the current account of the balance of payments  d a reduction in the level of cost-push inflation   ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/12/o/n/14 [turn over  19 the table shows the tax paid at different levels of income.    income   ($) amount of tax   ($)  6000   600  7000   700  8000   900  9000 1100      which describes this tax?  a progressive at all levels of income  b proportional at all levels of income  c proportional at lower incomes, progressive at higher incomes  d proportional at lower incomes, regressive at higher incomes     20 what must be a consequence of deflation in a country?  a a decrease in its exports  b a decrease in its saving  c an increase in its employment  d an increase in the real value of its money    21 world population increased from 5.26 billion in 1990 to just over 7.00 billion in 2012. it is  predicted to rise to 8.00 billion by 2025.  what is most  likely to explain this?  a an increase in migration from developing to developed countries  b an increase in the birth rate in developing countries  c an increase in the death rate in developed countries  d an increase in the death rate in developing countries    ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/12/o/n/14  22 the table shows the rate of unemployment and the annual rates of change of gross domestic  product (gdp) and consumer prices for four countries in 2012.    which country was experiencing the worst economic recession?      unemployment  rate  (%) gdp  (% change)  consumer  prices  (% change)  a greece 22.5 \u20137.1 +0.2  b hungary 10.9 \u20130.8 +5.5  c italy 10.8 \u20132.1 +3.2  d spain 24.8 \u20131.6 +2.0      23 the table shows the percentage change (%) in em ployment over a period for a country with three  economic sectors.    economic sector (%) change in  employment  agriculture \u20136  manufacturing +2  services +4    what could be concluded from this information?  a agricultural output fell.  b the country became more developed.  c the working population stayed constant.  d total employment remained the same.      24 what is most likely to be found in a developed country?    a a small amount of income spent on leisure and entertainment  b a small average family size  c a small number of old people  d a small number of professional people    ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/12/o/n/14 [turn over  25 what will increase the level of economic development in a country?  a a higher infant mortality rate  b a higher inflation rate  c a higher interest rate  d a higher literacy rate      26 developing countries have, relatively, far more poor people than developed countries.    what is the reason for this?  a developing countries have much higher fertility rates.  b it is not possible for migrants from developing countries to work in developed countries.  c the natural increase in population is lower in developing countries.  d there is an ageing population in all developing countries.     27 the table shows statistics for four countries in southern africa.    from the information given, which country has the lowest standard of living?     average annual growth rate of  population (%) population density  per square  kilometre life  expectancy real gdp  per capita  (us$)  a 1.9 19 46 190  b 2.7 2 58 1700  c 3.7 45 59 210  d 4.2 89 44 190     28 when the us$ exchange rate falls it will usually  a help to reduce a us trade deficit.  b increase the foreign price of us exports.  c reduce the price of us imports.  d reduce us inflation.    ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/12/o/n/14  29 which change will increase the demand for imports?  a consumer credit becomes more expensive.  b income tax rates increase.  c the exchange rate appreciates.  d the government increases tariffs.      30 in recent years, the us has experienced a deficit on its overall current account of the balance of  payments.    what could have led to an increase in the size of the deficit?  a increased competitiveness of goods made in the us  b increased earnings by us investors in foreign companies  c increased numbers of overseas visitors to the us  d increased spending on us military bases abroad       ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/12/o/n/14  blank page     ",
            "12": "12    copyright acknowledgements:    q22 \u00a9  economist intelligence unit ;  the economist;  11 august 2012.      permission to reproduce items where thir d-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge asse ssment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/12/o/n/14  blank page      "
        },
        "0455_w14_qp_13.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib14 11_0455_13/4rp  \u00a9 ucles 2014 [turn over       *7059406125* cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/13     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2014     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.   each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/13/o/n/14  1 which resource is an example of capital used in the fishing industry?  a a fishing boat  b fish  c owners of firms in the industry  d skilled workers in the industry      2 in the diagram, what does the production possibility line pq illustrate?    p qproduct y product xo    a constant opportunity cost  b decreasing opportunity cost  c diseconomies of scale  d economies of scale     3 in recent years more golf courses, which use large quantities of water, have opened in china.    what may be the opportunity cost of this?  a cost of water  b loss of farmland  c sales of golf equipment  d wages of golf course staff      4 as the demand for new houses increases, the demand for plumbers and electricians also  increases.    what does this statement illustrate?  a the demand for plumbers and electricians is complementary (joint) demand.  b the productivity of plumbers and electricians increases continually.  c there is no limit to the number of plumbers and electricians employed.  d the supply of plumbers and electricians is totally elastic.   ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/13/o/n/14 [turn over  5 what is found in a mixed economy but not in a free market economy?  a equilibrium prices  b income tax  c small firms  d the profit motive      6 a bridge is built over a river which enables journey times to be reduced.    the table shows costs and benefits from building the bridge.     $000  private benefit 12  private cost 10  external benefit 8  external cost 5    which calculation represents social benefit?  a $12  000 \u2013 $10  000 = $2000  b $8000 \u2013 $5000 = $3000  c $12  000 + $5000 = $17  000  d $8000 + $12  000 = $20  000     7 when personal computers (pcs) were first sold in the 1970s, prices were much higher than they  are today.    what is the most likely explanation?  a both quality and performance of pcs have improved.  b demand has increased due to advertising.  c improvements in technology have led to lower supply costs.  d production requires more spending on research.    8 a group of workers in a firm joins a trade union.    what would the union be expected to do?  a arrange for labour-saving technology to be introduced  b discuss safety issues in the workplace with the employer  c ensure job security by promoting the firm\u2019s products through advertising  d negotiate new contracts with major buyers of the firm\u2019s products ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/13/o/n/14  9 in which occupations do wages tend to be lowest?  a in those where the work is dangerous  b in those where there is an excess supply of labour  c in those where workers are paid on a monthly basis  d in those where workers need long training      10 in 2008, economic conditions in the uk were uncertain and the rate of inflation increased. it was  reported that consumers had increased their purchases of rare stamps which continued to rise in  value.    what is not a reason for such purchases?  a to avoid risk  b to diversify their investments  c to overcome the effects of inflation  d to switch from spending to borrowing      11 the construction industry in dubai relies on many migrant workers from india.    which combination of changes in the economies of dubai and india would be most likely to increase the wages of construction workers in dubai?     dubai economy indian economy  a decrease in economic activity decrease in economic activity  b decrease in economic activity increase in economic activity  c increase in economic activity decrease in economic activity  d increase in economic activity increase in economic activity      12 what is correct for a private monopoly but is not correct for a firm in perfect competition?  a it aims to maximise its profits.  b it can make losses.  c it can restrict the level of competition.  d it is run by an entrepreneur.    ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/13/o/n/14 [turn over  13 what must occur if a firm experiences economies of scale?  a average costs decrease  b profits decrease  c the number of workers increases  d total advertising costs decrease      14 the diagram shows the cost and revenue curves of a firm which starts to make a profit only after  producing 100 units of output.    500 1000costs and revenue $ output1 2     what are the correct labels for line 1 and line 2?     line 1 line 2  a average cost average revenue  b total cost total revenue  c total revenue total cost  d variable cost price     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/13/o/n/14  15 the table shows output and total costs of production of a firm with three workers.     output total costs ($)  week 1 5 1500  week 2 6 1600  week 3 7 1700  week 4 8 1800    how did output per worker and average cost of the product change over the period?     output per worker average cost  a decrease no change  b increase decrease  c increase no change  d no change increase      16 a government policy results in an increase in government spending and a fall in the market price  of a good.    what is the government policy?  a the application of an indirect tax to a luxury good  b the introduction of a subsidy to wheat farmers  c the privatisation of health services  d the setting of a minimum price for milk      17 what describes a regressive tax?  a it is paid by a higher proportion of high income earners.  b it is paid by a higher proportion of low income earners.  c it takes a higher proportion from high incomes.  d it takes a higher proportion from low incomes.     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/13/o/n/14 [turn over  18 in trying to achieve one of its aims a government may make it difficult to achieve another aim.    what is an example of this conflict?  a achieving a more even distribution of income may prevent a rise in the average standard of  living.  b achieving an increase in economic growth may prevent full employment.  c achieving full employment may prevent stable prices.  d achieving steady prices may prevent a current account surplus on the balance of payments.    19 the table shows the tax paid at different levels of income.    income   ($) amount of tax   ($)  6000   600  7000   700  8000   900  9000 1100     which describes this tax?  a progressive at all levels of income  b proportional at all levels of income  c proportional at lower incomes, progressive at higher incomes  d proportional at lower incomes, regressive at higher incomes     20 which combination of changes could cause a fall in the purchasing power of workers in a  country?     % change in  wages rates % change in  the price level  a \u20132 \u20134  b 0 \u20132  c 4 4  d 4 6     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/13/o/n/14  21 what will increase when there is a period of deflation during which the general price level  continues to fall?  a confidence of investors  b consumer demand  c unemployment  d wage rates      22 the information below relates to selected countries in 2012.   consumer prices  (annual % change) unemployment rate  (%)  india  +10.0 9.8  sweden  +1.4 8.8  switzerland  \u20130.4 2.9  venezuela  +22.8 7.4    what can be concluded from this information?  a inflation is a possible cause of unemployment.  b inflation is the only cause of unemployment.  c low unemployment is linked to high inflation.  d there is a uniform link between the rate of inflation and unemployment.     23 the table shows the percentage change (%) in employment over a period for a country with three  economic sectors.    economic sector (%) change in  employment  agriculture \u20136  manufacturing +2  services +4    what could be concluded from this information?  a agricultural output fell.  b the country became more developed.  c the working population stayed constant.  d total employment remained the same.     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/13/o/n/14 [turn over  24 as a country develops, what is most likely to happen?  a there will be an increase in productivity.  b there will be an increase in the birth rate.  c there will be an increase in the death rate.  d there will be reduced occupational mobility.      25 the diagrams show the approximate age distributions of four economies.    which diagram resembles the age distribution of a developed economy?    a 90 0age (years)age (years)age (years)age (years) populationb 90 0 populationc 90 0 populationd 90 0 population      26 as a country develops, its provision of medical care for babies and old people improves.    why might this cause a problem in raising living standards?  a gross domestic product will fall.  b the dependency ratio will become higher.  c the number of workers will fall.  d the size of families in the short run will be smaller.     27 the table shows statistics for four countries in southern africa.    from the information given, which country has the lowest standard of living?     average annual growth rate of  population (%) population density  per square  kilometre life  expectancy real gdp  per capita  (us$)  a 1.9 19 46 190  b 2.7 2 58 1700  c 3.7 45 59 210  d 4.2 89 44 190    ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/13/o/n/14  28 which change would be most likely to cause an increase in the demand for the turkish lira?  a increased investments by turkish firms in italy  b increased profits sent to france by french companies in turkey  c increased purchases of german chemicals by turkish firms  d increased speculation that the value of the turkish lira will rise in the future      29 which change will increase the quantity of a country\u2019s exports?  a foreign governments raise tariff rates.  b the country\u2019s exchange rate depreciates.  c the level of world income falls.  d transport costs become more expensive.     30 in september 2011 the brazilian government increased its tariff on imported chinese cars.    which change might have increased the number of cars brazil imported from china in october  2011?  a a decrease in the quality of cars produced in brazil  b a decrease in the sales tax on cars produced in brazil  c an increase in the costs of producing cars in china  d an increase in the value of china\u2019s currency     ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/13/o/n/14  blank page      ",
            "12": "12  copyright acknowledgements:    q22 \u00a9  economist intelligence unit ;  the economist;  11 august 2012.     permission to reproduce items where thir d-party owned material protected by copyright  is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge asse ssment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2014 0455/13/o/n/14  blank page      "
        },
        "0455_w14_qp_21.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages and  1 insert. dc (sjf) 74030/4 \u00a9 ucles 2014 [turn overcambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education *6011089278*economics  0455/21 paper 2 structured questions october/november 2014  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. y ou should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/21/o/n/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014section a answer this question. 1 economic diversification in mauritius the economy of mauritius has made good progress since the country achieved independence  in 1968. the economy is becoming less specialised; there is now less of a reliance on sugar-cane, and more importance has been attached to textiles, financial services, higher education and tourism. for example, there is a target of 2 million visitors by 2015, up from 1 million in 2010. there has also been rapid progress in technology services: information technology now employs some 15 000 people and contributes about 7% to gross domestic product (gdp).  the country had an average economic growth rate of 4.6% per year from 2007\u20132010. in  2011 it had an annual economic growth rate of 5%, a population of 1.3 million and a gdp of us$11.31 billion.   there has been substantial investment, encouraged by the presence of a well-educated, skilled  and multilingual labour force, new production techniques and political stability. mauritius has also benefited from membership of a common market of 19 countries in eastern and southern africa (comesa), with a combined population of over 400 million. taxation is relatively low with corporate tax, value added (sales) tax and income tax all at 15%. india is the second largest investor in mauritius, after the united kingdom. this investment has created a lot of jobs in mauritius, reducing the rate of unemployment to 7.8% in 2011.  the financial services sector has been liberalised, helped by the establishment of a stock  exchange in the country in 1989, which provides for the buying and selling of company stocks and shares and government bonds. it is the only stock exchange in africa that can list, trade and settle transactions in several currencies. there are now over 130 companies listed on the stock exchange of mauritius. table 1: labour force in mauritius by occupation (2011) occupation % of labour force agriculture and fishing 9construction and industry 30transportation and communication 7restaurants and hotels 22finance 6other services 26",
            "3": "3 0455/21/o/n/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014 [turn over (a)  define \u2018gross domestic product\u2019.  [2]   (b) using information from the extract, calculate the gross domestic product per head in  mauritius in 2011.   [2]  (c) discuss the extent to which economic growth is advantageous for a country.   [6]  (d) using information from the extract, describe two functions that the stock exchange performs  in the mauritian economy.       [4]  (e) explain why governments impose taxes.         [4]  (f) using table 1, calculate the percentage of the labour force in mauritius employed in the  services (tertiary) sector.      [2]  (g) using information from the extract, explain why there has been substantial investment  by  foreign firms in mauritius in recent years.     [4]  (h) discuss whether an economy would benefit from becoming less specialised and having a  greater range of different industries.        [6] section b answer any three questions from this section. 2  all countries face the economic problem and so choices have to be made.  (a) explain what is meant by the \u2018economic problem\u2019. [2]  (b)  describe the two main features of the factor of production, \u2018enterprise\u2019.      [4]  (c) using a production possibility curve diagram, explain how the curve can be used to show  the consequences of a change in the allocation of resources between the production of two goods.              [6]  (d) discuss whether a decision by a government, with limited financial resources, to increase  expenditure on education by 25% over a three year period, is likely to be an appropriate decision.        [8] 3  a government decides to encourage the use of public transport by the provision of a subsidy.  (a) using a demand and supply diagram, analyse the effect of a subsidy on the equilibrium price  and the equilibrium quantity in such a market.            [6]  (b) explain what factors influence the price elasticity of demand for public transport. [6]  (c) discuss whether transport in a country should be provided by the public sector or by the  private sector.            [8]",
            "4": "4 0455/21/o/n/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.4  different workers can be paid vastly different amounts of money. sometimes this can be due to the  level of skill that different workers have, and sometimes it can be influenced by whether a worker is in a trade union or not.  (a) describe three  factors that can influence an individual\u2019s choice of occupation.   [6]  (b) explain two reasons  why an unskilled worker is usually paid less than a skilled worker. [4]  (c) describe what is meant by a trade union. [4]  (d) discuss whether membership of a trade union will always be beneficial for a worker. [6] 5 in pakistan, some businesses, especially sole proprietorships and partnerships, are perfectly  competitive and other businesses are monopolies.  (a)  distinguish between a sole proprietor and a partnership.        [4]  (b)  explain how some large firms can experience economies of scale, while others face  diseconomies of scale.         [6]  (c)  discuss whether a monopoly is always in the public interest.       [10] 6 many countries experience different degrees of poverty and migration, but in all countries it can be  difficult to measure living standards.  (a) distinguish between relative poverty and absolute poverty.      [2]  (b) explain four reasons why some developing countries experience immigration.  [8]  (c) discuss whether gdp per head is the best way to compare living standards in different  countries.         [10] 7 trade protection and changes in exchange rates are two ways a country can try to reduce a  current account deficit of the balance of payments.  (a) explain what is meant by \u2018a current account deficit of the balance of payments\u2019.  [4]  (b) analyse why the depreciation of its currency\u2019s exchange rate may lead to a reduction in a  country\u2019s current account deficit.         [6]  (c) describe two methods of trade protection that a country could use.        [4]  (d) discuss whether trade protection should always be preferred to free trade.     [6]"
        },
        "0455_w14_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (sjf) 74031/4 \u00a9 ucles 2014 [turn overcambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education *4336905038*economics  0455/22 paper 2 structured questions october/november 2014  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. y ou should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/22/o/n/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014section a answer this question. 1 fiscal policy and an ageing population in japan a sales tax was introduced in japan in 1989, initially at a rate of 3%, and this was later increased  to 5% in 1997. the intention is to increase the rate to 8% in 2014 and to 10% in 2015. this will still leave the tax rate below other countries. the tax increase in 1997 was not opposed by many of the japanese people, but since then japan\u2019s gross domestic product (gdp) has fallen by 10%. it was us$5069 billion in 2011. there has been deflation and this has badly affected tax revenue, which has fallen 22% since 1997, leading to a doubling of the japanese government\u2019s debt. the japanese government was required to spend a great deal of money in march 2011 when a devastating earthquake and tsunami (coastal flooding) struck the country\u2019s north-eastern coast, leaving 20 000 people dead or missing; it has been estimated that the rebuilding work will cost us$260 billion. the japanese government\u2019s debt is now at a very high level, as can be seen in table 1. table 1: government debt as a percentage of gdp in 2011 country government debt as a % of gdp japan 200greece 147italy 127iceland 120portugal 103    the japanese government has decided to increase sales tax to help pay for the pensions and  health care of the ageing population. the problem is that the higher tax rate might lead to a fall in consumption, leading to an increase in unemployment. it may not help the country to get out of recession. the average annual growth in gross domestic product over the last five years has been \u2013 0.3%.   many japanese people are anxious and worried about the future, especially fearing that the  government might try to reduce its public sector debt, leading to further increases in unemployment. the rate of unemployment in japan is currently above its average rate over the last ten years. economists in japan are thinking of ways to promote economic growth to get the country out of recession, such as through encouraging increased productivity and greater entrepreneurship.  it is certainly the case that there is a high savings ratio in japan. this is despite the fact that  interest rates are at their lowest ever level. there is a strong tradition of saving in japanese culture and the level of interest rates is clearly only one influence on the decision of how much people save.  the ageing population is a particular problem in japan. the percentage of the japanese population  that is over the age of 60 is 30.5%. the life expectancy of japanese men is now 80.1 years and japanese women 87.2 years, giving an average of 83.7 years. table 2 shows how this compares with a number of other countries.",
            "3": "3 0455/22/o/n/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014 [turn overtable 2: average life expectancy in selected countries in 2011 country average life expectancy japan 83.7singapore 81.0united arab emirates 78.1kenya 56.9afghanistan 45.5  (a) explain what is meant by \u2018deflation\u2019. [2]  (b) using information from the extract, calculate the level of government debt in us$ in japan in  2011. [1]  (c) using information from the extract, explain two reasons why japan\u2019s government debt, as a  percentage of gross domestic product, is so high. [4]  (d) discuss whether an increase in the rate of a sales tax will cause unemployment. [6]  (e) analyse how increased productivity and greater entrepreneurship could help an economy to  get out of recession. [6]  (f) using information from the extract,  explain two influences, other than interest rates, on how  much people save. [4]  (g) using table 2,  calculate the difference  between average life expectancy in japan and kenya.  [1]  (h) discuss whether an ageing population is always a problem for an economy. [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/o/n/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014section b answer any three  questions from this section. 2 factors of production, private and external costs and opportunity costs are all important concepts  in economics.  (a) using examples, define the factor of production, \u2018capital\u2019. [4]  (b) using examples, distinguish between a private cost and an external cost. [4]  (c) explain why scarcity gives rise to an \u2018opportunity cost\u2019. [4]  (d) discuss whether a decision to cut down trees for wood is an appropriate use of a scarce  resource. [8] 3 governments can influence economic behaviour in different ways, such as through taxes and  regulations.  (a) explain why, in a market economy, some goods and services are over-consumed and some  under-consumed. [6]  (b) using a demand and supply diagram, analyse the effect of the imposition of an indirect tax on  the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity of tobacco. [6]  (c) discuss whether government regulations on private producers always achieve their intended  aims. [8] 4 money, central banks and commercial banks all play a key role in economies.  (a) explain how well money performs its function as a medium of exchange. [5]  (b) analyse the importance of a central bank in an economy. [7]  (c) discuss whether a country\u2019s largest commercial banks should be nationalised and so become  public corporations, and taken under government control. [8] 5 there are many large firms in most economies, but this does not mean that all small firms will  become large.  (a) explain two reasons why a decision might be taken to change a private limited company into  a public limited company. [4]  (b) explain two reasons why production by a firm might be changed from capital-intensive to  labour-intensive. [5]  (c) using examples, distinguish between vertical, horizontal and conglomerate integration. [5]  (d) discuss whether it is likely that the majority of small firms in an economy will remain small.  [6]",
            "5": "5 0455/22/o/n/14 \u00a9 ucles 20146 inflation and unemployment are two economic problems that governments usually have to deal  with.   (a) distinguish between demand-pull and cost-push inflation. [4]  (b) explain three  reasons why inflation is regarded as a serious economic problem. [6]  (c) distinguish between frictional and cyclical unemployment. [4]  (d) discuss whether there is likely to be a conflict between the government aims of low inflation  and low unemployment. [6] 7 specialisation can lead to a significant increase in output and international trade.  (a) explain what is meant by \u2018specialisation\u2019. [4]  (b)  describe the benefits and disadvantages of specialisation at a regional level. [6]  (c)  discuss whether an economy will always benefit from an increase in international trade. [10]",
            "6": "6 0455/22/o/n/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/22/o/n/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/22/o/n/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_w14_qp_23.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (sjf) 74032/4 \u00a9 ucles 2014 [turn overcambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education *1401744901*economics  0455/23 paper 2 structured questions october/november 2014  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. y ou should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/23/o/n/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014section a answer this question. 1 economic problems in bulgaria bulgaria is the poorest of the 27 countries (as of may 2013) in the european union (eu). it joined  the eu in january 2007. average wages are only us$4.50 an hour and average monthly salaries are only us$465. the rate of unemployment in bulgaria in 2012 was estimated at 12%, compared to an eu average of 9.4%. this level of unemployment, however, was much less than that in some eu countries, such as greece, where the rate of unemployment was twice as high.  the population of bulgaria is 7.5 million and yet over a million bulgarians have left the country in  recent years to work abroad, especially in spain and greece. the value of the money they have sent back home, known as migrant remittances, has risen from us$900 million in 2008 to us$990 million in 2012. much of the work that these people do in spain and greece is seasonal and so there have been particular problems of seasonal unemployment, with some of the migrants losing their jobs and having to return home.  within bulgaria, a lot of workers have lost their jobs in the construction industry. it had been  planned that a large number of hotels and holiday flats would be built along bulgaria\u2019s black sea coast. since 2008, there has been a dramatic fall in the demand for these properties and many construction firms have gone out of business, having failed to obtain sufficient funds from financial institutions.  the gross domestic product (gdp) of bulgaria has only been growing by 1.7% per year in recent  years. in 2012 the gdp was us$48.0 billion. one of the problems in measuring gdp in bulgaria is that it has been estimated that as much as 30% of the economy goes unrecorded. there is a great deal of activity in what has been termed the hidden or informal economy. not all income earned is declared for tax purposes, there is some smuggling (illegal importing) and much of agricultural output is subsistence farming.  it is noticeable that the death rate in bulgaria is considerably higher than the birth rate (see table 2  for details). a survey of bulgarians found that about 70% of them expected the economic situation in the country to worsen in the next 12 months, not something that would be likely to bring about an increase in the birth rate. this has meant that bulgaria now has the second most rapidly declining population in the world, as shown in table 1. table 1: the world\u2019s most rapidly declining populations, 2005\u20132010 country average annual % change in population moldova \u20131.06 bulgaria \u20130.64 ukraine \u20130.64 georgia \u20130.57 lithuania \u20130.55",
            "3": "3 0455/23/o/n/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014 [turn over it is also noticeable that in many indicators bulgaria is worse off than the european union average,  as shown in table 2. table 2: a comparison of bulgaria and the eu average in 2012 indicators of comparative living standards bulgaria eu average human development index 0.743 0.867 birth rate 9.9 10.1 death rate 14.6 9.9 health spending (% of gdp) 7.4 10.7 education spending (% of gdp) 3.5 4.9 gdp per capita (us$) 6420 38 080  (a) explain what is the difference between the rate of unemployment and the level of  unemployment. [2]  (b) analyse three  ways a government could reduce the rate of unemployment in a country. [6]  (c) using information from the extract,  calculate the percentage increase in migrant remittances  sent home by bulgarians between 2008 and 2012. [2]  (d) using information from the extract, calculate what would have been the estimated size of the  informal economy in bulgaria in 2012 in us$. [1]  (e) using information from the extract, explain why such a large percentage of the bulgarian  gross domestic product goes unrecorded. [3]  (f) discuss whether the human development index is a perfect measure to compare living  standards in different countries. [6]  (g) define the terms \u2018birth rate\u2019 and \u2018death rate\u2019. [4]  (h) discuss whether the bulgarian government should try to reverse the decline in the country\u2019s  population size. [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/23/o/n/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014section b answer any three questions from this section. 2 all market systems have both advantages and disadvantages.  (a) explain how resources are allocated in a market system. [5]  (b) analyse three  reasons  why a market system could fail. [7]  (c) discuss whether government intervention in a market is always  to be supported. [8] 3 a government decides to increase the number of schools it operates, leading to an increase in the  demand for teachers. at the same time, the government decides to increase the qualifications that a person needs to have to become a teacher.  (a) using a demand and supply diagram,  analyse the effect of these two decisions on the  equilibrium wage rate and the equilibrium quantity of teachers. [6]  (b) describe why the earnings of teachers can change over a period of time. [4]  (c) consider whether teachers working in the private sector and in the public sector are likely to  receive different earnings. [4]  (d) discuss whether highly-paid teachers are likely to spend more and borrow more than less  well-paid teachers. [6] 4 car production is an important economic activity in many countries. much of this production is  undertaken by large multinational companies. these firms aim to increase both productivity and production.  (a) describe two reasons why car production is usually undertaken by large multinational  companies.  [4]  (b) distinguish between productivity and production. [4]  (c) using an example of each, explain the difference between fixed costs and variable costs in  car production. [4]  (d) discuss whether the establishment of a multinational company in a country will always be  beneficial for all the workers it employs. [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/23/o/n/14 \u00a9 ucles 20145 inflation is an economic problem faced by many economies, but governments differ in how they  attempt to bring down the rate of inflation.  (a) describe how changes in the price level are measured in an economy. [5]  (b) explain how a situation of \u2018too much money chasing too few goods\u2019 can lead to inflation. [5]  (c) discuss whether fiscal policy, rather than monetary policy, is always a better way to bring  down the rate of inflation in an economy. [10] 6 developing countries have characteristics that are different from those of developed countries.  one of these is the extent of poverty in such countries.  (a) describe three  features of a developing country.  [6]  (b) describe the changes that are likely to occur as a country becomes more developed in   (i) its occupational structure, and    (ii) the geographical distribution of its population. [4]  (c) explain what is meant by \u2018absolute poverty\u2019. [2]  (d)  discuss whether government policies can always reduce poverty in a developing country. [8] 7 many countries have a deficit in the current account of their balance of payments but some  countries, such as china, germany and japan, regularly have a surplus in their current account.  (a) explain two consequences of a current account deficit. [4]    (b) analyse what can cause a surplus in the current account of the balance of payments. [8]  (c) discuss whether a current account surplus is always to be regarded as desirable. [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/23/o/n/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/23/o/n/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/23/o/n/14 \u00a9 ucles 2014permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        }
    },
    "2015": {
        "0455_m15_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page.  ib15 03_0455_12/4rp  \u00a9 ucles 2015 [turn over       *1509399974* cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/12     paper 1  multiple choice  february/march 2015      45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.   each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/f/m/15  1 which statement about factors of production is correct?   a capital is the money people keep in the bank.  b enterprise is found more in service industries than in manufacturing industries.  c labour includes only those who work using their hands.  d land includes resources found in or under the sea.      2 china earns enough income to purchase large quantities of natural resources from developing  countries.    which statement explains this situation?  a china does not experience the economic problem of scarcity.  b supplies of natural resources in china are limited relative to demand.  c there are unlimited supplies of natural resources in developing countries.  d there is an excess stock of land in china.      3 the diagram shows the change in an economy\u2019s production possibility curve from year 1 to  year 2.    ogoods servicesyear 1year 2     what might explain the change from year 1 to year 2?  a resources have moved from the production of services to the production of goods.  b the number of workers unemployed in manufacturing has fallen.  c the producers of services have introduced better technology.  d the workers in the production of goods have become less efficient.     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/f/m/15 [turn over  4 the table shows the demand and supply schedules for eggs.    price  $ number of eggs  demanded per week number of eggs  supplied per week  0.20 450 25  0.30 250 100  0.40 125 125  0.50 50 150    what will be the equilibrium price of eggs?  a $0.20 b $0.30 c $0.40 d $0.50      5 as incomes have risen in india, cinema attendance has increased.    how would this change be shown on a demand and supply diagram?     demand curve for  cinema tickets supply curve of  cinema tickets  a movement along shifts to the left  b movement along shifts to the right  c shifts to the left movement along  d shifts to the right movement along    6 although some economists believe that resources should be allocated through market forces,  markets often fail.    what might be an example of market failure?  a access to subsidised health care  b monopoly pricing of electricity supplies  c prohibiting cigarette smoking in public places  d regulation of interest rates charged by banks     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/f/m/15  7 a group of shops sells all its products at the same price of $1. it is still able to make a profit,  although in other shops the products are sold at a higher price.    which statement about this group of shops must be correct?  a consumers recognise that the group\u2019s products are better value.  b costs will be lower than in the other shops.  c revenue will be less than in the other shops.  d the group does not advertise nor use any form of marketing.     8 in 2011, the bank of england released into circulation a new design for the \u00a350 note to replace  the old design \u00a350 note.    what might have been the reason for issuing these notes?  a to ease the use of the barter system  b to enable a means of exchange  c to lower the external value of the \u00a3 sterling  d to reduce inflationary pressures in the economy     9 a security company wishes to recruit an experienced person for a senior position to answer  customers\u2019 emergency calls, some of which would be during the night. it is offering a good salary  and a small apartment next to the company premises.    which person would be most likely to apply and be offered the position?  a a confident person currently employed in installing security systems for the company  b a person who has experience of answering customers\u2019 queries in a travel company  c a recently qualified engineering graduate in security systems  d a reliable person who says that he needs to live with his young family of five children     10 why do female workers in many countries have a lower income than male workers?  a female workers are more experienced.  b female workers are more likely to be employed part-time.  c female workers are more likely to be in trade unions.  d female workers have more qualifications.    ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/f/m/15 [turn over  11 india is experiencing rapid growth in air travel. the number and size of airlines is increasing every  year.    which effect arising from this growth is an external economy of scale?  a banks are more prepared to lend to large airlines rather than small airlines.  b colleges are established to train flight crew.  c fuel suppliers charge less to airlines that buy in bulk.  d larger airlines operate aircraft which can carry more passengers.     12 the financial director of a company adds up the cost for the firm of rent, insurance, new  machinery and the chief executive\u2019s basic salary. the director then divides that total by the firm\u2019s output.    what has the director calculated?  a average fixed cost   b average revenue  c average total cost   d average variable cost     13 if a perfectly competitive market becomes a monopoly, what will be likely to increase and what  will be likely to decrease?     increase decrease  a barriers to entry economies of scale  b consumer choice prices  c long-run profits competition  d output market share    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/f/m/15  14 the diagram shows the fixed costs, variable costs and total costs of a firm.    35 3025201510 50costs ($000) output100     what is the firm\u2019s total variable cost at an output of 100 units?  a $250 b $5000 c $25  000 d $30  000      15 a government achieves a high rate of economic growth.    what may result from this that might cause a conflict with other government aims?  a it may increase government income  b it may increase incomes for the lower paid  c it may increase the supply of exports  d it may increase the volume of imports     16 what type of tax is a tax of 10% on the price of petrol?  a a direct tax  b a progressive tax  c an income tax  d an indirect tax    ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/f/m/15 [turn over  17 the graph shows taxes on consumption as a percentage of total tax paid in some countries in  1990 and 2010.    0 5 10 15 20 25 q r s t u1990key 2010     which conclusion can be drawn from the graph?  a country q collected more revenue from taxes than other countries in 2010.  b country t collected less revenue from taxes in 2010 than in 1990.  c country u collected less revenue from taxes than country s in 1990.  d most countries imposed a higher percentage of  indirect taxation in 2010 than in 1990.      18 when the equilibrium price of wheat is $150 per  tonne, a government pays farmers a subsidy of  $50 per tonne.    which new supply curve represents the effect of this subsidy?    250 200150100 50 0price $ per tonne ds4s5s1 s2 s3 quantity (tonnes)    a s 2 b s 3 c s 4 d s 5     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/f/m/15  19 what could a government in a developed economy do to decrease demand?  a create a budget deficit  b increase government spending  c increase taxes  d reduce interest rates      20 a country closed its oil wells because it had used up most of its supplies of oil.    what type of unemployment would this cause?  a cyclical  b frictional  c seasonal  d structural     21 the diagram shows the rate of inflation of four countries between 2007 and 2014.    which country experienced some period in which the real value of money rose?    rate of inflation (%) 2007 2014a  b  c  d      22 in a country, in one year, average transport prices rose by 15% and the price of electrical  products fell by 15%. the two products had equal weights in the retail price index.    if no other prices changed, what happened to the index?  a it fell by less than 15%.  b it fell by over 15%.  c it remained unchanged.  d it rose by less than 15%.    ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/f/m/15 [turn over  23 there is a decrease in a country\u2019s birth rate.    what must occur at the same time to lead to an increase in the country\u2019s population?  a positive net migration and a fall in the death rate  b positive net migration and a fall in the fertility rate  c zero net migration and a fall in infant mortality  d zero net migration and a fall in the fertility rate     24 in 2008, the peruvian government set itself the target of reducing the number of its people in  poverty to 30% of the population.    what change does not indicate that the peruvian government had made progress towards this  objective?  a a rise in employment  b a rise in infant mortality  c a rise in life expectancy  d a rise in the level of adult literacy     25 the diagram shows the birth and death rates for a country over a period of time.    at which point did the country\u2019s population fall?    ab c dbirth rate death rate time     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/f/m/15  26 the diagrams show population pyramids for two countries, x and y.    age 85+ 80-84 75-7970-7465-6960-6455-5950-5445-4940-4435-3930-3425-2920-2415-1910-14 5-90-4 percentage of total population in five-year age and sex groupsx 0 2 4 6 88 6 4 2 0males femalesage 85+ 80-8475-7970-7465-6960-6455-5950-5445-4940-4435-3930-3425-2920-2415-1910-14 5-90-4 percentage of total population in five-year age and sex groupsy 0 2 4 66 4 2 0males females     what can be concluded from these pyramids?  a country x has the highest population  b country x is more typical of a developed country  c country y has a higher birth rate  d country y has a lower dependency rate     27 which would cause a favourable change in the kenyan trade in services (invisible) account?  a a kenyan company wins a contract to transport exports from uganda.  b a kenyan tea company increases its exports.  c a kenyan trade delegation visits india.  d a zambian company increases its exports to kenya.     28 what is most likely to result from an extension of specialisation in manufacturing?  a for the consumer some prices will be reduced  b for the country there will be less dependency on international trade  c for the employee the work will become more varied  d for the producer there will be less efficiency    ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/f/m/15  29 what would reduce the volume of international trade in the world economy?  a a german bank making a loan to a nigerian company  b a japanese car manufacturer establishing a factory in the czech republic  c the canadian government introducing quotas on malaysian electronics products  d the swedish government granting aid to somalia      30 the table shows the number of units of four currencies which exchanged for one us$ in 2003  and 2013.    in which country\u2019s currency would imports have become cheaper?     country\u2019s currency 2003 2013  a hong kong dollar   7.7   7.7  b indian rupee 45.2 61.6  c nepalese rupee 72.1 98.8  d swiss franc   1.3   0.9    ",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.   to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  international examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely a vailable to download at  www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge asse ssment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/f/m/15  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_m15_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (st) 96735/4 \u00a9 ucles 2015 [turn overcambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education *1873424887*economics  0455/22 paper 2  structured questions february/march 2015  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. y ou should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/22/f/m/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015section a answer this question. 1 the challenges facing india  the year 2013 brought a number of challenges to india\u2019s economy. for instance, in 2010, india\u2019s  gross domestic product (gdp) rose by 9.5%. in 2012, it increased by 5.3% and, in 2013, it increased by only 4.5%.   in august 2013, the indian rupee fell to a record low against the us dollar. this pushed up the  price of a range of products in india. in response, the reserve bank of india, india\u2019s central bank, tried to prevent further falls in the international value of the rupee. at the same time, the indian government tried to reduce the deficit on the current account of the country\u2019s balance of payments.  the government raised the tax on imports of gold, to reduce both the current account deficit and  the fall in the exchange rate. spending on imported gold is second only to spending on imported oil in india\u2019s trade in goods.   a country\u2019s import expenditure and export revenue are influenced by a number of factors. one  key influence on export revenue is changes in world gdp .  table 1 shows world gdp and india\u2019s export revenue over the period 2008 to 2012. table  1: world gdp and india\u2019s export revenue 2008\u20132012 y ear world gdp  (us$ trillion)india\u2019s export revenue  (us$ billion) 2008 50 1662009 48 1892010 56 1822011 58 2512012 62 305    investment fell in the country between 2010 and 2012. the reserve bank of india was considering  changing the rate of interest to influence investment, that is spending on capital goods by firms, and borrowing by households.  india is the world\u2019s second largest producer of onions after china. whilst india\u2019s farmers produce  large quantities of onions, their productivity is low. india usually exports more onions than it imports, making it a net exporter of onions.  in 2013, there was a rise in the price of onions caused by poor harvests resulting from bad weather.  this then led to the country having to import more onions.  the government put a tax on the export of onions to increase the supply of onions on the home  market. it was also hoping that farmers would respond in a positive way to the rise in the price of onions.",
            "3": "3 0455/22/f/m/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015 [turn over (a) using information from the extract, explain whether india experienced a recession or  economic growth in 2013.  [2]  (b) explain two ways a central bank could try to stop a fall in the international value of its country\u2019s  currency.  [4]  (c) using information from the extract, explain what is likely to have happened to the price of gold  in india in 2013.  [3]  (d) using table 1, comment on the relationship shown between the change in world gdp and  india\u2019s export revenue.  [4]  (e) explain two ways a government could try to increase investment.  [4]  (f) discuss whether governments should encourage households to borrow more.  [5]  (g) using information from the extract, explain the opportunity cost of exporting onions.  [2]  (h) discuss whether india is likely to be a net importer or a net exporter of onions in the future.   [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/f/m/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015section b answer any three  questions from this section. 2 changes in global weather conditions are increasing the risks of some of the islands of the  maldives disappearing under the sea. they are also affecting the country\u2019s fishing industry which experiences frequent changes in equilibrium price. the country is considering whether to devote more of its resources to fishing. the country has recently created a new island, called hulhumale, from reclaimed land.  (a)  why do choices have to be made about how resources are used?  [2]  (b)  explain why price tends to move towards equilibrium over time.  [4]  (c)  using a production possibility curve diagram, analyse the effect of an increase in land on an  economy.  [6]  (d)  discuss whether devoting more of its resources to fishing would benefit an economy.  [8] 3 tesco is a large multinational supermarket firm based in the uk. it sells a wide range of products  which vary in their degree of price elasticity of supply. in 2013, the firm\u2019s profits fell in its home market and also in every other country in which it operates. for instance, in the uk, profits fell due to greater competition while in south korea they fell as the government placed additional restrictions on opening hours.  (a) define \u2018price elasticity of supply\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain why many firms try to maximise profits.  [4]  (c) analyse what determines in which countries a multinational company produces. [6]  (d) discuss whether a government should regulate supermarket firms.  [8] 4 in myanmar (burma) people prefer using clean bank notes. the country has relied largely on cash  transactions but recently the government has been encouraging the use of other forms of money. the use of monetary policy has reduced inflation, as measured by the consumer prices index, from 35% in 2007 to 1.5% in 2012. there is even the possibility that the country may experience deflation in the future.  (a)  define \u2018consumer prices index\u2019.  [2]  (b)  explain two functions of money.  [4]  (c)  analyse how monetary policy can reduce the rate of inflation.   [6]  (d)   discuss whether deflation always harms an economy.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/22/f/m/15 \u00a9 ucles 20155 qatar has a fertility rate of 1.7. males make up 75% of the country\u2019s population. the oil and gas  industries are major employers in the country but the pattern of employment is likely to change in the future. in 2013, the country had the lowest unemployment rate in the world of 0.5%.  (a)   define \u2018fertility rate\u2019.  [2]  (b)   explain two reasons why a country may have more males than females in its population.  [4]  (c)   analyse why the pattern of employment in a country may change over time.  [6]  (d)   discuss whether a government should aim for an unemployment rate as low as 0.5%.  [8] 6  madagascar has highly fertile land but is one of the poorest countries in the world. in 2013,  92% of its population were living in poverty. in that year, gross domestic product (gdp) and gdp per head declined. the country has low tax revenue and the government is considering raising tax rates.  (a)   giving an example, define the factor of production \u2018land\u2019.  [2]  (b)   explain two reasons why a country may have a low gdp per head.  [4]  (c)   analyse how a rise in tax rates may influence poverty.  [6]  (d)   discuss whether a fall in gdp may reduce living standards.  [8] 7 the world economic forum has stated that brazil is in the final stage of becoming a developed  country. brazil is, however, facing a number of economic problems including a large deficit on the current account of its balance of payments. the brazilian government is not considering introducing a fixed exchange rate system but it is trying to improve education and to keep more of its skilled workers in the country.  (a) define \u2018developed country\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain two economic reasons why someone may decide to work in another country. [4]  (c) analyse how a more educated labour force could reduce a country\u2019s current account deficit  on its balance of payments.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a country\u2019s exchange rate should be determined by market forces or by the  government.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/22/f/m/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/22/f/m/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/22/f/m/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015blank page permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every reasonable  effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly  been included, the publisher will  be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge international  examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to do wnload at www.cie.org.uk after  the live examination series. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s15_qp_11.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page.  ib15 06_0455_11/6rp  \u00a9 ucles 2007 [turn over       *5498556101* cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/11     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2015     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.   each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/11/m/j/15  1 the following are four ways factors of production are used.  what is likely to require the greatest use of the factor enterprise ?  a a carpenter making wooden articles in his leisure time for sale at a monthly market  b a corn farmer negotiating with other farmers to hire expensive machinery  c a food shop owner sometimes selling flowers in the shop  d a householder harvesting vegetables grown at home     2 to help reduce the price of oil, new supplie s are needed. however, in 2013, objectors opposed  attempts to explore new sites because of the environmental damage the exploration might cause.    how does this illustrate the basic economic problem?  a oil is a limited resource.  b oil is expensive.  c the exploration involves demand and supply.  d there are external costs involved in production.      3 with a given level of resources, an economy that can produce food or computers is at point q on  its production possibility curve. population growth means more resources need to be allocated to food production.    at which point in the short term will the economy be in the diagram?    ooutput of food output of computersab cdq     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/11/m/j/15 [turn over  4 a person makes sandwiches at home for five hours each day. she makes 20 sandwiches per  hour, and she sells each sandwich for $2 each.    what is the opportunity cost if she takes a holiday on a working day?  a $2  b $40  c 20 sandwiches  d 100 sandwiches     5 what can be found in a mixed economy but not in a market economy?  a a national economic development plan  b an unequal distribution of income and wealth  c the operation of the price mechanism  d the private ownership of factors of production     6 newspapers recently reported there had been a dec rease in the demand for beef and that its  price per kilogram had increased.    from the initial equilibrium point x, which point in the diagram illustrates the new market  equilibrium?    d2 d1s2 d3s1 s3 oquantitypricexab c d     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/11/m/j/15  7 the diagram shows the market for fresh fish in the caribbean with equilibrium point x.    a new type of fishing boat increases production, which reduces costs.    which point represents the new equilibrium?    price quantityod1s1s3 s2 d2xab c d       8 a large supermarket applied to build on land which  was in an area of natural beauty. the local  government allowed the building, even though the natural beauty of the area would be lost,  because many jobs would be created and much needed income would be brought to the local community.    which economic ideas cannot  be found in the above statement?  a external cost and private enterprise  b free market and the conservation of resources  c opportunity cost and improved standards of living  d public sector and external benefit      9 cigarettes have been used as money in exceptional circumstances.    what is the most likely reason that they are not acceptable as money in normal circumstances?  a cigarettes lack durability  b cigarettes lack intrinsic value  c cigarettes lack portability  d cigarettes lack uniformity    ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/11/m/j/15 [turn over  10 the table shows a country\u2019s trade union me mbership in millions between 2008 and 2011.    year trade union  members in the  private sector  (millions) trade union  members in the  public sector  (millions)  2008 8.4 3.6  2009 6.6 4.2  2010 5.1 6.0  2011 3.4 7.1    what can be concluded about the country\u2019s trade union membership in the period 2008 to 2011?  a trade unions had least members in 2010.  b trade unions had most members in 2011.  c trade union membership fell between 2008 and 2009.  d trade union membership rose between 2009 and 2011.      11 a bus driver works longer hours if the wage rate increases. as his earnings increase there  reaches a point when he prefers more leisure to work.    which supply curve, s, represents this situation?    a owage rate worker hoursb owage rate worker hoursc owage rate worker hoursd owage rate worker hourss sss      12 in 2013, a german company that manufactured medicines bought a uk company that ran a chain  of pharmacies that sold medicines.    what term best describes this takeover?  a conglomerate  b horizontal  c vertical integration backwards  d vertical integration forwards    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/11/m/j/15  13 when is a firm considered more capital-intensive than another firm?  a when it has a lower ratio of workers to machines than the other firm  b when it has fewer workers than the other firm  c when it has higher variable costs than the other firm  d when it has more machines than the other firm      14 in 2009, gulf airlines, which was making a loss, stated it would reduce the number of new aircraft  on order.    if it did this, which of its costs would be directly affected?  a fixed costs  b marginal costs  c opportunity costs  d variable costs      15 the diagram shows the costs of a firm.    0102030405060 output100cost  ($ 000s)     what is the firm's total variable cost at an output of 100 units?  a $100 b $500 c $10  000 d $50  000     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/11/m/j/15 [turn over  16 a government lowers the rate of interest.    who is most likely to be disadvantaged by this policy?  a house buyers  b manufacturers  c retailers  d savers     17 which is a supply-side policy that would increase output in the long-run?  a an increase in benefit payments  b an increase in places at training colleges  c an increase in the rate of income tax  d an increase in the rate of tax employers pay     18 russia exports wheat. in 2010, a bad harvest led the russian government to prevent the export  of wheat, to ensure enough supplies were kept for domestic use.    what was the most likely outcome of the government\u2019s action?  a prices were fixed by the wheat producers  b the amount produced was determined by the government  c the price of wheat abroad fell  d there was a redistribution of domestic production    19 the government reduces the rate of income tax and increases the rate of tax on producers.    from the initial equilibrium point x, which letter indicates the new equilibrium point in the market?    d2 d1s2 d3s1 s3 oquantitypricexab c d    ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/11/m/j/15  20 what is most likely to cause economic growth?  a a better educated workforce  b a reduction in the right to own property  c decreased wages  d higher taxation      21 a worker earns $250 each week, which leaves a disposable income of $175.    what will affect the real value of the worker\u2019s $250 earned income?  a a change in government spending  b a change in interest rates  c a change in the price level  d a change in the tax rate     22 the table shows the unemployment rate in three developed economies in june 2013.     %  united states   7.6  sweden   8.2  france 10.9    what is the main cause of high rates of unemployment in developed economies in periods of  recession?  a decreases in total demand  b movement of labour between countries  c reduced levels of technological change  d regional inequalities of wealth     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/11/m/j/15 [turn over  23 from 2012 to 2013, european economies experienced weak economic growth.    based on the information on gdp, industrial production and unemployment in the table, which  economy performed worst ?     percentage change 2012-2013   gdp industrial  production unemployment  a uk +1.0 \u20132.3 \u20130.1  b germany +0.3 \u20131.1   0.0  c italy \u20131.8 \u20134.2 +1.5  d spain \u20131.7 \u20131.3 +1.3      24 what is not a reason why the average size of families is likely to be greater in developing  countries than in developed countries?  a children offer the prospect of security in old age.  b government child care support is widely available.  c means of birth control are less available and more expensive.  d women are less likely to be part of the workforce.     25 the table shows the proportion of gdp produced by each sector of production in three fictitious  countries.     farland  (% of gdp) highland  (% of gdp) lowland  (% of gdp)  primary sector 30 10 35  secondary sector 20 60 25  tertiary sector 50 30 40    what can be concluded from the table?  a farland is the least developed economy.  b highland is the most developed economy.  c it is uncertain which is the most developed economy.  d lowland is the least developed economy.      ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/11/m/j/15  26 in rural areas in developing countries, farmers grow food for their own consumption.  why might this mean that the gdp is a weak measure of the standard of living in those  countries?  a the food grown is not exported.  b the gdp does not include agricultural production.  c the gdp only refers to the public sector.  d the value of the food is unknown.     27 the charts show the population structure of a country in 1960 and 2010.    85+ 80-84 75-7970-7465-6960-6455-5950-5445-4940-4435-3930-3425-2920-2415-1910-14 5-90-4age millions 19603210 0123male female 85+ 80-8475-7970-7465-6960-6455-5950-5445-4940-4435-3930-3425-2920-2415-1910-14 5-90-4age millions 20103210 0123male female     during this period, how did birth and death rates change?     birth rates death rates  a fell fell  b fell no change  c rose  fell  d rose no change     ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/11/m/j/15  28 what is an advantage of international specialisation?  a choice is limited  b countries become overdependent on each other  c resources are used more efficiently  d transport costs are decreased      29 skin creams preventing sunburn made in the european union (eu) are more effective than those  made in the united states (us). us tourists stock up on the creams when visiting europe. such  creams are banned from production in the us because of the chemicals in them. in 2013, negotiations began to remove this ban in order to allow production in the us.    how is this freer trade likely to affect manufacturers of skin creams in the us and the eu?     manufacturers  in the us manufacturers  in the eu  a gain gain  b gain lose  c lose gain  d lose lose    30 the table shows the trade in goods balance and the current account balance of the balance of  payments for four countries during a year.    which country had the largest surplus on its trade in services, assuming no other transfers or income flows?     country trade in goods  balance  ($ billion) current account  balance  ($ billion)  a hong kong 6.2 6.2  b indonesia 4.4 4.3  c mexico 7.8 7.6  d singapore 5.3 5.4     ",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.   to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  international examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely a vailable to download at  www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge a ssessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/11/m/j/15  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_s15_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib15 06_0455_12/5rp  \u00a9 ucles 2015 [turn over       *7505138244* cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/12     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2015     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.   each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/m/j/15  1 what is the basic economic problem?  a finite resources and limited wants  b finite resources and unlimited wants  c infinite resources and limited wants  d infinite resources and unlimited wants      2 new oil reserves are discovered.    what has increased in supply?  a capital  b enterprise  c labour  d land     3 the diagram shows production possibility curves (ppc) for a country that can produce  agricultural products or manufactured products.    its current ppc passes through points q and s but the country is currently experiencing unemployment.    oagricultural products manufactured productsqr s p     if there is now full employment at the same time as new agricultural techniques enable an increase in productivity, what would be the movement on the ppc diagram?  a p to r b p to s c q to r d s to q     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/m/j/15 [turn over  4 a person makes sandwiches at home for five hours each day. she makes 20 sandwiches per  hour, and she sells each sandwich for $2 each.    what is the opportunity cost if she takes a holiday on a working day?  a $2  b $40  c 20 sandwiches  d 100 sandwiches     5 what would not be an example of the working of a market system?  a a high price charged because of costly research to produce the good  b a high price charged for a well-known painting  c a low price charged because of economies of scale  d a low price charged for subsidised bus travel     6 a product has a price elasticity of supply of +2. a change in price causes the quantity supplied to  change from 100 units to 120 units.    what is the price change?  a a fall of 10%  b a fall of 40%  c a rise of 10%  d a rise of 40%     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/m/j/15  7 the diagram shows the market for fresh fish in the caribbean with initial equilibrium point x.    a new type of fishing boat increases production, which reduces costs.    which point represents the new equilibrium?    price quantityod1s1s3 s2 d2xab c d       8 a large supermarket applied to build on land which  was in an area of natural beauty. the local  government allowed the building, even though the natural beauty of the area would be lost,  because many jobs would be created and much needed income would be brought to the local community.    which economic ideas cannot  be found in the above statement?  a external cost and private enterprise  b free market and the conservation of resources  c opportunity cost and improved standards of living  d public sector and external benefit      9 a businesswoman seeks a 10-year loan from a bank. she has listed her four most valuable  possessions which could be offered to the bank in order to obtain the loan.    which item would the bank be least  likely to accept as security for the loan?  a a collection of gold coins, jewellery and antiques  b a house in a desirable part of town  c a part ownership in a race horse  d a portfolio of government bonds    ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/m/j/15 [turn over  10 a trade union and employers agree a minimum wage (w 1) which is above the market equilibrium  wage (w) for that industry.    osupply of labour demand for labou rwage labour employedqw1 w     what is the effect of paying the minimum wage (w 1)?  a demand for workers will exceed the supply  b fewer workers will be employed  c some workers will continue to be paid at wage w  d workers will be less willing to work for the minimum wage     11 in choosing their occupation, people often take into account aspects of the job other than pay.    which would not be a good match for the aspects of employment a worker is looking for?     desired aspect occupation  a a wish for an outdoor lifestyle  and to develop teamwork army officer  b a wish for foreign travel  and to have responsibility airline pilot  c a wish for public respect and  to undertake precise work heart surgeon  d a wish to work with the general  public and investigate nature marine biologist    12 what may exist in monopoly but not in perfect competition?  a barriers to entry  b identical products  c market price   d perfect knowledge ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/m/j/15  13 what is not a reason for the decline in manufacturing industries in developed economies in  recent years?  a growth of newly industrialised competitor countries  b invention of automated production methods  c rising costs of factor inputs in the steel industry  d considerable skill shortages as school-leavers prefer to work in the service sector      14 in 2013, barclays bank had two branches in a city. it decided to close them both, move to a  different building and employ fewer hourly-paid staff.    what is likely to have happened to the bank\u2019s fixed and variable costs?     fixed cost variable cost  a fall fall  b fall rise  c rise fall  d rise rise    15 the diagram shows the costs of a firm.    0102030405060 output100cost  ($ 000s)     what is the firm's total variable cost at an output of 100 units?  a $100 b $500 c $10  000 d $50  000     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/m/j/15 [turn over  16 what is most likely to cause a fall in the rate of inflation?  a an increase in consumer spending  b an increase in import prices  c an increase in income tax  d an increase in wage rates      17 in recent years, governments have had to manage the effects of a world recession.   which supply-side policy could have been used to stimulate economic growth?  a increases in income tax  b investment in skills training schemes  c payments of unemployment benefits  d reduction in interest rates     18 russia exports wheat. in 2010, a bad harvest led the russian government to prevent the export  of wheat, to ensure enough supplies were kept for domestic use.    what was the most likely outcome of the government\u2019s action?  a prices were fixed by the wheat producers  b the amount produced was determined by the government  c the price of wheat abroad fell  d there was a redistribution of domestic production    19 a government increases expenditure on infrastructure to stimulate an economy.    with which of the other government aims for an economy might this conflict?  a a decrease in income inequality  b a higher rate of economic growth  c a lower level of unemployment  d a steady price level      20 who is most likely to benefit during a period of inflation?  a creditors (lenders)  b debtors (borrowers)  c fixed income earners  d holders of cash   ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/m/j/15  21 the human development index (hdi) measures more than just average incomes.  what are two additional measures it includes?  a life expectancy years of schooling  b percentage unemployed number of hospitals  c poverty rate years of schooling  d years of schooling access to clean water      22 the table shows some economic indicators for four countries.    country inflation unemployment gdp growth  p 3.0% 11.3% 3.5%  q 4.2% 7.6% 1.0%  r 1.3% 12.2% 3.0%  s 3.5% 10.1% 2.3%    what can be concluded from the table?  a high gdp growth occurred with low unemployment  b high inflation occurred with high gdp growth  c low gdp growth occurred with low inflation  d low inflation occurred with high unemployment    23 when would an increase in aggregate demand be least  likely to result in inflation in an economy?  a when it is the result of an increase in government expenditure   b when it is the result of an increase in expenditure on consumer goods  c when there are substantial unemployed resources in the economy   d when there is a substantial increase in expenditure on imports     24 in 2013, subsistence farming, which involved a large percentage of the population, was a  significant activity in the philippines and indonesia.    what can be concluded about the philippines and indonesia from this information?  a a good use was being made of natural resources  b production was likely to involve skilled labour  c the gdp in these countries was likely to be underestimated  d there was no need to import food because the population was self-sufficient   ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/m/j/15 [turn over  25 which feature is not a typical characteristic of a developed country?  a a high death rate  b a high literacy rate  c a large elderly population  d a low number of doctors per head      26 the charts show the population structure of a country in 1960 and 2010.    85+ 80-84 75-7970-7465-6960-6455-5950-5445-4940-4435-3930-3425-2920-2415-1910-14 5-90-4age millions 19603210 0123male female 85+ 80-8475-7970-7465-6960-6455-5950-5445-4940-4435-3930-3425-2920-2415-1910-14 5-90-4age millions 20103210 0123male female     during this period, how did birth and death rates change?     birth rates death rates  a fell fell  b fell no change  c rose  fell  d rose no change     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/m/j/15  27 which combination of changes is most likely to re sult in a fall in living standards in a country?     gdp inflation population  a fall fall rise  b fall rise rise  c rise fall fall  d rise rise fall     28 what is an advantage of international specialisation?  a choice is limited  b countries become overdependent on each other  c resources are used more efficiently  d transport costs are decreased    29 the table shows information on the trading position of four major economies in 2013.    which country had the strongest trading position?     country current account  balance   (us $ billion) % of gdp currency unit  per us $  a china +211.7 +1.9 6.12  b germany +246.0 +6.4 0.75  c japan +54.1 +1.0 79.4  d uk \u201396.7 \u20132.8 0.64    30 the table shows the trade in goods balance and the current account balance of the balance of  payments for four countries during a year.    which country had the largest surplus on its trade in services, assuming no other transfers or income flows?     country trade in goods  balance  ($ billion) current account  balance  ($ billion)  a hong kong 6.2 6.2  b indonesia 4.4 4.3  c mexico 7.8 7.6  d singapore 5.3 5.4 ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/m/j/15  blank page ",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.   to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  international examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely a vailable to download at  www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge asse ssment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/m/j/15  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_s15_qp_13.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib15 06_0455_13/5rp  \u00a9 ucles 2015 [turn over       *9822927667* cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/13     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2015     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.   each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/13/m/j/15  1 each of the factors of production earns an income.  what are the incomes for capital and enterprise?     capital enterprise  a interest profit  b interest wages  c profit interest  d profit rent    2 malaysia is a mixed economy.  which statement about a mixed economy is necessarily correct?  a private industry will provide most of the manufactured goods  b the government will provide public goods and may provide merit goods  c the primary sector will employ most workers  d the transport network will be heavily subsidised     3 water is a scarce resource in singapore because the island\u2019s small geographical area means  there is little land on which to collect water for its 4.8 million people.    which method would be least  successful in tackling its water scarcity?  a exempting large families from paying water taxes  b importing water from neighbouring countries  c introducing a water tax that rises as consumption rises  d redirecting funds from education to schemes to purify rainwater      4 a person makes sandwiches at home for five hours each day. she makes 20 sandwiches per  hour, and she sells each sandwich for $2 each.    what is the opportunity cost if she takes a holiday on a working day?  a $2  b $40  c 20 sandwiches  d 100 sandwiches     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/13/m/j/15 [turn over  5 in 2011, china\u2019s steel mills bought more coal in order to increase their output. china is the  world\u2019s largest consumer of coal.     how would this change be shown on a demand and supply diagram for coal?  a a fall in price with a movement along the supply curve  b a movement along the demand curve with a rise in price  c a rise in price with a shift in the supply curve to the left  d a shift in the demand curve to the right with a rise in price     6 in recent years, the demand for cars in indonesia has become more price inelastic while the  supply of cars has become more price elastic.    which combination of events could have caused these changes?     quality of public  transport time taken to  produce a car  a decreased decreased  b decreased increased  c increased decreased  d increased increased     7 the diagram shows the market for fresh fish in the caribbean with initial equilibrium point x.    a new type of fishing boat increases production, which reduces costs.    which point represents the new equilibrium?    price quantityod1s1s3 s2 d2xab c d      ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/13/m/j/15  8 a large supermarket applied to build on land which  was in an area of natural beauty. the local  government allowed the building, even though the natural beauty of the area would be lost,  because many jobs would be created and much needed income would be brought to the local community.    which economic ideas cannot  be found in the above statement?  a external cost and private enterprise  b free market and the conservation of resources  c opportunity cost and improved standards of living  d public sector and external benefit      9 what is not a function of a trade union?  a to arrange promotion for its members  b to discuss members\u2019 working conditions  c to negotiate members\u2019 wages  d to represent members in disputes    10 when elderly people retire from work, they may receive a pension income that is lower than their  previous income.    how is the proportion of their income spent on healthcare and leisure likely to change?     healthcare leisure  a decrease decrease  b decrease increase  c increase decrease  d increase increase    11 a bus company wishes to recruit a qualified senior manager to be responsible for coordinating  bus timetables and managing staff. some work will be required at night as the company also  operates bus services at night. it is offering a good salary.     which applicant would be most likely to be offered the position?  a a person employed as a manager of a small taxi company  b a person employed as a supervisor in another bus company  c a recently qualified business graduate  d a trade union representative from another bus company with extensive family commitments     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/13/m/j/15 [turn over  12 what is not usually associated with the existence of a monopoly?  a barriers to entry  b perfect knowledge    c profit maximisation  d small firms      13 a group of farmers form a partnership. they buy more machinery which they share in the  production of cereals.    what is a benefit of using more machinery?  a it eliminates the need to train labour  b it encourages more labour-intensive methods  c it increases the productivity of each farmer  d it reduces total capital costs of production      14 large-scale organisations can suffer from problems of coordination between departments which  cause diseconomies of scale in the long-run.    what indicates that diseconomies of scale have set in?  a average fixed costs begin to decrease  b average variable costs begin to decrease  c rate of growth of output begins to decrease  d total revenue begins to decrease     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/13/m/j/15  15 the diagram shows the costs of a firm.    0102030405060 output100cost  ($ 000s)     what is the firm's total variable cost at an output of 100 units?  a $100 b $500 c $10  000 d $50  000     16 which policy combination will have the greatest impact on increasing the level of total spending in  the economy?     taxation government  spending  a decreased decreased  b decreased increased  c increased decreased  d increased increased      17 a toy company bought a $750  000 batch of raw plastic from a local firm and moulded it into toys.  the total revenue from the toys was $1  000  000. the government demanded that the company  pay tax on this action.    what is the most likely tax that the company has to pay?  a capital gains tax  b goods and services (value added) tax  c import duty  d income tax     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/13/m/j/15 [turn over  18 russia exports wheat. in 2010, a bad harvest led the russian government to prevent the export  of wheat, to ensure enough supplies were kept for domestic use.    what was the most likely outcome of the government\u2019s action?  a prices were fixed by the wheat producers  b the amount produced was determined by the government  c the price of wheat abroad fell  d there was a redistribution of domestic production      19 the table shows the harmful carbon dioxide emissions for a country in selected years in millions  of tonnes.     2000 2010  manufacturing 204 88  transport 72 135  total including all other sources 685 543    what would be likely to have the greatest effect on reducing carbon dioxide emissions?  a introducing incentives to encourage manufacturers to reduce their emissions  b providing grants to fit solar panels to manufacturing premises  c raising taxes on petroleum and diesel fuel  d subsidising car manufacturers     20 how is economic growth measured?  a by an increase in consumer demand  b by an increase in literacy  c by an increase in output  d by an increase in wages     21 domestic consumption in an economy fell.     what might have reduced the impact of that fall on the economy?  a exports also declined  b imports also declined  c savings also increased  d taxes also increased     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/13/m/j/15  22 in 2014, farmers\u2019 crops were destroyed by two months of bad weather. as a result, in that year,  they did not employ as many people at harvest time.  what type of unemployment would this cause?  a cyclical  b frictional  c seasonal  d structural     23 the following information was published by an economy\u2019s central bank.    in which case was real gdp growth highest?     rate of nominal  gdp growth (%) rate of  inflation (%)  a 2.0 1.0  b 7.0 5.0  c 9.0 13.0  d 10.0 11.0    24 the human development index can be used to measure human development in countries.    which measure would not be part of its calculation?  a inequality of incomes  b life expectancy  c standards of living   d years of schooling      25 the ratio of males to females in russia is 90 to 100.    what could explain this imbalance?  a more women than men emigrate from russia  b ten male babies are born for every nine female babies  c the infant mortality rate is higher among girls than boys  d women have a longer life expectancy than men in russia     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/13/m/j/15 [turn over  26 the table gives the percentage employment in the primary, secondary and service sectors in four  countries.    which country is most  likely to be a developed country?     primary  sector secondary  sector service  sector  a 10 35 55  b 20 60 20  c 35 35 30  d 40 40 20      27 the charts show the population structure of a country in 1960 and 2010.    85+ 80-84 75-7970-7465-6960-6455-5950-5445-4940-4435-3930-3425-2920-2415-1910-14 5-90-4age millions 19603210 0123male female 85+ 80-8475-7970-7465-6960-6455-5950-5445-4940-4435-3930-3425-2920-2415-1910-14 5-90-4age millions 20103210 0123male female     during this period, how did birth and death rates change?     birth rates death rates  a fell fell  b fell no change  c rose  fell  d rose no change     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/13/m/j/15  28 what is an advantage of international specialisation?  a choice is limited  b countries become overdependent on each other  c resources are used more efficiently  d transport costs are decreased      29 which combination of changes would raise the price of the pakistani rupee on the foreign  exchange market?     demand for  pakistan\u2019s exports pakistan\u2019s demand  for imports  a decrease decrease  b decrease increase  c increase decrease  d increase increase      30 the table shows the trade in goods balance and the current account balance of the balance of  payments for four countries during a year.    which country had the largest surplus on its trade in services, assuming no other transfers or  income flows?     country trade in goods  balance  ($ billion) current account  balance  ($ billion)  a hong kong 6.2 6.2  b indonesia 4.4 4.3  c mexico 7.8 7.6  d singapore 5.3 5.4    ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/13/m/j/15  blank page ",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.   to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  international examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely a vailable to download at  www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge asse ssment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/13/m/j/15  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_s15_qp_21.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (st) 96742/5 \u00a9 ucles 2015 [turn over *5252267625*economics  0455/21 paper 2 structured questions may/june 2015  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. y ou should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.cambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education",
            "2": "2 0455/21/m/j/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015section a answer this question. 1 what does the future hold for sweden? sweden is a highly developed european country which enjoys one of the highest standards of living in the world. in 2012, its citizens enjoyed an average income of us$49 000. the country\u2019s labour force of five million is highly skilled. about 70% of schoolchildren go on to university. over the years, investment has been high in sweden and as a result there is a high value of capital goods for each worker to use. in 2012, however, its economic growth rate slowed. the swedish government was hoping that its decision to raise the retirement age to 67 would increase the country\u2019s economic growth rate.  sweden exports half of its output. it exports a range of products including cars and capital goods.  among the country\u2019s imports are petrol, cars and iron. table 1 shows the balance of the current account of its balance of payments over the period 2008\u20132013. table 1: sweden\u2019s current account balance, 2008\u20132013 y ear current account balance  us$ billion as a % of gross domestic  product (gdp) 2008 +38 6.92009 +31 7.02010 +31 6.82011 +32 6.42012 +39 7.12013 +40 7.2   a country\u2019s trade position is influenced by its inflation rate. indeed, a fall in a country\u2019s inflation rate  can increase the international competitiveness of its products. the swedish government aims to keep the annual inflation rate at 2% or below. if there is a risk that the inflation rate will exceed the 2% target, the swedish central bank will raise the interest rate. such a change will be likely to influence consumer expenditure, investment and the exchange rate. in recent years, sweden\u2019s inflation rate has remained low, averaging 1.9% between 2008 and 2013.   the low inflation rate provides certainty for swedish firms. the best known swedish firm is  probably ikea, which produces furniture and household accessories. in 2012, it reduced its prices which, as on previous occasions, resulted in a rise in its revenue. in 2013, its owners stated that their main goal was to increase the size of the firm by opening new stores throughout the world, including in its expanding markets in china and russia.",
            "3": "3 0455/21/m/j/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015 [turn over (a) using information from the extract, identify two reasons why sweden is considered to be a  highly developed country.  [2]  (b) explain how a rise in the retirement age may increase a country\u2019s economic growth rate.  [4]  (c) using information in table 1, describe what happened to:   (i) sweden\u2019s current account position over the period shown   [2]   (ii) sweden\u2019s gdp between 2009 and 2010.  [2]  (d) explain why a country may both export and import cars.   [2]  (e) using information from the extract, analyse how a rise in the rate of interest can reduce  inflation.   [5]  (f) discuss whether a fall in a country\u2019s inflation rate will increase the international competitiveness  of its products.   [5]  (g) using information from the extract, explain whether demand for ikea\u2019s products is price  elastic or price inelastic. [2]  (h) discuss whether growth is the main goal of most firms.   [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/21/m/j/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015section b answer any three questions from this section. 2 in 2013, an earthquake on the iran/pakistan border destroyed many factories and homes. some  officials wanted the governments to rebuild the factories and homes, even though there would be an opportunity cost. others suggested that some people should be encouraged to emigrate.   (a) define \u2018opportunity cost\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain why the economic problem can never be solved.  [4]  (c) using a production possibility curve diagram, analyse the effect of the destruction of some of  its resources on an economy.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a country will benefit from the emigration of some of its people.  [8] 3 in 2013, the market price of houses rose in china but fell in greece. the chinese government  tried to reduce the rise in house prices by discouraging borrowing. in greece, the equilibrium price of houses fell, largely because of a decrease in income. in some countries, governments give subsidies to housebuilders to influence the market for houses.   (a) define \u2018equilibrium price\u2019.   [2]  (b) explain two reasons why borrowing may decrease.  [4]  (c) using a demand and supply diagram, analyse why a fall in incomes may reduce the market  price of houses.  [6]  (d) discuss whether the building of houses should be subsidised.  [8] 4 trade union membership is decreasing in some countries, but it is increasing in china. industrial  action by workers is becoming more common in china, with workers seeking higher wages. recently there was a strike at a car factory in south china, owned by a japanese multinational company.  (a) define \u2018multinational company\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain why governments may discourage strikes.  [4]  (c) analyse three  reasons why trade union membership may decrease in a country.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a rise in the wages a firm pays would reduce its profits.   [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/21/m/j/15 \u00a9 ucles 20155 in january 2013, the portuguese government increased tax rates. three months later it cut its  spending on health care and education. between these two periods, unemployment in portugal rose.  (a) what is meant by \u2018tax\u2019?  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why an increase in unemployment may reduce tax revenue.  [4]  (c) analyse two reasons why unemployment may increase.   [6]  (d) discuss whether a reduction in government spending on education will reduce living  standards.  [8]  6 about 30% of nigeria\u2019s labour force is employed in agriculture but the country still spends more  than us$12 billion a year importing food. the nigerian government is seeking to reduce the imports of food. with a high birth rate and many small farms, this may be difficult to achieve.  (a)  define \u2018birth rate\u2019.   [2]  (b) explain two causes of a high birth rate.   [4]  (c) analyse how an increase in the size of farms may affect the cost of producing food.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a reduction in its imports will always benefit an economy.   [8] 7 in 2013, the singapore government was concerned that its economy might experience a  recession. it was introducing a range of supply-side policy measures to increase productivity, avoid a recession and achieve its other aims for the economy. it was also trying to reduce the international value of the singapore dollar.  (a) define \u2018recession\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why an economy may have a high foreign exchange rate.  [4]  (c) analyse how supply-side policy measures could increase productivity.   [6]  (d) discuss whether a fall in the international value of its currency will always benefit an economy.   [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/21/m/j/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/21/m/j/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/21/m/j/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015blank page permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every reasonable  effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly  been included, the publisher will  be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge international  examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to do wnload at www.cie.org.uk after  the live examination series. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s15_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (kn/cgw) 96748/3 \u00a9 ucles 2015 [turn overcambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education *5100336797*economics  0455/22 paper 2  structured questions may/june 2015  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. y ou should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/22/m/j/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015section a answer this question. 1 peru and panama  between 2005 and 2012, peru and panama experienced the fastest economic growth rates in the  americas. the two countries differ in the size of their populations and the size of their economies. in  2013, peru had a population of 30 million and a gross domestic product (gdp) of us$340 billion.  in contrast, panama had a population of 3.6 million and a gdp of us$60 billion. life expectancy  was higher in panama with people, on average, living three years longer than in peru.  between 2008 and 2013, peru had an average annual inflation rate of 2.7%. this was, in part  because of careful control of the country\u2019s interest rate and exchange rate by peru\u2019s central bank.  panama does not have a central bank and experienced a different average annual inflation rate  (see fig. 1). fig. 1:  the inflation rate in panama, 2008\u20132013 2008 200910 8 6 inflation rate (%)4 2 0 2010 2011 years2012 2013  between 2008 and 2013, the unemployment rate fell more in panama than in peru. the decline in  panama\u2019s unemployment rate was largely due to the building work being undertaken on a seven- year project to enlarge the panama canal. the lower unemployment rate enjoyed by panama was  one of the reasons why the level of poverty was lower than in peru in 2013.  peru experienced a trade in goods surplus whilst panama had a trade in goods deficit. both  countries export gold and fish and import oil and cars. for both countries, the usa, china and  japan are important trading partners.  about 75% of workers in peru are employed in the service (tertiary) sector compared with  80% in panama. among panama\u2019s key service industries are insurance and banking. panama  has the largest insurance market in central america. the number of companies in the market,  including multinational companies, is increasing. this is making the market more competitive.  multinational companies also operate in the country\u2019s banking sector. it has a number of private  sector commercial banks. it does not have a central bank and, therefore, does not have direct  government regulation of its banking sector. recent years have seen an increase in the average  size of the commercial banks. there is some debate about whether larger banks benefit their  customers.",
            "3": "3 0455/22/m/j/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015 [turn over (a) using information from the extract, identify two reasons why panama had a higher human  development index (hdi) value than peru in 2013. [2]  (b) using information in fig. 1:   (i) describe what happened to the price level in panama between 2008 and 2009 [2]   (ii) explain in which year the price level was highest in panama. [2]  (c) using information from the extract and in fig. 1, explain the likely effects of peru and panama  having different average annual inflation rates between 2008 and 2013. [4]  (d) discuss whether a fall in the unemployment rate will reduce poverty. [5]  (e) analyse why countries specialise and trade. [5]  (f) using information from the extract, describe two functions of a central bank. [4]  (g) discuss whether the growth of a commercial bank will benefit its customers. [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/m/j/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015section b answer any three  questions from this section. 2 students have to consider the opportunity cost of going to university. university graduates usually  earn more than people who have not gone to university. having more graduates influences a country\u2019s production possibility curve. some economists suggest that students should pay the full cost of their university courses and accommodation. others say that the government should pay some or all of the cost.  (a) describe a possible opportunity cost of a student going to university. [2]  (b) explain why university graduates usually earn more than people who have not gone to  university. [4]  (c) using a production possibility curve diagram, analyse what effect an increase in the number  of graduates will have on an economy. [6]  (d) discuss whether graduates should pay the full cost of their university education. [8] 3 china is the world\u2019s largest producer of gold and india is the world\u2019s largest buyer of gold. gold  mining in china is becoming more capital-intensive which is making the supply of gold less price inelastic. the wages of workers employed in the industry are rising but other costs of production are falling.  (a) what is meant by an industry being \u2018capital-intensive\u2019? [2]  (b) explain two reasons why the supply of a product may be price inelastic. [4]  (c) analyse what effect an increase in output will have on fixed, variable and average costs. [6]  (d) discuss whether a rise in the wages paid by an industry will encourage more people to work  in that industry. [8] 4 chile produces a third of the world\u2019s supply of copper. a change in demand for, or supply of,  copper affects chile\u2019s gross domestic product (gdp) and the current account position on its balance of payments.   (a) define \u2018gross domestic product\u2019. [2]  (b) explain two benefits of an increase in gross domestic product.  [4]  (c) using a demand and supply diagram, analyse the effect of an increase in the costs of  producing copper on the market for copper.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a rise in demand for copper would cause chile to experience a current  account surplus. [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/22/m/j/15 \u00a9 ucles 20155 both the annual inflation rate and the economic growth rate fell in pakistan between 2012 and  2013. some economists suggested that the government should try to lower inflation further by reducing government spending. lower inflation might increase economic activity and reduce unemployment.  (a) define \u2018unemployment\u2019. [2]  (b) explain two causes of economic growth. [4]  (c) analyse why a fall in the inflation rate may reduce a country\u2019s unemployment rate. [6]  (d) discuss whether a decrease in government spending will reduce inflation. [8] 6 poland is experiencing changes to its population and economy. the country\u2019s death rate is falling.  despite poland\u2019s high unemployment rate, more people are migrating to the country, especially from spain and italy. poland is moving closer to a market economy with an increasing proportion of its labour force employed in the private sector.  (a) define \u2018death rate\u2019. [2]  (b) explain two causes of a fall in a country\u2019s death rate. [4]  (c) analyse why people may migrate to a country with a high unemployment rate. [6]  (d) discuss whether the advantages of a market economy are greater than its disadvantages.       [8] 7 the mexican economy has recently been performing well. its monetary policy has lowered inflation  which has helped money in the country perform its functions more efficiently. the level of efficiency of a country\u2019s industries is influenced by a range of factors. these include the use of division of labour and the level of the country\u2019s trade protection.   (a) define \u2018monetary policy\u2019. [2]  (b) explain two functions of money. [4]  (c) analyse why engaging in division of labour may increase a firm\u2019s costs of production. [6]  (d) discuss whether a reduction in a country\u2019s trade protection will improve its economic  performance. [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/22/m/j/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/22/m/j/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/22/m/j/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015blank page permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every reasonable  effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly  been included, the publisher will  be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge international  examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to do wnload at www.cie.org.uk after  the live examination series. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s15_qp_23.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (st/cgw) 112019/6 r \u00a9 ucles 2015 [turn over *6860970670*economics  0455/23 paper 2  structured questions may/june 2015  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. y ou should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.cambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education",
            "2": "2 0455/23/m/j/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015section a answer this question. 1 lesotho tries to reduce its dependence on south africa   lesotho is a small african economy which in 2013 had a gross domestic product (gdp) per head  of us$2000. the country is completely surrounded by south africa. the performance of lesotho\u2019s  economy is strongly influenced by the performance of the south african economy. about 80%  of lesotho\u2019s exports go to south africa and 90% of its imports come from south africa. many  people from lesotho work in south africa, particularly in south africa\u2019s mines. fluctuations in  south africa\u2019s economic growth rate have had a significant impact on lesotho\u2019s economic growth  rate. fig. 1 shows lesotho\u2019s recent economic growth rate. fig. 1: lesotho\u2019s economic growth rate, 2008\u20132013 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 201356 4 3economic growth rate (%) 2 1 0 years   unemployment increased in both south africa and lesotho between 2008 and 2013. the lesotho  government is trying to develop four main industries and is seeking more markets for their  products in order both to reduce its reliance on one country and to lower poverty. higher output  could increase employment in the country. this should reduce the number of people living on less  than us$2 a day and the number of children suffering from malnutrition.   the four main industries the government is seeking to develop are agriculture, diamond mining,  textiles and tourism. most of the farming currently undertaken is subsistence farming. in 2012,  agricultural output fell due to a widespread drought. the agricultural industry lacks investment and  the government is considering subsidising farmers. currently, lesotho mines approximately 0.5%  of the world\u2019s supply of diamonds. whether its output of diamonds can be increased will depend  on whether more deposits of diamonds can be found. it also takes some time to open new mines.   nearly 40 000 people are employed in lesotho\u2019s textile industry, which has benefited in recent  years from a fall in tariffs imposed by the united states of america on textile imports.   the tourism industry contributed 2% to lesotho\u2019s gdp in 2013. the government thinks that it  has considerable potential for growth. the country is seeking to attract tourists not just from south  africa but from a wide range of countries, including china. the lesotho government is developing  trade links with china, hoping that the continuing rise in china\u2019s gdp will reduce the deficit lesotho  has on the current account of its balance of payments.",
            "3": "3 0455/23/m/j/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015 [turn over (a) using information from the extract, identify three reasons why lesotho is considered to be a  developing country.  [3]  (b) using information from fig. 1:   (i) describe what happened to output in lesotho between 2008 and 2009  [2]   (ii) explain in which year output was highest in lesotho.  [2]  (c) using information from the extract, explain why the supply of diamonds is price inelastic.  [3]  (d) analyse how a subsidy to farmers may affect the market for food.  [5]  (e) discuss whether lesotho would benefit from more of its people working abroad.   [5]  (f) explain two reasons why governments impose tariffs.  [4]  (g) discuss whether a rise in china\u2019s gross domestic product is likely to reduce lesotho\u2019s  current account deficit.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/23/m/j/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015section b answer any three questions from this section. 2 in 2009, the unemployment rate in spain was 8% and the annual inflation rate was 3%.  by april 2013, the unemployment rate had reached a record 27% but the annual inflation rate had fallen to 2%. the resulting rise in government spending on unemployment benefits involved an opportunity cost.   (a) define \u2018inflation\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain why government spending on unemployment benefits involves an opportunity cost.   [4]  (c) using a production possibility curve diagram, analyse the effect of an increase in  unemployment on a country\u2019s output.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a rise in unemployment will cause a fall in inflation. [8] 3 there has been significant deforestation by logging companies in sarawak. this is seen as a  market failure by some economists, who want the industry to be regulated by the government. other economists, however, suggest that a market system approach has benefits.  (a) define \u2018regulation\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain how resources are allocated in a market system.  [4]  (c) analyse the causes of market failure.  [6]  (d) discuss whether an economy will benefit from its forests being cut down.  [8] 4 the governments of some african countries are introducing identity cards that also act as electronic  payment cards. this should reduce the number of payments made by cash (notes and coins) and encourage more people to use mobile (cell) telephone banking systems. more customers will allow banks to grow in size and may help people and firms to save and borrow.  (a) identify two influences on the amount people save.  [2]  (b) explain why cash (notes and coins) is money.  [4]  (c) analyse the possible effects of an increase in bank lending on economic growth.   [6]  (d) discuss whether the poor are more likely to borrow than the rich.   [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/23/m/j/15 \u00a9 ucles 20155 company x, a private limited company, is one of the world\u2019s largest toy producers. it is planning to  open a new factory in china in 2017. asia is expected to become the largest market for the sale of toys. manufacturing products within asia will reduce the need to transport the toys from company x\u2019s factories in europe to asia.  (a) define \u2018private limited company\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain two influences on what factors of production a firm uses.  [4]  (c) analyse how an increase in the size of a firm can increase its profit.   [6]  (d) discuss whether an economy would benefit from a foreign producer setting up in the country.  [8] 6 the indian airline industry contains a number of firms, including one state-owned firm and a  large private sector firm. in recent years, the industry has moved further from perfect competition, partly because of a rise in horizontal integration. the performance of the industry is influenced by government policy, including supply-side policy measures.  (a) define \u2018horizontal integration\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain two characteristics of perfect competition.  [4]  (c) analyse how two supply-side policy measures could improve the performance of an airline  industry. [6]  (d) discuss whether price is likely to be higher in a monopoly than in a perfectly competitive  market.  [8] 7 australia operates a floating exchange rate system. in april 2013, the australian dollar reached  its highest value in almost 28 years. the increase in the foreign exchange rate decreased exports of cars from australia, resulting in reduced employment and wages. however, some australian industries, including coal mining, did experience an increase in their output and export revenue.  (a) define \u2018exchange rate\u2019.   [2]  (b) explain two benefits of a floating exchange rate system.  [4]  (c) analyse the effects of a rise in unemployment on living standards in a country.   [6]  (d) discuss whether coal miners are likely to be paid more than car assembly workers.   [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/23/m/j/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/23/m/j/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/23/m/j/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015blank page permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every reasonable  effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly  been included, the publisher will  be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge international  examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to do wnload at www.cie.org.uk after  the live examination series. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_w15_qp_11.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib15 11_0455_11/2rp  \u00a9 ucles 2015 [turn over       *3632174714* cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/11     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2015     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.   each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/11/o/n/15  1 a business person employs two people to make sandwiches to sell in a cafe.  as well as labour, which factors of production are involved in this activity?  a capital, enterprise and land  b capital and land only  c capital and enterprise only  d enterprise and land only     2 why is choice an important part of the basic economic problem?  a choice is necessary to achieve an equilibrium price.  b limited resources have many uses.  c manufacturers produce a large variety of foods.  d the market leads to an unequal distribution of goods.    3 a power plant is built to provide electricity to a rural area in botswana.  what is the opportunity cost to the local economy of building the plant?  a the cost of the building materials  b the price of electricity  c the school which was not built as a result  d the wages of the power plant workers     4 the diagram shows a production possibility curve for an economy that can provide financial  services or agricultural products. the economy is at point x.    bad weather destroys part of the agricultural produce.    at which point will the economy be in the diagram?    ofinancial services agricultural productsab x c d      ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/11/o/n/15 [turn over  5 in a mixed economy, output is produced by  a private enterprise and individuals.  b the market alone.  c the state alone.  d the state and private enterprise.      6 the diagram shows a shift in the demand curve for table-tennis balls.    d1d2 oprice quantity    what is the most  likely cause for this shift in the demand curve?  a a fall in the price of the equipment for substitute games  b an increase in the membership of table-tennis clubs  c a rise in membership fees of table-tennis clubs  d the building of more sports clubs providing table-tennis     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/11/o/n/15  7 air travel and rail travel are substitute forms of transport. the diagram shows the effect of new  technology on the market for air travel.    oprice per ticket quantity of airline ticketsp1 q1q2p2s1 s2 d     what would be the most likely effect on the market for rail transport?  a a decrease in demand for rail transport  b an increase in the price of rail tickets  c an increase in supply of rail transport  d an increase in the total income of rail companies     8 a developer built some large houses in a rural area which poorer people could not afford. the  houses destroyed an area of natural beauty.    what type of market failure resulted from the development?  a ignoring external cost  b inequality of income  c lack of information  d price discrimination      9 a country\u2019s central bank raised the rate of interest from 1% to 4% per year.  how would this change have affected the amount sa ved and the cost of borrowing by individuals?     amount saved cost of borrowing  a decreased decreased  b decreased increased  c increased decreased  d increased increased    ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/11/o/n/15 [turn over  10 when will a trade union be less likely to be able to achieve a rise in wages for its members?  a during a recession   b in an economic boom  c when productivity is rising  d where there is a limited supply of labour      11 the table shows how three people spend their income.     person r person s person t  food and clothing 20% 45% 35%  entertainment 40% 35% 40%  luxury goods 40% 20% 25%    put the three people in the most likely order of their incomes, from the lowest  income to the  highest income.  a r, s, t  b s, t, r  c t, r, s  d t, s, r     12 a market changes from perfect competition to monopoly.    what is likely to happen to output and price in this market?     output price  a decrease decrease  b decrease increase  c increase decrease  d increase increase      13 a company decided to reduce the price of its product by 10%.   what would happen?  a the firm\u2019s costs would decrease if the elasticity of demand was greater than one.  b the firm\u2019s profits would increase if the elasticity of demand was greater than one.  c the firm\u2019s revenue would increase if the elasticity of demand was greater than one.  d the quantity sold would decrease if the elasticity of demand was less than one.   ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/11/o/n/15  14 the world\u2019s open-cast mining of mineral ores is dominated by a few multinational companies  which employ relatively few workers.    what does this indicate?  a production is capital-intensive.  b productivity of labour is low.  c the market is perfectly competitive.  d there is a monopoly of world production.     15 the table shows the information that managers of a company have from a week of business  activity.    number of employees 100  average wage $900  value of output $100  000  rent $10  000  raw materials $20  000    assuming there are no other costs, what is the value of the fixed costs?  a $300 b $10  000 c $20  000 d $30  000     16 the diagram shows the percentage of income taken by a tax at different levels of income.    % paid in tax incometax o     what term is used to describe the tax?  a indirect  b progressive  c proportional  d regressive     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/11/o/n/15 [turn over  17 which statement about the meaning of government economic aims is correct?  a economic growth means that a country\u2019s real output must rise over time.  b full employment means that no one must be unemployed.  c price stability means that the price of all goods and services must remain unchanged.  d redistribution of income means that everyone must have equal incomes.     18 the diagram shows the imposition of a tax of uz on a good.    price quantityodst qtqs t v yzwu e     which area shows the government\u2019s tax revenue?  a tuev b tuezy c tuwv d tuzy    19 a government decided to increase its spending on building schools and hospitals.    which aim of government policy is most likely to be achieved by this increase?  a a balance of payments surplus  b a stronger exchange rate   c economic growth   d price stability     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/11/o/n/15  20 to make gross domestic product a better measure of comparative living standards it needs to  be adjusted by  a deducting the effects of exports and inflation.  b deducting the effects of imports and exports.  c deducting the effects of population change and exports.  d deducting the effects of population change and inflation.      21 what is not involved in the construction of a retail price index?  a a base year  b a basket of goods  c the income tax rate  d the weighting of products    22 what is likely to fall when the rate of unemployment in a country falls?  a business confidence  b consumer spending  c government budget deficit  d government revenue from taxes    23 the table shows the percentage change in earni ngs and consumer prices for four countries for  one year.  which country will have experienced a constant level of real income during the year?   earnings consumer  prices  a 7.5 6  b 5 4  c 3 3  d 0 2    ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/11/o/n/15 [turn over  24 how would the proportions of different age groups in the population compare between   low-income developing countries and high-income developed countries?    low-income developing countries would have a   a higher proportion of the elderly and higher proportion of young people.  b higher proportion of the elderly and lower proportion of young people.  c lower proportion of the elderly and higher proportion of young people.  d lower proportion of the elderly and lower proportion of young people.      25 which feature would be most helpful in identifying a typical developing country?  a the level of gross domestic product  b the rate of rural to urban migration  c the size of geographical area  d the size of the population     26 how is a sharp rise in the price of oil likely to be seen by different oil-consuming countries?     oil-consuming countries with  a low standard of living oil-consuming countries with  a high standard of living  a desirable and manageable desirable and unmanageable  b desirable and unmanageable desirable and manageable  c undesirable and manageable undesirable and unmanageable  d undesirable and unmanageable undesirable and manageable    27 the diagram shows china\u2019s trade with brazil for 1999 and 2003 in billions of dollars.    012345 exports imports1999 2003     with reference to the diagram, what happened to china\u2019s trade balance with brazil between 1999  and 2003?  a it experienced a falling surplus.  b it experienced a rising deficit.  c it moved from deficit to surplus.  d it moved from surplus to deficit.     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/11/o/n/15  28 the diagram shows the market for imported cars.    price quantity of carss1s2 d o     which government action could be shown by the change in the diagram?  a an embargo  b an exchange rate revaluation (appreciation)  c an import tax  d a quota     29 what is most likely to encourage international specialisation?  a similarities in climate in different countries  b the ability to produce products more cheaply than other countries  c the discovery of oil in a country that had no oil before  d very high international transport costs    30 turkey\u2019s agricultural sector employs 48% of the country\u2019s workforce, compared with 17% in the  united states (us) and 3.9% in france.    what could be concluded from this?  a france is likely to import more agricultural produce than the us.  b the workers in france are not as productive as those in turkey.  c total agricultural production is likely to be higher in turkey than in the us.  d turkey is likely to be less developed than france.     ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/11/o/n/15  blank page ",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where thir d-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.   to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  international examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely a vailable to download at  www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge asse ssment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/11/o/n/15  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_w15_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib15 11_0455_12/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2015 [turn over       *0214949925* cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/12     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2015     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.   each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/o/n/15  1 in a rural community of southern africa, women were responsible for planting and weeding crops  by hand, while men used to control production and receive profits.    which combination of factors of production was in operation?     men women  a capital land  b enterprise labour  c labour capital  d land enterprise      2 the government of a prosperous country announced that it would offer free food to its citizens for  a year.    what would be the effect of this measure?  a agricultural resources would become unlimited.  b human wants would become finite.  c more resources would be devoted to food production.  d the basic economic problem would be solved.     3 the diagram shows a production possibility curve for an economy that can produce rice or  electronic equipment. the economy is at point q. a recession causes unemployment in the electronics industries.    at which point will the economy be in the diagram?    orice electronic equipmentab qc d     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/o/n/15 [turn over  4 a person works at home making table cloths. he  works for 6 hours each day and makes 15 table  cloths an hour. he sells them for $10 each.  he then decides to work for only 4 hours each day.  what can be concluded from the above information?  a the lost profit would be $300.  b the lost revenue would be $60.  c the daily opportunity cost would be 30 table cloths.  d the daily opportunity cost would be $50.     5 what is meant by an equilibrium price?  a a government price that ensures fairness for all  b a price that has no pressure to rise or fall  c a price that maximises the profits of the producers  d a price that maximises the satisfaction of the consumers     6 in august 2013, a lengthy strike in north-ea st india, where the finest and most expensive  darjeeling tea is grown, shut down the tea industry at harvest time.    what is the likely outcome of such a situation on a demand and supply diagram for darjeeling  tea?  a the price will rise because demand will switch to other teas.  b the price will rise because the strike will cause a movement down the supply curve.  c the price will rise because the supply curve will move to the left.  d the price will rise because there will be a fall in demand for the remaining darjeeling tea.     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/o/n/15  7 air travel and rail travel are substitute forms of transport. the diagram shows the effect of new  technology on the market for air travel.    oprice per ticket quantity of airline ticketsp1 q1q2p2s1 s2 d     what would be the most likely effect on the market for rail transport?  a a decrease in demand for rail transport  b an increase in the price of rail tickets  c an increase in supply of rail transport  d an increase in the total income of rail companies     8 a developer built some large houses in a rural area which poorer people could not afford. the  houses destroyed an area of natural beauty.    what type of market failure resulted from the development?  a ignoring external cost  b inequality of income  c lack of information  d price discrimination      9 how do high direct taxes affect spending and how do  high interest rates affect saving by wage- earners?     spending saving  a decrease decrease  b decrease increase  c increase decrease  d increase increase    ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/o/n/15 [turn over  10 a national trade union wishes to increase the wages of its members without reducing the  numbers employed.     which factor would help the union to do this?  a the demand for the industry\u2019s product is high.  b the industry consists of a small number of well-organised employers.  c the union workers have low-level skills.  d the workers\u2019 wages are the largest cost of the industry.     11 the wage rate of a worker is reduced.    which combination of characteristics of the job is most likely to cause the worker to stay in the  job?     additional  bonuses job security unsocial  hours  a high high many  b high high none  c low low many  d low low none     12 what characteristics are found in a monopoly?  a freedom of entry to the market and a single seller  b freedom of entry to the market and many sellers  c many buyers and a single seller  d many buyers and many sellers     13 what must be falling if a firm is experiencing economies of scale?  a average costs  b external costs  c fixed costs  d total costs     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/o/n/15  14 a company supplying water spent $470 million creating a network of pipes to distribute water  more efficiently. it employed local workers and boosted the local economy. it also provided better  facilities for the tourist industry.   what cannot  be concluded from the above?  a the company increased its profits.  b there was a decrease in regional unemployment.  c there were fixed costs of $470 million.  d there were positive externalities.    15 the table shows the information that managers of a company have from a week of business  activity.    number of employees 100  average wage $900  value of output $100  000  rent $10  000  raw materials $20  000    assuming there are no other costs, what is the value of the fixed costs?  a $300 b $10  000 c $20  000 d $30  000      16 what is most likely to be the responsibility of a government?  a the building of a food processing plant  b the building of a housing estate  c the building of a large shopping centre  d the building of a major rail link      17 which statement about the meaning of government economic aims is correct?  a economic growth means that a country\u2019s real output must rise over time.  b full employment means that no one must be unemployed.  c price stability means that the price of all goods and services must remain unchanged.  d redistribution of income means that everyone must have equal incomes.    ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/o/n/15 [turn over  18 a government wishes to close the gap betw een the earnings of the rich and the poor.    what should it do to achieve this aim?  a increase progressive taxation  b increase the rate of interest  c increase the rate of sales tax  d increase the supply of money     19 a government decided to increase its spending on building schools and hospitals.    which aim of government policy is most likely to be achieved by this increase?  a a balance of payments surplus  b a stronger exchange rate   c economic growth   d price stability      20 the forecast for germany\u2019s gdp growth in 2013 was 1.5%.    what might cause economic growth?  a an increase in imports  b an increase in interest rates  c an increase in productivity  d an increase in unemployment    21 the proportion of workers employed varies between different industries and between developing  and developed economies.    which combination in the table is likely to have the highest percentage of workers employed?     developing developed  a agriculture manufacturing  b agriculture services  c construction manufacturing  d construction services    ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/o/n/15  22 in 2009, a country had an inflation rate of 2%. the table shows the inflation rate in the following  years.    year inflation rate  (%)  2010   2  2011   1  2012   0  2013 \u20131    in which year did deflation start?  a 2010 b 2011 c 2012 d 2013     23 which item does the human development index (hdi) of a country include, in addition to real  gdp per head and life expectancy at birth?  a expenditure on law and order  b literacy rate among adults  c number of doctors  d retirement age      24 why might real gdp per head not be a good indicator of the standard of living in developing  countries?  a it does not account for inflation.  b it does not account for population changes.  c it does not include primary production.  d it does not include unpaid work on farms.     25 the richest 60% of the population in a developed economy received an increase in income.    which row is correct as a result of this increase?     absolute poverty relative poverty  a increased increased  b increased remained constant  c remained constant increased  d remained constant remained constant    ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/o/n/15 [turn over  26 according to the united nations, the share of world population living in developing countries will  increase from 83% in 2003 to 88% in 2050.    what is likely to be the major cause of this predicted change?  a climate change will lead to lower food output and starvation.  b improved education for girls will lead to a small decline in birth rates.  c increasing numbers of people will migrate to developed countries.  d modern medicine and sanitation will lead to a rapid decline in death rates.     27 the diagram shows china\u2019s trade with brazil for 1999 and 2003 in billions of dollars.    012345 exports imports1999 2003     with reference to the diagram, what happened to china\u2019s trade balance with brazil between 1999  and 2003?  a it experienced a falling surplus.  b it experienced a rising deficit.  c it moved from deficit to surplus.  d it moved from surplus to deficit.     28 a country imposes tariffs and quotas on imported goods.    what will citizens of that country experience?  a higher prices  b higher welfare  c higher unemployment  d wider consumer choice     29 what is most likely to encourage international specialisation?  a similarities in climate in different countries  b the ability to produce products more cheaply than other countries  c the discovery of oil in a country that had no oil before  d very high international transport costs    ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/o/n/15  30 turkey\u2019s agricultural sector employs 48% of the country\u2019s workforce, compared with 17% in the  united states (us) and 3.9% in france.    what could be concluded from this?  a france is likely to import more agricultural produce than the us.  b the workers in france are not as productive as those in turkey.  c total agricultural production is likely to be higher in turkey than in the us.  d turkey is likely to be less developed than france.     ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/o/n/15  blank page ",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.   to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  international examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely a vailable to download at  www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge asse ssment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/12/o/n/15  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_w15_qp_13.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib15 11_0455_13_a3/fp  \u00a9 ucles 2015 [turn over /g6/g18/g17/g15/g13/g12/g15/g12/g15/g12/g15/g6/g3cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education  economics 0455/13 paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2015  45 minutes  additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)   read these instructions first  write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate num ber on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  donot  write in any barcodes.  there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a,b,c and d. choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.  read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.  each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  any rough working should be done in this booklet. ",
            "2": "2 \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/13/o/n/15  1 governments often try to influence the supply of factors of production in their economies.  which factor\u2019s supply is a government least  likely to be able to increase?  acapital benterprise  clabour dland 2 there has been increased concern about the way large firms exploit the environment.  what is the main reason for this concern?  alarge firms are unprofitable because of diseconomies of scale.  blarge firms combine together to fix prices.  cthe exploitation of resources is expensive.  dunlimited wants will use up the finite resources.  3 the diagram shows a production possibility curve for an economy that can produce agricultural  products or financial services. it is currently at point q.  a crop disease decreases agricultural production but the financial services sector increases  output as a result of an increase in demand.  to which point is the economy likely to move?  ofinancial servicesagricultural productsa bq c d 4 a person works at home making small cakes. she can make 30 cakes an hour and works for four  hours a day. the total cost of the ingredients is $50 and she sells the cakes for $2 each.  what is the opportunity cost if she takes a working day for a holiday?  a$50 b$240 c30 cakes  d120 cakes ",
            "3": "3 \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/13/o/n/15 [turn over5 former planned economies in eastern europe have changed to market economies.  what is most likely to be observed in these economies?  agreater government controls over labour mobility  bincreased production of capital goods rather than consumer goods   cless choice for consumers  dwidespread privatisation of manufacturing and services  6 what is an example of a public good?  aa theatre performance  ban injection to prevent influenza  croad signs and road markings  dthe collection of rubbish by a local authority  7 air travel and rail travel are substitute forms of transport. the diagram shows the effect of new  technology on the market for air travel.  oprice per ticket quantity of airline ticketsp1 q1q2p2s1 s2 d what would be the most likely effect on the market for rail transport?  a a decrease in demand for rail transport  b an increase in the price of rail tickets  c an increase in supply of rail transport  d an increase in the total income of rail companies ",
            "4": "4 \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/13/o/n/15  8 a developer built some large houses in a rural area which poorer people could not afford. the  houses destroyed an area of natural beauty.  what type of market failure resulted from the development?  a ignoring external cost  b inequality of income  c lack of information  d price discrimination  9 which statement is correct when comparing low-income earners with high-income earners?  ahigh-income earners are likely to save a higher proportion of any additional income received.  bhigh-income earners spend proportionately more of their income.  clow-income earners are likely to spend a lower proportion of any additional income received.  dlow-income earners save proportionately more of their income.  10 in the united states (us) in 2011, 7.6 million public sector workers (36% of public sector workers)  were members of trade unions, but only 7.1 million private sector workers (8% of private sector  workers) belonged to a trade union.  what can be concluded from this information?  a 28% of all workers belonged to a trade union in the us in 2011.  b collective bargaining was more a feature of the private sector than the public sector in the  us in 2011.  c more people worked in the private sector than in the public sector in the us in 2011.  d the working population in the us in 2011 was 14.7 million.  11 car assembly workers usually earn more income than agricultural workers.  what might explain this?  acar assembly has safer working conditions.  bcar assembly involves more regular hours.  ccar assembly is usually in smaller firms.  dcar assembly produces a higher-value product. ",
            "5": "5 \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/13/o/n/15 [turn over12 in some countries, former nationalised utilities, such as electricity, have been replaced by several  public limited companies.  which change has occurred in the electricity market?  aall profits are reinvested into the business by public limited companies.  bgovernments decide which company consumers must use.  cmarket prices are fixed by governments.  dpublic limited companies pay dividends to shareholders.  13 there has been a move away from labour-intensive to capital-intensive production in developed  economies.   which type of activity remains labour-intensive?  aassembling cars  bdesigning clothes  cfarming cereals  dmanufacturing steel  14 in 2007, a huge industrial mining company attempted to buy another industrial mining company.  the attempt failed.  in 2010, the same mining company made an offer to buy a company that sells potash, which is  used to improve agricultural soils.  how may the mining company\u2019s attempts to buy these other companies be described?   2007 2010  a diversification horizontal integration b horizontal integration diversification  c specialisation vertical integration  d vertical integration specialisation ",
            "6": "6 \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/13/o/n/15  15 the table shows the information that managers of a company have from a week of business  activity. number of employees 100 average wage $900 value of output $100 000 rent $10 000 raw materials $20 000 assuming there are no other costs, what is the value of the fixed costs?  a $300 b $10 000 c $20 000 d $30 000  16 governments use monetary policy such as increasing the rate of interest.  what is a result of increasing the rate of interest?  ait creates disincentives for wage earners.  bit discourages investment by entrepreneurs.  cit increases disposable income of consumers.  dit reduces government transfer payments.  17 which statement about the meaning of government economic aims is correct?  aeconomic growth means that a country\u2019s real output must rise over time.  bfull employment means that no one must be unemployed.  cprice stability means that the price of all goods and services must remain unchanged.  dredistribution of income means that everyone must have equal incomes.  18 in 2013, a government wanted to keep inflation low and also to decrease unemployment. it  decided to subsidise consumers wishing to purchase a house so that houses would become more affordable to them. at the time, there was a shortage of houses.  what is most likely to have happened to inflation, housebuilding and unemployment?  inflation housebuilding unemployment  a fall no change fall  b fall rise rise  c rise no change rise  d rise rise fall ",
            "7": "7 \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/13/o/n/15 [turn over19 a government decided to increase its spending on building schools and hospitals.  which aim of government policy is most likely to be achieved by this increase?  aa balance of payments surplus  ba stronger exchange rate   ceconomic growth dprice stability  20 a consumer price index (cpi) consists of four items. the table shows the percentage price  change for each item over a period of a year and the weight of each item.  which price change will affect the level of the cpi most?   item % price change  over 1 year weight a food +5 0.30  b housing +6 0.20  c recreation +3 0.40  d transport +4 0.10  21 gdp per head is regarded as a poor measure of living standards because it omits  aenvironmental changes.  bexports. cthe income of the poor.  dthe profits of private businesses.  22 a large economy experiences a high rate of gdp growth.  what is least  likely to be a result of this growth?  aeverybody in the economy will benefit.  bsome people in the economy will benefit more than others.  csome people in other economies will benefit.  dthere will be economic growth in other economies. ",
            "8": "8 \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/13/o/n/15  23 in 2008, a country had an inflation rate of 4%. the table shows the inflation rate in the following  years. yearinflation rate  % 2009 4  2010 2  2011 \u20132  2012 \u20131  in which year did deflation start?  a2009 b2010 c2011 d2012 24 in developed countries, an ageing population has caused changes in the population structure.  what is the result of this change?  aan increase in the dependency ratio  bemployment conditions have improved  cmedical treatment is available to all  dwelfare services have improved  25 assuming no other changes, the population is most likely to increase if there is a reduction in  athe birth rate.  bthe death rate.  cthe fertility rate. dthe inoculation rate. ",
            "9": "9 \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/13/o/n/15 [turn over26 the diagram shows population data for japan for 1950, 2005 and 2050.  age 100 80604020 0 0 0.40.81.2 1.2 0.80.40age 100 80604020 0 0 0.40.8 0.8 0.40age 100 80604020 0 0 0.40.81.2 1.2 0.80.40men womenmen womenmen women japanese population, millions 1950japanese population, millions 2005japanese population, millions 2050 (forecast) what can be concluded from the diagram?  amen outnumber women in each year.  bpeople are living longer over the period.  cthe population has grown continuously.  dthe workforce has grown continuously.  27 the diagram shows china\u2019s trade with brazil for 1999 and 2003 in billions of dollars.  012345 exports imports1999 2003 with reference to the diagram, what happened to china\u2019s trade balance with brazil between 1999  and 2003?  ait experienced a falling surplus.  bit experienced a rising deficit.  cit moved from deficit to surplus.  dit moved from surplus to deficit. ",
            "10": "10 \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/13/o/n/15  28 in august 2013, the indian rupee reached a new low against the us dollar compared with the  previous month.  what does this mean?  aindia\u2019s balance of trade would worsen.  bindian goods became cheaper in the us.  cinvestors would wish to buy indian rupees.  dmore indian students would study in the us.  29 what is most likely to encourage international specialisation?  asimilarities in climate in different countries  bthe ability to produce products more cheaply than other countries  cthe discovery of oil in a country that had no oil before  dvery high international transport costs  30 turkey\u2019s agricultural sector employs 48% of the country\u2019s workforce, compared with 17% in the  united states (us) and 3.9% in france.  what could be concluded from this?  afrance is likely to import more agricultural produce than the us.  bthe workers in france are not as productive as those in turkey.  ctotal agricultural production is likely to be higher in turkey than in the us.  dturkey is likely to be less developed than france. ",
            "11": "11 \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/13/o/n/15  blank page ",
            "12": "12 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.  to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  international examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely a vailable to download at  www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.  cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.  \u00a9 ucles 2015 0455/13/o/n/15  blank page"
        },
        "0455_w15_qp_21.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (sjf) 96753/1 \u00a9 ucles 2015 [turn overcambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education *9508904847*economics  0455/21 paper 2 structured questions october/november 2015  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. y ou should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. at the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/21/o/n/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015section a answer this question. 1 cambodia aims to be a top rice exporter currently approximately 80% of cambodia\u2019s export revenue comes from the sale of clothing. the  cambodian government wants to encourage clothing producers to export more but its current priority is to promote the export of rice. in 2012 cambodia was the world\u2019s seventh largest exporter of rice. the government aim is for the country to be in the top five. raising export revenue above its 2012 level of us$6 billion would reduce the country\u2019s deficit on the current account of its balance of payments.  to achieve the government\u2019s aim, there are a number of improvements that need to be made  to increase cambodia\u2019s gross domestic product (gdp). one is to develop the country\u2019s infrastructure, including building more roads and ports. better transport infrastructure needs to be combined with increased investment in the agriculture industry. in addition, the skills of farm workers need to be developed. those farm workers already skilled need to be encouraged to stay in the country rather than emigrate.  the cambodian government is also seeking to increase investment in the manufacturing and  service sectors. investment is influenced by a range of factors. one of the most important of these is the economic growth rate. countries with a high economic growth rate tend to spend a high proportion of their income on capital goods. table 1  economic growth rates and investment in selected countries in 2012 country economic growth rate (% change in gdp)investment (as % of gdp) cambodia 7.5 20 china 8.2 48 india 8.0 35 indonesia 6.3 33 malaysia 6.0 19 pakistan 4.0 15  cambodia is attracting investment from other countries, most significantly from china. such  investment is the result of a number of factors including a young population and improvements in the country\u2019s financial sector. in 2012 the country\u2019s population was 15 million with the birth rate exceeding the death rate by 13 per thousand of the population. emigration exceeded immigration with a net migration rate of minus 0.3 per thousand of the population.  in 2012 cambodia opened its first stock exchange which is called the cambodian securities  exchange (csx). the first company to trade on the csx was the phnom penn water supply authority. the cambodian company is recognised as one of the most efficient water companies in asia. it is a popular company to work for, partly because it pays relatively high wages. ",
            "3": "3 0455/21/o/n/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015 [turn over (a) using information from the extract, calculate the value of cambodia\u2019s clothing exports in 2012.   [2]  (b) explain two reasons why demand for cambodia\u2019s rice may increase in the future.   [4]  (c) (i) explain why high economic growth can increase investment.  [4]   (ii) using table 1, comment on whether the information supports the view that high economic  growth leads to a high rate of investment.   [3]  (d) using information from the extract, explain whether cambodia experienced an increase or a  decrease in population in 2012.   [2]  (e) discuss whether building more roads and ports would increase cambodia\u2019s exports of rice.    [5]  (f) explain two functions of a stock exchange.   [4]  (g) discuss whether a company will have to raise wage rates to attract more workers.   [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/21/o/n/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015section b answer any three questions from this section. 2 a lack of electricity regularly results in power failure in the lebanon. the daily gap between  supply and demand may increase if the lebanese economy continues to grow. the lebanese government is planning to build more power stations but there is a risk that the social costs of operating power stations may be greater than the social benefits.  (a) define \u2018demand\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain what impact an imbalance between supply and demand is likely to have on price and  the quantity traded.  [4]  (c) analyse why economic growth may increase demand for electricity.  [6]  (d) discuss whether the social costs of operating power stations are likely to be greater than the  social benefits.  [8] 3 the average income in mexico is rising but a number of people in the country are still poor. carlos  slim is a mexican entrepreneur and one of the richest men in the world. his companies dominate the mobile (cell) phone and landline phone markets in the country and employ a high number of specialised workers. the mexican government, however, is seeking to increase competition in the communications market.  (a) identify two functions of an entrepreneur.  [2]  (b) explain two ways a government could redistribute income from the rich to the poor.   [4]  (c) analyse why price may be higher and output lower in a monopoly than in a more competitive  market.  [6]  (d) discuss whether workers benefit from specialising.  [8] 4 china\u2019s solar power industry has the biggest solar panel firms in the world. their growth has been  helped by low labour costs and government subsidies. solar panel firms are smaller in europe where some are sole proprietors. in 2013 the european union was considering imposing a tariff of 47% on chinese solar panels.  (a) identify two features of a sole proprietor.  [2]  (b) explain how government subsidies can increase the size of firms.   [4]  (c) analyse three advantages of small firms.  [6]  (d) discuss whether imposing tariffs will benefit an economy.   [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/21/o/n/15 \u00a9 ucles 20155 the brazilian economy ran into difficulties in 2013. its inflation rate rose above its central bank\u2019s  target. more than two-thirds of the items used to calculate the inflation rate rose in price. the economic growth rate declined with fewer jobs being created. as the labour force grows in size, more jobs have to be created to avoid unemployment increasing. greater free trade might improve brazil\u2019s economic performance.  (a) identify two causes of an increase in the size of a country\u2019s labour force.  [2]  (b) explain how a country\u2019s inflation rate is measured.  [4]  (c) analyse how free trade can reduce firms\u2019 costs of production.  [6]  (d) discuss whether unemployment always harms an economy.  [8] 6 in 2013 the japanese government used a range of policies, including monetary policy, to increase  consumer expenditure and investment to avoid deflation. at the same time, some japanese politicians were arguing that the government should increase the rate of the country\u2019s sales tax from 5% to 10%. sales tax is an indirect and regressive tax.   (a) define \u2018regressive tax\u2019.   [2]  (b) explain two influences on the amount firms spend on capital goods.   [4]  (c) analyse how monetary policy could increase the price level.   [6]  (d) discuss whether an increase in the rate of a sales tax would benefit an economy.   [8] 7 the world\u2019s population is forecast to rise to 9 billion by 2050. it is predicted that nigeria, a  developing country with a mixed economy, will move from having the seventh largest population at 158 million in 2013 to having the third largest at 400 million in 2050. some governments try to reduce the growth of their populations by using a range of government policy measures.  (a) define \u2018mixed economy\u2019.   [2]  (b) explain two reasons why the world population in 2050 may be more than forecast.  [4]   (c) analyse how the population structure of a developing country is likely to differ from that of a  developed country.  [6]  (d) discuss the effectiveness of possible government policy measures to reduce the growth of  population. [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/21/o/n/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/21/o/n/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/21/o/n/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every reasonable  effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly  been included, the publisher will  be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge international  examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to do wnload at www.cie.org.uk after  the live examination series. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_w15_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (st) 96751/6 \u00a9 ucles 2015 [turn overcambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education *1241019445*economics  0455/22 paper 2 structured questions october/november 2015  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. y ou should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/22/o/n/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015section a answer this question. 1 mexico: rising to the top? it has been predicted that mexico will be one of the world\u2019s top ten economies by 2020. changes  in the industrial structure of the country have been occurring for some time. in 2008, 12% of the labour force were employed in the primary sector (mainly agriculture), 26% in the secondary sector (mainly manufacturing) and 62% in the tertiary sector (services). by 2012, employment had fallen by 1% in the primary sector and by 2% in the secondary sector.  in recent years, mexico has been removing trade protection measures such as tariffs and quotas.  the country now has free trade with more than 40 other countries. international trade plays a key role in the mexican economy, with a third of its output being exported and imports accounting for more than a third of the products bought in mexico. nearly 80% of mexico\u2019s exports go to the united states of america (us). mexican firms have a wide choice of sources for imported raw materials and a large international market in which to sell their products. the main destination of mexico\u2019s falling number of emigrants is the us.  after an economic downturn in 2009, the mexican economy has been growing. incomes have  risen and life expectancy has increased. table 1 shows the income levels and life expectancy for a number of countries. table 1:  gross domestic product (gdp) per head and life expectancy  in selected countries in 2012 country gdp per head (us$) life expectancy  (years) bangladesh    700 69 canada 48 000 83 mexico  9 200 77 peru  5 400 72 portugal 22 100 80 south africa  7 500 55  although the standard of mexico\u2019s education is not very high, poverty is declining in the country as  living standards are rising. more people now have access to better quality health care. in contrast to its neighbour the us, unemployment has been declining in mexico.   costs of production in mexico are rising more slowly than in china. mexico imports products from  china and also competes with china in a number of export markets.  some of mexico\u2019s top exporting firms are monopolies within the country. one is pemex, the state- owned oil and gas monopoly. the firm sells oil throughout the world. some economists claim that mexican consumers would benefit from pemex being sold to the private sector.",
            "3": "3 0455/22/o/n/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015 [turn over (a) using information from the extract, calculate what percentage of mexico\u2019s labour force was  employed in the tertiary sector in 2012.   [2]  (b) using information from the extract, explain two benefits of free trade for mexican firms.  [4]  (c) (i) explain why people in countries with a higher gdp per head have a longer life expectancy  than people in countries with a lower gdp per head.   [2]   (ii) using table 1, comment on whether the information supports the view that countries with  a higher gdp per head have a longer life expectancy than countries with a lower gdp per head.   [3]  (d) using information from the extract, explain two reasons why emigration from mexico has  fallen.  [4]  (e) discuss whether rises in costs of production in china will benefit the mexican economy.   [5]  (f) explain two ways in which a monopoly differs from perfect competition.  [4]  (g) discuss whether selling a state monopoly, such as pemex, to the private sector would benefit  consumers in mexico.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/o/n/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015section b answer any three questions from this section. 2 the united nations\u2019 world tourism organisation has estimated that the proportion of the world\u2019s  population who have visited another country will have reached only 7% by 2020. increasing international travel might create jobs and influence incomes. however, it would also put pressure on finite resources and would create external costs.  (a) define \u2018resources\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain how international travel may create external costs.  [4]  (c) analyse how an increase in international travel may influence incomes.  [6]  (d) discuss whether demand for international travel is likely to continue to increase.  [8] 3 a heatwave in july 2013 in the united kingdom resulted in sales of ice cream more than doubling.  extra workers were taken on to meet the higher demand. in recent years, the demand and supply conditions of ice cream have changed, leading to demand and supply becoming more elastic. the market has also been influenced by government policies and by changes in the country\u2019s economic growth rate.  (a) define \u2018supply\u2019.   [2]  (b) explain two ways a government could influence the price of a product.  [4]  (c) analyse why demand for a product may become more price elastic.   [6]  (d) discuss whether the wages of all workers will increase during a period of economic growth.   [8] 4 on average, norwegians work only 27 hours a week. they also take more, and longer, holidays  than most other countries\u2019 workers. in 2013, norway had the second highest productivity in the world. it was also ranked number one in the human development index (hdi). unlike many other countries, norway has had almost full employment in recent years.  (a) define \u2018productivity\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why productivity may increase.  [4]  (c) analyse why a country may have a high hdi value.   [6]  (d) discuss whether a country would benefit from having full employment.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/22/o/n/15 \u00a9 ucles 20155 in 2009, a digital currency called bitcoin was invented. between 2009 and 2014 there was a  growth in the number of people and firms accepting it as a medium of exchange and store of value. financial experts have called for digital money to be regulated by central banks. one of their concerns is that it could increase the money supply and cause inflation.  (a) define \u2018medium of exchange\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain two ways in which a central bank differs from a commercial bank.   [4]  (c) analyse how an increase in the money supply may cause inflation and a fall in saving.   [6]  (d) discuss whether price stability should be a government\u2019s main economic aim.   [8] 6 capital goods make up over half of japanese exports. in 2013, although japan\u2019s imports rose  more rapidly than its exports, there was still a surplus on the current account of its balance of payments. across the world, increasing trade was leading to new airports being opened to meet the demand for transporting goods.  (a) define \u2018capital good\u2019.   [2]  (b) explain two reasons why a country\u2019s export revenue might increase when export prices rise.   [4]  (c) analyse how a government could increase the surplus on the country\u2019s current account of the  balance of payments.   [6]  (d) discuss whether new airports should be built and operated by governments or the private  sector.  [8] 7 myanmar (burma) is seeking to move from being a developing to a developed country. it has a lower  savings ratio than most other asian economies, with its people spending most of their income. the country\u2019s government is encouraging investment from abroad to increase its economic growth. the government is using fiscal policy in an attempt to reduce poverty, which affects a third of its population.  (a) identify two characteristics of a developed country.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why people may spend most of their income.  [4]  (c) analyse how an increase in investment may increase a country\u2019s economic growth rate.   [6]  (d) discuss whether fiscal policy measures will reduce poverty.  [8]     ",
            "6": "6 0455/22/o/n/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/22/o/n/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/22/o/n/15 \u00a9 ucles 2015blank page permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every reasonable  effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly  been included, the publisher will  be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge international  examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to do wnload at www.cie.org.uk after  the live examination series. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        }
    },
    "2016": {
        "0455_m16_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib16 03_0455_12/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2016 [turn over       *4330295432* cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/12     paper 1  multiple choice  february/march 2016     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.   each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/f/m/16  1 an economy with few resources is encouraged to improve the quality of its human resources.    which policy will lead to such an improvement?  a conserving and protecting more of its natural resources  b limiting the immigration of skilled labour  c providing more opportunities for education and training  d reducing the use of machines in production     2 the diagram shows a country\u2019s production possibility curve for rice and wheat.    rice wheat op s q r     a major flood destroys a large area of agricultural land.    which movement could represent the resulting change in output?  a p to q b q to r c r to s d s to p      3 a country raises the school leaving age from 15 to 17 years.    what is the opportunity cost of this increased period of school education to the young people  affected?  a costs of training and employing more teachers  b financial help necessary for school leavers who go to university  c government expenditure on building extra classrooms  d lost income from paid employment because of school attendance      4 in a market there is a shortage of a good.    what change would cause the market to come to an equilibrium?  a a decrease in supply   b a fall in price  c an increase in demand  d a rise in price   ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/f/m/16 [turn over  5 a product has a totally inelastic price elasticity of demand.    what will happen to total revenue if the price of the product falls by 25%?  a it will fall by 25%.  b it will fall to zero.  c it will remain unchanged.  d it will rise by 25%.     6 in 2014, a plan for a major new rail link funded by central and regional government was  announced. it would involve the redevelopment of a city area, generate 14  000 jobs and allow the  development of 2000 homes and offices for private businesses.    what economic concepts are indicated directly in the above statement?  a budget surplus and inflation  b factors of production and multinational companies  c fiscal policy and mixed economy  d regional unemployment and average wage rates    7 how are social costs calculated?   a  fixed costs plus variable costs   b  private benefits less private costs   c private costs plus external costs   d  social benefits less external costs     8 what is a disadvantage for a trade union representing workers in a company that has increased  specialisation?  a capital equipment can be substituted for labour.  b different abilities can be used fully.  c production levels are decreased.  d workers are able to gain a higher level of skill.     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/f/m/16  9 a government finance minister said that the purchasing power of most people\u2019s incomes had  risen in the last year.    what must have increased for the purchasing power to rise?  a money wages  b net income after tax  c real wages  d wage rates     10 the table shows the change in incomes for a number of occupations between 2003 and 2013.    occupation change in  income  %  builders 80  plumbers 60  electricians 50  police officers 12  teachers 10  nurses \u20135    what can be concluded from the table?  a all occupations were better off in 2013 than in 2003.  b builders earned the highest income in 2013.  c electricians earned 40% more than teachers in 2013.  d non-manual workers had lower percentage increases in income than manual workers.     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/f/m/16 [turn over  11 the table shows information for two workers.     doctor window cleaner  annual income ($) 60  000 24  000  total deductions ($) 10  000 8  000    both workers save 10% of their disposable income.    how much is this in each case?     doctor window cleaner  a $1  000 $800  b $5  000 $1  600  c $6  000 $2  400  d $50  000 $16  000     12 what is most likely to increase a firm\u2019s profits?  a government controls on its prices  b grants for the purchase of new machines  c an increase in the wages paid to its workers  d rising costs of its raw materials    13 sohrab bought shares in a french telecommunications company operating in many countries.    joel owns and runs a mobile telephone accessories and repair shop.    what is not identified above?  a multinational company  b partnership  c public company  d sole proprietor    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/f/m/16  14 a firm\u2019s average revenue is $20. it sells 1000 units.    what is the firm\u2019s total revenue and the price of the product?     total revenue  ($) price  ($)  a 20 20  b 1 000 500  c 20  000 20  d 20  000 500      15 the table shows the daily output and costs of four firms making chairs.    which firm has the highest average cost of production?     output (units) fixed costs  ($) variable costs  ($)  a   6 100 140  b   9   30 150  c 12 200 160  d 15 120 330      16 other things being equal, what is likely to decrease public spending?  a an increase in the age of retirement  b an increase in the birth rate  c an increase in the school-leaving age  d an increase in unemployment     17 when is a tax regressive?  a when some goods have a lower tax than others  b when the tax as a proportion of income decreases as income increases  c when the tax is linked to the rate of inflation  d when the tax is on incomes rather than on goods or services     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/f/m/16 [turn over  18 the government of india wishes to help the very poorest people.    which policy would be most likely to achieve this?  a lowering capital gains tax  b  lowering housing subsidies  c lowering indirect taxation  d lowering inheritance tax      19 suppose the indian government raises the rate of interest.    what is likely to be the direct effect on the economy?  a it will raise any deficit on the current account.  b it will raise the economic growth rate.  c it will raise the foreign exchange rate.  d it will raise the inflation rate.     20 what is involved in the construction of a retail price index?  a a basket of goods  b average incomes  c economic growth rate  d income tax rate    21 what identifies a recession?  a a fall in the general price level  b a fall in the level of national output  c a fall in the real value of money  d a fall in the stock market index    ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/f/m/16  22 the table shows the percentage changes in earnings and consumer prices for four countries for  one year.    which country is likely to have experienced the greatest increase in real income during the year?     country earnings consumer prices  a france +6.5 +3.5  b germany +4.0 +4.0  c japan +4.0 \u20131.0  d uk +6.5 \u20132.0      23 in the us consumer price index (cpi), food has a weighting of 13.7%. in india food has a   weighting of 46.2% in the cpi.    what can be concluded from this?  a consumers in india spend more on food than us consumers.  b food is a bigger proportion of consumer spending in india than in the us.  c the farming sector\u2019s output of food is higher in india than in the us.  d the price of food is rising more rapidly in india than in the us.     24 in many developing economies there is a high rate of population growth.    what is a cause of this?  a jobseekers migrate from rural to urban centres.  b poor people have many children to provide labour on family farms.  c there is increased resistance to life saving drugs.  d there is not enough clean water.      25 a country has a birth rate of 30 per 1000 and a death rate of 35 per 1000 and no migration.    what is most likely to cause the population to fall?  a the birth rate decreases and the death rate increases.  b the birth rate increases and the death rate remains the same.  c the birth rate remains constant and the death rate decreases.  d the increase in the birth rate is greater than the increase in the death rate.     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/f/m/16 [turn over  26 the diagram shows the different age distribution of the population in three areas of the world.    35.1 21.5 under 1518.160.765.6 15-64% 69.6 4.212.9 over 6412.3area x area y area z     other things being equal, what can be deduced from the diagram?  a x has the highest dependency ratio.  b y has the largest working population.  c y spends most on schools.  d z spends most on pensions.     27 what is likely to cause a rise in a country\u2019s foreign exchange rate?  a a fall in its exports of goods and services  b a fall in its imports of goods and services  c a fall in its inflow of income  d a rise in its outflow of transfers    28 drinks producers in india are resisting plans to remove tariffs on imported drinks. they claim that  a reduction in tariffs would destroy the emerging drinks industry with large-scale imports of cheap drinks.    which argument for protectionism are they putting forward?  a the declining industry argument  b the infant industry argument  c the strategic industry argument  d the sunset industry argument     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/f/m/16  29 who is most likely to benefit if india bans all steel imports?    a buyers of steel in india  b foreign steel producers    c indian firms buying steel  d indian firms selling steel at home      30 what is certain to encourage a higher level of international trade?  a conservation of resources and unstable exchange rates  b exploitation of resources and wider use of quotas  c increased support for home industries and increased tariffs    d more specialisation and falling transport costs    ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/f/m/16  blank page ",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.   to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  international examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely a vailable to download at  www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge asse ssment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/f/m/16  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_m16_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages and 1 insert. dc (nh) 113859/3 \u00a9 ucles 2016 [turn over *3351077405*economics  0455/22 paper 2 structured questions february/march 2016  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. y ou should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.cambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education",
            "2": "2 0455/22/f/m/16 \u00a9 ucles 2016section a answer this question. 1 india, the united states of america (us) and wheat production agriculture accounted for 17% of india\u2019s gross domestic product (gdp) of us$1 890 billion  in 2013. gdp had increased from us$1 769 billion the year before. the country\u2019s population increased from 1.22 billion in 2012 to 1.26 billion in 2013.  in 2013, both india and the us were in the top ten producers of wheat. india achieved third place  with an output of 95 million tonnes while the us was placed fourth with an output of 62 million tonnes.  only 1.6% of the us labour force was employed in agriculture, in contrast to india\u2019s 45% in 2013.  while agricultural subsidies have decreased in the us, they remain high in india. the indian government considers that help for its farmers is important for its national security and that food subsidies help reduce poverty. between 2010 and 2013, the indian government had spent us$15 billion on subsidising fertilisers to raise the fertility of the soil. subsidising fertilisers has increased the output of wheat but has also resulted in polluted rivers.  the indian government thinks that in the long run its agricultural sector will become more efficient  and the need for subsidies will be reduced. it expects that its workers will become more educated and that the amount of capital equipment that will be used in agriculture will increase. some us economists have questioned this optimism. they point out that the state-owned food corporation of india had to buy 30% of the country\u2019s annual wheat harvest and that the country had a large stockpile of unsold wheat in 2014.  trade between india and the us is increasing. us citizens are buying a greater quantity of goods  and services from india. for example, with rising life expectancy in the us, which had already reached 79 years in 2014, there is an increase in the imports of indian medicines into the us.  the trend in trade between the two countries will be influenced by a number of factors. these  include the exchange rate between the us dollar and the indian rupee. the price of the us dollar is determined by market forces, so there may be fluctuations in the long-term trend.  (a) using information from the extract, identify two examples of the factor of production \u2018land\u2019. [2]  (b) explain the type of exchange rate system referred to in the extract. [2]  (c) using information from the extract, calculate the rise in gdp per head in india from 2012 to  2013. [3]  (d) explain two characteristics of the us mentioned in the extract that suggest that it is a  developed country. [4]  (e) using information from the extract, analyse two reasons why the productivity of indian  agricultural workers is likely to increase in the future. [4]  (f) discuss whether an increase in output always reduces average cost. [5]  (g) explain the cause of the example of market failure referred to in the extract. [4]  (h) discuss whether food subsidies reduce poverty. [6]",
            "3": "3 0455/22/f/m/16 \u00a9 ucles 2016 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2 the price of shares in a large uk supermarket firm fell on the london stock exchange in 2014  when it was announced that it was expecting a reduction in its profits. the increased competition from german supermarket firms had forced the uk supermarket to consider a number of ways of cutting its costs by, for example, reducing some of its workers\u2019 wage rates and increasing some workers\u2019 working hours.  (a) define a \u2018stock exchange\u2019. [2]  (b) explain why some firms may have survival as a short-term goal. [4]  (c) analyse how consumers may suffer as a result of a fall in the profits firms earn. [6]  (d) discuss whether a decrease in wage rates and an increase in working hours will always  reduce the supply of workers to a firm. [8] 3 a falling death rate is affecting the size of china\u2019s population, which in turn is influencing demand  for a range of products including table salt. the chinese government has recently considered ending the state salt monopoly. an online survey, however, revealed that most chinese people oppose introducing more competition into the market, thinking it will cause the price of salt to rise.  (a) define a \u2018monopoly\u2019. [2]  (b) explain how a falling death rate may affect demand in a country. [4]  (c) analyse why price can be lower in a monopoly market than in perfect competition. [6]  (d) discuss whether an increase in a country\u2019s population size will cause an increase in living  standards. [8] 4 between 2008 and 2014, greece\u2019s gross domestic product fell by 25%. thousands of sole  proprietors and other business organisations went out of business. as a result, the unemployment rate increased to 28%. the government reduced its spending and was being encouraged by the international monetary fund to cut its corporation tax (the tax on firms\u2019 profits).  (a) identify two costs of unemployment. [2]  (b) explain two advantages of a sole proprietor. [4]  (c) analyse how a reduction in government spending may affect unemployment. [6]  (d) discuss whether a cut in corporation tax will increase economic growth. [8]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/f/m/16 \u00a9 ucles 2016permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every reasonable  effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly  been included, the publisher will  be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge international  examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to do wnload at www.cie.org.uk after  the live examination series. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.5 in 2014 the inflation rate in the united states of america (us) was 2.0%. the unemployment rate  in the us was 6.1%, the lowest rate in six years. the economy was not yet at full employment but not all job vacancies were filled. a higher proportion of us students were going to university. investment, which is spending on capital goods, was increasing.  (a) what is the opportunity cost to a person of going to university? [2]  (b) explain why there may be some people unemployed whilst there are job vacancies. [4]  (c) analyse how an increase in investment may affect unemployment. [6]  (d) discuss whether supply-side policy measures will reduce inflation. [8] 6 in 2014 the world trade organisation ordered china to end its export quotas on its rare earth  metals, which are used in smartphones, laptops, tablets and other electronic equipment. china supplies 90% of the world\u2019s rare earth metals and is also the world\u2019s largest consumer. the supply of these metals is inelastic, and changes in their price affect the costs of producing a range of products.  (a) define an \u2018export quota\u2019. [2]  (b) explain the difference between inelastic supply and perfectly inelastic supply. [4]  (c) using a demand and supply diagram, analyse how an increase in the cost of producing  smartphones will affect the market for smartphones. [6]  (d) discuss whether a country exporting its raw materials always benefits its economy. [8] 7 there has been a growth in foreign tourism. more people from both developed and developing  countries are taking holidays abroad. foreign tourism brings both advantages and disadvantages. employment is created but some of the jobs are low-paid and low-skilled. the quality of employment can vary between developed and developing countries, as can the problems they face, including population problems.  (a) how are earnings received by a country from foreign tourism recorded in the current account  of its balance of payments? [2]  (b) explain two factors that could cause an increase in foreign tourists to a country. [4]  (c) analyse why workers with the same skills may be paid different wage rates. [6]  (d) discuss how population problems in developing countries may differ from those in developed  countries. [8]"
        },
        "0455_s16_qp_11.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page.  ib16 06_0455_11/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2016 [turn over       *8482992536* cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/11     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2016     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.   each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/11/m/j/16  1 the diagram shows an initial production possibility curve of ppc 1.    capital goods consumer goodsppc2 ppc1 o    what may cause the movement of the production possibility curve from ppc 1 to ppc 2?  a a better educated workforce  b a decrease in availability of raw materials  c increased wages  d lower productivity     2 an increase in the number of manufacturing robots in the car manufacturing industry represents  an increase in the quantity of which factor of production?  a capital  b enterprise  c labour  d land     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/11/m/j/16 [turn over  3 the diagram shows the choices for an individual between leisure and earnings.    18 1512 963 010 20 30 40 50 60 earnings $ hours of leisure per dayx  y      what is the opportunity cost to the individual of  the extra earnings when moving from position x  to position y?  a $10  b $40  c 3 hours of leisure per day  d 9 hours of leisure per day      4 a government taxes the production of cars.    what is likely to decrease?  a the cost of supplying cars  b the price of cars  c the revenue for the government  d the supply of cars at every price     5 which pair of economic institutions can be found in a market economy?  a charities and public corporations  b multinationals and commercial banks  c public corporations and private companies  d stock exchange and government hospitals    ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/11/m/j/16  6 developers want to increase the size of a major retail shopping area in a city. it is thought that the  proposal would create hundreds of jobs, be profitable for the shops but cause major traffic  congestion.    what economic concepts are directly involved in this statement?  a external cost and private benefit  b income distribution and inelastic demand  c private investment and a decrease in supply  d social benefit and perfect competition      7 the diagram shows the market for rice.    pricep2 p1 quantityo q2q1ds2 s1     what would have caused the equilibrium price to rise from op 1 to op 2?  a a government subsidy to rice farmers  b a successful advertising campaign for rice  c improved rice farming methods  d poor weather conditions    8 what might a trade union usually be expected to do for its members?  a arrange childcare facilities for members\u2019 children  b ensure adequate promotion prospects exist  c negotiate better working conditions  d provide medical insurance    ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/11/m/j/16 [turn over  9 what is the usual reason why citizens trust their country\u2019s banknotes?  a they are acceptable for trade and exchange.  b they are backed by gold at the central bank.  c they are convertible into the us$ or chinese yuan.  d they are recognisable and in infinite supply.      10 in the diagram, d 1d1 and s 1s1 represent the demand for and the supply of labour. w indicates a  legal minimum wage.    an influx of immigrant labour causes the supply curve for labour to shift from s 1s1 to s 2s2.    wage ($) 012345 labour (millions)6789 1 0s1s1 s2 s2d1 d1w     how many people will be employed if the minimum wage legislation is then abolished?  a 4 million b 5 million c 6 million d 7 million    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/11/m/j/16  11 the table shows how three people spend their income.     person x person y person z  food, clothing and housing 30% 25% 50%  entertainment and leisure 35% 35% 25%  luxury goods 35% 40% 25%    for these three people, what is the most likely order of income, from highest income to lowest  income?  a x \u2192 y \u2192 z  b y \u2192 x \u2192 z  c y \u2192 z \u2192 x  d z \u2192 x \u2192 y      12 how does a firm guarantee that it makes the maximum profit?  a by maximising the difference between its total revenue and total cost  b by maximising the number of goods that it sells  c by minimising the number of goods that it keeps in stock  d by minimising the difference between average revenue and average cost    13 which characteristic does a firm in perfect competition have in common with a monopoly?  a the ability to exclude rivals  b the benefit of internal economies of scale  c the problem of diseconomies of scale  d the wish to maximise profits    ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/11/m/j/16 [turn over  14 the table shows the units of factors of producti on that a firm needs to employ for two different  levels of output.    land labour capital output  5 2 4 100  10 4 8 150    what is the firm experiencing?  a constant returns to scale  b diseconomies of scale  c external diseconomies of scale  d external economies of scale     15 the diagram shows the demand and supply of places in independent (private) schools which  charge fees. the equilibrium position is x.    the costs of independent (private) schools rise. also a report is issued which states that government schools achieve very good examination results.    what is likely to be the new equilibrium position?    price quantityx ab dc o    16 a government wishes to stimulate economic recovery.    which action will assist this?  a decreasing government investment  b decreasing income tax  c increasing indirect taxation  d increasing interest rates     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/11/m/j/16  17 what is an expansionary monetary policy?  a a decrease in the interest rate  b a decrease in the rate of value added tax  c an increase in the power of trade unions  d an increase in the standard rate of income tax     18 a government decides to make two changes to its taxation policies. it lowers the tax on petrol and  raises the tax on food.    how do these changes affect the regressive nature of the taxes?     lower petrol   tax higher food  tax  a less regressive less regressive  b less regressive more regressive  c more regressive less regressive  d more regressive more regressive     19 the table shows a government\u2019s receipts from taxation.     $m  air passenger duty 10  company profits tax 100  import duty 75  income tax 200  insurance policy tax 10  sales tax (vat) 400    what is the total amount of revenue raised by indirect taxes?  a $95  m b $300  m c $400  m d $495  m     20 what is gross domestic product (gdp) divided by to calculate gdp per head?  a net migration  b the birth rate  c the total population  d the working population    ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/11/m/j/16 [turn over  21 who is made worse off during a period of deflation?  a cash holders   b creditors  c debtors  d fixed income earners      22 the table gives information about three economic indicators in four countries.     inflation  % interest rates  % unemployment  %  country w 1.4 3.4 10.2  country x 3.7 8.7 12.3  country y 3.6 7.3 14.2  country z 2.1 6.0 7.7    what may be concluded from this information?  a countries with higher inflation have higher interest rates.  b countries with higher interest rates have lower unemployment.  c the country with the lowest inflation had the highest unemployment.  d the country with the lowest unemployment had the lowest inflation.     23 what must result when a country experiences economic growth?  a a higher gross domestic product  b a lower rate of inflation  c a surplus on the balance of trade  d an improved standard of living for everybody    24 why may the figure calculated for a developing country\u2019s gross domestic product be inaccurate?  a there are unused resources.  b there is a high reliance on imports.  c there is a large amount of subsistence farming.  d there is a small amount of skilled labour.    ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/11/m/j/16  25 the table gives information on four countries.    which country is likely to be most developed?       population  (m) gross domestic  product  ($ billion) life  expectancy  (years)  a 100 800 51  b 200 6000 62  c 300 600 48  d 1000 1600 63     26 it has been predicted that by 2050 china will have 53 million fewer children under 14, 100 million  fewer workers and 234 million more people aged over 60.    what will be the likely effect in china of these changes?  a the dependency ratio will fall.  b the government\u2019s expenditure will fall.  c the government\u2019s income will fall.  d the total population will fall.      27 what might cause the balance on the current account of mauritius to improve?  a increased purchases of coffee from kenya  b increased transport of mauritian goods in greek ships  c increased spending by mauritians on holidays in south africa  d increased spending by tourists in mauritian hotels    28 a country says that it wishes to increase its trade protection policies.    what might that involve?  a conservation of resources and taxes on external costs  b eliminating waste in the use of resources and grants to multinational companies  c increased self sufficiency and increased tariffs  d price controls and increased regulations on domestic monopoly industries     ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/11/m/j/16  29 it has been suggested that all countries producing arms should ban the export of weapons and  cut production in order to reduce the risk of war.    what would happen if this occurred?  a the balance of payments on current account of countries exporting weapons would  immediately improve.  b the price of existing weapons would fall.  c there would be a risk of structural unemployment in countries that are major producers of  weapons.  d there would be no overall effect on the balance of payments as countries would produce  their own weapons.     30 70% of the 10 million kilograms of tea produc ed in india is exported. the uk, japan, and  germany buy the most.    wholesale prices rose 10% in 2013 as supply was restricted because of a strike.    how would these circumstances be shown in international trade accounts?  a a credit on the goods and services account for germany  b a debit on the goods and services account for japan  c a 10% fall in the balance of the goods and services account for india  d a 10% rise in the balance of goods and services account for the uk    ",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where thir d-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.   to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  international examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely a vailable to download at  www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge asse ssment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/11/m/j/16  blank page      "
        },
        "0455_s16_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page.  ib16 06_0455_12/rp  \u00a9 ucles 2016 [turn over     *7873089161 *  cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/12     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2016     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.    there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a ma rk will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  any rough working should be done in this booklet.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/m/j/16  1 what economic concept must be at work when there is movement by a country along its  production possibility curve?  a economies of scale  b equilibrium price  c maximum profit  d opportunity cost     2 the diagram shows the choices for an individual between leisure and earnings.    24  20 16 12  8 4  020 40 60 80 100 120  earnings $ hours of leisure per dayx  y      the person decides to take a job that gives more leisure time.    what is the opportunity cost to the individual of moving from position y to position x?  a $20  b $80  c 4 hours of leisure per day  d 12 hours of leisure per day    3 what is the best example of the existence of the economic problem?  a a government provides accommodation for all those who are homeless.  b a police force has a lengthening list of unsolved crimes.  c janitha hands her homework in at the last permitted deadline.  d musa completes his journey without putting petrol in his car.    ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/m/j/16 [turn over  4 a government taxes the production of cars.    what is likely to decrease?  a the cost of supplying cars  b the price of cars  c the revenue for the government  d the supply of cars at every price     5 which pair of economic institutions is most likely found in a market economy?  a free accident and emergency hospitals and charities  b partnerships and public corporations  c stock exchange and monopolies  d trade unions and local government schools    6 developers want to increase the size of a major retail shopping area in a city. it is thought that the  proposal would create hundreds of jobs, be profitable for the shops but cause major traffic congestion.     what economic concepts are directly involved in this statement?  a external cost and private benefit  b income distribution and inelastic demand  c private investment and a decrease in supply  d social benefit and perfect competition     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/m/j/16  7 the diagram shows the price of a product during year 1 and year 2.    year 1 year 2 oprice ($)     which changes in demand and supply are consis tent with the price behaviour in year 2?     demand supply  a falls by 5% falls by 10%  b falls by 10% falls by 5%  c unchanged falls by 10%  d rises by 15% falls by 5%     8 a trade union agrees on a \u2018closed shop\u2019 policy with employers in an industry.    how does this operate?  a all workers will be members of the trade union.  b employment will be open only to skilled workers.  c the employers cannot make workers redundant.  d workers cannot move between employers.    9 when will a central bank act as lender of last resort to a commercial bank?  a when a commercial bank faces a liquidity crisis  b when a commercial bank fails to make a profit  c when a commercial bank needs to raise share capital  d when a commercial bank reduces its lending rates    ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/m/j/16 [turn over  10 in the diagram, d 1d1 and s 1s1 represent the demand for and the supply of labour. w indicates a  legal minimum wage.    an influx of immigrant labour causes the supply curve for labour to shift from s 1s1 to s 2s2.    wage ($) 012345 labour (millions)6789 1 0s1s1 s2 s2d1 d1w     how many people will be employed if the minimum wage legislation is then abolished?  a 4 million b 5 million c 6 million d 7 million    11 the table shows how three people spend their income.     person x person y person z  food, clothing and housing 35% 50% 20%  entertainment and leisure 25% 20% 40%  luxury goods 40% 30% 40%    for these three people, what is the most likely order of income, from lowest income to highest  income?  a x \u2192 y \u2192 z  b y \u2192 x \u2192 z  c y \u2192 z \u2192 x  d z \u2192 x \u2192 y     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/m/j/16  12 how does a firm guarantee that it makes the maximum profit?  a by maximising the difference between its total revenue and total cost  b by maximising the number of goods that it sells  c by minimising the number of goods that it keeps in stock  d by minimising the difference between average revenue and average cost      13 two firms agree to integrate their activities.    what must result?  a a change in their ownership structure  b a lowering of average costs of production  c a move from national to international markets  d a reduction in the level of market risk    14 the table shows the units of factors of production that a firm needs to employ for two different  levels of output.    land labour capital output  6 8 4 100  9 12 6 200    what is the firm experiencing?  a constant returns to scale  b economies of scale  c external diseconomies of scale  d external economies of scale     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/m/j/16 [turn over  15 by 2014, government subsidies for the chinese steel industry led to 200 million tonnes of excess  output.    the diagrams show the market for chinese steel.    which would represent the position after the subsidy but before the market adjusted?    0 100 200 400b output (million tonnes)price ($) 0 100 300a output (million tonnes)price ($) 0 100 200 400d output (million tonnes)price ($) 0 100 200 300c output (million tonnes)price ($)       16 a government wishes to stimulate economic recovery.    which action will assist this?  a decreasing government investment  b decreasing income tax  c increasing indirect taxation  d increasing interest rates    ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/m/j/16  17 a government fixes the rate of income tax at $0.20 per dollar earned.    what describes this type of taxation?  a indirect  b progressive  c proportional  d regressive    18 a government introduces a law to reduce the restrictive practices of trade unions.     what would be the most likely purpose of this law?  a to change from a mixed to a planned economy  b to ensure a fairer distribution of earnings  c to increase competition in labour markets  d to reduce government expenditure on job training    19 the table shows a government\u2019s receipts from taxation.     $m  air passenger duty 10  company profits tax 100  import duty 75  income tax 200  inheritance tax 50  sales tax (vat) 300    what is the total amount of revenue raised by indirect taxes?  a $300  m b $350  m c $385  m d $435  m    20 what would best indicate the start of an economic boom?  a negative growth of gross domestic product  b rising interest rates  c rising levels of employment  d steadily falling price levels    ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/m/j/16 [turn over  21 a country has a very high gross domestic product and a small population but has a low standard  of living.    what may be the cause of this low standard of living?  a there is a high inequality of income distribution and a high provision of merit goods.  b there is a high inequality of income distribution and a limited provision of merit goods.  c there is equality of income distribution and a high provision of merit goods.  d there is equality of income distribution and a low provision of merit goods.    22 the table gives information about three economic indicators in four countries.     inflation  % interest rates  % unemployment  %  country w 1.4 3.4 10.2  country x 3.7 8.7 12.3  country y 3.6 7.3 14.2  country z 2.1 6.0 7.7    what may be concluded from this information?  a countries with higher inflation have higher interest rates.  b countries with higher interest rates have lower unemployment.  c the country with the lowest inflation had the highest unemployment.  d the country with the lowest unemployment had the lowest inflation.    23 the weight for a product in the consumer price index was increased.    what is most likely to have caused this adjustment?  a the product  has become more expensive to produce.  b the product has been offered for sale in more retail outlets.  c the product has improved in quality and performance.  d the product has taken a bigger share of consumers\u2019 income.    ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/m/j/16  24 china is classified as a developing country. recently, contributions to its gross domestic product  (gdp) were agriculture 10%, construction 13%, manufacturing 32% and services 45%.    which contribution to gdp usually decreases first when countries move to a higher level of  development?  a agriculture  b construction  c manufacturing  d services     25 some people think that the debts and interest payments of the poorest countries in the world  should be cancelled.    what might be a disadvantage for the poorest countries if this were done?  a international banks might be less willing to give loans to poor countries.  b interest payments to the lenders would fall.  c the standard of living of people in the poorest countries would fall.  d trade between the poorest countries and the rest of the world would increase.     26 which country is likely to have the highest standard of living?     birth rate death rate infant mortality  rate life expectancy  a 41 20 31 49  b 32 14 29 59  c 25 6 25 79  d 25 5 22 79      27 what might cause the balance on the current account of mauritius to improve?  a increased purchases of coffee from kenya  b increased transport of mauritian goods in greek ships  c increased spending by mauritians on holidays in south africa  d increased spending by tourists in mauritian hotels    ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/m/j/16  28 a country says that it wishes to increase its trade protection policies.     what might that involve?  a conservation of resources and taxes on external costs  b eliminating waste in the use of resources and grants to multinational companies  c increased self sufficiency and increased tariffs  d price controls and increased regulations on domestic monopoly industries    29 it has been suggested that all countries producing arms should ban the export of weapons and  cut production in order to reduce the risk of war.    what would happen if this occurred?  a the balance of payments on current account of countries exporting weapons would  immediately improve.  b the price of existing weapons would fall.  c there would be a risk of structural unemployment in countries that are major producers of  weapons.  d there would be no overall effect on the balance of payments as countries would produce  their own weapons.    30 the us currently trades in oil with the uk. the discovery of new oil and gas deposits in the us  will mean that its oil imports decr ease and its oil exports increase.    from the initial equilibrium point of x, which letter indicates the new equilibrium point for the us exchange rate?    d1 ds1 d2s s2 oquantity of $price of $ xab c d      ",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.   to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  international examinations copyright acknow ledgements booklet. this is produced for each  series of examinations and is freely a vailable to download at  www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge as sessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/m/j/16  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_s16_qp_13.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib16 06_0455_13/2rp  \u00a9 ucles 2016 [turn over       *1235507768* cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/13     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2016     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.   each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. any rough working should be done in this booklet.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/13/m/j/16  1 which statement about a production possibility curve is correct?  a a production possibility curve is an alternative name for an industry supply curve.  b a production possibility curve is an economic model of potential output.  c a realistic production possibility curve must be drawn as a straight line.  d a production possibility curve applies only to an economy\u2019s production of goods.     2 which firm is likely to find it most difficult to expand the use of its main factor of production?  a a farm growing crops in extensive fields   b a technology firm dependent on risky innovations  c a textile firm making use of labour-intensive systems  d an engineering firm relying upon capital-intensive methods    3 the diagram shows the choices for an individual between leisure and earnings.    18 1512 963 010 20 30 40 50 60 earnings $ hours of leisure per dayx  y      what is the opportunity cost to the individual of  the extra earnings when moving from position x  to position y?  a $10  b $40  c 3 hours of leisure per day  d 6 hours of leisure per day     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/13/m/j/16 [turn over  4 a government taxes the production of cars.    what is likely to decrease?  a the cost of supplying cars  b the price of cars  c the revenue for the government  d the supply of cars at every price     5 which pair of economic institutions can be found in a market economy?  a local government and charities  b monopolies and commercial banks  c nationalised industries and partnerships   d stock exchange and public corporations    6 developers want to increase the size of a major retail shopping area in a city. it is thought that the  proposal would create hundreds of jobs, be profitable for the shops but cause major traffic congestion.    what economic concepts are directly involved in this statement?  a external cost and private benefit  b income distribution and inelastic demand  c private investment and a decrease in supply  d social benefit and perfect competition     7 the diagram shows demand and supply curves for a product. initially the market is in equilibrium  at point x.    what would be the new equilibrium point if the costs of production fell and a rumour circulated  that the product could become unsafe in extreme weather conditions?    price quantityx a bd c o   ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/13/m/j/16  8 what does the term \u2018closed shop\u2019 mean?  a a bankrupt retail establishment  b a trade union that is approved by the government  c an agreement that all workers must be members of the same trade union  d an agreement by trade unions to share members      9 what function does a central bank fulfil?  a it issues currency.  b it offers overdraft facilities to individuals.  c it operates deposit accounts.  d it raises taxation.     10 in the diagram, d 1d1 and s 1s1 represent the demand for and the supply of labour. w indicates a  legal minimum wage.    an influx of immigrant labour causes the supply curve for labour to shift from s 1s1 to s 2s2.    wage ($) 012345 labour (millions)6789 1 0s1s1 s2 s2d1 d1w     how many people will be employed if the minimum wage legislation is then abolished?  a 4 million b 5 million c 6 million d 7 million    ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/13/m/j/16 [turn over  11 the table shows how three people spend their income.     person x person y person z  food, clothing and housing 30% 25% 50%  entertainment and leisure 35% 35% 25%  luxury goods 35% 40% 25%    for these three people, what is the most likely order of income, from lowest income to highest  income?  a y \u2192 x \u2192 z  b y \u2192 z \u2192 x  c z \u2192 x \u2192 y  d z \u2192 y \u2192 x      12 how does a firm guarantee that it makes the maximum profit?  a by maximising the difference between its total revenue and total cost  b by maximising the number of goods that it sells  c by minimising the number of goods that it keeps in stock  d by minimising the difference between average revenue and average cost    13 what is true when comparing a monopoly to a perfectly competitive firm?  a monopolies will have perfect knowledge of their market.  b monopoly costs are always lower owing to economies of scale.  c monopoly price is likely to be higher.  d the products that monopolies produce have more limited demand.    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/13/m/j/16  14 a manufacturing firm increases the scale of its production. its average total cost curve in the long  run (lrac) is shown below.    at which point on the lrac curve is the firm experiencing diseconomies of scale?    ocost outputlraca b cd       15 the table shows the units of factors of producti on that a firm needs to employ for two different  levels of output.    land labour capital output  4 3 5 20  8 6 10 40    what is the firm experiencing?  a constant returns to scale  b economies of scale  c external diseconomies of scale  d external economies of scale      16 a government wishes to stimulate economic recovery.    which action will assist this?  a decreasing government investment  b decreasing income tax  c increasing indirect taxation  d increasing interest rates     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/13/m/j/16 [turn over  17 when a government aims to encourage economic growth it may adopt supply-side policies.    which policy is a supply-side policy?  a increasing the money supply  b lowering interest rates  c reducing direct taxation  d retraining unemployed workers     18 the table shows a government\u2019s receipts from taxation.     $m  air passenger duty 10  company profits tax 100  import duty 75  income tax 200  inheritance tax 50  sales tax (vat) 300    what is the total amount of revenue raised by direct taxes?  a $135  m b $200  m c $300  m d $350  m    19 which policy combination will be the most  effective if a government wishes to increase the level  of employment?  a decrease general taxation and increase the rate of interest  b decrease general taxation and decrease the rate of interest  c increase general taxation and decrease the rate of interest  d i ncrease general taxation and increase the rate of interest.     20 what is most likely to lead to a rise in the rate of inflation?  a a decrease in consumer spending  b a decrease in unemployment benefits  c an increase in import prices  d an increase in income tax    ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/13/m/j/16  21 which measures, in addition to gross domestic product per capita, are included in the human  development index?  a average earnings and inequalities of incomes  b balance of trade and balance of payments  c life expectancy at birth and expected years of schooling  d size of population and age structure of population      22 the table gives information about three economic indicators in four countries.     inflation  % interest rates  % unemployment  %  country w 1.4 3.4 10.2  country x 3.7 8.7 12.3  country y 3.6 7.3 14.2  country z 2.1 6.0 7.7    what may be concluded from this information?  a countries with higher inflation have higher interest rates.  b countries with higher interest rates have lower unemployment.  c the country with the lowest inflation had the highest unemployment.  d the country with the lowest unemployment had the lowest inflation.      23 which type of government policy would be most suitable to control external costs of production?  a employment policy    b fiscal policy  c monetary policy  d trade policy     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/13/m/j/16 [turn over  24 the diagrams show birth rate (br) and death rate (dr) in three countries, x, y and z, in two  years, 1 and 2.    there was no migration.    br, dr 12 yearx br dr 12 yeary brdr 12 yearz br drbr,drbr,dr     where was there a rise in population in year 1 and a fall in population in year 2?  a x and z b x only c y and z d y only     25 why might the emigration of workers help the economy of a developing country?  a the dependency ratio is likely to improve.  b the inflow of transfers of money is likely to increase.  c the least healthy workers are likely to be the last ones to leave.  d the more skilled workers are likely to be the ones to leave.    26 what combination of changes in the birth rate and death rate is most likely to increase the  dependency ratio in a country?     birth rate death rate  a falls falls  b falls rises  c rises falls  d rises rises    27 what might cause the balance on the current account of mauritius to improve?  a increased purchases of coffee from kenya  b increased transport of mauritian goods in greek ships  c increased spending by mauritians on holidays in south africa  d increased spending by tourists in mauritian hotels    ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/13/m/j/16  28 a country says that it wishes to increase its trade protection policies.    what might that involve?  a conservation of resources and taxes on external costs  b eliminating waste in the use of resources and grants to multinational companies  c increased self sufficiency and increased tariffs  d price controls and increased regulations on domestic monopoly industries     29 it has been suggested that all countries producing arms should ban the export of weapons and  cut production in order to reduce the risk of war.    what would happen if this occurred?  a the balance of payments on current account of countries exporting weapons would  immediately improve.  b the price of existing weapons would fall.  c there would be a risk of structural unemployment in countries that are major producers of  weapons.  d there would be no overall effect on the balance of payments as countries would produce  their own weapons.      30 the value of the pakistani rupee changes, from 60 rupees to us$1, to 50 rupees to us$1.    what effect will this have on the price of pakistani products sold in the us and the price of us  products sold in pakistan?     price of pakistani products  sold in the us price of us products  sold in pakistan  a increase increase  b increase decrease  c decrease increase  d decrease decrease     ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/13/m/j/16  blank page ",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-par ty owned material protected by copyright is  included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holder s, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.   to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  international examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely a vailable to download at  www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge asse ssment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/13/m/j/16  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_s16_qp_21.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages and 1 insert. dc (nh) 112823/1 \u00a9 ucles 2016 [turn over *5182660400*economics  0455/21 paper 2 structured questions may/june 2016  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. y ou should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.cambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education",
            "2": "2 0455/21/m/j/16 \u00a9 ucles 2016section a answer this question. 1 changes in car production car production is changing. until recently car manufacturing firms had the most power in the  market. now, however, firms producing car parts are gaining more power. the markets for both cars and car parts consist of a relatively high number of firms that range from very large to small. in 2014 the market was dominated by sixteen major car firms, each selling more than one million cars a year. in that year there were ten major car part firms and these were gaining more power over the car producers.  the world\u2019s largest car part supplier by revenue claims to supply at least one of the parts in every  car sold throughout the world. the firm has grown as a result of mergers and is moving towards total control of the market. it is seeking to build up high barriers to entry and to become the sole producer. the ten largest car part firms accounted for 63% of the total output of car parts in 2013, producing us$250 billion of car parts in that year. these ten firms now have the ability to build 85% of a car\u2019s internal systems, leaving the car manufacturing firms to make little more than the engine.  car production is increasing in a number of developing countries but declining in some developed  countries. car manufacturing increased in the uk between 2013 and 2014, but the industry had been experiencing problems before 2013. in 2008 the average wage of car workers fell. in that year the uk experienced a recession. real wages in the uk car industry for the lowest paid workers also declined after 2008 and the number of workers employed fell between 2008 and 2012. this was despite output per worker increasing, partly because some less skilled workers lost their jobs and the industry replaced some of these workers with capital equipment.  buyers of cars often borrow money from commercial banks to make their purchases. in some  cases buyers use their savings, which may be withdrawn from commercial banks, to buy cars.  the behaviour and performance of car firms are influenced by the economic system of the country  they are producing in. in countries with a market system there is likely to be greater consumer sovereignty. car firms in such countries may be more likely to innovate, bringing in new methods of production and developing higher-quality products.  (a) using information from the extract, identify two characteristics of monopoly. [2]  (b) calculate the total output of car parts in us$ in 2013. [3]  (c) explain, using information from the extract, why wages in the uk car industry fell in 2008. [2]  (d) using information from the extract, explain two merits of a market system. [4]  (e) analyse two reasons, referred to in the extract, why a decrease in employment may increase  labour productivity. [4]  (f) discuss whether a declining car industry should be protected by the government. [5]  (g) using information from the extract, explain two functions of commercial banks. [4]  (h) discuss whether small car manufacturing firms can compete with large car manufacturing  firms. [6]",
            "3": "3 0455/21/m/j/16 \u00a9 ucles 2016 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2 burundi is a country in sub-saharan africa. in 2013 the government of burundi introduced vat, an  indirect tax, while lowering corporation tax (the tax on firms\u2019 profits), from 35% to 30%. the united nations has encouraged sub-saharan african countries to increase their tax revenue in order to have more funds available to spend on reducing poverty. there is, however, a debate about whether imposing more taxes or removing some taxes is more beneficial for an economy.  (a) define \u2018an indirect tax\u2019. [2]  (b) explain how a cut in the rate of corporation tax could result in an increase in tax revenue. [4]  (c) using a demand and supply diagram, analyse the effect of removing an indirect tax on the  market for the product. [6]  (d) discuss whether an increase in taxes will reduce inflation. [8] 3 the canadian economy in 2014 was generally doing well. money was largely retaining its value  and unemployment was falling. the country did, however, have rising household debt and a deficit on the current account of its balance of payments. the canadian government in 2014 was seeking to increase exports whilst recognising that such an increase may have an impact on the exchange rate.  (a) identify two functions of money. [2]  (b) explain two reasons why household borrowing may increase. [4]  (c) analyse three ways in which international trade differs from internal trade. [6]  (d) discuss whether an increase in exports will increase the exchange rate. [8] 4 increasing demand from china has made new zealand the world\u2019s biggest exporter of dairy  products. its exports of milk to china increased by 45% in 2013. more than 300 000 hectares of land in new zealand have been transferred to dairy use from other forms of farming and forestry use since 2000. the increase in milk production has caused the average cost of its production to fall and changes in production methods have affected the price elasticity of supply of milk.  (a) why may less wheat be the opportunity cost of producing more milk? [2]  (b) explain two reasons why the supply of a product may be price-inelastic. [4]  (c) analyse how an increase in exports could increase a country\u2019s employment rate and inflation  rate. [6]  (d) discuss whether the average cost of production always decreases when a firm increases the  total output that it produces. [8]",
            "4": "4 0455/21/m/j/16 \u00a9 ucles 20165 in january and february 2014 there were calls for the uk government to build more flood  defences. homes, factories and other resources were damaged and some destroyed by floods. it was argued that government intervention was needed in this case as there was evidence of market failure.  (a) define \u2018market failure\u2019. [2]  (b) explain how government regulation may reduce market failure. [4]  (c) analyse the effect of a decrease in resources on government economic aims. [6]  (d) discuss whether the social benefits of building flood defences will exceed the social costs  involved. [8] 6 the year 2014 saw the longest-ever strike by platinum miners in south africa. it involved 70 000  miners out of a total of 200 000 employed in the industry. these miners included migrant workers from neighbouring countries who had increased the size of the country\u2019s labour force. the strike cost the world\u2019s three largest platinum producing firms us$1.4 billion and reduced the country\u2019s exports of platinum.  (a) identify two reasons why workers go on strike. [2]  (b) explain two disadvantages of a decrease in a country\u2019s export revenue. [4]  (c) analyse how a fall in a firm\u2019s revenue may influence its spending on capital goods. [6]  (d) discuss whether an increase in a country\u2019s labour force will increase income per head. [8] 7 in 2014 cuban doctors were given pay rises that significantly increased their salaries. this made  doctors\u2019 pay more than twice that received by nurses. cuba is devoting more resources to both medical care and tourism, altering the country\u2019s production possibility curve. living standards are increasing in the country but at a slower rate than some other nearby countries.  (a) what is meant by a production possibility curve? [2]  (b) explain, giving examples, two factors of production used in the tourism industry. [4]  (c) analyse why doctors are paid more than nurses. [6]  (d) discuss whether living standards are always lower in developing countries than in developed  countries. [8] permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every reasonable  effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly  been included, the publisher will  be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge international  examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to do wnload at www.cie.org.uk after  the live examination series. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s16_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (kn) 112824/3 \u00a9 ucles 2016 [turn overcambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education *4753137675*economics  0455/22 paper 2  structured questions may/june 2016  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. y ou should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/22/m/j/16 \u00a9 ucles 2016section a answer this question. 1 crisis in the chocolate market  there are concerns that the price of chocolate could rise significantly in the next few years. this  is because of increasing demand for chocolate, particularly in emerging countries, and supply problems in the countries that produce cocoa beans.  cocoa beans, the main ingredient in chocolate, are grown mainly in the west coast of africa by  small farms using labour-intensive methods. in 2012 c\u00f4te d\u2019ivoire (ivory coast) produced 37% of the world\u2019s output of cocoa beans, followed by indonesia which produced 13%.  c\u00f4te d\u2019ivoire is becoming well known for supplying good quality cocoa beans. concentrating on  supplying the product its resources are most suited to has increased output in the country. gross domestic product per head rose to us$1240 in 2013. some farmers and farm workers, however, still live on less than us$2 a day.   in indonesia, the income of most cocoa farmers and farm workers increased along with the rise  in the country\u2019s average income between 2013 and 2014. their purchasing power was, however, affected by the consumer prices index rising from 108.0 in 2013 to 115.2 in 2014. while people\u2019s medical care in indonesia is improving with more doctors per head, the government is seeking to raise education standards.  among the problems being experienced by cocoa bean producers are an ageing labour force,  with the industry experiencing difficulties attracting young farmers and farm workers. the industry also regularly experiences problems caused by pests and diseases, including black pod disease. at the same time people in asia, particularly china, are eating more chocolate and drinking more chocolate drinks. people in the united states of america and the european union are also eating more chocolate, although concerns about the health effects of eating large quantities of chocolate are beginning to affect demand. for many people, however, chocolate is addictive. chocolate producers seek to take advantage of this by increasing the gap between revenue and costs. most chocolate producers come from developed countries and most are public limited companies trying to keep their shareholders happy. these producers take advantage of their market power to keep the price they pay for cocoa beans relatively low whilst the price they charge to consumers who buy their chocolate is kept relatively high.",
            "3": "3 0455/22/m/j/16 \u00a9 ucles 2016 [turn over (a) using information from the extract, identify two indicators of improved living standards in  indonesia. [2]  (b) explain whether the extract suggests the demand for chocolate is price-elastic or price- inelastic in developed countries. [2]  (c) using information from the extract, explain two reasons why cocoa bean farmers do not use  much capital equipment. [4]  (d) calculate the rate of inflation in indonesia in 2014. [3]  (e) analyse two benefits of specialisation referred to in the extract. [4]  (f) discuss whether the price of chocolate is likely to increase in the future. [5]  (g) using information from the extract, explain what is likely to be the main goal of chocolate  producers. [4]  (h) discuss whether free trade always benefits producers.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/m/j/16 \u00a9 ucles 2016section b answer any three  questions in this section. 2 in 2013 the mexican government was considering imposing a sales tax of one peso per litre  on the price of fizzy drinks. the government wanted to discourage people from consuming too many fizzy drinks \u2013 40% more fizzy drinks per person are consumed than in the united states of america. a number of multinational fizzy drinks companies have threatened to leave the country if taxes are increased.  (a) giving an example, define \u2018a sales tax\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain the difference between private costs and social costs.  [4]  (c) using a demand and supply diagram, analyse the effect of imposing a tax on fizzy drinks. [6]  (d) discuss whether a country\u2019s economy would be harmed if multinational companies moved  out. [8] 3 it is forecast that india\u2019s working-age population aged between 15 and 64 will rise by 125 million  between 2015 and 2025 and by a further 103 million over the following decade. of course, not everyone of working age will be in work or will be seeking work. changes in population and the labour force affect a government\u2019s ability to achieve its economic aims.  (a) identify two government economic aims. [2]  (b) explain two reasons why someone may be of working age but not in the labour force.  [4]  (c) analyse what may cause an increase in a country\u2019s labour force.  [6]  (d) discuss whether an economy will benefit from having a younger labour force. [8] 4 tuk-tuks, three-wheeled motorised rickshaws, are driven in a number of countries. india is the  largest producer of the vehicle. india\u2019s largest tuk-tuk producing firm faces competition from firms at home and from imported tuk-tuks. the industry is becoming more capital-intensive and competitive but is still some way from perfect competition.  (a) define \u2018capital-intensive\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain two characteristics of perfect competition. [4]  (c) analyse two internal diseconomies of scale that a large firm may experience.  [6]  (d) discuss whether consumers would benefit from an increase in imports.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/22/m/j/16 \u00a9 ucles 20165 in july 2016 the sveriges riksbank, sweden\u2019s central bank, cut the rate of interest to 0.25%. the  swedish economy was experiencing deflation, with the weighted price index falling by 0.2% on the previous year. the fall in the rate of interest reduced the value of the krona, sweden\u2019s currency, and was expected to end deflation.  (a) define a \u2018weighted price index\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain two ways in which a central bank differs from a commercial bank.  [4]  (c) analyse how a fall in the value of a currency may increase a current account surplus on the  balance of payments.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a cut in the rate of interest would end deflation.  [8] 6 deposits in banks in dubai rose by 40% in 2013. more financial companies are locating in dubai.   the growth in its financial sector is being accompanied by horizontal mergers between financial companies and workers becoming more specialised. the economy is becoming richer but the economic problem will never be solved here or elsewhere in the world.  (a) why can the economic problem never be solved? [2]  (b) explain two reasons why workers specialising can reduce the average cost of production.     [4]  (c) analyse how an increase in bank lending can increase economic growth. [6]  (d) discuss whether consumers benefit from horizontal mergers. [8] 7 countries have to decide how to use their scarce resources. a number of countries are devoting  more of their resources to tourism. some of the jobs in the industry are, however, low-paid and offer little job security. the average age of workers employed, for example, in hotels is relatively young although some older workers have spent their working life in the hotel industry.  (a) what is meant by \u2018scarce resources\u2019? [2]  (b) explain two reasons why someone may be willing to do a low-paid job with little job security.     [4]  (c) analyse how the spending, saving and borrowing patterns of young workers may differ from  older workers. [6]  (d) discuss whether developing countries should encourage foreign tourism. [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/22/m/j/16 \u00a9 ucles 2016blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/22/m/j/16 \u00a9 ucles 2016blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/22/m/j/16 \u00a9 ucles 2016blank page permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every reasonable  effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly  been included, the publisher will  be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge international  examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to do wnload at www.cie.org.uk after  the live examination series. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s16_qp_23.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages and 1 insert. dc (lk) 112826/3 \u00a9 ucles 2016 [turn over *9673473359*economics  0455/23 paper 2  structured questions may/june 2016  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. y ou should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.cambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education",
            "2": "2 0455/23/m/j/16 \u00a9 ucles 2016section a answer this question. 1 changes in the shipbuilding industry china is becoming even more dominant in the global shipbuilding industry. in 2013 it accounted for  45% of ships built in terms of tonnage. it is concentrating particularly on building container ships. in 2012 china built six of the largest container ships for a total cost of us$870 million. in 2013 it produced eight container ships of the same capacity with the total cost rising less proportionately to us$1040 million.  the second-largest producer of ships is south korea. one of its firms has built the largest container  ship in the world. the firm is facing increasing competition from another large firm in the country. in 2014 the two firms announced they were planning to merge, if they could get the approval of their shareholders. both firms are listed on the country\u2019s stock exchange.  the relative share of the global market that a shipbuilding firm has is influenced by a number of  factors. these include the quality and quantity of the labour force employed. in 2013 china\u2019s total labour force was 800 million, in comparison to south korea\u2019s 26 million. china\u2019s unemployment rate of 3% was slightly lower than that of south korea at 4%. a country\u2019s exchange rate also influences how many ships are built and sold. in 2012 the value of the south korean currency, the won, was 1126 won per dollar. this changed to 1107 won per dollar in 2013. this trend in the value of the won was expected to continue into 2014, with changes in the relative price of south korean ships and a possible change in south korea\u2019s economic growth rate.   while shipbuilding is increasing in a number of countries, including china and south korea, it  is falling in other countries such as the uk. some economists welcome the decline, stating that producing fewer ships has reduced noise pollution in a number of cities and has reduced traffic congestion in the areas where the shipyards used to operate. other economists regret the decline in the shipbuilding industry, which they claim is the result not only of a failure of uk shipbuilders to respond to change but also to the subsidies that foreign governments pay to their shipbuilders.  (a) using information from the extract, explain whether the average cost of building the largest  container ships in china rose or fell between 2012 and 2013. [2]  (b) explain what type of business organisation the extract suggests the two large south korean  shipbuilding firms are. [2]  (c) using information from the extract, explain two external costs that shipbuilding can cause.  [4]  (d) calculate how many more people were unemployed in china than in south korea in 2013.    [3]  (e) analyse two reasons, referred to in the extract, why shipbuilding is declining in the uk. [4]  (f) discuss whether a merger between two shipbuilding firms will improve the quality of ships  built. [5]  (g) using information from the extract, explain whether the value of the south korean won was  expected to rise or fall in 2014. [4]  (h) discuss whether a government should protect its country\u2019s shipbuilding industry. [6]",
            "3": "3 0455/23/m/j/16 \u00a9 ucles 2016 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2 the 2014 crop of arabica beans, used to make coffee, was reduced by a drought which occurred  in brazil in early 2014. the reduction in production pushed up the price of coffee. the higher price influenced the quantity of coffee demanded and the demand for its substitutes and complements. the demand for coffee tends to be price-inelastic. a change in the quantity and quality of exports of coffee abroad influences brazil\u2019s current account of the country\u2019s balance of payments.  (a) giving an example, define \u2018complements\u2019. [2]  (b) explain two reasons why demand for a product may be price-inelastic. [4]  (c) using a demand and supply diagram, analyse the effect of a rise in the price of coffee on the  market for tea. [6]  (d) discuss whether improving the quality of the coffee that a country produces will result in a  surplus on the current account of its balance of payments. [8] 3 an increasing number of pakistani firms are employing managers educated at the country\u2019s  universities. pakistan\u2019s universities are also increasing the number of entrepreneurs in the country. every entrepreneur and every manager faces a number of challenges including raising finance, sometimes by borrowing. some entrepreneurs and managers also negotiate with trade unions. these organisations can influence a country\u2019s economic growth rate.  (a) identify two risks that entrepreneurs have to bear. [2]  (b) explain two reasons why firms may prefer to employ local managers rather than foreign  managers. [4]  (c) analyse why households and firms may borrow more during times of rapid economic growth.     [6]   (d) discuss whether the activities of trade unions are likely to increase or decrease a country\u2019s  economic growth rate. [8] 4 in china, a smaller proportion of women are now dying in childbirth and more infants are surviving.  these improvements have been the result of better care at birth, countrywide immunisation and improved living standards. the government has offered subsidies to mothers who give birth in hospitals. this has increased the quality of care received and made it easier to give vaccinations to babies to protect them against illnesses and diseases.  (a) identify two influences on a country\u2019s birth rate. [2]  (b) explain two measures of comparative living standards. [4]  (c) analyse the social benefits of giving vaccinations. [6]  (d) discuss whether health care should be provided by the public sector or the private sector. [8]",
            "4": "4 0455/23/m/j/16 \u00a9 ucles 20165 in 2014 the government of bangladesh lent money to the four big state-owned commercial banks  that had got into difficulties by lending to high-risk customers. state-owned commercial banks are becoming less important. privately-owned commercial banks have been increasing in size and importance and now have 75% of total deposits. the economy is moving from a mixed economy towards a market economy.  (a) identify two reasons why people may keep some of their money in a savings account at a  commercial bank. [2]  (b) explain the different goals that state-owned commercial banks and privately-owned  commercial banks may have. [4]  (c) analyse how the growth in the size of commercial banks may benefit their customers. [6]  (d) discuss whether living standards are likely to be higher in a mixed economy or a market  economy. [8] 6 in 2014 brazil\u2019s inflation rate was increasing while its unemployment rate was falling. in that year  spending by the government increased by 16% while its tax revenue fell by 8%. as a result the country\u2019s budget deficit increased.  (a) what is meant by an inflation rate increasing? [2]  (b) explain two reasons why tax revenue may fall. [4]  (c) analyse how a fall in unemployment may increase inflation. [6]  (d) discuss whether a government should spend more than it raises in taxation. [8] 7 many economists are predicting that relative poverty will increase whilst absolute poverty will fall  in both india and the united states of america. the level of poverty can be influenced by, for example, education, the technology used and the number of new businesses created, including sole proprietorships.  (a) define \u2018absolute poverty\u2019. [2]  (b) explain two different opportunity costs that may be involved in a person becoming a sole  proprietor. [4]  (c) analyse, using a production possibility curve, the effect of advances in technology. [6]  (d) discuss whether increased spending on education will always reduce absolute poverty. [8] permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every reasonable  effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly  been included, the publisher will  be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge international  examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to do wnload at www.cie.org.uk after  the live examination series. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_w16_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib16 11_0455_12/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2016 [turn over     *9220423845* cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/12     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2016     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a ma rk will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  any rough working should be done in this booklet.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/o/n/16  1 each factor of production earns an income.    what correctly identifies the income for labour and capital?     labour capital  a profit interest  b rent profit  c wages profit  d wages interest     2 what could be the opportunity cost of a nuclear power station?  a the running costs of the power station  b a coal-fired power station  c the current value of the power station  d the cost of building the power station    3 the diagram shows a production possibility curve for maize and cotton.    maize cotton oq sp r     bad weather causes a poor harvest for both crops.    which movement could be used to represent this change?  a p to r b q to r c s to q d s to r     4 the market for a good was in equilibrium. a change occurred which resulted in a new equilibrium  with a higher price for the good and a lower quantity traded.    what change would have caused this?  a the demand curve moved to the left  b the demand curve moved to the right  c the supply curve moved to the left  d the supply curve moved to the right ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/o/n/16 [turn over  5 a demand curve shows the relationship between the quantity demanded and  a a change in income  b consumer tastes  c the supply of the product  d the price of the product      6 a government subsidises the production of pineapples.    this is likely to  a increase the price of pineapples  b raise the costs of supplying pineapples  c raise revenue for the government  d cause the supply of pineapples to increase at every price      7 what indicates the existence of external costs in an economy?  a an international trade deficit has caused the country to be in debt.  b national companies have borrowed from foreign investors.  c private costs of production are less than social costs.  d private costs of production are more than social benefits.      8 what might be  a disadvantage  to a trade  union  when arguing for an increase in its members\u2019 pay?  a an increase in imports of a cheaper, similar product  b the closure of a local training college resulting in fewer potential workers  c the development of a new and profitable brand of the company\u2019s product  d the development of new techniques that increase productivity      9 what shows the correct examples of income and wealth?   income wealth  a dividends from shares wages  b rent from a house overtime payments  c overtime payments wages  d wages house     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/o/n/16  10 nazmin uddin works in a local office as a secr etary three days a week. she lives with her parents  in a small apartment.    meer ali owns a successful fitness centre that employs about twenty people. he owns a large  house.    which is most likely to be correct?  a nazmin spends a smaller proportion of her income than meer.  b nazmin saves most of her income.  c nazmin would find it easier than meer to borrow money.  d nazmin has a lower disposable income than meer.      11 the table shows how household spending changes with income.  income   ($ per month) spending  ($ per month)  4000 4150  4300 4375  4600 4650  4900 4900  5200 4975  5500 5275    what is the first level of income shown at which savings are positive?    a $4000 b $ 4600 c $4900 d $5200     12 a survey of managers in the usa revealed t hat most businessmen feel that a company\u2019s  responsibility is \u2018to serve the interests of ow ners, employees, customers and the public\u2019.    the idea of profit maximisation, in contrast, implies that a company\u2019s main responsibility should  be to the  a customers  b employees  c owners  d public     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/o/n/16 [turn over  13 some agricultural co-operatives have changed from labour-intensive to capital-intensive methods  of production.    what might be a cause of this change?  a average productivity of agricultural workers has increased.  b farming equipment has become more efficient.  c people are eating less food for health reasons.  d some agricultural land has been sold for housing.     14 a firm has fixed costs of $200 for its daily output. the table shows its daily total variable costs.    output (units) 1 2 3 4  total variable costs ($) 300 400 700 800    what can be concluded about the firm\u2019s average total cost?  a it falls continuously  b it is highest at output 4 units  c it is lowest at output 4 units  d it rises continuously    15 the table shows the growth rate of output (%) in four sectors of an economy.     construction  sector % energy  sector % manufacturing  sector % services  sector %  first quarter of 2014 0.9 0.1 \u20130.7 \u20133.4  second quarter of 2014 0.5 1.6 \u20130.5   0.5    which two sectors showed an increase in the growth rate in the first half of 2014?  a construction and energy  b construction and manufacturing  c services and construction  d services and manufacturing     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/o/n/16  16 a government decides to sell the monopoly supply of gas to households to a private firm.    how could the government protect the interests of households after selling a large company to  the private sector?  a by excluding all competition from foreign companies  b by imposing a tax on excess profits  c by introducing a quota system for imports of gas  d by removing price controls on gas     17 in 2015, 70  000 extra people lost their jobs but total employment rose by 75  000. what could  explain this?  a some people may have emigrated.  b some people may have gone back to education.  c some people may have re-entered the labour force.  d some people may have retired early.     18 the table shows taxes as a percentage of gross domestic product (gdp) for four countries.    from this information, which country had the highest percentage of direct taxation as a percentage of gdp?     income tax   % tax on  business  profits % tax on  dividends % tax on goods  and services  %  a 12 14 2 5  b 14 15 2 14  c 17 13 5 10  d 18 10 1 10    ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/o/n/16 [turn over  19 a government gives farmers a subsidy of $5 per kilo to supply food on the open market where x  is the original equilibrium position.    the effect is illustrated in the diagram.    4 8 12 16 20 2420 1510 5 0s 3 s1 d1s2 quantity supplied (000 kilos)price ($ per kilo)x     what will be the new equilibrium price and quantity supplied as a result of the subsidy?     equilibrium price  ($ per kilo) quantity supplied  (000 kilos)  a 10 16  b 13 20  c 15 16  d 20 8     20 what is involved in the construction of a retail price index?  a a base year  b incomes  c price elasticity of products  d quantity supplied     21 why is nominal gross domestic product not a good measure to compare the standard of living in  a country between two years?  a it does not account for inflation.  b it does not allow for savings.  c it does not include government expenditure.  d it only compares export prices with import prices.     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/o/n/16  22 in 2010 there was an increase in net emigration from ireland.    what is most likely to have caused this increase?  a a decrease in job security abroad  b a decrease in wage rates abroad  c an increase in ireland\u2019s real gdp  d an increase in unemployment in ireland      23 some goods take a greater percentage of a typical household\u2019s total spending than others.  how is this accounted for in the construction of a retail price index?  a by deducting the goods and services  b by giving a weight to the goods  c by taking an average of price fluctuations during a year  d by using the price elasticity of demand for the goods     24 which outcome is least  likely to be found with greater economic development?  a a greater percentage of the population are highly educated.  b a greater percentage of the population are homeowners.  c a greater percentage of the population are old.  d a greater percentage of the population are very poor.     25 a government introduces state benefits for the unemployed and increases the top rate of income  tax to pay for the benefits.    what effect will these changes have on poverty and the tax system?     poverty tax system  a increase make it more progressive  b increase make it more regressive  c reduce make it more progressive  d reduce make it more regressive     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/o/n/16 [turn over  26 the chart shows total world carbon emissions in 1995 and predicted emissions by 2035.    us 22% w. europe 17%w. europe 12% e. europe 27%e. europe 19%china 11% china 17%other asia 6% other asia 14% middle east 3% middle east 5%africa 3% africa 8%japan 7%1995 2035 developing world 27%developing world 50% developed world 50%developed world 73%latin america 4%us 15% latin america 6% japan 4%     if the chart proves to be correct, what will have happened by 2035?  a africa and the middle east will have responsibility for the same amount of carbon emissions  in 2035 as in 1995.  b between 1995 and 2035, the middle east will have increased its industrialisation by as much as latin america.  c by 2035 the combined percentage of carbon emissions caused by africa and latin america will have doubled.  d the us will have decreased its carbon emissions by a smaller percentage than western europe.     27 what encourages international specialisation?  a a foreign exchange shortage    b diseconomies of scale  c free trade  d quotas     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/o/n/16  28 a japanese car manufacturer decided to produce its cars in a factory in europe.    what would not be a reason why they might have chosen to do this?  a cheaper wage costs in europe  b the availability of raw materials  c to gain external economies from skilled labour in europe  d to increase japanese self-sufficiency     29 a government removed the quota on goods imported into the country.    what is the most  likely result of this?  a a decrease in demand for domestic production  b a decrease in domestic unemployment  c a decrease in exports  d a decrease in the balance of trade deficit      30 the table shows components of japan\u2019s current account balance in trillion yen for 2011 and  2012.     year balance of goods  \u00a5  trillion balance of  services  \u00a5 trillion balance of  current transfers  \u00a5 trillion balance of  income  \u00a5 trillion  2011 \u20131.61 \u20131.76 \u20131.11 14.04  2012 \u20135.23 \u20132.33 \u20131.02 13.55    which balance improved between 2011 and 2012?  a balance of current transfers  b balance of goods    c balance of income  d balance of services    ",
            "11": "11    blank page   \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/o/n/16 ",
            "12": "12    blank page     permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  international examinations copyright acknow ledgements booklet. this is produced for each  series of examinations and is freely a vailable to download at  www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge as sessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/12/o/n/16   "
        },
        "0455_w16_qp_13.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page.  ib16 11_0455_13/5rp  \u00a9 ucles 2016 [turn over     *8243662981* cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/13     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2016     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a ma rk will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  any rough working should be done in this booklet.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/13/o/n/16  1 what is not a factor of production?  a a $20 banknote  b an office  c a photocopier  d a secretary      2 what could be the opportunity cost of a nuclear power station?  a the running costs of the power station  b a coal-fired power station  c the current value of the power station  d the cost of building the power station      3 in 2014 private companies began to drill in areas of the country to exploit natural gas supplies  that were known to exist.    manufactured goods gas suppliesor v s tu     how might this decision be represented on the diagram which shows a production possibility  curve for the country?  a by a movement from r to s  b by a movement from r to v  c by a movement from s to t  d by a movement from u to v     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/13/o/n/16 [turn over  4 the market for a good was in equilibrium. a change occurred which resulted in a new equilibrium  with a higher price for the good and a lower quantity traded.    what change would have caused this?  a the demand curve moved to the left  b the demand curve moved to the right  c the supply curve moved to the left  d the supply curve moved to the right     5 the demand for cocoa beans is price-inelastic.    what is most likely to decrease as a result of an increase in demand for cocoa beans?  a price of cocoa bean products  b production of cocoa beans  c profits of cocoa bean producers  d unemployment among cocoa bean farmers      6 a government subsidises the production of pineapples.    this is likely to  a increase the price of pineapples.  b raise the costs of supplying pineapples.  c raise revenue for the government.  d cause the supply of pineapples to increase at every price.     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/13/o/n/16  7 the use of cars in many cities creates negative externalities. the diagram shows the free market  equilibrium x 1 and the socially efficient market equilibrium x 2.    s2 p2 x2 p1 x1s1 d oquantitycosts / benefits     using the diagram, which statement is correct?  a socially efficient supply is s 1 and the market price p 1 is too high.  b socially efficient supply is s 1 and the market price p 1 is too low.  c socially efficient supply is s 2 and the market price p 1 is too high.  d socially efficient supply is s 2 and the market price p 1 is too low.      8 what could increase the ability of a trade union to gain a pay rise for its members in a coat  factory?  a a decrease in the demand for coats  b a decrease in the number of people willing to work in the coat industry  c a decrease in the productivity of workers making coats  d a decrease in the sale of coat exports      9 what does net income mean?  a income after allowing for price changes  b income after paying regular household bills  c income less tax and government deductions  d income plus overtime payments     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/13/o/n/16 [turn over  10 nazmin uddin works in a local office as a secretary three days a week. she lives with her parents  in a small apartment.    meer ali owns a successful fitness centre that employs about twenty people. he owns a large  house.    which is most likely to be correct?  a nazmin spends a smaller proportion of her income than meer.  b nazmin saves most of her income.  c nazmin would find it easier than meer to borrow money.  d nazmin has a lower disposable income than meer.     11 the table shows how household spending changes with income.    income  ($ per month) spending  ($ per month)  2600 2625  2900 2925  3200 3190  3500 3275  3800 3500  4100 3725    what is the first level of income shown at which savings are positive?  a $2600 b $2900 c $3200 d $3500    12 a survey of managers in the usa revealed that most businessmen feel that a company\u2019s  responsibility is \u2018to serve the interests of ow ners, employees, customers and the public\u2019.    the idea of profit maximisation, in contrast, implies that a company\u2019s main responsibility should  be to the  a customers.  b employees.  c owners.  d public.     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/13/o/n/16  13 why is a firm in perfect competition a price taker?  a it has no information about market price.  b its output is too small to have any effect on market equilibrium.  c there are few barriers to entry.  d there are only a few firms in the industry.      14 a firm produced 200 cars a week and employed 50 workers. a fall in demand caused the firm to  reduce its output to 160 cars a week and its labour force to 32.    what was the percentage change in the firm\u2019s productivity?  a it fell by 20%.  b it fell by 25%.  c it increased by 20%.  d it increased by 25%.     15 a firm has fixed costs of $100 for its daily output. the table shows its daily total variable costs.    output (units) 1 2 3 4  total variable costs ($) 200 360 500 720    what can be concluded about the firm\u2019s average total cost?  a it falls continuously.  b it is highest at output 4 units.  c it is lowest at output 3 units.  d it rises continuously.    16 a government decides to sell the monopoly supply of gas to households to a private firm.    how could the government protect the interests of households after selling a large company to  the private sector?  a by excluding all competition from foreign companies  b by imposing a tax on excess profits  c by introducing a quota system for imports of gas  d by removing price controls on gas     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/13/o/n/16 [turn over  17 a government decides to increase the rate of income tax and spend the extra revenue on  providing training colleges.    how might this be described?  a as fiscal and monetary policy  b as fiscal and supply-side policy  c as fiscal, monetary and supply-side policy  d as monetary and supply-side policy     18 a government taxes farmers $12 per kilo when they supply food on the open market where x is  the original equilibrium position.    the effect is illustrated in the diagram below.    10 20 30 40 50 6050 40302010 0s 4 s1 d1s2 quantity supplied (000 kilos)price ($ per kilo)xs3     what will be the new equilibrium price and quantity supplied as a result of the tax?     equilibrium price  ($ per kilo) quantity supplied  (000 kilos)  a 20 40  b 25 50  c 35 30  d 40 20     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/13/o/n/16  19 the table shows taxes as percentages of gross domestic product (gdp) for four countries.    from this information, which country had the lowest percentage of direct taxation as a percentage  of gdp?     income tax  % tax on  business  profits % tax on  dividends % tax on goods  and services %  a 12 14 2 4  b 14 15 2 13  c 17 8 5 9  d 17 13 5 9     20 a newspaper reports that there has been an economic slump in an economy.    what would an economist expect the immediate effect to be?  a production will decrease.  b saving will decrease.  c taxation will decrease.  d the population will decrease.      21 how is the pattern of employment likely to change when a country becomes more developed?  a from regular employment to seasonal employment  b from rural employment to urban employment  c from skilled employment to manual employment  d from tertiary employment to primary employment     22 in 2010 there was an increase in net emigration from ireland.    what is most likely to have caused this increase?  a a decrease in job security abroad  b a decrease in wage rates abroad  c an increase in ireland\u2019s real gdp  d an increase in unemployment in ireland     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/13/o/n/16 [turn over  23 the table shows some economic indicators.    which increase in the first indicator is most likely to lead to an increase in the second indicator?    first indicator second indicator  a budget surplus consumer saving  b consumer spending unemployment  c inflation trade surplus  d productivity living standards      24 what would be most likely to cause the population to decrease if other things remain constant?  a a decrease in the birth rate  b a decrease in the death rate  c an increase in net immigration  d an increase in the fertility rate     25 developed countries have a high and increasing proportion of their population over the age of 65.    which economic consequence will be most likely to result from this kind of population change?  a government transfer payments will increase.  b more facilities will be needed to retrain workers.  c there will be a rise in the economic growth rate.  d the total savings in the economy will increase.     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/13/o/n/16  26 the chart shows total world carbon emissions in 1995 and predicted emissions by 2035.    us 22% w. europe 17%w. europe 12% e. europe 27%e. europe 19%china 11% china 17%other asia 6% other asia 14% middle east 3% middle east 5%africa 3% africa 8%japan 7%1995 2035 developing world 27%developing world 50% developed world 50%developed world 73%latin america 4%us 15% latin america 6% japan 4%     if the chart proves to be correct, what would have happened by 2035?  a africa will emit the least carbon.  b china will cause about a third of the emissions of all developing areas shown.  c developed areas will have reduced their absolute amount of carbon emissions.  d the us will have decreased its carbon emissi ons by a smaller percentage than western  europe.      27 what encourages international specialisation?  a a foreign exchange shortage    b diseconomies of scale  c free trade  d quotas      28 a japanese car manufacturer decided to produce its cars in a factory in europe.    what would not be a reason why they might have chosen to do this?  a cheaper wage costs in europe  b the availability of raw materials  c to gain external economies from skilled labour in europe  d to increase japanese self-sufficiency ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/13/o/n/16 29 a government removed the quota on goods imported into the country.    what is the most  likely result of this?  a a decrease in demand for domestic production  b a decrease in domestic unemployment  c a decrease in exports  d a decrease in the balance of trade deficit     30 in 2009 the exchange rate of the singapore dollar changed from 1.49 = 1 us dollar to 1.43  singapore dollars = 1 us dollar.    how would this affect the import prices and export prices for singapore?      prices paid by singapore  for imports prices paid to singapore  for exports  a decrease decrease  b decrease increase  c increase decrease  d increase increase     ",
            "12": "12    blank page     permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  international examinations copyright acknow ledgements booklet. this is produced for each  series of examinations and is freely a vailable to download at  www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge as sessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2016 0455/13/o/n/16   "
        },
        "0455_w16_qp_21.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (kn) 112827/2 \u00a9 ucles 2016 [turn overcambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education *2166620014*economics  0455/21 paper 2 structured questions october/november 2016  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. y ou should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/21/o/n/16 \u00a9 ucles 2016section a answer this question. 1 the changing oil market  in 2013 china overtook the united states of america (us) as the largest importer of oil. the rise  in chinese demand has driven up the price of oil. the higher price of oil has made production techniques used in the us, such as hydraulic fracking, possible and has provided more oil for us domestic consumption. us oil companies have purchased larger, more expensive capital equipment and are employing more specialist engineers. the expansion in the us oil industry contributed to the fall in the country\u2019s unemployment rate to 6.1% in 2014.  despite being the largest importer of oil, china is not yet the world\u2019s largest consumer. in 2013 the  us oil industry supplied 10.5 million barrels a day, exported 3.4 million barrels a day and imported 10.9 million barrels a day. these figures are likely to change in the future. for example, in 2013 the us had 250 million vehicles and china had only 100 million. it is forecast that by 2030 china will have 350 million vehicles. if this change does occur, china will become more vulnerable to oil price changes and disruptions in the supply of oil.  while us oil production is increasing, its consumption is falling. more oil is being discovered in the  country and more sophisticated techniques are being used to extract it. at the same time, fewer young people in the country are learning to drive, vehicle ownership per household is falling and average mileage is declining. in addition, us cars are becoming more fuel efficient as a result of tighter fuel economy standards and consumers switching to more economical vehicles.  us consumers are becoming more sensitive to changes in the price of oil but a rise in price  still leads to a rise in oil producers\u2019 revenue. changes in the price of oil, oil production and oil consumption also still have a significant effect on the us economy. for example, the discovery of more oil in the country usually affects the value of the us dollar.   changes in the consumption and production affect china\u2019s and the us\u2019s current account positions  on their balance of payments. currently china has the world\u2019s largest current account surplus whilst the us has the world\u2019s largest current account deficit. it is interesting to note that both countries have been trying to increase their economic growth rate. the us central bank, the federal reserve, has tried to raise the growth of the country\u2019s output by cutting the rate of interest.",
            "3": "3 0455/21/o/n/16 \u00a9 ucles 2016 [turn over (a) using information from the extract, explain whether the us was operating on or inside its  production possibility curve in 2014. [2]  (b) explain whether the extract suggests the demand for oil in the us is price-elastic or price- inelastic.  [2]  (c) using information from the extract, explain two economies of scale that us oil companies are  experiencing. [4]  (d) calculate the us\u2019s demand for oil per day in 2013.  [3]  (e) analyse how the discovery of more oil in the us would be likely to affect the value of the  us dollar.  [4]  (f) discuss whether a cut in the rate of interest will increase a country\u2019s economic growth rate.     [5]  (g) using information from the extract, explain why the price of oil may rise more in china than in  the us in the future. [4]  (h) discuss whether a government should try to reduce a surplus on the current account of its  country\u2019s balance of payments.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/21/o/n/16 \u00a9 ucles 2016section b answer any three  questions from this section. 2 in 2014 the value of ghana\u2019s currency, the cedi, changed in value by 40% against the us dollar.  inflation rose as the cedi experienced a depreciation. demand in the economy was changing, with government spending rising by more than taxation. some economists warned that increasing taxes might cause deflation.  (a) what is meant by a \u2018depreciation\u2019 of a currency? [2]  (b) explain how a depreciation of a currency can cause a rise in the inflation rate of a country.     [4]  (c) analyse why it may be difficult for an economy to have both low unemployment and low  inflation at the same time.  [6]  (d) discuss whether an increase in taxes will cause deflation.  [8] 3 a 2014 united nations report recommended that governments should seek to halve meat  consumption. a reduction in meat consumption, it was argued, would reduce the market failure caused by the pollution coming from chemical fertilisers and manure. reducing meat consumption would free large areas of land that could be used to grow vegetables, cereals and fruit to feed a growing population. the supply of a number of agricultural products is inelastic.  (a) define \u2018inelastic supply\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain why market failure occurs.  [4]  (c) analyse how a government could reduce meat consumption.  [6]  (d) discuss whether population growth is likely to exceed the growth of food production in the  future. [8] 4 in egypt in both 2011 and 2012, gross domestic product (gdp) per head and investment fell. one  reason for the fall in investment was that firms found it difficult to obtain loans from the country\u2019s commercial banks. another reason was the removal of some government subsidies, including the subsidy given to the producers of petrol.  (a) define \u2018gdp per head\u2019.   [2]  (b) explain two reasons why firms may find it difficult to obtain loans from commercial banks.  [4]  (c) using a demand and supply diagram, analyse the effect on the market for petrol if a subsidy  on petrol is removed. [6]  (d) discuss whether a fall in a country\u2019s gdp will result in net emigration.   [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/21/o/n/16 \u00a9 ucles 20165 in 2014 global steel demand slowed because of a halving of the growth in consumption by china,  the world\u2019s biggest market for steel. the world\u2019s biggest steel producing firm forecast higher profits for 2014 although it thought that it might have to cut production. the firm was increasing its specialisation within the steel market. employment in the industry has declined as firms have sought to reduce their capacity.  (a) define \u2018specialisation\u2019. [2]  (b) explain how a fall in output will affect average fixed cost and average total cost. [4]    (c) analyse how a firm could reduce its output and increase its total profit. [6]  (d) discuss whether workers who lose their jobs are likely to still be unemployed a year later.  [8] 6 the population of most countries includes more women than men. iran, however, is an exception.  in the 1990s the iranian government sought to reduce the country\u2019s birth rate. the measures it introduced were very successful and the birth rate fell. in 2012, however, the government changed its objective and is now trying to persuade people to have more children. this change in policy is because of concerns about the effects of an ageing population caused by a falling death rate.    (a) identify two reasons why a country may have more women than men.  [2]  (b) explain two causes of a fall in the death rate.  [4]  (c) analyse three  policy measures a government could introduce to increase the birth rate.  [6]  (d) discuss whether the government of a country with an ageing population should raise the  retirement age. [8] 7 the development of laser eye surgery is reducing the demand for spectacles in a number of  countries. the treatment of sight problems is using more capital equipment and less labour. some economists are predicting that the wages of opticians may decrease in the future. a fall in wages may encourage some opticians to retrain for other jobs.  (a) giving an example, define \u2018labour\u2019. [2]  (b) explain two reasons why a firm may change from labour-intensive to capital-intensive  production.  [4]  (c) analyse why the wages of workers in a particular occupation may fall.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a government should subsidise the provision of training. [8]  ",
            "6": "6 0455/21/o/n/16 \u00a9 ucles 2016blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/21/o/n/16 \u00a9 ucles 2016blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/21/o/n/16 \u00a9 ucles 2016blank page permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every reasonable  effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly  been included, the publisher will  be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge international  examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to do wnload at www.cie.org.uk after  the live examination series. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_w16_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages and 1 insert. dc (lk) 112829/1 \u00a9 ucles 2016 [turn overcambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education *3379422099*economics  0455/22 paper 2 structured questions october/november 2016  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. y ou should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/22/o/n/16 \u00a9 ucles 2016section a answer this question. 1 the mints mexico, indonesia, nigeria and turkey, known as the mints, are four emerging economies that are  predicted to grow rapidly. the four countries have relatively large populations, from 75 million in turkey to 242 million in indonesia in 2014. they also have high birth rates, from 17 in turkey to 41.5 in nigeria per 1000 people. both income per head and the countries\u2019 human development index ranking are improving. the changes, however, do not mean that everyone in the four countries is satisfied. as incomes increase, so do people\u2019s wants, and what people would like to consume exceeds the maximum output that countries are capable of producing.  output and consumption are increasing in each of the four countries. nigeria, for example, is  predicted to be one of the world\u2019s 20 largest economies by 2020. productivity is rising in most sectors of the nigerian economy although it remains low in agriculture. despite some security concerns, more multinational companies are setting up in the country, attracted by its expanding markets.  nigeria and turkey both had annual inflation rates above 8% in 2014. indonesia\u2019s was 5.7% and  mexico\u2019s 5.2%. the mexican government had used monetary policy measures in that year to keep the inflation rate down. in august 2014 it opened up its energy market, allowing private sector firms to compete against the country\u2019s state-owned petroleum firm. it also increased spending on state-provided health care, which operates alongside private medical care.  the four countries saw fluctuations in their exchange rates in 2014. indonesia\u2019s currency, the  rupiah, changed from 10 685 per us$ the year before to 11 450 per us$ in 2014. turkey\u2019s currency, the turkish lira, followed a similar trend.   changes in the exchange rate can affect firms\u2019 costs of production, as can industrial action. in  june 2014 turkish trade unions organised a number of strikes seeking to gain better wages and working conditions for their members. however, the power of turkish trade unions is limited by restrictive trade union legislation and a small membership, with only 9% of workers belonging to trade unions. this means that collective bargaining is not a key feature of turkish labour markets and turkish trade unions do not have much influence on economic policy.  (a) using information from the extract, explain how the mints illustrate the economic problem. [2]  (b) calculate how many children were born in turkey in 2014. [2]  (c) using information from the extract, explain two reasons why the earnings of workers in  nigeria are likely to increase. [4]  (d) explain whether the extract suggests that mexico operates a market economic system or a  mixed economic system. [3]  (e) analyse how the change in indonesia\u2019s exchange rate in 2014 is likely to have affected the  country\u2019s import expenditure. [4]  (f) discuss whether the human development index is a good measure of living standards. [5]  (g) using information from the extract, explain two functions of a trade union. [4]  (h) discuss whether countries with high population growth have high economic growth. [6]",
            "3": "3 0455/22/o/n/16 \u00a9 ucles 2016 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2 there are a number of competing producers of jeans. these firms are now also facing competition  from new sportswear designed to also be worn as leisurewear. this increased competition has made demand for jeans more price-elastic. for instance, a government report has estimated that the price elasticity of demand for one of the oldest firm\u2019s jeans in asia is \u2013 2.5.  (a) what is meant by a price elasticity of demand of \u2013 2.5? [2]  (b) explain the importance of price elasticity of demand for a government. [4]  (c) using a demand and supply diagram, analyse the effect of a rise in the price of firm x\u2019s jeans  on the market for firm y\u2019s jeans. [6]  (d) discuss whether long-established and well-known firms are likely to be more successful than  firms that are new to an industry. [8] 3 in recent years productivity growth has been low in brazil, which has kept average costs relatively  high. some economists claim this low growth in productivity is due to protectionism. the brazilian government imposes high tariffs on a range of imports, including smartphones; it argues that such protectionism saves brazilian jobs.  (a) define \u2018productivity\u2019. [2]  (b) explain the difference between average fixed cost and average variable cost. [4]  (c) analyse the advantages that a country may gain from specialising in a product such as  smartphones. [6]  (d) discuss whether protectionism saves jobs. [8] 4 household debt in south korea in 2014 was reaching record levels. people were borrowing more  and saving less: the savings ratio fell from 19% in 1985 to 4% in 2014. despite the low rate of saving, there was little demand-pull or cost-push inflation. indeed, in 2014 the country came close to experiencing deflation.  (a) define \u2018deflation\u2019. [2]  (b) explain the difference between demand-pull inflation and cost-push inflation. [4]  (c) analyse how a central bank might reduce household borrowing. [6]  (d) discuss whether a government should encourage an increase in saving. [8]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/o/n/16 \u00a9 ucles 20165 the unemployment rate in wales fell from 8.2% in march 2013 to 6.8% in march 2014. one in four  workers in wales is employed in the public sector. a high proportion of workers are employed in multinational companies, including a japanese car producer and a south korean electronics firm.  (a) define \u2018unemployment\u2019. [2]  (b) explain two benefits that a firm may gain from producing in another country. [4]  (c) using a production possibility curve diagram, analyse the effect of a decrease in unemployment  on an economy\u2019s output. [6]  (d) discuss whether it is better to work in the public sector or the private sector. [8] 6 the largest indonesian aviation firm is a public corporation that started production in 1976. it  employs a relatively high value of capital goods and has a monopoly of aircraft construction in indonesia. it has been making parts for foreign firms for some time but is now trying to sell aircraft to other countries. this involves it competing in a market where most of the firms are public limited companies.  (a) identify who owns a public corporation and who owns a public limited company. [2]  (b) explain why fixed costs are high in the aircraft-making industry. [4]  (c) analyse what determines a firm\u2019s demand for capital goods. [6]  (d) discuss whether the quality of products is likely to be higher in a monopoly or in a perfectly  competitive market. [8] 7 tax revenue from both direct and indirect taxes in germany rose to us$860 billion in 2013. the  increase was largely due to a fall in unemployment. germany has a progressive tax system. in 2014, german politicians discussed whether the tax rates should be increased. changes in tax rates influence the amount of tax revenue received and the nature of the tax system.  (a) define \u2018a progressive tax\u2019. [2]  (b) explain the difference between direct and indirect taxes. [4]  (c) analyse how a fall in unemployment can increase tax revenue. [6]  (d) discuss whether a government should increase tax rates. [8]  permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every reasonable  effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly  been included, the publisher will  be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge international  examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to do wnload at www.cie.org.uk after  the live examination series. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_w16_qp_23.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages and 1 insert. dc (st) 112830/2 \u00a9 ucles 2016 [turn overcambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education *6094500307*economics  0455/23 paper 2 structured questions october/november 2016  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required.  read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. y ou should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/23/o/n/16 \u00a9 ucles 2016section a answer this question. 1 fishing in mauritania much of mauritania\u2019s land is desert and regular droughts put pressure on the country\u2019s supply of  food. the african country does, however, have the advantage of coastal waters which are among the world\u2019s most plentiful ocean fishing grounds.   approximately 95% of the fish caught by mauritania\u2019s small fishing vessels are exported. earnings  from the sale of fish abroad contribute to the current account of the country\u2019s balance of payments. in 2013 the country had a trade in goods surplus and a current transfers surplus.  there is little processing of the fish into higher value products in mauritania, except at a small  number of factories at nouakchott, the country\u2019s capital. this failure to process the fish is having an impact on the country\u2019s earnings from the fish it catches and on its economic growth. the country\u2019s total output did actually increase from us$8 billion in 2012 to us$8.5 billion in 2013. that year also saw a change in the country\u2019s population. the birth rate was 31.83, the death rate was 8.35 and the migration rate was \u20130.85 per thousand of the population.  some economists in mauritania criticise their government for allowing other countries, including  algeria, morocco, japan and russia, to catch large quantities of fish in mauritania\u2019s waters. they have recently objected to the government signing an agreement with the european union (eu) that allows more than one hundred large eu vessels to fish in mauritania\u2019s waters in return for a payment of us$105 million per year. these eu vessels, with their highly skilled workers, are catching large volumes of fish, including highly valued squid, and are thought to be threatening the sustainability of mauritania\u2019s fishing industry.  mauritanian economists are predicting that fish stocks could decline significantly in the next twenty  years. the country\u2019s economy is currently heavily dependent on the primary sector. improvements in the productivity of both its fishing and agricultural industries would help to reduce both the unemployment and poverty in the country.  (a) describe the opportunity cost of mauritania exporting fish.  [2]  (b) calculate mauritania\u2019s economic growth rate in 2013.  [3]  (c) using information from the extract, draw a demand and supply diagram to show the effects of  the predicted change in fish stocks on the market for fish.  [4]  (d) state the two parts of a country\u2019s current account balance not identified in the extract.  [2]  (e) analyse two reasons why the average cost of the eu fishing industry is lower than the  mauritanian fishing industry.  [4]  (f) discuss whether a decrease in unemployment will always reduce poverty.  [5]  (g) using information from the extract, explain whether the population of mauritania increased or  decreased in 2013.  [4]  (h) discuss whether an economy should or should not conserve its fish stocks.  [6]",
            "3": "3 0455/23/o/n/16 \u00a9 ucles 2016 [turn oversection b answer any three questions from this section. 2 in march 2014, teachers in argentina went on strike after their unions failed to reach an agreement  about wage rates. the government offered a 25% pay rise but the unions were demanding a pay rise above the country\u2019s 32% inflation rate. the government claimed that large pay rises would cause unemployment. it also stated that the economy\u2019s prospects would soon improve as a result of its devaluation of the country\u2019s exchange rate at the start of the year.  (a) define \u2018a trade union\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain two influences on the strength of a trade union.  [4]  (c) analyse how wage rises may cause unemployment.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a government should devalue the country\u2019s exchange rate.  [8]  3 in 2014 the us\u2019s second-largest cigarette maker, made a bid to take over the country\u2019s third- largest cigarette maker. it was expected that if the merger went ahead, the price of cigarettes would increase. the effect of a rise in price on quantity demanded would be determined by the price elasticity of demand.  (a) identify two external costs of smoking.  [2]  (b) explain how perfectly inelastic demand differs from inelastic demand.  [4]  (c) analyse two ways, apart from imposing an indirect tax, in which a government could  discourage smoking.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a merger between two large firms in the same industry will increase the  price of the product.  [8] 4  peru has been moving from a mixed economic system closer to a market economic system in  recent years. one feature of this has been an increase in the number of small firms being set up. some small firms\u2019 short-term goal is profit maximisation whilst others aim for growth. in the long term these two goals may both be achieved. some small firms develop into large firms listed on their country\u2019s stock exchange.  (a) define \u2018a mixed economy\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain why the growth of a firm may lead to profit maximisation in the long term.  [4]  (c) analyse how a country\u2019s stock exchange can benefit its economy. [6]  (d) discuss the advantages and disadvantages of small firms.  [8]",
            "4": "4 0455/23/o/n/16 \u00a9 ucles 20165 the 48 countries with the lowest human development index (hdi) values have 28 million citizens  working abroad. these workers save some of their earnings to send home to their relatives. research shows that most transferred money is spent on food and housing by their families, raising their standard of living. these remittances in 2013 were double the value of foreign direct investment received by these countries.  (a) how does the amount and the proportion of income spent on food change as people get  richer?  [2]  (b) explain the difference between saving and borrowing.  [4]   (c) analyse three ways in which a country\u2019s hdi value could increase.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a government should encourage some of the country\u2019s people to work  abroad.  [8] 6 microfinance involves giving small loans at a low rate of interest to poor people. such people  normally cannot get loans from commercial banks. microfinance is designed to promote development and started in bangladesh. a study by the world bank in 2014 found that microfinance increases consumer expenditure, the value of household assets, the size of the labour force and spending on children\u2019s education.  (a) define \u2018the rate of interest\u2019. [2]  (b) explain two reasons why the poor may find it difficult to get loans from commercial banks.  [4]  (c) analyse how an increase in spending on education could increase inflation in the short run  but decrease it in the long run.  [6]   (d) discuss whether an increase in consumer expenditure would be beneficial for an economy.   [8] 7 mozambique is a developing economy with a relatively high economic growth rate. in recent years  there has been a depreciation in the value of its currency, the metical, against the us dollar. this has had an influence on the country\u2019s unemployment rate. some economists in mozambique have called for an increase in tariffs on imports to reduce unemployment.  (a) define \u2018a depreciation\u2019 in the value of a currency.  [2]  (b) explain two causes of a high economic growth rate.  [4]  (c) analyse how the pattern of employment within a country tends to change as the economy  develops.  [6]  (d) discuss whether an increase in tariffs on imports would reduce unemployment. [8] permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every reasonable  effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly  been included, the publisher will  be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge international  examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to do wnload at www.cie.org.uk after  the live examination series. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        }
    },
    "2017": {
        "0455_m17_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page.  ib17 03_0455_12/2rp  \u00a9 ucles 2017 [turn over     *4306674314 * cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/12     paper 1  multiple choice  february/march 2017     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a mark  will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  any rough working should be done in this booklet.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/f/m/17  1 a person bought a shop and stocked it with fres h fruit. he employed one member of his family to  help in the shop.    which factors of production have been used?  a labour and capital only  b labour, capital and enterprise only  c land and labour only  d land, labour, capital and enterprise     2 the diagram shows a production possibility curve for a country. as a result of an increase in  demand for manufactured goods it moves from a situation of unemployment to full employment.    agriculture o manufactured goodse f g h     how would this be represented on this diagram?  a by a movement from e to g  b by a movement from f to e  c by a movement from f to g  d by a movement from g to h     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/f/m/17 [turn over  3 the diagram shows the choices for an individual between leisure and earnings. he currently  earns $25 a day.    24 1812 60 02 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 earnings ($)hours of leisureper day     what is the opportunity cost for the person if he accepts more work and earns $75 a day?  a $25  b $50  c 6 hours of leisure a day  d 12 hours of leisure a day      4 what is an example of market failure?  a a growth of competition  b a spread of pollution  c a surplus of production in the short term  d an existence of scarcity      5 what will be the impact on the market for oil of the closure of the world\u2019s largest oil field for  maintenance work?  a a movement down the supply curve  b a movement up the demand curve  c a shift of the demand curve to the left  d a shift of the supply curve to the right     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/f/m/17  6 the diagram shows a market for rice that is in equilibrium.    price quantityov wt xs d z y     which area represents the total revenue for rice farmers?  a otxy b ovxy c ovxz d owxy      7 a product has a price elasticity of demand that is greater than one.    what will happen to total revenue if the price of the product is reduced by 3%?  a it will fall by more than 3%.  b it will fall to zero.  c it will be unchanged.  d it will rise.      8 why are some assembly workers poorly paid?  a because their work is exhausting  b because their work is repetitive  c because their work is unskilled  d because they work long hours     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/f/m/17 [turn over  9 the table shows the change in income for selected occupations between 1995 and 2015.    occupation change in  income %  car assembly  workers  110  builders  110  teachers  60  nurses  30  shop assistants  \u20135    what can be concluded from the table?  a car assembly workers and builders earned the same in 2015.  b everyone was better off in 2015 than 1995.  c nurses earned less than teachers in 2015.  d secondary sector workers received the highest percentage increase.     10 this table shows how three people spend their income.     person x person y person z  food and housing 60% 20% 30%  travel and leisure 20% 40% 30%  luxury goods 20% 40% 40%    put the three people in the most likely order of income from the lowest to the highest income.  a x, y, z b x, z, y c y, z, x d z, y, x     11 what is usually a function of a trade union?  a it advertises the products that the members make.  b it conducts negotiations with employers for increased wages.  c it hires company employees.  d it negotiates with suppliers for reduced costs of materials.     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/f/m/17  12 a firm\u2019s aim is to become a monopoly supplier.    which policy is it most likely to use to eliminate competition?  a adopt price reductions and advertising  b avoid diseconomies of scale  c maximise output and profit  d reduce financial barriers to entry     13  when is a firm most likely to reduce its demand for labour?    a when  the demand for the final good increases  b when  the firm\u2019s profitability increases  c when  the price of labour decreases  d when  the productivity of labour decreases     14 the high volume of goods sold by large supermarkets enables them to reduce prices, but the  most important advantage that these businesses have is that they can sell non-food items as well  as food.    which economic results does the statement suggest are available to large supermarkets?  a economies of scale and diversification  b external benefits and specialisation  c horizontal integration and optimum output  d increased sales and diminishing returns     15 a firm produces five units of output at an average cost of $20 per unit. the cost of the sixth unit   is $26.    what is the average cost of six units?  a $4.33 b $6 c $8.33 d $21     16 what is not a public sector expenditure?  a claims paid on travel insurance for cancelled flights  b collections of rubbish by a local council to meet regulations on recycling waste  c grants from central funds to compensate people whose property has been damaged by  storms  d the establishment of a national database to assist the police in finding criminals    ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/f/m/17 [turn over  17 the indian government uses direct and indirect taxation.    which is a direct tax?  a corporate (profits) tax  b customs duty  c goods and services tax  d petrol tax     18 a worker earns $60  000 a year and pays 25% income tax. he spent $2000 on furniture and  $5000 on a computer and paid 20% sales tax on each.    how much indirect tax did he pay?  a $1000 b $1400 c $15  000 d $16  400    19 the indian government gives farmers a subsidy of $5  per kilo to supply food in a market where x  is the equilibrium position.    the effect is illustrated in the diagram below.    5 1 01 52 02 53 020 1510 5 0s 3 s1 d1s2 quantity supplied (\u2019000 kilos)price ($ per kilo) x     what will be the new equilibrium price and quantity supplied as a result of the subsidy?     equilibrium price  ($ per kilo) quantity supplied  (\u2019000 kilos)  a 10 20  b 13 25  c 15 20  d 20 10     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/f/m/17  20 what may cause an immediate decrease in the working population?  a a falling death rate  b a falling infant mortality rate  c a rising birth rate  d a rising rate of net emigration      21 which combination of changes in national output and population would cause an increase in gdp  per head?     national output population  a decrease by 4% unchanged  b decrease by 5% decrease by 6%  c increase by 3% increase by 5%  d unchanged increase by 2%    22 the table shows the consumer price index (cpi) of an economy over five years.    year cpi  1 100  2 103  3 105  4 107  5 110    between which years was the rate of inflation the greatest?  a from year 1 to year 2  b from year 2 to year 3  c from year 3 to year 4  d from year 4 to year 5     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/f/m/17 [turn over  23 in a year the rate of inflation in a country was 3%. during that year company managers\u2019 salaries  rose by 6% and office workers\u2019 wages rose by 2%.    what happened to real income (purchasing power)?     company  managers office  workers  a fell fell  b fell rose  c rose fell  d rose rose     24 developing countries often wish to prevent the population in rural areas moving to the towns.  investment grants are given to companies if they set up their businesses in rural areas.    what is this policy intended to achieve?  a decreased government expenditure  b decreased transport costs  c increased economies of scale  d increased use of labour     25 the population structure of many developed countries is changing. birth rates are low, those  over 65 are living longer and the working population (16-65 years) is a smaller proportion of the  total population.    what is the most likely consequence of this changing structure?  a economic migrants make up shortages in the working population.  b overall the standard of living is gradually falling.  c the population is healthier and needs less medical care.  d the ratio of those under 16 dependent on the working population is rising.     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/f/m/17  26 the table shows data for four countries in 2006.     life expectancy  (years) computers per  100 population percentage of  labour force  employed in  agriculture birth  rate  bangladesh 64.1 1.2 66 24.8  egypt 71.3 3.7 27 24.2  india 64.8 1.5 60 23.0  pakistan 65.6 1.6 42 27.2    on the basis of the information given, what is the likely ranking order of the four countries in  terms of development, starting from the most developed to the least developed?  a bangladesh \u2192 india \u2192 pakistan \u2192 egypt  b egypt \u2192 pakistan \u2192 india \u2192 bangladesh  c india \u2192 egypt \u2192 bangladesh \u2192 pakistan  d pakistan \u2192 bangladesh \u2192 egypt \u2192 india     27 the table shows details of india\u2019s current account of the balance of payments in the 1st quarter of  2014.     $ billion  trade in goods (visible) balance \u201334  trade in services (invisible) balance ?  primary income (income) balance \u20137  secondary income (current transfers) balance 16  current account balance \u20138    what is the trade in services (invisible) balance?  a surplus of $9bn  b surplus of $17bn  c surplus of $27bn  d surplus of $33bn     ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/f/m/17  28 which policy is a form of protectionism?  a a tax on emissions  b a tax on imports  c a tax on income  d a tax on property      29 when does free trade occur?  a when goods are exported with government subsidies  b when goods are given as part of an aid programme  c when goods are traded using barter  d when goods face no import barriers      30 the diagram shows the market for the indian rupee priced in us dollars. the equilibrium point is  at x.    if more americans take holidays in india and fewe r indians buy american exports, in which sector  of the diagram will the new equilibrium point for price and quantity of the indian rupee be?    s da d cb oquantity of rupeesprice of rupee (us$) x      ",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  international examinations copyright acknow ledgements booklet. this is produced for each  series of examinations and is freely a vailable to download at  www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge as sessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/f/m/17  blank page "
        },
        "0455_m17_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 4 printed pages and 1 insert. dc (nf/sw) 127286/4 \u00a9 ucles 2017  [turn over *2086854846*economics  0455/22 paper 2  structured questions  february/march 2017  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. you should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.cambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education",
            "2": "2 0455/22/f/m/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 section a answer this question. 1 low-cost airlines  for several decades, low-cost airlines have been competing on short-distance flights not just with  established airlines, but also with train travel and car travel. now they are starting to compete with  established airlines on long-distance flights. in response to this increased competition there have  been some horizontal mergers occurring between the established airlines.  it is predicted that by 2030 china will become the world\u2019s largest domestic air travel market, with  20% of all global air travel. the usa is currently the dominant market and it is predicted that  between 2015 and 2030 the country will order 6160 of the 28  000 passenger aircraft that will be  produced.  india, which has both state-owned and private-sector airlines, is experiencing a great increase in  both internal flights and flights to other countries. more airports are being built in india, with more  facilities being provided inside and around the airports. for example, more taxi firms are being set  up to take passengers to and from the airports. the rapid expansion of air travel in india and other  countries is having an impact on the market for pilots, as shown in fig. 1. d1d2s q1op1p2price of pilots quantity  / number of pilotsq2 fig. 1  the market for pilots  how rapidly the indian air travel market will grow will be influenced by a number of factors. these  include the extent to which business travel will grow and how rapidly demand for foreign holidays  will increase. demand for these forms of air travel is, in turn, influenced by changes in price. the  price elasticity of demand for air travel has been estimated at \u22121.2. one factor that influences  prices, and so the inflation rate, is changes in taxation.",
            "3": "3 0455/22/f/m/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 [turn over  (a) identify, using information from the extract:   (i) a substitute for air travel  [1]   (ii) a complement to air travel.  [1]  (b) explain two advantages that firms may gain from a horizontal merger.  [4]  (c) calculate, using information from the extract:   (i) the percentage of the new passenger aircraft that the usa is predicted to purchase  between 2015 and 2030  [2]   (ii) the percentage change in demand for air travel if the price of air travel falls by 15%.  [2]  (d) analyse why demand for a luxury holiday may be price elastic.  [5]  (e) discuss whether airlines should be state-owned or operated by the private sector.  [5]  (f) explain, using information from the extract and fig. 1, what happened to the market for pilots  in india in 2015.  [4]  (g) discuss whether a cut in taxation will reduce inflation.  [6] section b answer any three  questions from this section. 2 the actions of the government of georgia to reduce inflation and unemployment had an impact on  the business organisations operating in the country in 2015. the country has an expanding tertiary  sector including its banking sector. the country now has some features of a market economy.  (a) identify two goals that business organisations may have.  [2]  (b) explain two functions of a commercial bank.  [4]  (c) analyse how the price mechanism influences the allocation of resources in a market economy.  [6]  (d) discuss whether an increase in output will increase the profits that firms receive.  [8] 3 firms use different quantities of land, labour, capital and enterprise in producing their products.  the ways in which a country\u2019s resources can be used, and the extent to which they are employed,  can be shown on a production possibility diagram.  (a) what is the difference between capital and land?  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why a firm may decide to use more labour and less capital in producing  its products.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a production possibility diagram, the effect on an economy\u2019s output when  there is a change from full employment to unemployment.  [6]  (d) discuss whether it is always possible for a country to have low unemployment and low  inflation at the same time.  [8]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/f/m/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 4 the amount that workers earn influences their living standards. some workers receive relatively  low pay. there are a number of ways a government can help the low-paid.  (a) identify two wage factors that workers take into account when deciding on their occupation.  [2]  (b) explain two indicators of living standards.  [4]  (c) analyse how fiscal policy can produce a more even distribution of income.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a rise in the wages paid to low-paid workers would benefit an economy.  [8] 5 abu dhabi is a rapidly developing economy. it is building three new museums in its new cultural  district, which may attract more tourists and help its balance of payments. the museums will  include some very highly priced works of art.  (a) define \u2018balance of payments\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain two characteristics of a rapidly developing economy.  [4]  (c) analyse how an increase in tourism can increase a country\u2019s inflation rate.  [6]  (d) discuss whether the rich always save more than the poor.  [8] 6 at the start of 2015, dockworkers on the west coast of the usa took industrial action in the form of  a go-slow, disrupting exports and imports. this was coordinated by their trade union. unions in the  usa are declining in strength, particularly in the private sector. most workers in the usa work in  the private sector.  (a) identify two aims of a trade union.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons for a decline in trade union membership.  [4]  (c) analyse why someone may switch from working in the public sector to working in the private  sector.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a decrease in imports would increase a country\u2019s economic growth rate.  [8] 7 one way in which governments seek to reduce market failure is to introduce regulation.  governments also produce some goods and services by employing workers in the public sector.  (a) define \u2018regulation\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain two causes of market failure.  [4]  (c) analyse the possible opportunity costs of an increase in government spending on higher  education services.  [6]  (d) discuss whether government policy measures can reduce unemployment.  [8] permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge international  examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after  the live examination series. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s17_qp_11.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib17 06_0455_11/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2017 [turn over     *5675359770 * cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/11     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2017     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a ma rk will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  any rough working should be done in this booklet.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/11/m/j/17  1 which combination of terms gives the general definition of the economic problem?  a bigger families, less food, starvation  b falling supply, rising demand, shortage  c higher population, fewer jobs, unemployment  d limited resources, unlimited wants, scarcity      2 helium is a gas that is limited in supply. it takes thousands of years to form from decaying  radioactive rocks. the us government holds 35% of the world\u2019s supply and has been selling its stocks. helium is essential in medical scanners. it is also used for party balloons which some say is a wasteful alternative use of a valuable good.    which concepts can be applied to the above statement?  a demand and supply, government subsidy  b excess demand, resource allocation  c factors of production, private monopoly  d opportunity cost, public sector      3 the diagram shows a production possibility curve for an economy.    which point on the diagram is the most efficient for the economy to produce both consumer  goods and capital goods?    capital goods oconsumer goodsa bc d      ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/11/m/j/17 [turn over  4 the diagram shows the market for a product.    price quantityow zyxs d     which statement about the points marked on the diagram is correct?  a the distance from w to x shows a shortage of the product.  b the distance from z to y shows a surplus of the product.  c the movement from w to y shows a fall in the quantity demanded of the product.  d the movement from x to z shows a fall in the quantity supplied of the product.     5 the diagram shows the demand for chocolate.    oquantity demanded per weekprice dx y     what could cause the movement from point x to point y?  a a change in tastes  b a fall in the price of chocolate  c an increase in income  d a successful advertising campaign for chocolate    ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/11/m/j/17  6 a football club raises all stadium seat prices by 5%. the stadium is divided into four zones. the  demand for seats falls by 1% in zone w, by 3% in zone x, by 5% in zone y and by 6% in zone z.    in which zone is the responsiveness of demand for seats to the price change elastic?  a zone w  b zone x  c zone y  d zone z     7 a project to build one of the world\u2019s biggest coal mines was planned in australia. the project was  estimated to cost $us12.5 million. it would create employment but threaten endangered species as large coal ships would damage the great barrier reef.    what effects would this project have on the following costs and benefits?     private cost private benefit external cost  a decrease uncertain uncertain  b increase decrease increase  c increase increase increase  d uncertain increase increase     8 what is likely to happen when the rate of interest increases?  a consumer spending increases  b firms buy fewer machines  c people hold more cash  d savers earn lower rewards     9 in which type of work are employees most likely to  earn their highest income at a relatively young  age?  a manual building work  b professional legal work  c skilled craft work  d university teaching work     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/11/m/j/17 [turn over  10 individuals produced their own goods. they then decided to specialise. they formed a group and  offered their skills to each other but without the use of money.    what is not likely to be the result for the group?  a it will enjoy a rise in its material standard of living.  b it will have a wider choice of goods and services.  c it will need to use a system of barter.  d it will save time in obtaining goods and services.     11 tea is a very popular drink in turkey and morocco but coffee is an alternative drink preferred by  many people. many caf\u00e9s provide a small biscuit with either a cup of tea or coffee. some people  put sugar in the drinks to sweeten them.    how would the relation between these goods be classified?     tea and coffee tea and biscuits coffee and sugar  a complement complement complement  b complement substitute substitute  c substitute complement complement  d substitute complement substitute     12 to achieve horizontal integration, a firm producing tyres could merge with another firm producing  a motor cars.  b rubber.  c tyre-producing machinery.  d tyres.      13 which cost would be considered variable by a bus company?  a a new bus  b diesel fuel  c loan repayment  d rent     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/11/m/j/17  14 a monopoly takes over an industry from competitive firms.    what is not likely to be true about a monopoly compared with a competitive firm?  a a monopoly will earn a higher rate of profit.  b a monopoly will gain a greater share of the market.  c a monopoly will offer a wider choice to the consumer.  d a monopoly will operate on a larger scale of production.     15 the table shows how a firm\u2019s production changes as it employs more workers.    number of workers 10 20 30 40  total production (kilos) 50 100 300 600    what happens to productivity as more workers are employed?  a it is constant then falls.  b it is constant then rises.  c it rises then becomes constant.  d it rises continuously.      16 when is a tax progressive?  a when some goods have a higher tax than others  b when the rate of tax increases as income increases  c when the tax is linked to the rate of inflation   d when the tax is on incomes rather than on goods or services      17 a government intends to improve skills by offering  free training to school leavers at age 16 until  they reach 18 years. it proposes to pay for this by taxing the profits of firms.    which policies do these proposals involve?     provision of  skills training payment for  skills training  a fiscal fiscal  b monetary monetary  c supply-side fiscal  d supply-side monetary     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/11/m/j/17 [turn over  18 in trying to achieve one of its aims a government  may make it difficult to achieve another aim.    what is an example of this conflict?  a achieving a more even distribution of income may prevent a rise in the average standard of  living.  b achieving an increase in economic growth may prevent full employment.  c achieving full employment may prevent stable prices.  d achieving stable prices may prevent a current account surplus on the balance of payments.    19 the charts relate to the financial statement of the government of new zealand for 2014.    tax from incomes 31% corporate tax 10% other taxes 9%goods and services tax 18%other revenue 14%sales of goods and services 18% $89.4 billion (b) total revenue$92.2 billion (b) total expensesother $21.0b health $14.9b welfare $23.3beducation $12.3bstate enterprises $20.7b     what can be concluded?  a expenditure on welfare was higher than the combined expenditure on education and health.  b the government was $2.8 billion in surplus.  c the largest source of the government\u2019s income was from direct taxation.  d the number of business corporations was very small.      20 a newspaper reported that a country\u2019s economy had grown by 3% during the last year.    what must have increased in that year?  a costs of production  b gross domestic product  c unemployment  d wage levels     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/11/m/j/17  21 a country has a low gdp and a large population but ranks relatively highly on the hdi.    which combination may exist in the country?     income per head provision of education and  healthcare (merit goods)  a high high  b high low  c low low  d low high      22 the information below refers to an economy for a financial year.    government expenditure = $2866 million  government revenue = $1940 million    what was the budget balance of the government in that year?  a $926 million in deficit  b $4806 million in deficit  c $926 million in surplus  d $4806 million in surplus     23 in a developing country real incomes have risen.    which situation would definitely have caused this?     price level money  incomes  a fell fell  b fell rose  c rose unchanged  d rose fell    24 which characteristic do developed and developing economies have in common?  a participation in international trade  b high birth rates and high death rates  c rapid economic growth  d stable financial conditions and institutions   ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/11/m/j/17 [turn over  25 the diagram shows population projections until the year 2075 for selected areas.    12 10 86420billion 1950 2000 2050 2075developed countrieschinaindiaother asiaafrica latin america     assuming no migration, which situation must exist if the population is to change in the manner  shown in the diagram?  a birth rate falling and death rate falling  b birth rate greater than death rate  c death rate greater than birth rate  d death rate rising and birth rate falling     26 the table gives information about four countries.     which country is likely to have the highest standard of living?     life expectancy gdp per head  ($) % of labour force  in service  industries  a 51 250 48  b 51 400 52  c 61 450 52  d 61 400 40      27 which government policy is most likely to increase the volume of exports?  a devaluation  b embargoes  c quotas  d tariffs     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/11/m/j/17  28 what is necessarily involved in international free trade?  a the absence of transport costs  b the gift of foreign aid from charities  c the supply of zero interest rate government loans  d the unrestricted exchange of goods and services      29 in recent years, the us has experienced a deficit on its overall current account of the balance of  payments.    what could have led to an increase in the size of the deficit?  a increased competitiveness of goods made in the us  b increased earnings by us investors in foreign companies  c increased numbers of overseas visitors to the us  d increased spending on us military bases abroad    30 in 2015, china was the world\u2019s largest exporter of manufactured goods and a major importer of  oil and minerals. china devalued the yuan (renminbi) by 2%.    according to economic theory, what would have been a consequence of this devaluation?  a china paid less in foreign currencies for imports.  b china reduced its demand for oil and minerals.  c china\u2019s exports became less competitive.  d china\u2019s trading partners improved their balance of trade with china.     ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/11/m/j/17  blank page",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  international examinations copyright acknow ledgements booklet. this is produced for each  series of examinations and is freely a vailable to download at  www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge as sessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/11/m/j/17  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_s17_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib17 06_0455_12/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2017 [turn over     *3853652755* cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/12     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2017     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a ma rk will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  any rough working should be done in this booklet.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/m/j/17  1 which is not a factor of production?  a a farm  b a farmer  c a farmer\u2019s bank account  d a second-hand tractor      2 heavy rain caused floods in an area of a country.    what may be an opportunity cost of repairing the damage caused?  a the allocation of government funds to the area instead of on a new airport  b the cost of providing shelter for those made homeless  c the decline in the tourist industry in the area  d the loss of profits from businesses affected by the flood    3 the diagram shows a production possibility curve for cars and furniture.    cars furnitureow x z y     a recession causes a decrease in production in both cars and furniture.    which movement would represent this change?  a x to w b x to y c z to w d z to y     4 in response to an increase in price from $5 per kilo to $6 per kilo a chicken farmer increased  supply from 400 kilos to 500 kilos per week.    what is the price elasticity of supply?  a 0.8 b 0.9 c 1.2 d 1.25     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/m/j/17 [turn over  5 the diagram shows the demand for chocolate.    oquantity demanded per weekprice dx y     what could cause the movement from point x to point y?  a a change in tastes  b a fall in the price of chocolate  c an increase in income  d a successful advertising campaign for chocolate      6 a bee-keeper maintains hives of bees to produce honey. the bees can pollinate neighbours\u2019 fruit  trees but also give a painful sting to gardeners.    if both of these events occur, how will costs and benefits be affected?  a external benefits will fall and social costs will fall.  b external costs will rise and social benefits will fall.  c social costs and social benefits will fall.  d social costs and social benefits will rise.     7 in 2015 there was a significant fall in the world price of petrol (gasoline).    what would not have been a cause of the price fall?  a the continuing global recovery from the world economic recession  b the increasing exploitati on of us oil reserves  c the re-entry of iranian producers to the world oil market  d the shorter journeys from using the new suez canal    ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/m/j/17  8 which statement about financial matters is correct?  a commercial banks\u2019 main activity is the finance of international trade.  b paper banknotes possess all the desirable properties needed to act as money.  c stock exchanges trade mainly in second-hand stocks and shares.  d the central bank acts as the lender of last resort to companies facing bankruptcy.      9 what is most likely to be used to support a claim for wage increases in an industry?  a a decrease in the industry\u2019s sales  b a decrease in the need for specialist training  c an increase in cheap imports of a rival product  d an increase in wages in a similar industry      10 the government increases the rate of income tax and decreases the rate of a sales tax (vat).    from the initial equilibrium point of x, which letter indicates the new equilibrium point in a market  for normal goods?    oprice quantityd1s1 s s2 d2 dab c dx       11 in south africa, the number of skilled workers is relatively low. however, average wages in south  africa are double the average wage in brazil and turkey and they are 1.6 times higher than in malaysia.    what may be concluded from this information?  a malaysian workers are more skilled than south african workers.  b prices in south africa are double those in brazil.  c south africa\u2019s labour productivity is low.  d south african trade union bargaining power is strong.     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/m/j/17 [turn over  12 to achieve horizontal integration, a firm producing tyres could merge with another firm producing  a motor cars.  b rubber.  c tyre-producing machinery.  d tyres.      13 which costs will necessarily fall continuously as output increases?  a average fixed costs  b average variable costs  c opportunity costs  d repayment costs of borrowing      14 a monopoly takes over an industry from competitive firms.    what is not likely to be true about a monopoly compared with a competitive firm?  a a monopoly will earn a higher rate of profit.  b a monopoly will gain a greater share of the market.  c a monopoly will offer a wider choice to the consumer.  d a monopoly will operate on a larger scale of production.    15 the table shows the costs of a firm.    units of output variable cost ($) total cost ($)  10 15 85  20 25 95  30 35 105  40 45 115    what is the value of the firm\u2019s fixed costs?  a $10 b $15 c $70 d $85     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/m/j/17  16 when is a tax progressive?  a when some goods have a higher tax than others  b when the rate of tax increases as income increases  c when the tax is linked to the rate of inflation   d when the tax is on incomes rather than on goods or services       17 a government wishes to try to make the distri bution of income in the country more equal.    which policy would be most likely to achieve this?  a reducing housing subsidies  b reducing indirect tax on food  c reducing inheritance tax  d reducing tax on the dividends on stocks and shares     18 in trying to achieve one of its aims a government  may make it difficult to achieve another aim.    what is an example of this conflict?  a achieving a more even distribution of income may prevent a rise in the average standard of  living.  b achieving an increase in economic growth may prevent full employment.  c achieving full employment may prevent stable prices.  d achieving stable prices may prevent a current account surplus on the balance of payments.      19 which policy combination will be the most  effective if a government wishes to increase the level  of employment?  a decrease general taxation and decrease the rate of interest  b decrease general taxation and increase the rate of interest  c increase general taxation and decrease the rate of interest  d increase general taxation and increase the rate of interest     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/m/j/17 [turn over  20 a newspaper reported that a country\u2019s economy had grown by 3% during the last year.    what must have increased in that year?  a costs of production  b gross domestic product  c unemployment  d wage levels      21 what is meant by deflation?  a a fall in the general price level  b a fall in the international value of a currency  c a fall in the rate of inflation  d a fall in the real value of money     22 the information below refers to an economy for a financial year.    government expenditure = $2866 million  government revenue = $1940 million    what was the budget balance of the government in that year?  a $926 million in deficit  b $4806 million in deficit  c $926 million in surplus  d $4806 million in surplus      23 what is the change in gdp per head, after taking account of price increases (real change),  between 2000 and 2013?    year population  million consumer prices  index (cpi) gdp $billion  2000 3 100 4000  2013 4 120 6000    a from $15 to $125  b from $1250 to $1333  c from $1333 to $1250  d from $1333 to $1500    ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/m/j/17  24 which statement about the poorest families in developing economies is not likely to be correct?  a the children will be expected to work to help provide income.  b the family will find it easy to obtain loans to develop their farms.  c the family will have a low earning capacity.  d the family will suffer from malnutrition and lack of medical care.      25 the diagram shows population projections until the year 2075 for selected areas.    12 10 86420billion 1950 2000 2050 2075developed countrieschinaindiaother asiaafrica latin america     assuming no migration, which situation must exist if the population is to change in the manner  shown in the diagram?  a birth rate falling and death rate falling  b birth rate greater than death rate  c death rate greater than birth rate  d death rate rising and birth rate falling    26 the table shows information about four countries.    which country is likely to be least developed?     % of labour force  in service industries life expectancy gdp per head  ($)  a 20 49 380  b 35 49 350  c 40 53 350  d 45 63 450    ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/m/j/17  27 which government policy is most likely to increase the volume of exports?  a devaluation  b embargoes  c quotas  d tariffs      28 what might encourage international specialisation between countries?  a free trade  b inefficiencies in production  c labour immobility  d tariffs      29 in 2015, russia banned the imports of food, such as milk, from the european union (eu).    which outcomes are most likely to happen as a result?     milk market  in europe price of milk  in russia profits of  eu farmers  a excess demand fall rise  b excess demand rise rise  c excess supply fall fall  d excess supply rise fall    30 in 2010, vietnam experienced a deficit in the value of its trade in goods (visible) despite exporting  a greater number of goods than it imported.    what could explain this?  a the average price of its goods imported exceed ed the average price of its goods exported.  b the average value of its goods exported exceeded the average value of its goods imported.  c the country had a deficit on its trade in services.  d the country\u2019s government imposed tariffs on imports.     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/m/j/17  blank page",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/m/j/17  blank page",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  international examinations copyright acknow ledgements booklet. this is produced for each  series of examinations and is freely a vailable to download at  www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge as sessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/m/j/17  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_s17_qp_13.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib17 06_0455_13/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2017 [turn over     *1637570737 * cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/13     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2017     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a ma rk will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  any rough working should be done in this booklet.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/13/m/j/17  1 which statement about factors of production is correct?  a the fruit picked from the tree is called land.  b the managers of a company are called enterprise.  c the money used to finance a project is called capital.  d the owner of a company is called labour.      2 a person can make 10 items to sell on a craft stall in a day.    what is the opportunity cost if the person decides to paint a picture instead?  a 10 craft items  b the cost of the materials for the craft items  c the cost of the paint for the picture  d the value of the picture    3 the diagram shows a production possibility curve for agriculture and machinery.    agriculture omachineryl nk m     as a country develops, its primary production decreases and its secondary production increases.    which movement would represent this change?  a k to l b l to n c m to n d n to l     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/13/m/j/17 [turn over  4 the table shows four people\u2019s demand for t-shirts at two prices.    price of t-shirt  $ demand for t-shirts (units)  elsa george hamid shara  10 4 6 3 5  15 2 3 1 4    who has the most elastic demand for t-shirts when the price rises from $10 to $15?  a elsa  b george  c hamid  d shara     5 the diagram shows the demand for chocolate.    oquantity demanded per weekprice dx y     what could cause the movement from point x to point y?  a a change in tastes  b a fall in the price of chocolate  c an increase in income  d a successful advertising campaign for chocolate    ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/13/m/j/17  6 a company produces an electric car that can be driven much further than other electric cars  without needing recharging. the car does not emit the dangerous fumes that petrol cars do. the  batteries that power the car are very expensive and the company is building a huge factory to produce batteries more cheaply.    which concepts can be applied to the above statement?  a average cost and mergers  b external costs and mixed economy  c private costs and economies of scale  d public sector and market failure      7 people often eat biscuits when they drink a cup of tea. between 2010 and 2015, the consumption  of sweet biscuits decreased because of health warnings about high sugar consumption. sales of tea, as a result, also fell.    how would this be shown on demand and supply diagrams for biscuits and tea?     biscuits tea  a demand curve moves to left demand curve moves to left  b demand curve moves to right demand curve moves to right  c movement down along the demand curve demand curve moves to right  d movement up along the demand curve demand curve moves to left    8 a student needs to borrow $60  000 to pay for a five-year university course in medicine.    what would motivate the student to borrow to pay for the course?  a debts must be repaid within the first five years of work.  b further training in hospitals must follow graduation.  c high earnings are expected in the long-run.  d many skills gained on the course are non-transferable.     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/13/m/j/17 [turn over  9 the congress of south african trade unions (cosatu) is the biggest union federation in south  africa. it represents public sector workers.    in 2010, it had an increase in membership. in the same year, cosatu\u2019s bargaining strength  declined.   what could explain this?  a there was an increase in government spending on welfare payments.  b there was an increase in the country\u2019s unemployment rate.  c there was an increase in the geographical mobility of labour.  d there was an increase in union funds.     10 which worker is most likely to risk facing a falling income towards the end of their career?  a a manager in an engineering firm  b a manual worker in a building firm  c a supervisor in a retail firm  d an office worker in an advertising firm      11 what is the most likely reason why airline pilots earn more than agricultural workers?  a agricultural work is difficult.  b pilots work regular hours.  c there is a surplus of agricultural workers.  d there is no shortage of pilots.       12 to achieve horizontal integration, a firm producing tyres could merge with another firm producing  a motor cars.  b rubber.  c tyre-producing machinery.  d tyres.     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/13/m/j/17  13 a car manufacturer has a highly mechanised assembly line using robots and a few skilled  workers. an international exam board employs many  thousands of examiners to mark candidates\u2019  examination papers.    which row describes each of these activities?     car manufacturer international exam board a capital-intensive capital-intensive  b capital-intensive labour-intensive  c labour-intensive capital-intensive  d labour-intensive labour-intensive     14 a monopoly takes over an industry from competitive firms.    what is not likely to be true about a monopoly compared with a competitive firm?  a a monopoly will earn a higher rate of profit.  b a monopoly will gain a greater share of the market.  c a monopoly will offer a wider choice to the consumer.  d a monopoly will operate on a larger scale of production.    15 the table shows the total costs of a firm. it can sell the units for $10 each.    quantity produced (units) 7 8 9 10  total cost ($) 10 15 20 25    how many units will the firm produce to maximise profits?  a 7 b 8 c 9 d 10      16 when is a tax progressive?  a when some goods have a higher tax than others  b when the rate of tax increases as income increases  c when the tax is linked to the rate of inflation   d when the tax is on incomes rather than on goods or services      ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/13/m/j/17 [turn over  17 why can government spending be described both as a fiscal policy and a supply-side policy?  a it has a nationwide effect and can control firms\u2019 production possibility curves.  b it is announced in the budget and can increase the economy\u2019s ability to produce.  c it is determined by the central bank and can raise the cost of production of firms.  d it must equal tax revenue and can regulate the amount of the money supply.      18 in trying to achieve one of its aims a government  may make it difficult to achieve another aim.    what is an example of this conflict?  a achieving a more even distribution of income may prevent a rise in the average standard of  living.  b achieving an increase in economic growth may prevent full employment.  c achieving full employment may prevent stable prices.  d achieving stable prices may prevent a current account surplus on the balance of payments.    19 a government cuts the rate of income tax.    what effect is this likely to have on tax evasion and revenue from indirect taxes?     tax evasion revenue from indirect taxes  a decrease increase  b decrease no effect  c increase increase  d increase no effect      20 a newspaper reported that a country\u2019s economy had grown by 3% during the last year.    what must have increased in that year?  a costs of production  b gross domestic product  c unemployment  d wage levels     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/13/m/j/17  21 in the poorest developing countries it is difficult to measure the size of gdp.    what is the main cause of this?  a a high proportion of the paid workforce is in the informal sector.  b employment in rural areas is seasonal in nature.  c the provision of services cannot be given a value.  d women are discriminated against in many jobs.     22 the information below refers to an economy for a financial year.    government expenditure = $2866 million  government revenue = $1940 million    what was the budget balance of the government in that year?  a $926 million in deficit  b $4806 million in deficit  c $926 million in surplus  d $4806 million in surplus      23 the table shows some information from a developing country.    consumer prices: % change on previous year    year percentage change  on previous year (%) 2011 4  2012 5  2013 3  2014 2    which statement must be correct?  a prices fell between 2013 and 2014.  b the cost of living was lowest in 2014.  c the purchasing power of money rose between 2012 and 2013.  d those on fixed incomes became worse off between 2011 and 2012.     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/13/m/j/17 [turn over  24 what is likely to show that a country ha s a rising level of economic development?  a a reduced inflation rate  b a reduced national income per head  c a reduced provision of healthcare (merit good)  d a reduced unemployment rate      25 the diagram shows population projections until the year 2075 for selected areas.    12 10 86420billion 1950 2000 2050 2075developed countrieschinaindiaother asiaafrica latin america     assuming no migration, which situation must exist if the population is to change in the manner  shown in the diagram?  a birth rate falling and death rate falling  b birth rate greater than death rate  c death rate greater than birth rate  d death rate rising and birth rate falling    26 a government in a developing country has given extra funds to promote trade in rural areas by  encouraging the establishment of small shops.    what is likely to increase as a result?  a primary industry in the private sector  b primary industry in the public sector  c secondary industry in the public sector  d tertiary industry in the private sector     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/13/m/j/17  27 which government policy is most likely to increase the volume of exports?  a devaluation  b embargoes  c quotas  d tariffs      28 which method would both reduce imports and encourage exports?  a embargoes on dangerous products  b quotas on agricultural produce  c subsidies on locally-produced electronics  d tariffs on iron and steel products      29 the currency exchange rate of the south african rand for the botswana pula fell by 5.7%  between august 2014 and august 2015.    what would be the immediate effect of this?  a botswana\u2019s level of protection would fall.  b botswana\u2019s tourists travelling to south africa would find it less expensive.  c south africa\u2019s imports would be cheaper.  d south africa\u2019s tourists travelling to botswana would receive more pula per rand.     30 in 2015, china was the world\u2019s biggest importer of oil. in august 2015, china devalued its  currency.    what is likely to have happened?  a the price of china\u2019s exports fell and world oil prices rose as china\u2019s demand decreased.  b the price of china\u2019s exports rose and world oil prices fell as china\u2019s demand increased.  c the price of china\u2019s imports fell and world oil prices rose as china\u2019s demand increased.  d the price of china\u2019s imports rose and world oil prices fell as china\u2019s demand decreased.     ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/13/m/j/17  blank page",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  international examinations copyright acknow ledgements booklet. this is produced for each  series of examinations and is freely a vailable to download at  www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge as sessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/13/m/j/17  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_s17_qp_21.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (lk/fd) 127509/4 \u00a9 ucles 2017  [turn overcambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education *7505728420*economics  0455/21 paper 2  structured questions  may/june 2017  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. you should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/21/m/j/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 section a answer this question. 1 the new suez canal  in august 2015 the egyptian government opened a second suez canal, alongside the original  canal, to enable more and larger ships to sail from the mediterranean sea to the gulf of suez.  it cost more than us$8 billion to build, with land having to be purchased, capital equipment  acquired and wages paid to the workers building the canal. this was at a time when there were  calls for increased spending on healthcare, in particular improving the quality of public hospitals  and improving education, especially adult literacy.  the egyptian government believes that the canal will attract more ships, both those carrying goods  and those carrying people. the number of goods and people using sea transport is influenced by  a variety of factors. these include the speed of the transportation, the level of economic activity  and the price of other forms of transport. some goods have to be transported quickly, and recent  years have shown how sensitive demand for sea transport is to recessions and economic booms.  fig. 1 shows how the market for sea transport has recently been affected by the change in the  market for air transport. q1q2p2p1 d2d1s oquantity of sea transportprice of sea transport  fig. 1 the market for sea transport  the egyptian government is hoping that new industries connected to the shipping industry will be  built along the canal. developing infant industries may help to reduce the country\u2019s unemployment  rate, which in 2015 was 12.5%.  in 2015, the country had a population of 90 million, a population growth rate of 1.5% and a labour  force of 28 million. its death rate was falling. the government\u2019s spending on healthcare was  equivalent to 4% of gross domestic product (gdp). 2015 also saw gdp at us$280 billion with  an economic growth rate of 5%.",
            "3": "3 0455/21/m/j/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 [turn over  (a) define \u2018private cost\u2019 and give an example from the extract.  [2]  (b) explain opportunity cost and give an example from the extract.  [4]  (c) calculate, using information from the extract:   (i) the number of people unemployed in egypt in 2015  [2]   (ii) the amount the egyptian government spent on healthcare in 2015.  [2]  (d) analyse how a global recession could affect demand for sea transport.  [5]  (e) discuss whether a fall in a country\u2019s death rate will always result in an increase in its  population size.  [5]  (f) explain, using information from the extract and fig. 1, what happened to the market for sea  transport as a result of the fall in the price of air transport.  [4]  (g) discuss whether a government should protect infant industries.  [6] section b answer any three  questions from this section. 2 sales of bottled water in china doubled between 2010 and 2015. in 2013 china overtook the  usa as the biggest market for water by volume, but not value as the price of a bottle was higher  in the usa. the increase in global consumption of bottled water has increased the size of firms  producing bottled water but has also increased pollution.  (a) why is pollution an example of market failure?  [2]  (b) explain two causes of a shift of a supply curve to the right.  [4]  (c) analyse why the price of a product may be higher in the usa than china.  [6]  (d) discuss whether large firms or small firms benefit consumers more.  [8] 3 money and banking are closely linked. money performs a number of functions, including being  a standard for deferred payments, and it is used to pay workers, often directly into their bank  accounts. the amount workers earn differs depending on the industry in which they work. bank  lending from both private sector and public sector (state-owned) banks has increased in some  countries in recent years.  (a) define \u2018a standard for deferred payments\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why agricultural workers may be paid less than manufacturing workers.  [4]  (c) analyse why private sector banks may earn higher profits than public sector banks.  [6]  (d) discuss whether an increase in bank lending will benefit an economy.  [8]",
            "4": "4 0455/21/m/j/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 4 in 2012 oil was discovered in kenya, but in 2014 an american firm stopped its plans to explore for  oil in the arabuko sokoke forest in the country. the relative sizes of kenya\u2019s primary, secondary  and tertiary sectors are changing. the amount of capital goods in the country is also increasing.  (a) define the \u2018secondary sector\u2019 and give an example.  [2]  (b) explain two benefits that an economy may gain as a result of the discovery of oil on its land.  [4]  (c) analyse why the social costs of oil extraction may be greater than the private costs.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a country would benefit from devoting more resources to producing capital  goods.  [8] 5 in june 2015 the value of the swiss franc rose by 30% against the euro. the countries that  switzerland exports to are changing. exports to the usa, uk, india and south korea are growing  in importance, while exports to germany, italy and france are declining. a possible effect of an  appreciation of the exchange rate is a fall in the inflation rate.  (a) define \u2018inflation\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain why a country\u2019s exports to one country may increase, while those to another country  decrease.  [4]    (c) analyse how an appreciation of the exchange rate may reduce the country\u2019s inflation rate.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a low inflation rate always benefits an economy.  [8] 6 japan\u2019s birth rate is falling. its population is ageing, and declining at a faster rate than any other  country\u2019s population. this has an impact on the amount that the japanese government spends  on pensions. its government is considering measures to increase the country\u2019s birth rate and to  encourage immigration.  (a) identify two causes of a fall in a country\u2019s birth rate.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why more educated people tend to live longer than less educated  people.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a production possibility curve diagram, what effect net immigration is likely to  have on an economy.  [6]  (d) discuss whether the government of a country should reduce the pensions it pays to retired  people.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/21/m/j/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 7 in recent years there has been an increase in prices in mexico. indirect taxes have also been  increased. bus fares and food have become more expensive. in 2015, the mexican government  was planning to cut its spending by us$8.3 billion.  (a) define \u2018indirect taxes\u2019 and give an example.  [2]  (b) explain two causes of an increase in demand for bus transport.  [4]  (c) analyse how a reduction in government spending on education could cause unemployment.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a government should increase taxes on food.   [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/21/m/j/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/21/m/j/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/21/m/j/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge international  examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after  the live examination series. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_s17_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (rw/sg) 127626/4 \u00a9 ucles 2017  [turn overcambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education *5233663819*economics  0455/22 paper 2  structured questions  may/june 2017  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. you should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/22/m/j/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 section a answer this question. 1 mining diamonds in botswana  botswana is the world\u2019s largest producer of diamonds. indeed, in 2015 diamonds accounted for a  third of the country\u2019s gross domestic product (gdp) of us$18  billion and for 80% of the country\u2019s  exports.  the country currently gets most of its income from mining and selling rough (uncut) diamonds.  it receives only us$700 for a 1.5  carat rough diamond. the diamond is then cut, polished and  finished, usually in other countries. india is the market leader in cutting and polishing diamonds.  the cost of cutting and polishing diamonds in india is only a quarter of the cost in botswana.  the global average cost of finishing a 1.5  carat diamond is us$8000. the diamond is sold to the  customer with a 25% profit margin.  botswana is trying to develop industries connected with diamond mining, such as cutting, polishing  and jewellery making including diamond rings. fig.  1 shows how the global market for diamond  rings changed in 2015. p2 p1 q1q2d2 d1price of diamond ringss oquantity of diamond rings fig. 1  the global market for diamond rings in 2015  the botswanan government has also encouraged the world\u2019s largest diamond company to set up  in gaborone, the capital of botswana. some government ministers, however, are concerned that  botswana is too dependent on diamonds. they warn that there is a finite supply of diamonds and  urge the government to encourage diversification.  as well as diamonds, the country has a number of other strengths. it has good infrastructure, a  developed education system and free hospital treatment.",
            "3": "3 0455/22/m/j/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 [turn over  (a) identify, using information from the extract, two reasons why a foreign diamond company  may set up in botswana.  [2]  (b) explain two benefits that a country may gain from the presence of a foreign multinational  company.  [4]  (c) calculate, using information from the extract:   (i) the value of diamonds produced in botswana in 2015  [2]   (ii) the average price of a 1.5  carat diamond in 2015.  [2]  (d) analyse why a country could have lower production costs for a particular good than another  country.  [5]  (e) discuss whether botswana should mine all its diamonds and sell them as quickly as possible.  [5]  (f) explain, using information from the extract and fig.  1, what happened to the market for  diamond rings in 2015.  [4]  (g) discuss the economic arguments for and against providing free hospital treatment to patients.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/m/j/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 section b answer any three  questions from this section. 2 indonesia\u2019s output is influenced by its factors of production. a production possibility curve  diagram can be used to show this relationship between resources and output. indonesia does  have extensive fishing waters but does not actually catch many fish. most of its fishing firms are  small and they compete against much larger foreign firms. these larger foreign firms have been  attracted into indonesia\u2019s waters because of increasing demand for fish. the price elasticity of  demand for different types of fish has changed in the last few years.  (a) identify the two human factors of production.  [2]  (b) explain two economic concepts shown by a production possibility curve diagram.  [4]  (c) analyse why demand for a product may become more elastic over time.  [6]  (d) discuss whether small firms can compete successfully against large firms.  [8] 3 in 2015 some german commercial banks reduced their already very low interest rates on deposit  accounts. the german government was hoping that such a change would encourage more  germans to buy shares in german firms. the ability of german firms to buy capital goods would  be increased if they could sell more shares or borrow more from commercial banks.  (a) identify two ways a commercial bank differs from a central bank.  [2]  (b) explain the connection between opportunity cost and the purchase of shares.  [4]  (c) analyse how a fall in the rate of interest may affect a country\u2019s exchange rate.  [6]  (d) discuss whether an increase in spending on capital goods will help to achieve the aims of  government policies.  [8] 4 more people are becoming billionaires at the same time that other people are living in poverty.  while some people enjoy luxuries others lack even basic essentials. to enable more people to  achieve a minimum living standard some economists support the redistribution of income.  (a) what is meant by \u2018redistribution of income\u2019?  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why the rich spend more in total than the poor.  [4]  (c) analyse why the elimination of absolute poverty would not solve the economic problem.  [6]  (d) discuss whether gross domestic product (gdp) per head is the best measure of comparative  living standards.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/22/m/j/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 5 between 2009 and 2014, delaware was the only us state to experience a fall in earnings. in the  same period, however, it had an unemployment rate below the national average and a higher  proportion of workers belonging to a trade union. the state is forecast to have one of the fastest  ageing populations of any state in the usa in the next twenty years.  (a) define a \u2018trade union\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain two possible causes of a fall in a worker\u2019s earnings.  [4]  (c) analyse the causes of unemployment.  [6]  (d) discuss whether an ageing population benefits an economy.  [8] 6 in 2015 the world saw many changes in demand and advances in technology. people were using  new ways to transfer money and there was an increase in the number of stock exchanges. some  governments also raised the school-leaving age, that is the minimum age at which children are  legally allowed to leave school.  (a) what is sold on a stock exchange?  [2]  (b) explain how money helps specialisation and trade to occur.  [4]  (c) analyse how advances in technology can affect demand and supply.  [6]  (d) discuss the economic arguments for and against a government raising the school-leaving  age. [8] 7 spain has had one of the highest unemployment rates in europe. moreover, 3.5 million of those  unemployed had been out of work for at least a year by 2015. the spanish government has  introduced a range of policy measures, including increased government spending, to reduce  unemployment and poverty. it has also tried to help firms make the supply of their products more  elastic.  (a) identify two problems that prevent a worker finding employment.  [2]  (b) explain two costs of long-term unemployment to those who are unemployed.  [4]  (c) analyse why price elasticity of supply can differ between products.  [6]  (d) discuss whether increasing government spending will reduce poverty.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/22/m/j/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/22/m/j/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/22/m/j/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 blank page permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge international  examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after  the live examination series. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s17_qp_23.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (st/sw) 127650/3 \u00a9 ucles 2017  [turn overcambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education *0227251790*economics  0455/23 paper 2  structured questions  may/june 2017  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. you should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/23/m/j/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 section a answer this question. 1 coal mining  coal is used directly to heat homes throughout the world and produces more than 40% of the  world\u2019s electricity. there are, however, a number of challenges facing the coal industry. these  include increasing concerns about the environmental effects of using coal and the increased  competition from other fuels.  mining and using coal to produce electricity causes air pollution. coal-fired power stations emit  carbon dioxide, which has a harmful effect on people\u2019s health. wildlife habitats are damaged when  new mines are opened and when coal waste is dumped on landfill sites.  however, demand for coal has declined recently. this resulted in the price of a tonne of coal  falling from us$300 in 2010 to us$150 in 2015. even china, the world\u2019s largest consumer of coal,  purchased less in 2015. some high-cost deep mines were closed in the usa. in the same year,  europe\u2019s largest producer, poland, sold coal at a loss of us$37 a tonne.  the fall in demand for coal arises partly from competition from renewable energy. for instance,  advances in technology are reducing the costs of producing energy from wind power. fig. 1 shows  how the market for wind power changed in 2015. d1price of wind power quantity of wind powers1 p1 q1oq2p2s2 fig. 1  the market for wind power in 2015  some countries protect their energy industries from foreign competition, in some cases to reduce  a current account deficit. the governments of a number of coal-producing countries also regulate  their coal industries. the extent of government intervention is influenced by the type of economic  system operated.",
            "3": "3 0455/23/m/j/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 [turn over  (a) identify, using information from the extract, two external costs that arise from using coal to  produce electricity.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why a firm may continue to produce a good despite making a loss.  [4]  (c) calculate, using information from the extract:    (i) the percentage fall in the price of coal between 2010 and 2015  [2]   (ii) the cost (in us$) of producing a tonne of coal in poland in 2015.  [2]  (d) analyse how resources are allocated in a mixed economy.  [5]  (e) discuss whether governments should regulate the coal industries of their countries.  [5]  (f) explain, using information from the extract and fig. 1, what happened to the market for wind  power in 2015.  [4]  (g) discuss whether a government should use trade protection to reduce a current account  deficit.  [6] section b answer any three  questions from this section. 2 between 2014 and 2015, sao paulo, a large city in brazil, opened more than 120  km of cycle-only   lanes alongside roads. the city has a car culture, with demand for car travel being price-inelastic.  in contrast, in copenhagen, the capital of denmark, 36% of commuter journeys are now by  bicycle, which has reduced the demand for car travel in the city.  (a) define \u2018price-inelastic demand\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain two causes of a shift of a demand curve to the left.  [4]  (c) analyse how a government could promote the purchase of bicycles.  [6]  (d) discuss whether governments should discourage car use.  [8] 3 in 2015, money sent home by nepalese workers working abroad accounted for 29% of nepal\u2019s  total income. these remittances also contributed positively to the country\u2019s current account  position on its balance of payments. in kerala, a state in india, remittances accounted for 36%  of total income, with people from the state going abroad to undertake a range of jobs including  working as dentists and hotel cleaners.  (a) identify two factors that affect an individual\u2019s choice of occupation.  [2]  (b) explain two effects of a country having a surplus on the current account of its balance of  payments.  [4]  (c) analyse why dentists are paid more than hotel cleaners.  [6]  (d) discuss whether an economy will benefit from recruiting workers from other countries.  [8]",
            "4": "4 0455/23/m/j/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 4 2015 saw more than us$4000 billion-worth of mergers worldwide, many in the usa and the uk.  some mergers occur between firms in different countries. these are influenced by a number of  factors, including the size and structure of the markets in the countries and their exchange rates.  mergers influence the level of competition in markets.  (a) define \u2018conglomerate integration\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain why firms in a perfectly competitive market are price-takers.  [4]  (c) analyse the causes of an increase in a country\u2019s exchange rate.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a large firm will always have lower average costs of production than a small  firm. [8] 5 the central bank of nigeria has set a limit for inflation of 9%, but in august 2015 the country\u2019s  inflation rate reached 9.2%. the governor of the central bank said he would welcome the use of  fiscal policy to reduce the inflation rate and would resist calls to devalue the country\u2019s exchange  rate.  (a) define \u2018central bank\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain the difference between a fixed exchange rate and a floating exchange rate.  [4]   (c) analyse how fiscal policy could reduce the inflation rate.  [6]  (d) discuss whether inflation causes more problems than deflation.  [8] 6 living standards have risen in a variety of ways in recent decades. between 1990 and 2015,  more than 2.5 billion people in the world gained access to improved water and the proportion  of undernourished people declined from 24% to 13%. countries have made different rates of  progress and these have been reflected in their human development index (hdi) rankings.   (a) define the \u2018human development index\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain why the concept of opportunity cost is important in deciding how to allocate resources.  [4]  (c) analyse how a reduction in the rate of interest could reduce poverty.  [6]  (d) discuss whether rapid economic growth always increases living standards.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/23/m/j/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 7 argentina once had one of the highest levels of gross domestic product (gdp) per head in  the world and one of the highest economic growth rates. many multinational companies were  producing in the country. some suggest that for argentina to regain its position among the top ten  richest countries, it needs to increase spending on education and move towards free trade.  (a) define \u2018free trade\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why governments aim for economic growth.  [4]  (c) analyse why the social benefits of education are greater than the private benefits.  [6]  (d) discuss whether multinational companies (mncs) will always locate in countries with a high  gdp per head.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/23/m/j/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/23/m/j/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/23/m/j/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge international  examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after  the live examination series. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_w17_qp_11.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib17 11_0455_11/5rp  \u00a9 ucles 2017 [turn over     *8122657378 * cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/11     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2017     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a ma rk will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/11/o/n/17  1 an oil company announced in 2015 that it was starting its drilling operations for oil deposits in the  arctic ocean.    what will be the effect of this?  a to increase the supply of raw materials  b to reduce the level of technology available  c to solve the economic problem  d to worsen resource allocation     2 a self-employed fortune teller earns a living by reading the palms of people\u2019s hands.    which factors of production are essential to this activity?  a capital and enterprise  b enterprise and labour  c labour and land  d land and capital      3 a country is operating at point x on its producti on possibility curve (ppc). a drought significantly  reduces agricultural output.    which point represents the new position?    ab x c d omanufacturing output agricultural output      4 a government needs to decide how much to fine firms for causing the external costs of air  pollution in industrial areas.    which external cost would be the most difficult to measure in monetary terms?  a the discomfort associated with breathing  b the expenditure on additional healthcare  c the loss of earnings due to illness  d the medical research into respiratory disease   ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/11/o/n/17 [turn over  5 what is an example of market failure?  a city centre congestion  b low economic growth  c rising prices  d trade deficits      6 the table illustrates the demand and supply for coffee in a market in africa.    price per kg  ($) quantity demanded  (kg) quantity supplied  (kg)  10 50 10  20 40 20  30 30 30  40 20 40  50 10 50     when the price rises from $20 to $30 per kg, what  is the price elasticity of demand for coffee?  a 0.2 b 0.5 c 2.0 d 5.0    7 between 2005 and 2015 the number of late-night music clubs in the uk fell from 3144 to 1733.  the causes were said to be the increase in the cost to clubs of planning regulations and the increase in alternative ways of meeting people on social media.    how would the effect of these causes be shown on a demand and supply diagram for entrance to late-night music clubs?     planning regulations increase in  dating websites  a   movement down  the supply curve shift of  demand curve to left  b   movement up  the supply curve movement up  the demand curve  c   shift of  supply curve to left shift of  demand curve to left  d   shift of  supply curve to right shift of  demand curve to right     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/11/o/n/17  8 a job offers employees piecework, commission, paid holidays and a company pension.    which are non-wage factors?  a commission and company pension  b company pension and paid holidays  c paid holidays and piecework  d piecework and commission     9 when will a trade union be most likely to succeed in achieving the aims of its members?  a when firms are trying to cut costs of production  b when the rate of unemployment in the country is high  c when trade union membership in the industry is compulsory  d when workers are unskilled    10 the typical pattern of income over a person\u2019s whole lifetime is shown by which diagram?    lifetimeincomea olifetimeincomeb olifetimeincomec olifetimeincomed o     11 when choosing an occupation people often consider things other than the wage-rate.    what would not be a good match for the type of work that is desired?     desired aspect occupation  a detailed work; career structure lawyer  b outdoor lifestyle; regular hours farmer  c part-time hours; work with people supermarket assistant  d technical knowledge; responsibility telephone engineer     12 which is an internal diseconomy of scale?  a a lack of communication in a firm  b a reduction of cost by buying in bulk  c a shortage of skilled labour in an area  d traffic congestion in a particular area ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/11/o/n/17 [turn over  13 what is not likely in an industry with many small firms?  a high capital costs  b high level of competition  c low barriers to entry  d low research expenditure      14 a major computer company announced that its profits had fallen below the level predicted.    what might have caused this?  a increased advertising costs that greatly improved sales  b low prices that made the company\u2019s product competitive  c new technology that reduced costs  d reduced sales and low prices     15 the diagram shows the fixed costs, variable costs and total costs of a firm.    ocosts outputqrst     at output q, which distance represents the firm\u2019s variable cost?  a qr b qt c rt d st      16 what, when increased, will help a government to reduce the rate of inflation?  a budget deficit  b consumer spending  c income tax  d pensions     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/11/o/n/17  17 an economy has a deficit on its balance of trade in manufactured goods.    which government policy will reduce this deficit?  a a decrease in subsidies paid to local manufacturers  b an increase in interest rates  c an increase in sales tax on locally manufactured goods  d an introduction of import duties on manufactured goods     18 the graph shows the percentage of income paid in taxation.    which line represents a proportional tax?    % income paid intaxation oincomeab c d       19 what is most likely to decrease when employment increases?  a economic growth  b government welfare payments  c the price level  d the standard of living     20 why is the human development index (hdi) often considered to be better than gross domestic  product (gdp) per head as a measure of living standards?  a gdp per head excludes economic growth.  b gdp per head ignores population growth.  c hdi includes more than the production of goods and services.  d hdi is calculated by the national government.     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/11/o/n/17 [turn over  21 an economy is predicted to grow at a rate of 3% during the next year.    what is most likely to cause this growth?  a an increase in expenditure  b an increase in interest rates  c an increase in sales (goods and services) tax  d an increase in the government\u2019s budget surplus     22 the diagrams show percentage employment in different sectors in two countries.    primary secondarycountry x services70 605040302010 0percentage employed primary secondarycountry y services70 605040302010 0percentage employed     which statement is correct when comparing country x and country y?  a country x employs more workers in se condary industry than country y.  b country x produces more primary output than country y.  c country y is more developed than country x.  d country y produces more secondary output than country x.     23 which policy aims to maintain low inflation over a period of time?  a imposing a minimum wage to be paid to workers  b reducing interest rates to encourage borrowing  c restricting the supply of money through the central bank  d writing off the debts of low-income countries    ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/11/o/n/17  24 what most accurately measures the international purchasing power of a currency?  a the balance of payments  b the exchange rate  c the gross domestic product  d the rate of inflation      25 the charts show the population structure of a country in 1960 and 2015.    3210 0123male female age 85+ 80 \u2013 84 millions75 \u2013 79 70 \u2013 74 65 \u2013 6960 \u2013 6455 \u2013 5950 \u2013 5445 \u2013 4940 \u2013 44 35 \u2013 3930 \u2013 34 25 \u2013 2920 \u2013 2415 \u2013 1910 \u2013 14 5 \u2013 9 0 \u2013 4 3210 0123male female age1960 2015 85+ 80 \u2013 84 millions75 \u2013 7970 \u2013 74 65 \u2013 6960 \u2013 6455 \u2013 5950 \u2013 5445 \u2013 4940 \u2013 44 35 \u2013 3930 \u2013 34 25 \u2013 2920 \u2013 2415 \u2013 1910 \u2013 14 5 \u2013 9 0 \u2013 4     what decreased  between 1960 and 2015?  a average age  b number of people below 15  c number of people over 60  d total population      ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/11/o/n/17 [turn over  26 the table gives information about four countries.    which country is likely to be most developed?     life expectancy gdp per head  (us$) % of labour force  in agriculture  a 52 450 50  b 54 490 40  c 60 550 15  d 60 500 25      27 what is a benefit of tariffs?  a increased choice  b increased government revenue  c more competition  d more trade      28 what is a country said to have if the value of its exported goods exceeds the value of its imported  goods?  a a surplus on its balance of payments  b a surplus on its balance of trade  c a surplus on its capital account  d a surplus on its current account     29 an argentine product initially sells in the us for $50 when the exchange rate between the two  countries is 5 pesos to 1 dollar    the exchange rate changes to 10 pesos to 1 dollar and the price of the product remains unchanged in argentina.    what will be the new price of the product in the us?  a $5 b $25 c $100 d $500     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/11/o/n/17  30 the uk wants to increase exports to the us.     what action will achieve this?  a borrowing us dollars from international banks  b devaluing uk pounds against the us dollar  c placing a quota on imports from the us  d selling us dollars to buy uk pounds     ",
            "11": "11    blank page   \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/11/o/n/17  ",
            "12": "12    blank page     permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  international examinations copyright acknow ledgements booklet. this is produced for each  series of examinations and is freely a vailable to download at  www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge as sessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/11/o/n/17   "
        },
        "0455_w17_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib17 11_0455_12/5rp  \u00a9 ucles 2017 [turn over     *2094163331 * cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/12     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2017     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a ma rk will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/o/n/17  1 economists refer to factors of production.    which is not a factor of production?  a the fields of a farm  b the machinery in a factory  c the shares of a company  d the staff in an office     2 a government allowed a building company to construct new houses which destroyed an area  designated as an area of natural beauty.     which concepts can be applied to this statement?  a budget surplus; public sector  b external cost; opportunity cost  c government subsidy; mixed economy  d private enterprise; budget deficit      3 the diagram shows a production possibility curve. the country is using all its resources to  produce both manufactured goods and services.     manufacturing oservicesk lm n     what movement would represent an improvement of technology in manufacturing?  a k to n b l to k c n to k d n to m      4 what is the government most likely to produce in a mixed economy?  a all of the services and none of the goods  b amounts of goods and services equal to those of the private sector  c no goods and services  d some of the goods and services     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/o/n/17 [turn over  5 which of the effects of economic development is an external cost?  a higher employment  b higher fixed costs  c increased production  d increased traffic congestion      6 the table illustrates the demand and supply for coffee in a market in africa.    price per kg  ($) quantity demanded  (kg) quantity supplied  (kg)  10 50 10  20 40 20  30 30 30  40 20 40  50 10 50     when the price rises from $20 to $30 per kg, what  is the price elasticity of demand for coffee?  a 0.2 b 0.5 c 2.0 d 5.0    7 it was reported that the supply of oil would be affected by the discovery of new oil fields and  demand would be affected by rapid global economic growth.    if point x is the initial equilibrium point, which point could represent the new equilibrium?    price quantityos2 s1 d2s3 d1d3xab c d      ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/o/n/17  8 what is likely to decrease the level of saving in an economy?  a an increase in the general level of income  b an increase in the number of cheap offers in shops  c a redistribution of income from poor to rich households  d a rise in the rate of interest      9 which change will make a manufacturing company replace machines with labour to maintain the  most efficient combination of factors of production?  a the price of the product manufactured has increased.  b the productivity of labour has increased.  c the productivity of machinery has increased.  d the wages of labour have increased.     10 although there are higher paid jobs in offices many workers stay in low-paid jobs on farms.    what might explain this in developing economies?  a agricultural workers lack the necessary education and skills.  b governments plan to increase indirect taxes on services.  c manual workers are being replaced by machines.  d workers on farms have high labour mobility.     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/o/n/17 [turn over  11 the diagram shows two curves. one is the demand for labour, the other is the supply of labour. a  government fixes a minimum wage (m w) that must be paid by employers.    olabour employedw mwwage     what will be the effect of this minimum wage?  a fewer workers will be employed  b no change in the market equilibrium  c no worker will be paid wage w  d supply of labour will exceed demand      12 which is an internal diseconomy of scale?  a a lack of communication in a firm  b a reduction of cost by buying in bulk  c a shortage of skilled labour in an area  d traffic congestion in a particular area      13 what distinguishes a multinational company from other types of company?  a it exports its products.  b it imports its raw materials.  c it produces outside its country of origin.  d it promotes its products in trade fairs abroad.     14 a major computer company announced that its profits had fallen below the level predicted.    what might have caused this?  a increased advertising costs that greatly improved sales  b low prices that made the company\u2019s product competitive  c new technology that reduced costs  d reduced sales and low prices ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/o/n/17  15 the table shows the variable costs of a firm. it can sell the units for $5 each. its fixed costs are  $10.    quantity produced (units) 10 11 12 13  variable cost ($) 20 30 40 50    how many units will the firm produce to maximise profits?  a 10 b 11 c 12 d 13      16 what, when increased, will help a government to reduce the rate of inflation?  a budget deficit  b consumer spending  c income tax  d pensions     17 the government introduces a new tax. it adds $1 to the price of every $10 good and $2 to the  price of every $20 good.    what can be concluded about the nature of this tax?     it is a  direct tax it is a  specific tax it is a  progressive tax  a no no no  b no no yes  c yes yes no  d yes yes yes    ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/o/n/17 [turn over  18 the graph shows the percentage of income paid in taxation.    which line represents a proportional tax?    % income paid intaxation oincomeab c d       19 a worker earns $40  000 a year and pays 20% income tax.    he spends $5000 on electrical goods and $10  000 on a car, and pays 20% sales tax on each.    how much indirect tax does he pay?  a $3000 b $5000 c $8000 d $11  000     20 why is the human development index (hdi) often considered to be better than gross domestic  product (gdp) per head as a measure of living standards?  a gdp per head excludes economic growth.  b gdp per head ignores population growth.  c hdi includes more than the production of goods and services.  d hdi is calculated by the national government.     21 a finance minister reported that the economy was experiencing inflation and economic growth.    what would be evidence that both of these had occurred?  a increased exports and increased output  b increased imports and increased income tax  c increased interest rates and increased net migration  d increased prices and increased employment     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/o/n/17  22 the diagrams show percentage employment in different sectors in two countries.    primary secondarycountry x services70 605040302010 0percentage employed primary secondarycountry y services70 605040302010 0percentage employed     which statement is correct when comparing country x and country y?  a country x employs more workers in secondary industry than country y.  b country x produces more primary output than country y.  c country y is more developed than country x.  d country y produces more secondary output than country x.     23 what would be a cause of cost-push inflationary pressure in an industry which supplies mobile  (cell) phones?  a an increase in advertising expenses for mobile phones  b an increase in export duties on mobile phones  c an increase in income taxes on wages of employees  d an increase in world demand for mobile phones      24 what is most likely to cause an increase in the population growth of a developing country?  a a decrease in immigration  b a decrease in the birth rate  c a decrease in the death rate  d a decrease in the standard of living     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/o/n/17 [turn over  25 the charts show the population structure of a country in 1960 and 2015.    3210 0123male female age 85+ 80 \u2013 84 millions75 \u2013 79 70 \u2013 7465 \u2013 6960 \u2013 6455 \u2013 59 50 \u2013 5445 \u2013 4940 \u2013 44 35 \u2013 3930 \u2013 34 25 \u2013 2920 \u2013 2415 \u2013 1910 \u2013 14 5 \u2013 9 0 \u2013 4 3210 0123male female age1960 2015 85+ 80 \u2013 84 millions75 \u2013 7970 \u2013 7465 \u2013 6960 \u2013 6455 \u2013 59 50 \u2013 5445 \u2013 4940 \u2013 44 35 \u2013 3930 \u2013 34 25 \u2013 2920 \u2013 2415 \u2013 1910 \u2013 14 5 \u2013 9 0 \u2013 4     what decreased  between 1960 and 2015?  a average age  b number of people below 15  c number of people over 60  d total population       26 at the start of the year a developing country had a population of 1  000  000, its birth rate was 16.0  per thousand per annum and its death rate was 8.0 per thousand per annum. at the end of the  year the population was 1  005  000.    what could explain this change in the population?  a the birth rate rose.  b the death rate fell.  c there were 3000 emigrants.  d there were 5000 immigrants.     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/o/n/17  27 what is a benefit of tariffs?  a increased choice  b increased government revenue  c more competition  d more trade       28 which name is given to the external value of a currency in terms of another currency?  a the balance of trade  b the exchange rate  c the relative inflation rate  d the supply of money      29 it was reported in 2011 that the united states (us) needed to achieve a lower current account  deficit.    what would help this in the short run?  a a protectionist policy  b a strong exchange rate  c increased private sector spending  d investment in the us by multinational firms     30 the table shows the number of units of foreign currency that the uk pound (uk\u00a3) could buy in  august 2012 and august 2013.    currency rate per uk\u00a3  august 2012 rate per uk\u00a3  august 2013  argentine peso   7.16   8.35  south african rand 12.86 14.97  euro   1.27   1.14    what can be concluded from the table about the change in currency values between 2012 and  2013?  a the argentine peso appreciated against the uk pound.  b the argentine peso depreciated against the euro.  c the euro depreciated against the uk pound.  d the south african rand appreciated against the euro.     ",
            "11": "11    blank page   \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/o/n/17  ",
            "12": "12    blank page     permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  international examinations copyright acknow ledgements booklet. this is produced for each  series of examinations and is freely a vailable to download at  www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge as sessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/12/o/n/17   "
        },
        "0455_w17_qp_13.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib17 11_0455_13/5rp  \u00a9 ucles 2017 [turn over     *4006185780 * cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/13     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2017     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a ma rk will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/13/o/n/17  1 what does an economist mean by the factor of production called capital ?  a goods that can be used to produce other goods  b money used to start a business  c resources that cannot be replaced  d the profits of a company      2 a government decides to spend more on defence and cannot spend money on a new airport.    which concepts can be applied to the above statement?  a budget surplus; external cost  b factor of production; private monopoly  c public sector; opportunity cost  d trade surplus; budget deficit     3 the diagram shows a production possibility curve diagram. a country\u2019s initial position is x.    services omanufacturingr t sx     better manufacturing processes are introduced an d the country improves its tourist facilities.    what would represent this?  a s to t b t to r c x to r d x to t     4 what might be an external cost of drinking alcohol?  a the cost of a bottle of wine  b the risk of illness from drinking alcohol  c the risk of street violence  d the tax paid to the government     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/13/o/n/17 [turn over  5 what is a benefit of the market system?  a competition ensures choice for consumers.  b prices equal supply costs.  c unemployment is kept to a minimum.  d wage differentials are small.      6 the table illustrates the demand and supply for coffee in a market in africa.    price per kg  ($) quantity demanded  (kg) quantity supplied  (kg)  10 50 10  20 40 20  30 30 30  40 20 40  50 10 50     when the price rises from $20 to $30 per kg, what  is the price elasticity of demand for coffee?  a 0.2 b 0.5 c 2.0 d 5.0    7 in recent years the price of crude oil on the world market has fallen dramatically. one cause has  been the increase in oil obtained by the new extraction process of fracking.    how is this shown on a demand and supply diagram of the market for crude oil?  a a shift in the demand curve to the left  b a shift in the demand curve to the right  c a shift in the supply curve to the left  d a shift in the supply curve to the right      8 what is the best example of specialisation?  a a diversified engineering company  b a general repairs handyman  c a self-sufficient, non-trading country  d an old person\u2019s helper and care assistant     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/13/o/n/17  9 which workers are most likely to gain the highest increase in wages from a pay rise of 2%?  a airline pilots  b farm workers  c nurses  d shop assistants      10 a female accountant in a private firm earns $80 per hour; a male professor of finance in a  government university earns $40 per hour. each works the same number of hours.    what could explain the difference in earnings?  a it is difficult to measure the output per hour in each profession.  b pay in the private sector is profit-related but is not in the public sector.  c qualifications of accountants are lower than those of professors of finance.  d women are generally given preference over men in professional jobs.    11 each of the four sets of descriptions in the table refers to a person applying for a job.    which person is likely to receive higher pay?    a skilled experienced younger worker  b skilled inexperienced older worker  c unskilled experienced older worker  d unskilled inexperienced younger worker      12 which is an internal diseconomy of scale?  a a lack of communication in a firm  b a reduction of cost by buying in bulk  c a shortage of skilled labour in an area  d traffic congestion in a particular area     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/13/o/n/17 [turn over  13 private multinational clothing companies operate in developing countries to reduce their average  costs of production.    which feature of developing countries attracts them for this purpose?  a in developing countries, clothing workers receive low wages.  b in developing countries, foreign managers are allowed to pay no income tax.  c in developing countries, multinationals are allowed to take profits out of the country.  d in developing countries, there is a large market for fashion clothing.     14 a major computer company announced that its profits had fallen below the level predicted.    what might have caused this?  a increased advertising costs that greatly improved sales  b low prices that made the company\u2019s product competitive  c new technology that reduced costs  d reduced sales and low prices      15 an entrepreneur buys a workshop for $10  000 to make picture frames. in the first year he spent  $40  000 on materials and employed two workers. he paid the workers for each frame produced  with a total cost of $30  000. he bought a vehicle to deliver the frames for $10  000.    what were his total variable costs?  a $40  000 b $70  000 c $80  000 d $100  000      16 what, when increased, will help a government to reduce the rate of inflation?  a budget deficit  b consumer spending  c income tax  d pensions      17 which policy is most likely to increase the level of economic activity?  a increasing the exchange rate  b increasing the rate of interest  c reducing government spending  d reducing the general tax level     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/13/o/n/17  18 the graph shows the percentage of income paid in taxation.    which line represents a proportional tax?    % income paid intaxation oincomeab c d       19 a government collects the following revenue in a year.     $m  customs duties 100  taxes on goods 200  taxes on income 400  taxes on services 300    what is the amount of indirect tax revenue?  a $200  m b $400  m c $500  m d $600  m     20 why is the human development index (hdi) often considered to be better than gross domestic  product (gdp) per head as a measure of living standards?  a gdp per head excludes economic growth.  b gdp per head ignores population growth.  c hdi includes more than the production of goods and services.  d hdi is calculated by the national government.     21 what may cause an immediate increase in the working population?  a a higher birth rate   b a higher death rate  c a higher fertility rate  d a higher rate of net immigration    ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/13/o/n/17 [turn over  22 the diagrams show percentage employment in different sectors in two countries.    primary secondarycountry x services70 605040302010 0percentage employed primary secondarycountry y services70 605040302010 0percentage employed     which statement is correct when comparing country x and country y?  a country x employs more workers in secondary industry than country y.  b country x produces more primary output than country y.  c country y is more developed than country x.  d country y produces more secondary output than country x.      23 what is likely to fall when the rate of unemployment falls?  a business confidence  b consumer spending  c government revenue  d government welfare payments      24 the birth rate and death rate in a country are the same.  what is likely to happen if there is a decrease in the birth rate, while the death rate and migration remain the same?  a population structure will remain the same  b population will decrease  c the standard of living will decrease  d the working population will increase     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/13/o/n/17  25 the charts show the population structure of a country in 1960 and 2015.    3210 0123male female age 85+ 80 \u2013 84 millions75 \u2013 79 70 \u2013 7465 \u2013 6960 \u2013 6455 \u2013 59 50 \u2013 5445 \u2013 4940 \u2013 44 35 \u2013 3930 \u2013 34 25 \u2013 2920 \u2013 2415 \u2013 1910 \u2013 14 5 \u2013 9 0 \u2013 4 3210 0123male female age1960 2015 85+ 80 \u2013 84 millions75 \u2013 7970 \u2013 7465 \u2013 6960 \u2013 6455 \u2013 59 50 \u2013 5445 \u2013 4940 \u2013 44 35 \u2013 3930 \u2013 34 25 \u2013 2920 \u2013 2415 \u2013 1910 \u2013 14 5 \u2013 9 0 \u2013 4     what decreased  between 1960 and 2015?  a average age  b number of people below 15  c number of people over 60  d total population      ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/13/o/n/17 [turn over  26 the table shows the consumer prices index (cpi) for selected cities for august 2015 relative to  new york, usa at 100.    city cpi  geneva, switzerland 137  oslo, norway 105  sydney, australia 89  singapore 88  istanbul, turkey 48  johannesburg, south africa 48  lima, peru 44    what can be concluded from the table?  a geneva had the highest average price level.  b living standards were highest in lima.  c singapore was more expensive than oslo.  d the annual rate of inflation was the same in istanbul and johannesburg.      27 what is a benefit of tariffs?  a increased choice  b increased government revenue  c more competition  d more trade       28 what is an increase in the value of an exchange rate of a currency in a floating system called?  a appreciation  b depreciation  c devaluation  d revaluation     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/13/o/n/17  29 a developing economy has a surplus on its trade in goods of $75 billion and a deficit on its trade  in services of $25 billion, while its current account is in overall balance.    which values for net income (primary income) and net transfers (secondary income) result in the  current account being in balance?     net income net transfers  a deficit of $20 billion surplus of $120 billion  b deficit of $30 billion deficit of $70 billion  c surplus of $35 billion surplus of $15 billion  d surplus of $40 billion deficit of $90 billion      30 what policy would encourage greater international specialisation?  a the promotion of industrial diversification  b the protection of new businesses  c the reduction of tariffs  d the subsidising of service industries     ",
            "11": "11    blank page   \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/13/o/n/17  ",
            "12": "12    blank page     permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  international examinations copyright acknow ledgements booklet. this is produced for each  series of examinations and is freely a vailable to download at  www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge as sessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2017 0455/13/o/n/17   "
        },
        "0455_w17_qp_21.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (kn/cgw) 128051/4 \u00a9 ucles 2017  [turn overcambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education *9033786540*economics  0455/21 paper 2  structured questions  october/november 2017  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. you should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/21/o/n/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 section a answer this question. 1 cigarette smoking in china  china has recently experienced rapid economic growth and an improving human development  index (hdi) ranking. it is, however, facing a number of health challenges. it is currently the world\u2019s  largest cigarette market, with more than 350 million smokers. a higher proportion of men smoke  in china than in most other countries, including russia and the usa. while 50% of chinese men  smoke, only 2% of chinese women smoke. it has been estimated that nearly 2  million chinese  citizens a year die from smoking-related illnesses. these include smokers and those who have  suffered from passive smoking.   as well as being the largest consumer of cigarettes, china is also the world\u2019s largest producer  of cigarettes. tobacco is grown in a number of the provinces of china, including the province of  yunnan. over 3 million workers are employed in the industry, which is increasingly using advanced  technological capital equipment. however, between 2009 and 2014 the number of cigarette- producing firms declined from 200 to 40 as firms merged and grew in size.   although revenue from taxes on cigarettes earned the chinese government 800 billion yuan in  2014 (5% of the government\u2019s total tax revenue), it recently introduced a number of measures to  discourage smoking. it has imposed a ban on smoking in public places, hospitals, schools and  public transport. health campaigns are also being used. such campaigns are used throughout  the world both to discourage the consumption of some products that are thought to be harmful  to health and to encourage the consumption of products that are considered to be beneficial to  health. for example, an information campaign on the benefits of consuming fruit has met with  some success in the uk. fig. 1 shows the impact it had on the market for fruit in the uk in 2015. p2 p1 d2 d1 q2q1 quantity of fruitprice of fruit os fig. 1 the market for fruit in the uk in 2015",
            "3": "3 0455/21/o/n/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 [turn over  (a) identify, from the extract, two factors of production used in producing cigarettes.   [2]  (b) explain two reasons why firms merge.  [4]  (c) calculate, using information from the extract:   (i) the percentage decrease in the number of cigarette firms in china from 2009 to 2014    [2]   (ii) the total tax revenue that the chinese government received in 2014.  [2]  (d) analyse, using a production possibility curve diagram, the effect of moving factors of  production from producing cigarettes to producing other products.  [5]  (e) discuss whether people in countries with a high hdi always enjoy a high standard of living.     [5]  (f) explain, using information from the extract and fig. 1, what happened to the market for fruit in  the uk in 2015.  [4]  (g) discuss the arguments for and against the chinese government increasing the tax on  cigarettes.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/21/o/n/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 section b answer any three  questions from this section. 2 in 2015, the global equilibrium price of milk fell. as a result, the number of farms producing milk  declined. farms tried to cut costs by becoming larger and employing fewer but more specialised  workers. the reduction in the number of farms has led to less competition because some large  farms have gained monopoly powers in local areas. a number of farm workers switched to other  jobs, but some who remained accepted a cut in pay.  (a) define \u2018equilibrium price\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why a worker may continue in a job despite a cut in pay.  [4]  (c) analyse how employing specialised workers may reduce a firm\u2019s average costs of production.  [6]  (d) discuss whether consumers would benefit if a firm became a monopoly.  [8] 3 qatar is a growing economy and has benefited from the expansion of the insurance industry.  this industry is currently dominated by one firm and is a long way from perfect competition. the  economy has also experienced a general increase in labour productivity. however, the nature of  the relationship between free trade and economic growth is debated among economists.  (a) define \u2018perfect competition\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain two influences on the size of firms.  [4]  (c) analyse the causes of an increase in labour productivity.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a country that engages in free trade is likely to have a higher economic  growth rate than one that uses trade protection.  [8] 4 indonesia is rich in resources including such raw materials as copper, gold and coal. indonesia  is the second-largest exporter of coal. in 2015, the indonesian government was considering  increasing subsidies to producers, including farmers. subsidies can be used to reduce inflation.  recent years have seen lower direct taxes in indonesia, but higher direct taxes in some other  countries.  (a) what is used to measure a country\u2019s inflation rate?  [2]  (b) explain two reasons for conserving resources.  [4]  (c) analyse how subsidies given to farmers could raise living standards.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a rise in direct taxes will reduce economic growth.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/21/o/n/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 5 in 2015, venezuela was facing a number of challenges. despite government subsidies, increases  in demand meant there were shortages of food. the fall in the global price of oil increased the  deficit on the current account of the country\u2019s balance of payments. oil accounted for nearly 90%  of the country\u2019s export earnings. in venezuela, oil is produced by one large state-owned company,  but the country also has many sole traders involved in other industries.  (a) define a \u2018subsidy\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain two causes of a decrease in demand for oil.  [4]  (c) analyse the advantages of being a sole trader.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a government should be concerned about a growing deficit on the current  account of its balance of payments.  [8] 6 in 2008, zimbabwe reached a record high rate of inflation of 500 trillion per cent. by 2015, it had  fallen so much that there was even talk of deflation. such deflation could be very serious given  the country\u2019s high rate of unemployment. increased government spending on training is one of the  policy measures that can be used to reduce both unemployment and inflation.  (a) identify two ways in which a high rate of unemployment may affect firms.  [2]  (b) explain two causes of deflation.  [4]  (c) analyse the disadvantages  of a very high rate of inflation.  [6]  (d) discuss whether increased government spending on training will always reduce inflation.  [8] 7 despite encouragement from central banks, in 2015 some commercial banks were still reluctant  to lend, especially to the poor. attracting more lenders and borrowers would have allowed  commercial banks to expand and employ more workers. a rise in employment would make more  use of a country\u2019s labour force. over time, the size of a country\u2019s labour force is likely to change.  (a) identify two ways in which the expenditure patterns of the poor and the rich are different.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why a commercial bank may prefer to lend to the rich rather than to the  poor.  [4]  (c) analyse the effects that an increase in the labour force will have on an economy.  [6]  (d) discuss whether providing loans to the poor will reduce poverty.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/21/o/n/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/21/o/n/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/21/o/n/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge international  examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after  the live examination series. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_w17_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (kn/fd) 128047/4 \u00a9 ucles 2017  [turn overcambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education *3159412002*economics  0455/22 paper 2 structured questions  october/november 2017  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. you should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/22/o/n/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 section a answer this question. 1 from inflation to deflation  for some time, many central banks have tried to achieve a target inflation rate of about 2%. a  small and steady rise in the price level can bring a number of benefits to an economy. for central  banks and governments, the problem used to be stopping the inflation rate from going above the  target rate while keeping the unemployment rate low. now the problem has changed, and the  risk is that inflation will fall below this target rate. at the end of 2014 the consumer prices index in  china stood at 100.5. the inflation rate in the country in 2015 was 2%. meanwhile, a number of  countries in europe experienced deflation. this had several consequences, including increasing  the gap between the wages of skilled and unskilled workers.  one major reason for the downward pressure on inflation was a fall in the global price of oil  from us$120 to us$66 a barrel in 2015. this reduced the price of energy and transport. lower  transport costs had a noticeable impact on the price of food. fig. 1 shows how the market for food  was affected in 2015. p2p1 q1q2d os1 s2 quantity of foodprice of food fig. 1 the market for food in 2015  at the same time as falling inflation, some countries experienced falling unemployment. other  countries, however, experienced both falling inflation and rising unemployment. for example,  france saw unemployment rising between 2014 and 2015. this put upward pressure on french  government spending.",
            "3": "3 0455/22/o/n/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 [turn over  (a) identify, from the extract, two aims of government policies.  [2]  (b) explain two problems caused by inflation.  [4]  (c) calculate, using information from the extract:   (i) the percentage fall in the global price of a barrel of oil in 2015  [2]   (ii) the consumer prices index in china at the end of 2015.  [2]  (d) analyse why an increase in unemployment might cause an increase in government spending.  [5]  (e) discuss whether the supply of workers for unskilled jobs will be high in a country.  [5]  (f) explain, using information from the extract and fig. 1, what happened to the market for food  in 2015.  [4]  (g) discuss whether a decrease in income tax would reduce deflation.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/o/n/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 section b answer any three  questions from this section. 2 singapore is usually ranked as one of the best countries in which to do business. it is an open  economy engaging in free trade. it has a history of strong entrepreneurship, low unemployment,  low average costs and relatively low tax rates. its example may encourage other countries to  remove trade restrictions.   (a) define \u2018average costs\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain two factors that would increase the supply of entrepreneurs in an economy.  [4]  (c) analyse how the market for a product would be affected by a reduction of the tax on the  product combined with a fall in the price of a complement.  [6]  (d) discuss whether low unemployment in a country will encourage multinational companies  (mncs) to set up there.  [8] 3 rich people in some countries are now working for more hours on average than poor people.  one reason for this is thought to be that well-paid jobs provide more job satisfaction. gaining  enjoyment from work can lead to high labour productivity.  (a) what is a possible opportunity cost of working?  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why older workers tend to earn more than younger workers.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a production possibility curve diagram, how an increase in labour productivity  will affect an economy.   [6]  (d) discuss whether the rich in one country will save more than the rich in another country.  [8] 4 in pakistan there is a limited choice of cars to buy. the country has a population of approximately  190 million but only about 120  000 cars a year are produced there. the firms producing cars in  pakistan are protected from foreign competition by a range of methods of trade protection.  (a) name two factors of production used in making cars.  [2]  (b) explain how two methods of trade protection may reduce imports.  [4]  (c) analyse the social costs created by car production and car use.  [6]  (d) discuss whether demand for cars is likely to increase in the future.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/22/o/n/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 5 nauru is one of the smallest countries in the world with a population of only 10  000. fifty years  ago the population was one of the richest per head in the world, largely the result of exporting the  phosphate created over many centuries by sea-bird droppings. this labour-intensive industry has  declined significantly. now incomes are much lower and one third of workers are jobless.   (a) what is meant by a \u2018labour-intensive industry\u2019?  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why a country may stop exporting a product.  [4]  (c) analyse the effects of an increase in unemployment on inflation.  [6]  (d) discuss whether having a relatively small population is an advantage or a disadvantage for  an economy.  [8] 6 moldova has a population of 3.5 million. it is one of the poorest countries in europe, with relatively  low living standards. in 2015, the country experienced a recession and a doubling of its inflation  rate. moldova\u2019s central bank increased its interest rate from 8.5% to 15.5%.   (a) identify two influences on the size of a country\u2019s population.  [2]  (b) explain two causes of an increase in living standards.  [4]  (c) analyse how an increase in the rate of interest could increase unemployment.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a government should increase tax rates during a recession.  [8] 7 the gulf countries, some of which are quite specialised, import a high proportion of the food  their inhabitants eat. for example, the united arab emirates imports 83% of all the food that it  consumes. the gulf countries are trying to reduce their reliance on imports of food.   (a) define \u2018specialisation\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain two disadvantages  that workers may experience from specialising.  [4]  (c) analyse how a country could reduce its reliance on imports.  [6]  (d) discuss whether producing more food will increase living standards.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/22/o/n/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/22/o/n/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/22/o/n/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge international  examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after  the live examination series. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_w17_qp_23.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (nh/fd) 128044/4 \u00a9 ucles 2017  [turn over *7385804468*economics  0455/23 paper 2  structured questions  october/november 2017  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required.  read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. you should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.cambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education",
            "2": "2 0455/23/o/n/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 section a answer this question. 1 changes in the global balance of economic power  in 2014, global gross domestic product (gdp) stood at us$78  000 billion. a year later it had  increased to us$80  730 billion. in the past, countries such as the usa and germany might have  been expected to have made the largest contribution to the increase in gdp. china accounted  for 20% of the increase in world output in 2015. china is set to become the largest economy. it is  becoming a stronger competitor in a number of markets. this increased price competitiveness is  the result of a number of factors including maintaining a low exchange rate, providing subsidies  to a number of industries and increased labour productivity. however, in 2015 the chinese  government was considering whether to reduce the size of the country\u2019s steel industry, possibly  by cutting the subsidy it received. fig. 1 shows how the market for steel might be affected by such  a change. p2 p1 o q1 q2d1s1s2 quantity of steelprice of steel fig. 1  the market for steel in china in 2015  some developed countries have been struggling recently. for example, australia has seen its  economic growth rate declining. to try to increase domestic economic activity the reserve bank  of australia has cut interest rates.  developing and emerging economies\u2019 economic growth rates are increasing. in africa, this is in  part because of the discovery and exploitation of oil and mineral resources. these countries have  different exchange rate systems and have different records of success in attracting multinational  companies. many african countries use protectionist measures but some are moving towards free  trade.  in most developing and emerging economies the birth rate is falling. the impact of this change is  influenced by the relative size of the fall. for instance, nauru is one of the smallest countries in the  world having a population of only 10  000. its birth rate fell from 26 to 25 in 2015.",
            "3": "3 0455/23/o/n/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 [turn over  (a) identify, from the extract, two monetary policy measures.  [2]  (b) explain two causes of a fall in the birth rate.  [4]  (c) calculate, using information from the extract:   (i) the value in us$ of china\u2019s contribution to global gdp growth in 2015  [2]   (ii) the number of children born in nauru in 2015.  [2]  (d) analyse, using a production possibility curve diagram, how the discovery of new oil reserves  would affect an economy.  [5]  (e) discuss whether a firm would benefit from a fall in its country\u2019s exchange rate.  [5]  (f) explain, using information from the extract and fig. 1, what might have happened to the  market for steel in china in 2015.  [4]  (g) discuss whether engaging in free trade increases living standards in a country.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/23/o/n/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 section b answer any three questions from this section. 2 in saudi arabia, output of cement has risen as a result of an increase in demand from the  construction industry for building houses, schools, hospitals and roads. the market for cement  is also being affected by price changes, export bans and mergers between companies making  cement.  (a) define \u2018demand\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why a country might want to restrict exports.  [4]  (c) analyse how information on the price elasticity of demand for its product can influence a  firm\u2019s pricing decisions.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a merger of two firms in the same industry will be likely to reduce the price of  the product.  [8] 3 in june 2015, trade unions in argentina demanded higher wages and lower taxes. as well as  pressure for increased wages the economy was facing a number of other challenges. it was trying  to promote the formation of public limited companies and economic growth.  (a) identify two reasons why governments impose taxes.  [2]  (b) explain two advantages a business organisation may gain from becoming a public limited  company.  [4]  (c) analyse how a cut in tax rates could increase tax revenue.  [6]  (d) discuss whether an economy would benefit from an increase in the strength of its trade  unions.  [8] 4 in august 2015, china devalued its currency, the yuan. the chinese government was trying to  increase output, including the output of food. it had experienced a slow-down in its economic  growth. however, some other countries had actually experienced a decrease in output. one of the  causes of the decline in economic growth in some countries was problems connected with their  commercial banks. some commercial banks were at risk of going out of business.  (a) define \u2018devaluation\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain two disadvantages  of a decrease in a country\u2019s output.  [4]  (c) analyse the effect on the market for food of an increase in population combined with a  prolonged period of bad weather.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a central bank should lend to commercial banks which get into financial  difficulties.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/23/o/n/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 5 in 2015, the island of puerto rico announced it was considering ending some of its trade  embargoes. its government was also reviewing the amount it was planning to spend. incomes  have been increasing in puerto rico with some workers doing better than others. there have  also been changes on the micro level, with elasticities of demand and supply changing in some  markets.  (a) identify two reasons why a government may place an embargo on the import of a product.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why some young workers may earn more than some old workers.  [4]  (c) analyse the factors that can make the supply of a product more price-elastic.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a decrease in government spending will benefit an economy.  [8] 6 trade protection reduces the opportunity for countries to specialise and influences the current  account positions that countries have on their balance of payments. there are differences in the  amount and types of trade protection used by developed and developing countries. developed  countries also usually have a lower death rate than developing countries.  (a) define \u2018trade protection\u2019.  [2]  (b) explain two advantages of countries specialising.  [4]  (c) analyse why developed countries usually have lower death rates than developing countries.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a rise in income tax will reduce a current account deficit.  [8] 7 in 2015, the uk economy experienced an increase in production and relatively low unemployment.  there was, however, little growth in labour productivity and earnings. the government continued  to spend more than it was receiving in tax revenue and considered changing some of its monetary  policy measures.  (a) identify two causes of inflation.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why government spending may be greater than tax revenue.  [4]  (c) analyse how an increase in labour productivity can increase living standards.  [6]  (d) discuss whether monetary policy measures can increase economic growth.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/23/o/n/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/23/o/n/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/23/o/n/17 \u00a9 ucles 2017 blank page permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge international  examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after  the live examination series. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge."
        }
    },
    "2018": {
        "0455_m18_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib18 03_0455_12/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2018 [turn over     *4884143356 * cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/12     paper 1  multiple choice  february/march 2018     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a ma rk will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  any rough working should be done in this booklet.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/f/m/18  1 what best describes the problem of scarcity?  a all consumer wants must be satisfied.  b all resources are free at the point of use.  c there are limited resources and unlimited wants.  d there are unlimited resources and limited wants.      2 what is an example of the purchase of a capital good?  a a farm owner purchasing additional land  b a farm owner purchasing a television  c a farm owner purchasing a tractor  d a farm worker purchasing some seeds      3 a student decides to buy a ticket for a concert instead of buying a new shirt.    what is the opportunity cost of buying the ticket?  a the concert  b the price of the ticket to the concert  c the shirt  d the time spent purchasing the ticket      4 in a market system who has the most  important role in influencing the allocation of resources?  a consumers  b entrepreneurs  c government officials  d producers     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/f/m/18 [turn over  5 the diagram shows the market for oil. the initial equilibrium is x.    if the quantity of oil sold increased by two million barrels a day, which point represents the new  equilibrium?    price quantityos2 d2s1 s3 d1 d3xa b cd      6 what is an external cost of mining coal?  a the cost of purchasing mining equipment  b the extra cleaning costs of local residents\u2019 houses because of coal dust  c the extra cleaning costs of the mine buildings because of coal dust  d the cost to the mine owners to remove waste     7 the table shows the demand for chocolates at two different prices.    price  $ quantity  demanded  0.50 400  0.45 480    what is the price elasticity of demand when the price falls from $0.50 to $0.45?  a less than 0.5  b between 0.5 and 1  c between 1 and 1.5  d greater than 1.5    ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/f/m/18  8 what is a function of a stock exchange?  a it allows company shares to be traded.  b it enables tourists to purchase foreign currency.  c it provides a market for firms to sell their products.  d it sets the rate of interest in an economy.      9 what is a direct benefit to a worker of specialisation?  a the higher output that may lead to higher earnings  b the higher output that may lead to higher profits  c the higher output that may lead to lower costs per unit produced  d the longer training period that is required before starting work      10 a trade union succeeds in raising the wages in an industry above the equilibrium wage.    how would the demand and supply of labour change?     change in quantity  of labour demanded change in quantity   of labour supplied  a fall fall  b fall rise  c rise fall  d rise rise    11 what is most  likely to result from an increase in income tax?  a a fall in consumer spending  b a fall in government spending  c a rise in business investment  d a rise in the level of imports     12 which statement explains why firms in perfect competition are not able to exploit consumers?  a the firms can restrict output.  b the products are differentiated.  c there are barriers to entry.  d there is perfect information.     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/f/m/18 [turn over  13 a company with a chain of restaurants bought another chain of restaurants.    how is this purchase most  likely to be classified?  a conglomerate merger  b diversification  c horizontal integration  d vertical integration     14 the table shows some of the costs of running a retail shop in one week.     $  rent of shop 200  insurance premium 40  purchase of stock 700  delivery of goods 50    what are the total fixed costs during this week?  a $200 b $240 c $700 d $750    15 a company\u2019s annual report suggested that it had benefited from some changes.    which change is an internal economy of scale for this company?  a an improvement in road and rail facilities that has reduced its distribution costs  b an increase in the number of local specialist workers that it could recruit  c the introduction of new training at a local college for which staff have enrolled  d the reduction in the company\u2019s costs by the purchase of a factory supplying components      16 a government believes that consumption of a certain good will be of benefit to society.    which policy is most  likely to encourage producers to increase their output of that good?  a an increase in the period required for training the industry\u2019s workers  b an increase in the regulations affecting businesses  c an increase in the subsidies for that good  d an increase in the taxation of that good     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/f/m/18  17 which statement describes a progressive tax?  a a tax that has a higher percentage rate as income rises  b a tax that increases government income over time  c a tax that places an increasing burden on the poor  d a tax that rises in line with the rate of inflation      18 which combination of government policies is most  likely to reduce unemployment?     income  tax rate government  spending rate of  interest  a decrease decrease increase  b decrease increase decrease  c increase decrease decrease  d increase increase increase      19 which pair of government actions combines a fiscal policy with a supply-side policy?  a changing government spending with changing interest rates  b cutting tax rates with providing information on job vacancies  c limiting bank lending with the privatisation of industry  d restricting credit with less control over labour markets      20 what is a recession?  a a period when incomes rise by less than inflation  b a period when prices are falling continuously for twelve months  c a period when real gdp is declining for two consecutive quarters  d a period when unemployment is rising      21 an economy is suffering from a period of deflation.    what does this mean for the economy?  a consumers may delay purchase of some products.  b purchasing power of consumers falls.  c tax revenues for the government will rise.  d the real value of personal savings falls.     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/f/m/18 [turn over  22 the table shows the percentage change in employment over a period for a country with three  economic sectors.    economic  sector change in  employment (%)  agriculture \u20136  manufacturing +2  services +4    what could be concluded from this information?  a agricultural output fell.  b the country became more developed.  c the working population stayed constant.  d total employment remained the same.      23 official statistics in 2010 showed south africa had a very high unemployment rate at around  25%, although wages were double those in brazil.    what might be a reason for south africa\u2019s high wages in a time of high unemployment compared with brazil?  a a skilled workforce in brazil  b high levels of savings in south africa  c more labour-intensive production in brazil  d strong trade unions in south africa     24 what is a common feature of developed countries?  a a high fertility rate  b a low population  c high net emigration  d low birth rates    ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/f/m/18  25 which combination of changes in a government\u2019s budget will lead to greater income inequality?     direct taxes indirect taxes health and  education spending  a decrease decrease increase  b decrease increase decrease  c increase decrease decrease  d increase increase increase     26 the table shows the percentage of the working population in different sectors in three countries.    country agriculture (%) manufacturing (%) services (%)  iran 38 33 29  nepal 93 2 5  uk 2 42 56    what can be concluded from the table?  a iran has fewer people working in the secondary sector than the uk.  b nepal is a developed economy.  c the tertiary sector is more developed in iran than in nepal.  d the uk is dependent on the primary sector.      27 which method of trade protection has the most  predictable effect in controlling the level of  imports?  a quotas on imports  b safety and quality regulations for imports  c subsidies to domestic producers  d tariffs on imports      28 what would cause a favourable change in the indian trade in services (invisible) account?  a a japanese company invests in a subsidiary in india.  b a large indian company increases its exports of goods.  c a malaysian company increases its exports to india.  d an indian company wins a contract to transport south african exports.     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/f/m/18  29 in october 2015, one uk pound could be exchanged for 100 indian rupees. by october 2016,  one uk pound could be exchanged for 80 indian rupees.    what would be a short-term consequence of this change?  a economic growth in india would increase.  b indian manufacturers would earn higher profits from exports to the uk.  c inflationary pressure in the uk would reduce.  d uk manufacturers would find it easier to export to india.     30 a country imports oil which is used in the production and distribution of goods. the country has  also experienced a rise in incomes which has resulted in a large increase in the demand for goods, some of which it imports.    what is likely to happen to the country\u2019s balance of trade in goods (visible) and to the price of oil?     balance of  trade in goods price of oil  a improves falls  b improves rises  c worsens falls  d worsens rises    ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/f/m/18  blank page",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/f/m/18  blank page",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  international examinations copyright acknow ledgements booklet. this is produced for each  series of examinations and is freely a vailable to download at  www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge as sessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/f/m/18  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_m18_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "*5873770486* this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (kn/fc) 148194/2 \u00a9 ucles 2018  [turn overeconomics  0455/22 paper 2  structured questions  february/march 2018  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. you should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.cambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education",
            "2": "2 0455/22/f/m/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 section a answer this question. 1\t india\u2019s \thigh-technology \tindustry  india has a number of expanding industries including construction, engineering, healthcare  and retail. its high-technology industry, which is often referred to as \u2018hi-tech\u2019, is its most rapidly  growing industry, adding more than 200  000 jobs a year. it currently employs more than 10 million  people and accounts for exports worth us$90 billion each year. firms in the industry specialise  in research and development, electronics and software production. software production includes  applications (apps) for smartphones and tablets.  one indian hi-tech firm has developed an app that allows people to look at menus in a range  of restaurants, to book a table and to order food. the firm now supplies the app in a number of  countries including the philippines, turkey and the usa. this indian hi-tech firm also produces  electronic equipment in these countries. one of the reasons for its expansion abroad is the  relatively low demand for restaurant meals in india. this situation could change soon as incomes  rise and restaurants increase their advertising, including on the firm\u2019 s app.  india\u2019s hi-tech industry is concentrated in bengaluru (bangalore). the city has strong links to  universities and multinational companies (mncs) and is home to some of india\u2019s most innovative  entrepreneurs. some of these entrepreneurs come from other countries. immigrants play a large  role in the creation and growth of hi-tech firms throughout the world. a number of factors can  encourage entrepreneurs to move to another country including a low rate of tax on profits.  an expanding economy is a key influence on the number of new firms that are set up. in turn,  economic growth is influenced by how much firms spend on capital goods (investment). fig. 1  shows india\u2019s economic growth rate and the percentage change in investment in india between  2008 and 2014. india\u2019s economic growth rate peaked in 2010. it then fell in 2011 and 2012 caused,  in part, by a rise in the interest rate and concerns about future economic prospects.  fig. 1 economic growth rate and percentage change in investment in india 2008\u201314 \u201322008 economic growth rate  (%) change in investment  (%)2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 201402468101214%",
            "3": "3 0455/22/f/m/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 [turn over  (a) identify, using information from the extract, two industries that operate in the secondary  sector of the indian economy.  [2]  (b) explain, using information from the extract, two reasons why the price of restaurant meals in  india is likely to increase in the future.  [4]  (c) analyse how a government can encourage enterprise.  [5]  (d) analyse the extent to which the relationship shown in fig. 1, between changes in india\u2019s  investment and its economic growth rate, is the expected one.  [4]  (e) discuss whether or not a city such as bengaluru should specialise in one industry.  [5]  (f) explain, using information from the extract, two reasons why some indian people might have  spent less in 2012.  [4]  (g) discuss whether or not an economy would benefit from its firms producing in other countries.  [6] section b answer any three questions in this section. 2 it is forecast that by 2022 india will overtake china as the world\u2019s most highly populated country.  china\u2019s birth rate is lower than india\u2019s and china has a higher proportion of its population aged  over 65. by 2050, it is estimated that 500 million chinese people and 330 million indian people  will be over 65. changes in population size and age structure affect the quantity and quality of a  country\u2019s resources.  (a) define resources . [2]  (b) explain two reasons why the quality of a country\u2019s resources may increase.  [4]  (c) analyse the reasons why a country\u2019s birth rate may fall.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a government should be worried about an increase in the proportion  of its population that is aged over 65.  [8] 3 taxi drivers usually have to buy a licence to carry passengers. the relatively high fixed cost of the  licence discourages some people from becoming taxi drivers. encouraging more people to be taxi  drivers would be likely to reduce taxi fares and unemployment. it may, however, increase traffic  congestion.  (a) define fixed cost . [2]  (b) explain why traffic congestion is an external cost.  [4]  (c) analyse how a taxi firm can use information about price elasticity of demand for its service.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a reduction in unemployment always increases living standards.  [8]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/f/m/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 4 in march 2016, the canadian government announced increases in government spending including  an increased subsidy to environmentally friendly technology. it also announced that high income  earners would face an increase from 29% to 33% in the highest rate of income tax. changes in  government spending and taxation can influence a country\u2019s inflation rate.   (a) define subsidy . [2]  (b) explain two disadvantages of inflation.  [4]  (c) analyse how an increase in government spending may cause inflation.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not an increase in the highest rate of income tax will benefit an economy.  [8] 5 south africa has more than 700 state-owned enterprises, a number of which have engaged  in vertical integration and horizontal integration. some of the state-owned enterprises are  monopolies, including a railway monopoly. a leading south african economist has argued that  more of the country\u2019s resources should be devoted to building and operating new railway lines  and stations.  (a) define state-owned enterprise . [2]  (b) explain the difference between vertical integration and horizontal integration. give an example  of each.  [4]  (c) analyse how a monopoly could benefit consumers.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a country should devote more of its resources to building and  operating new railway lines and stations.  [8] 6 the effects of a depreciation of a currency are influenced by the price elasticity of demand of  exports and imports. worldwide there has been a reduction in trade barriers including tariffs.  there has also been an increase in the movement of goods and services between countries and,  to a lesser extent, the movement of people. some countries experience net emigration with more  people leaving the country than entering it.  (a) define depreciation of a currency . [2]   (b) explain two reasons why demand for a country\u2019s exports may be price-inelastic.  [4]  (c) analyse how a reduction of its import tariffs could increase a country\u2019s output.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not net emigration will reduce poverty in a country.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/22/f/m/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 7 france is a mixed economy. during recent years there have been a number of changes in its  labour market. more workers are employed in the tertiary sector and fewer workers in the primary  sector. average working hours have increased and public sector workers have received wage  rises.  (a) define mixed economy . [2]  (b) explain two advantages of working in the tertiary sector rather than the primary sector.  [4]  (c) analyse why a trade union may oppose a rise in working hours.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a government should increase the wages it pays to workers in the  public sector.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/22/f/m/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/22/f/m/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/22/f/m/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge international  examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after  the live examination series. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_s18_qp_11.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib18 06_0455_11/4rp  \u00a9 ucles 2018 [turn over     *1317896062* cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/11     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2018     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a ma rk will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  any rough working should be done in this booklet.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/11/m/j/18  1 the norwegian government chose to spend the profits from oil on stocks, bonds and property.  the possibility of improving domestic infr astructure, therefore, was not taken.    which economic concept does this best illustrate?  a cost of production  b finite resources  c opportunity cost  d production possibility frontier      2 what would be classified by an economist as the factor of production known as land?  a a discovery of oil in the south china sea  b an oil rig bought by an oil company  c money held by the oil companies in their bank accounts  d the productivity of oil workers      3 what is the cause of the economic problem facing all countries?  a climate change and global warming  b significant quantities of unemployed resources  c uneven distribution of income and wealth  d unlimited wants in relation to limited resources      4 which activity takes place in the tertiary sector?  a assembling computers  b giving legal advice  c harvesting grain  d making bread     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/11/m/j/18 [turn over  5 in the diagram, suppliers have set the price of a product at p s. economic theory predicts that the  equilibrium price of the product will rise to p e.    ope pss dprice quantity    what is the reason for this movement in price?  a demand for the product will increase.  b no more of the product can be supplied.  c some consumers are willing to pay higher prices.  d suppliers are facing rising costs.     6 a government approved the construction of a new railway line connecting major cities. it would be  built by a private company but be funded partly through taxation. it would create many jobs.  people living on the route worried about the harm to their environment.    which concepts are directly involved in this statement?  a excess demand and public corporation  b government subsidies and perfect competition  c market system and income distribution  d private benefit and external cost     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/11/m/j/18  7 the diagram shows the supply curve for a good.    010 20 304 2price ($) quantity (units)s     what is the price elasticity of supply when the price rises from $2 to $4?  a 0.2 b 0.5 c 1 d 2      8 what is a function of a central bank?  a accepting deposits from the public  b determining tax rates  c implementing monetary policy  d lending to businesses      9 what is likely to lead to an increase  in the wages of university lecturers?  a an increase in the fringe benefits provided to university lecturers  b an increase in the tuition fees paid by university students  c government policies reducing the length of the training for university lecturers  d increased demand from students to study at university      10 when is a trade union likely to have more power to increase its members\u2019 wages?  a when imports are increasing  b when labour supply is increasing  c when output is increasing  d when unemployment is increasing     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/11/m/j/18 [turn over  11 the table shows the percentage (%) of income saved by different age groups.    age (years) 15\u201329 30\u201339 40\u201349 50\u201364 65+  % of income saved \u201330 \u20135 +15 +30 \u201310    what can be concluded from the table?  a over the age range shown total savings equalled total dissavings.  b the 15\u201329 age group has the lowest level of income.  c the 50\u201364 age group saves the highest percentage of its income.  d the 65+ age group has a lower income than the 30\u201339 age group.     12 which characteristic can exist both in monopoly and in perfect competition?  a freedom of entry  b many buyers  c many sellers  d perfectly elastic demand curve      13 an industry is experiencing diseconomies of scale.    what will be happening to long run average cost and total cost?     long run  average cost total cost  a decreasing decreasing  b decreasing increasing  c increasing decreasing  d increasing increasing     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/11/m/j/18  14 a firm that sells its product for $6 a unit has the following total costs.    output (units) 0 10 20 30  total costs ($) 40 100 120 150    which statement is correct?  a average cost is lowest when 10 units are produced.  b the firm does not make any profit when 20 units are sold.  c the firm has no fixed costs.  d total variable costs fall continuously over these outputs.     15 which statement about fixed costs is correct?  a they exist only in the long run.  b they include raw material and direct labour costs.  c they increase at the same rate as output.  d they must be paid even if there is no output.     16 what would a government reduce as part of an expansionary monetary policy to increase  employment?  a government spending  b the money supply  c the rate of interest  d unemployment benefit      17 what is an aim of government policy?  a income tax  b interest rates  c stable prices  d unemployment     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/11/m/j/18 [turn over  18 the table shows the amount of tax to be paid at different weekly incomes.    weekly income ($) 100 150 200 250  weekly tax ($) 20 30 36 40    which statement describes the system of income tax as income rises over this range?  a it is progressive throughout.  b it is proportional then becomes progressive.  c it is proportional then becomes regressive.  d it is regressive throughout.      19 which situation involving the building industry is most  likely to be investigated by a government  body set up to control restrictive practices?  a a builder purchasing a plot of land for development of housing  b groups of suppliers of building materials agreeing to fix prices  c several builders bidding for the same contracts  d several builders using different sources of supply      20 an economy is experiencing two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth.    what is this economy experiencing?  a budget deficit  b inflation  c recession  d trade deficit      21 what is included in the calculation of a consumer prices index (cpi)?  a the price of a basket of goods and services  b the price of exports and the price of imports  c the value of the currency on international markets  d the wages of consumers     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/11/m/j/18  22 there was a fall in investment spending by businesses in the third quarter of 2015.    what would be the likely result of this?  a an increase in economic growth  b an increase in exports  c an increase in incomes  d an increase in unemployment     23 the table shows units of output, value of output and number of people employed in an industry  over three years.     output  (units, millions)output value  ($ millions) number employed  (000)  year 1 10 10 5  year 2 21 25 7  year 3 32 40 8    what can be concluded from the table?  a inflation has increased.  b productivity has increased.  c profit has increased.  d working population has increased.     24 what is found in a typical developed country?  a fast rate of economic growth  b high population growth  c limited use of technology  d significant tertiary employment      25 which characteristic will show that a country has significant absolute poverty?  a a majority of the population will have less than average income.  b basic living needs are not being met.  c most people do not have mobile phones.  d there is a high number of people living in rural areas.     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/11/m/j/18 [turn over  26 the government of a developing country allows a multinational mining company to mine minerals  in order to improve the standard of living of the local people.    which action by the multinational company (mnc) will not lead to an improvement in the  standard of living of the local people?  a building roads to assist transport  b exporting mineral ore  c providing skills training  d returning profits overseas      27 a country has decided that it wants to increase free trade with its trading partners.    which measure would help it achieve this objective?  a a higher quota on imported cars  b a subsidy to domestic car producers  c an embargo on cars produced in other countries  d higher tariffs on imported goods     28 in 2012 the uk held the olympic games, which attracted a large number of visitors from foreign  countries.    which item of the uk\u2019s current account balance will have benefited directly from this event?  a export trade in goods  b export trade in services  c import trade in goods  d import trade in services     29 the mexican currency (the peso) has fallen in value against the us dollar.    what will be the effect of this on the mexican economy?  a a decrease in tariffs on imports  b a decrease in the price of exports  c a decrease in the price of imports  d a decrease in the volume of exports     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/11/m/j/18  30 the table shows the rice yield in four countries.    country rice yield  (kilos per hectare)  japan 64  china 53  bangladesh 20  thailand 20    what may be concluded from this information?  a bangladesh and thailand produce the same amount of rice.  b japan produces more than three times as much rice as bangladesh.  c japan produces the largest amount of rice per hectare.  d japan produces the largest amount of rice per person employed.     ",
            "11": "11    blank page   \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/11/m/j/18  ",
            "12": "12    blank page     permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material pr otected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  international examinations copyright acknow ledgements booklet. this is produced for each  series of examinations and is freely a vailable to download at  www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge as sessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/11/m/j/18   "
        },
        "0455_s18_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib18 06_0455_12/4rp  \u00a9 ucles 2018 [turn over     *9282399993 * cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/12     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2018     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a ma rk will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  any rough working should be done in this booklet.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/m/j/18  1 in economics, natural sunlight is classified as a free good.    what is the reason for this?  a sunlight is a gift of nature.  b sunlight is a renewable resource.  c there is no opportunity cost of using sunlight.  d unlimited amounts of sunlight can be consumed.      2 what would be classified as the factor of production capital for an airline?  a the aircraft operated by the airline  b the money the airline keeps in the bank  c the pilots the airline uses  d the shares of the airline quoted on the stock market     3 the diagram shows a production possibility curve (ppc).    which position is most  likely to lead to the greatest outward shift of the ppc?    consumer goods capital goodsoab c d      4 what is a major advantage of a market ec onomic system over a mixed economic system?  a all production of goods and services is determined by consumer demand.  b ownership of resources is divided between private and public sectors.  c producers include any external costs they create in the price of the good.  d there will always be an even distribution of income and wealth.    ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/m/j/18 [turn over  5 the diagram shows the market for beef in the us with the original equilibrium at x.    what will be the new equilibrium position if incomes in the us rise?    price quantityoac d d1d2s2s1s3 d3xb      6 the table shows government estimates of the pr ivate and external benefits and costs of building  a new dam.     $ million  private benefits  250  external benefits 325  private costs 200  external costs 150    what is the difference between the social benefits and social costs of building the dam?  a $25 million b $50 million c $175 million d $225 million     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/m/j/18  7 the diagram shows the supply curve for a good.    010 20 304 2price ($) quantity (units)s     what is the price elasticity of supply when the price rises from $2 to $4?  a 0.2 b 0.5 c 1 d 2      8 what does a commercial bank not provide?  a cash  b bonds  c loans  d mortgages      9 what will be likely to increase the wages of airline pilots?  a incomes increase in the world\u2019s major economies.  b terrorist attacks decrease tourist travel.  c the cost of aviation fuel rises.  d the world economy goes into recession.      10 what is most  likely to help a trade union\u2019s claim for wage increases in an industry?  a a decrease in the price of a close substitute for the product  b a decrease in the qualifications needed for the job  c an increase in the number of workers  d an increase in the profits of the industry     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/m/j/18 [turn over  11 the table shows some information for a computer engineer in 2015.     $  salary 40  000  fees earned from consultancy 15  000  credit card repayment 5  000    income tax is fixed at 20%. the engineer saved 10% of the disposable income.    how much was saved?  a $3200 b $4000 c $4400 d $5500      12 what is a characteristic of a perfectly competitive firm?  a absence of competitors  b non-price competition  c one dominant firm  d price taker      13 what is a possible cause of diseconomies of scale?  a an increase in extra administration  b an increase in raw materials costs  c an increase in taxation on company profits  d an increase in the national minimum wage     14 a firm that sells its product for $6 a unit has the following total costs.    output (units) 0 10 20 30  total costs ($) 40 100 120 150    which statement is correct?  a average cost is lowest when 10 units are produced.  b the firm does not make any profit when 20 units are sold.  c the firm has no fixed costs.  d total variable costs fall continuously over these outputs.     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/m/j/18  15 which statement about fixed costs is correct?  a they exist only in the long run.  b they include raw material and direct labour costs.  c they increase at the same rate as output.  d they must be paid even if there is no output.      16 which is a supply-side policy?  a increasing interest rates  b increasing taxation  c providing training courses  d selling government bonds      17 what is an aim of government policy?  a income tax  b interest rates  c stable prices  d unemployment      18 a government has the following revenue.     revenue  ($ m)  corporation profits tax 20  inheritance tax 30  duty on imports 40  income tax 50  sales tax (vat) 200    what is the total amount of indirect tax revenue?  a $140  m b $200  m c $240  m d $270  m     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/m/j/18 [turn over  19 which situation involving the building industry is most  likely to be investigated by a government  body set up to control restrictive practices?  a a builder purchasing a plot of land for development of housing  b groups of suppliers of building materials agreeing to fix prices  c several builders bidding for the same contracts  d several builders using different sources of supply     20 the table shows the change in gross domestic product (gdp) of four countries.    which country has experienced a recession?     quarterly percentage change in gdp  q1  % q2  % q3  % q4  %  a \u2013 6.0 1.0 \u2013  2.0 1.0  b 0.0 \u20131.0 0.0 \u2013  0.1  c 0.1 0.1 0.1 \u2013  3.0  d 1.0 1.0 \u2013  0.5 \u2013  0.5     21 what determines the weights in the consumer prices index (cpi)?  a the average income received by the various households  b the average increase in the prices of the different goods  c the proportion of income spent by the average household on particular goods  d the proportion of income that the average household saves     22 there was a fall in investment spending by businesses in the third quarter of 2015.    what would be the likely result of this?  a an increase in economic growth  b an increase in exports  c an increase in incomes  d an increase in unemployment     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/m/j/18  23 the table shows units of output, value of output and number of people employed in an industry  over three years.     output  (units, millions)output value  ($ millions) number employed  (000)  year 1 10 10 5  year 2 21 25 7  year 3 32 40 8    what can be concluded from the table?  a inflation has increased.  b productivity has increased.  c profit has increased.  d working population has increased.      24 which feature is found in a developed country rather than a developing country?  a high levels of rural to urban migration  b highly organised international financial markets  c low proportion of workforce in service industries  d low school-leaving age      25 over two-thirds of the world\u2019s poorest people live in rural areas. they are mainly involved in  subsistence agriculture.    what explains why poverty remains at a hi gh level for subsistence farming families?  a a lack of finance to buy machinery to improve productivity  b low international prices for food due to overproduction  c the size of families is too small to work the land  d women are discouraged from doing agricultural work    ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/m/j/18 [turn over  26 the government of a developing country allows a multinational mining company to mine minerals  in order to improve the standard of living of the local people.    which action by the multinational company (mnc) will not lead to an improvement in the  standard of living of the local people?  a building roads to assist transport  b exporting mineral ore  c providing skills training  d returning profits overseas      27 a country wishes to follow a policy of trade protection.    which action would it take?  a increase the level of import quotas  b reduce import tariffs  c remove exchange controls  d subsidise export producers     28 in 2012 the uk held the olympic games, which attracted a large number of visitors from foreign  countries.    which item of the uk\u2019s current account balance will have benefited directly from this event?  a export trade in goods  b export trade in services  c import trade in goods  d import trade in services     29 in 2015, the value of the south african currency (the rand) depreciated against the us dollar.    what effect did this have on the us economy?  a exports to south africa became more expensive.  b the current account deficit of the us decreased.  c the us experienced higher levels of inflation.  d unemployment in the us decreased.     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/m/j/18  30 the table shows the rice yield in four countries.    country rice yield  (kilos per hectare)  japan 64  china 53  bangladesh 20  thailand 20    what may be concluded from this information?  a bangladesh and thailand produce the same amount of rice.  b japan produces more than three times as much rice as bangladesh.  c japan produces the largest amount of rice per hectare.  d japan produces the largest amount of rice per person employed.     ",
            "11": "11    blank page   \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/m/j/18  ",
            "12": "12    blank page     permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material pr otected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  international examinations copyright acknow ledgements booklet. this is produced for each  series of examinations and is freely a vailable to download at  www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge as sessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/m/j/18   "
        },
        "0455_s18_qp_13.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib18 06_0455_13/4rp  \u00a9 ucles 2018 [turn over     *9067064670* cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/13     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2018     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a ma rk will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  any rough working should be done in this booklet.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/13/m/j/18  1 the introduction of robots has meant that many firms now require fewer workers to produce their  goods and services.    according to this statement, which factor of production is replacing workers?  a capital  b enterprise  c labour  d land     2 economics textbooks identify the existence of scarcity as the basic economic problem.    what is it that makes scarcity a problem?  a it can cause inflation and unemployment.  b it is impossible to satisfy unlimited wants.  c it is the first priority of governments.  d it only affects the richest countries.      3 the diagram shows a country\u2019s orig inal production possibility curve xx.    omanufactured goods agricultural goodsxx y     what could cause the country\u2019s production pos sibility curve to move from xx to xy?  a a decrease in the price of manufactured goods  b a major war  c an improvement in fertilisers  d an increase in the employment rate     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/13/m/j/18 [turn over  4 what is a benefit of the free market system?  a innovation is encouraged to increase profits.  c negative externalities can be controlled.  b subsidies can be used to encourage exports.  d the distribution of goods and services is fair.      5 the diagram shows the demand curve d 1 and supply curve s 1 for healthcare in an economy. the  original equilibrium is x.    what will be the new equilibrium if the economy experiences sustained economic growth and the  government reduces planning controls on the building of new hospitals?    price quantityoxa b d cs2 s1 s3 d2 d1 d3     6 a private firm is one of a few suppliers of electr icity in an economy. it is fined by the government  for pollution from its coal-fired power stations which affect the health of those living nearby.    what does this situation involve?  a a government policy of nationalising an electricity supplier  b a market structure for electricity that is perfect competition  c a monopoly electricity supplier that ignores government controls  d external costs that are the result of electricity production     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/13/m/j/18  7 the diagram shows the supply curve for a good.    010 20 304 2price ($) quantity (units)s     what is the price elasticity of supply when the price rises from $2 to $4?  a 0.2 b 0.5 c 1 d 2      8 what is not a function of a central bank?  a it is the lender of last resort to financial institutions.  b it is the sole issuer  of notes and coins.  c it lends to individual firms and consumers.  d it manages the national debt for the government.     9 which change will make a manufacturing company replace labour with capital to maintain the most efficient combination of factors of production?  a the price of machinery has increased.  b the productivity of labour has increased.  c the productivity of machinery has increased.  d the supply of labour has increased.      10 what is the most likely reason a firm might welcome the introduction of a trade union for its  workers?  a unions advise on the level of company dividends.  b unions press for higher minimum wage rates.  c unions simplify the process of wage bargaining.  d unions wish to operate labour-intensive production methods.     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/13/m/j/18 [turn over  11 what is least  likely to lead to an increase in consumer spending on a new car?  a a decrease in the cost of car repairs  b a decrease in the price of petrol  c a decrease in the rate of interest  d a decrease in train fares      12 what is a characteristic of perfect competition?  a firms sell an identical product.  b new firms cannot enter the market.  c the market is controlled by one firm.  d there is a high degree of market concentration.      13 a television manufacturer claims to have the most technically advanced production in the  industry.    what is this most  likely to mean when compared with its rival producers?  a it has a greater share of the television market.  b it is a more diversified company.  c it is less likely to be di srupted by strike action.  d it needs a more highly skilled workforce.    14 a firm that sells its product for $6 a unit has the following total costs.    output (units) 0 10 20 30  total costs ($) 40 100 120 150    which statement is correct?  a average cost is lowest when 10 units are produced.  b the firm does not make any profit when 20 units are sold.  c the firm has no fixed costs.  d total variable costs fall continuously over these outputs.     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/13/m/j/18  15 which statement about fixed costs is correct?  a they exist only in the long run.  b they include raw material and direct labour costs.  c they increase at the same rate as output.  d they must be paid even if there is no output.      16 in many countries the government provides financial help to firms who wish to produce electricity using wind turbines.    which kind of policy measure is this?  a deregulation  b maximum price  c subsidy  d taxation      17 what is an aim of government policy?  a income tax  b interest rates  c stable prices  d unemployment     18 a government seeks to redistribute income from the rich to the poor.    which combination of policy measures is most likely to achieve this aim?     income tax sales tax state benefit  a decrease  decrease decrease  b decrease increase increase  c increase decrease increase  d increase increase decrease    ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/13/m/j/18 [turn over  19 which situation involving the building industry is most  likely to be investigated by a government  body set up to control restrictive practices?  a a builder purchasing a plot of land for development of housing  b groups of suppliers of building materials agreeing to fix prices  c several builders bidding for the same contracts  d several builders using different sources of supply      20 what is a likely consequence of economic growth?  a decreased levels of employment  b decreased levels of exports  c decreased levels of output  d decreased levels of poverty     21 a basket of goods is used to calculate a country\u2019s rate of inflation.    what is included in the basket of goods?  a a representative sample of current household spending  b all goods bought in the country  c the spending on an unchanging group of necessities  d the 50 most popular items of household spending     22 there was a fall in investment spending by businesses in the third quarter of 2015.    what would be the likely result of this?  a an increase in economic growth  b an increase in exports  c an increase in incomes  d an increase in unemployment     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/13/m/j/18  23 the table shows units of output, value of outpu t and number of people employed in an industry  over three years.     output  (units, millions)output value  ($ millions) number employed  (000)  year 1 10 10 5  year 2 21 25 7  year 3 32 40 8    what can be concluded from the table?  a inflation has increased.  b productivity has increased.  c profit has increased.  d working population has increased.      24 provision of services in rural districts of developing countries tends to occur later than those in  urban areas.    for which service would this not be correct?  a medical research units  b mobile phone networks  c modern transport systems  d university teaching departments    25 the table shows a country\u2019s past and predicted age structure, as a percentage (%), from  2000  to 2150. the working age range is 15  \u2013 64.    age 2000  % 2050  % 2100  % 2150  %  65 and over 7 14 25 28  15  \u2013 64 63 68 60 56  14 and under 30 18 15 16    which statement describes the behaviour of the dependency ratio over the period?  a it falls and then rises.  b it falls continuously.  c it rises and then falls.  d it rises continuously.     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/13/m/j/18 [turn over  26 the government of a developing country allows a multinational mining company to mine minerals  in order to improve the standard of living of the local people.    which action by the multinational company (mnc) will not lead to an improvement in the  standard of living of the local people?  a building roads to assist transport  b exporting mineral ore  c providing skills training  d returning profits overseas      27 what would have the most severe restriction on the volume of international trade in steel?  a an embargo  b a licence system  c a quota  d a tariff      28 in 2012 the uk held the olympic games, which attracted a large number of visitors from foreign  countries.    which item of the uk\u2019s current account balance will have benefited directly from this event?  a export trade in goods  b export trade in services  c import trade in goods  d import trade in services    ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/13/m/j/18  29 the table refers to a country\u2019s balance of payments on current account.     $bn  goods exports 100  goods imports 125  services exports 60  services imports 50  income and transfers balance +10    what can be concluded from the table?  a a current account deficit of $5bn  b a current account surplus of $5bn  c a goods and services deficit of $35bn  d a goods and services surplus of $15bn      30 the table shows the rice yield in four countries.    country rice yield  (kilos per hectare)  japan 64  china 53  bangladesh 20  thailand 20    what may be concluded from this information?  a bangladesh and thailand produce the same amount of rice.  b japan produces more than three times as much rice as bangladesh.  c japan produces the largest amount of rice per hectare.  d japan produces the largest amount of rice per person employed.     ",
            "11": "11    blank page   \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/13/m/j/18  ",
            "12": "12    blank page     permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material pr otected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  international examinations copyright acknow ledgements booklet. this is produced for each  series of examinations and is freely a vailable to download at  www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge as sessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/13/m/j/18   "
        },
        "0455_s18_qp_21.pdf": {
            "1": "*1920376121* this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (sc/fc) 148195/2 \u00a9 ucles 2018  [turn overcambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education economics  0455/21 paper 2  structured questions  may/june 2018  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. you should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/21/m/j/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 section a answer this question. 1 banking and unemployment in morocco  morocco\u2019s banking industry has been described as one of the best in africa. it has some of africa\u2019s  largest commercial banks, but three out of nineteen control more than two-thirds of the market.  these three have grown mostly through mergers and it is expected more mergers will occur  between moroccan banks in the future.  the banks make use of brand names, set their own interest rates on loans and provide some  different services. the larger banks tend to lend to large firms. small and medium sized firms find  it more difficult to get loans.  more than 60% of the population now make use of the services of commercial banks. the  proportion of families opening savings accounts at commercial banks is increasing.  moroccan banks now have branches in 22 african countries as well as a number of european  countries. they are also expanding in morocco, creating more jobs. morocco has a relatively high  unemployment rate. fig. 1 shows the unemployment rate in 2015 in a range of african countries  including benin, a relatively poor country. benin has a large labour-intensive, subsistence farming  sector. fig. 1 also shows youth unemployment and population growth. unemployment rates vary  between different groups. youth unemployment is often twice the rate of the overall unemployment  rate. fig. 1  the unemployment rate, youth unemployment rate and population growth rate   in selected african countries in 2015 0 benin unemployment rate youth unemployment rate population growth raterate (%) egypt morocco nigeria uganda510152025303540 45  in morocco, the population is increasing at a faster rate than new jobs are being created. the rising  unemployment rate is affecting wage rates in the country. as with unemployment, wage rates vary  between different groups. older workers, for example, tend to be paid more than younger workers. ",
            "3": "3 0455/21/m/j/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 [turn over  (a) identify, using information from the extract, two functions of a commercial bank.  [2]  (b) explain, using information from the extract, two reasons why the banking market in morocco  is not an example of perfect competition.  [4]  (c) analyse why a commercial bank may prefer to sell its services in foreign countries rather than  in its home country.  [5]  (d) analyse whether the information in fig. 1 supports the view that:   (i) countries with high population growth rates have a high unemployment rate  [2]   (ii) the youth unemployment rate is usually twice that of the overall unemployment rate.  [2]  (e) discuss whether or not older workers are always paid more than younger workers.  [5]  (f) explain, using information from the extract, one reason why a relatively poor country may  have a low unemployment rate.  [4]  (g) discuss whether or not commercial banks in morocco would benefit from further mergers.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/21/m/j/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 section b answer any three  questions in this section. 2 in england football stadiums are usually built and financed by the private sector, but in some  countries the stadiums are built and financed by the government. many football stadiums in the  english premier league are full on match days. in the short run the supply of seats is perfectly  inelastic. the football clubs could actually raise prices, still sell their tickets and so raise their  profits. premier league footballers currently receive very high wages.  (a) define perfectly inelastic supply . [2]  (b) explain two reasons why a firm may not aim to earn maximum profit.  [4]  (c) analyse why premier league footballers receive very high wages.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a government should spend some of its tax revenue on building sports  stadiums.  [8] 3 in 2014, the government of kazakhstan devalued its currency, the tenge. a year later the country  still had a current account deficit. therefore, in 2016 it considered adopting a floating exchange  rate which might help to remove the deficit. however, it had concerns that this might affect the  country\u2019s inflation rate which was already high at 17%.  (a) define devaluation . [2]  (b) explain two advantages of a floating exchange rate.  [4]  (c) analyse how fiscal policy measures could reduce inflation.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a reduction in a current account deficit on the balance of payments  will benefit an economy.  [8] 4 in 2015, the tripartite free trade area (tfta) was established. it covers 26 countries and is  the biggest free trade area in africa. removing trade restrictions can enable economies to take  greater advantage of economies of scale. some economists argue that improving africa\u2019s roads  would be more beneficial and would do more to reduce a current account deficit on the balance of  payments and raise living standards.  (a) define economies of scale . [2]  (b) explain two benefits consumers may gain from free trade.  [4]  (c) analyse how reducing transport costs could increase a country\u2019s exports and imports.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not raising living standards is the most important economic objective for  developing countries.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/21/m/j/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 5 the government of slovenia has introduced a range of supply-side policy measures to influence  the country\u2019s inflation rate. among other factors affecting the economy is a change in trade union  membership and strength.  (a) identify two price indices.  [2]  (b) explain two supply-side policy measures.  [4]  (c) analyse why a government may want to reduce its country\u2019s inflation rate.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not increasing the strength of trade unions will benefit an economy.  [8] 6 more than 80% of qatar\u2019s population are immigrants. net immigration has helped to meet the  country\u2019s demand for labour. as well as a shortage of workers, the country has a shortage of  drinking water. the government has run public campaigns to stop people using their free supply  of drinking water to fill their swimming pools and water their gardens. in 2016, the government  increased its spending to increase the country\u2019s economic growth rate.  (a) define net immigration . [2]  (b) explain how market forces would respond to a shortage of drinking water.  [4]  (c) analyse what determines the demand for labour.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not increased government spending will increase economic growth.  [8] 7 more governments are imposing taxes on unhealthy food and drinks. such taxes are usually  regressive. some of these governments are also increasing their spending on healthcare. in other  countries healthcare is provided by the private sector. the number of state-owned enterprises is  declining in a number of countries due to privatisation.  (a) define regressive tax . [2]  (b) explain why the social benefit of healthcare is greater than the private benefit.  [4]  (c) analyse why a government imposes taxes.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not consumers are likely to benefit from state-owned enterprises  becoming private sector firms.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/21/m/j/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/21/m/j/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/21/m/j/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge international  examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after  the live examination series. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_s18_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "*9597400127* this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (sc/fc) 148196/2 \u00a9 ucles 2018  [turn overcambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education economics  0455/22 paper 2  structured questions  may/june 2018  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. you should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/22/m/j/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 section a answer this question. 1 crisis in the ice cream market  vanilla is used in the production of soft drinks, cakes and perfumes. its main use, however, is in  the production of ice cream. fig. 1 shows the different costs of making ice cream for one firm. fig. 1  the costs of producing ice cream for one firm raw materials including vanilla insurance rentwages securitylightingother  madagascar is the world\u2019s largest supplier of vanilla followed by mexico and tahiti. at the start of  2016, economists expected the price of ice cream to increase as the price of vanilla had risen by  130% in 2015. this was largely because of the poor harvests in madagascar which reduced the  output of vanilla in 2015.  ice cream is seen as a luxury product in most countries. it has a range of substitutes and this is  one reason why producers do not always pass on higher costs to consumers. in 2015, there were  a number of other changes in the production of ice cream including a rise in the productivity of the  workers.  as well as vanilla, madagascar produces a number of other primary products including coffee and  sugar. nearly 80% of the country\u2019s labour force is employed in the primary sector. the country has  a relatively low gross domestic product (gdp) per head and a relatively low human development  index (hdi) value as shown in table 1. this limits the amount that people in madagascar save.",
            "3": "3 0455/22/m/j/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 [turn over table 1  gdp per head and hdi in selected countries in 2015 country gdp per head (us$) hdi argentina 22 400 0.836 bangladesh 3 600 0.570 cuba 10 200 0.769 egypt 11 500 0.690 ghana 4 300 0.579 madagascar 1 500 0.510  half of madagascar\u2019s population live in poverty. the government is trying to reduce poverty by  introducing a programme of cash benefits. it is hoped that one effect of this will be to increase  school enrolment and attendance of the children of poor families. to increase economic growth,  the government has sold off a number of state-owned enterprises and is moving the economy  towards a market system.  (a) identify two fixed costs of production in fig. 1.  [2]  (b) explain, using information from the extract, two reasons why a rise in the price of vanilla  might not cause an increase in the price of ice cream.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a demand and supply diagram, the effect of an increase in income on the  market for ice cream.  [5]  (d) analyse the extent to which the relationship shown in table 1 between countries\u2019 gdp per  head and their hdi value is the expected one.  [4]  (e) discuss whether or not a government should encourage people to save more.  [5]  (f) explain, using information from the extract, how cash benefits given to the poor can reduce  poverty.  [4]  (g) discuss whether or not a market system benefits consumers.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/m/j/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 section b answer any three  questions in this section. 2 swaziland is a small african country where six in ten people live in poverty and most firms are  small and use little capital equipment. in october 2015 it opened a new airport. some economists  suggest that the building of the airport involved a high opportunity cost and caused a range of  external costs. the building of the airport is part of the government\u2019s plan to turn the country from  a developing into a developed country.  (a) what may be the opportunity cost of building an airport?  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why a government would want to turn its country from a developing into  a developed country.  [4]  (c) analyse the external costs that can be caused by the building and expansion of an airport.  [6]  (d) discuss whether people would prefer to buy a product from a small firm or a large firm.  [8] 3 farms in the usa are getting larger. one dairy farm in the state of indiana has over 38  000 cows.  farms in the usa compete with farms in both developed and developing countries. the value of  the farms\u2019 exports of milk appears in the trade in goods section of the current account of the usa\u2019s  balance of payments.  (a) identify two examples of capital goods that may be used by a farm.  [2]  (b) explain how a country could have a trade in goods surplus, but a deficit on the current account  on the balance of payments.  [4]  (c) analyse the economies of scale from which a farm may benefit.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not developing countries benefit from producing mainly primary products.  [8] 4 in the uk, bus journeys outside london have fallen by nearly 40% since 1980. this fall in demand  has been largely due to a rise in bus fares, a rise in income and changes in the price and quality of  substitutes. on some routes there are monopolies operating and this lack of competition can push  up the price.  (a) define a substitute  and give an example.  [2]  (b) explain two advantages a firm may gain from being a monopoly.  [4]  (c) analyse how price elasticity of demand for a product influences the revenue a firm receives.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a government should subsidise bus transport.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/22/m/j/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 5 in october 2015, the chinese government switched from its one child policy to a two child policy  partly because of the challenges caused by an ageing population. the birth rate was falling  anyway due to rising female participation in the labour force, improvements in education, later  marriages and the rapidly rising price of housing.  (a) identify two causes of an ageing population.  [2]  (b) explain why the price of housing may increase.  [4]  (c) analyse why more women may enter the labour force.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a rise in the birth rate will benefit an economy.  [8] 6 in february 2016, share prices on stock exchanges fell throughout the world. there were a  number of reasons for this; including concerns about the slowdown in world growth, the possibility  of deflation and unemployment, and fears that some commercial banks could go out of business.  (a) define commercial bank . [2]  (b) explain how a stock exchange could encourage economic growth.  [4]  (c) analyse what can cause deflation.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not government policy measures to reduce unemployment will cause  inflation.  [8] 7 world output has grown in recent years, but a number of countries have experienced a recession.  the removal of trade restrictions such as import tariffs has slowed down, reducing the growth of  world trade.  (a) define import tariff . [2]  (b) explain two benefits of an increase in world output.  [4]  (c) analyse how a recession may reduce a country\u2019s imports.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a developing country will benefit from the removal of trade restrictions.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/22/m/j/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/22/m/j/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/22/m/j/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge international  examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after  the live examination series. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_s18_qp_23.pdf": {
            "1": "*0269893549* this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (sc) 148197/2 \u00a9 ucles 2018  [turn overcambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education economics  0455/23 paper 2  structured questions  may/june 2018  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. you should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/23/m/j/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 section a answer this question. 1 the global water crisis  in 2015, the world economic forum identified the water crisis as the world\u2019s biggest risk. across  many asian and african nations the water supply was at critically low levels, insufficient to meet  the rising demand. demand has risen because of the expansion of cities and population growth  requiring much more agricultural production.  water scarcity is a problem shared by many developing countries which have a low life  expectancy. a third of all their healthcare facilities are estimated to lack access to safe water and  basic sanitation. water shortages harm public health \u2013 80% of all illnesses in developing countries  are caused by poor water and sanitation conditions. water shortages also restrict the amount of  food production. table 1 shows the risk of water shortage (highest risk is 5) and gross domestic  product (gdp) per head measured in us$. table 1  risk of water shortage and gdp per head for countries  / regions in 2015 country  / region risk of water shortage  (highest risk = 5)gdp per head (us$) algeria 3.4 4 318 canada 1.2 43 332 germany 1.9 40 997 pakistan 4.3 1 450 saudi arabia 5.0 20 813 western sahara 5.0 2 500  the shortage of water has led various countries and regions to experiment with privatising their  supply. however, because water is a necessity, private supply has in some cases resulted in  consumers suffering from significant price increases. a 10% increase in the price of water is  estimated to result in only a 0.7% decrease in quantity demanded. this means that governments  have to regulate water markets to protect consumers.  some economists argue that consistent undervaluing of water has led to it being used inefficiently.  this is because prices fail to take into account the long-run consequences of not conserving this  valuable resource. with much of the world facing a hotter and drier future as a result of climate  change, water will become increasingly scarce.  more than 663 million people are estimated to live without access to clean water. the world bank  funds a range of projects designed to tackle this and in doing so reduce levels of absolute poverty.  improving access to natural resources is seen as essential in promoting economic development in  some of the world\u2019s poorest nations.",
            "3": "3 0455/23/m/j/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 [turn over  (a) identify, using information from the extract, two causes of low life expectancy in developing  countries.  [2]  (b) (i) explain, using information from the extract, how the water shortage is an example of the  economic problem.  [4]   (ii) explain, using information from the extract, why the problem of water shortages is likely  to become even worse in the future.  [4]  (c) analyse, using table 1, the extent to which a high risk of water shortage in a country/region  causes low gdp per head.  [5]  (d) calculate, using the information in the extract, the price elasticity of demand for water.  [2]  (e) discuss whether or not private firms supplying water should increase their prices.  [5]  (f) explain what is meant by absolute poverty.  [2]  (g) discuss whether or not a country\u2019s economic growth rate depends mostly on the availability  of its natural resources.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/23/m/j/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 section b answer any three  questions from this section. 2 in 2016, the trade union representing doctors in the uk was involved in collective bargaining with  the government over proposed changes to doctors\u2019 contracts. the trade union considered that the  aim of the changes was to reduce the cost to the government of providing healthcare. it may also  result in fewer individuals training to become doctors in the future.  (a) identify two influences on the strength of a trade union\u2019s collective bargaining power.  [2]  (b) explain the likely impact of trade unions on the welfare of their members.  [4]  (c) analyse the impact of a reduction in government expenditure on healthcare on a country\u2019s  unemployment rate.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a decrease in the number of doctors will reduce living standards.  [8] 3 in the 1990s cambodia became a mixed economy. one of the results of this was specialisation in  the clothing industry. in 2005, import quotas for clothing in the key markets of the usa and the eu  were removed. clothing now accounts for 80% of cambodia\u2019s exports. the increased role of the  private sector has resulted in a rise in malnutrition in cambodia.  (a) define import quota . [2]  (b) explain two advantages to a country of specialisation.  [4]  (c) analyse the impact on an economy of the removal of import quotas imposed by other  countries.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not an increase in the role of the private sector will benefit an economy.  [8] 4 in early 2016, the central bank of the republic of turkey cut interest rates five times. this was  despite an inflation rate of 7.6%. the economy had a combination of a low saving rate and weak  investment. to stimulate economic growth the turkish government announced a package of  reforms including subsidies for research and investment.  (a) identify two functions of a central bank.  [2]  (b) explain how the consumer prices index (cpi) is calculated.  [4]  (c) analyse the impact of a cut in interest rates on saving and investment.  [6]  (d) discuss the impact of supply-side policy measures on government expenditure and on  government revenue.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/23/m/j/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 5 the state of california has the most progressive tax system in the usa. the tax system helps  reduce high poverty rates. policy makers are considering reforming sales tax in the state to include  services, while reducing the use of direct taxes.  (a) define progressive tax . [2]  (b) explain two reasons why a government may want to reduce poverty.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a supply and demand diagram, the effect of increasing a sales tax.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a government should increase indirect taxes and whether it should reduce  direct taxes.  [8] 6 the production process in the oil industry is capital-intensive. the pollution it generates means  it is one cause of environmental market failure. a nigerian oil monopoly is starting to produce  more environmentally friendly liquefied petroleum gas (lpg), rather than kerosene, in an attempt  to reduce pollution. the nigerian government intends to split the monopoly firm into separate  companies to improve efficiency.  (a) identify two features of a capital-intensive production process.  [2]  (b) explain how market failure might occur in the oil industry.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a production possibility curve (ppc) diagram, the effect of reallocating  resources from kerosene to lpg.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not removing a firm\u2019s monopoly power will benefit consumers.  [8] 7 in 2016, there were fears that the singaporean economy could enter a recession because of falling  demand from china, its biggest export market. one of the results of a recession is likely to be a  fall in consumer spending. a previous recession in 2008 had led to unemployment increasing from  1.6% to 3.4%. singapore\u2019s central bank therefore decided to intervene in the foreign exchange  market to influence the value of the currency.  (a) define recession . [2]  (b) explain why a recession is likely to reduce consumer spending.  [4]  (c) analyse the consequences of rising unemployment on a government\u2019s spending and tax  revenue.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not an exchange rate depreciation will prevent an economy from  experiencing a recession.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/23/m/j/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/23/m/j/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/23/m/j/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge international  examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after  the live examination series. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_w18_qp_11.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib18 11_0455_11/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2018 [turn over     *6739542274 * cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/11     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2018     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet     soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a ma rk will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/11/o/n/18  1 which factor of production involves risk-taking?  a capital  b enterprise  c labour  d land      2 what is the basic problem facing all economies?  a how to achieve a stable balance of payments  b how to maximise tax revenues  c how to reach full employment  d how to use scarce resources      3 the diagram shows the production possibility curve (ppc) for an economy.    consumer goodscapital goods oyx z     what will happen to the opportunity cost of producing more units of consumer goods in terms of  capital goods as the economy moves down its ppc from point x to point z?  a it will decrease continuously from point x to point z.  b it will decrease up to point y and then increase towards point z.  c it will increase continuously from point x to point z.  d it will increase up to point y and then decrease towards point z.     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/11/o/n/18 [turn over  4 an economy operates entirely as a market system.    which type of service would not be provided in such an economy?  a commercial banking services  b free government health services  c private educational services  d profitable retail services     5 the diagram shows the equilibrium market price p e and quantity q e for rice in a country.    price quantityop1s dpe qe     which government action could cause the market price for rice to become p 1?  a encouraging the export of rice from the country  b imposing a maximum price below the market price for rice  c providing a subsidy to farmers to produce more rice  d reducing import tariffs on rice    6 a major highway has been built at a cost of us$175 million between nairobi, kenya and its  suburbs. this reduces travel time and increases safety, but there are environmental problems for small enterprises along its route.    who bears the external costs of this project?  a the authorities who paid for the highway  b the commuters who travel to work in nairobi  c the construction companies that built the highway  d the small enterprises along the route     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/11/o/n/18  7 the table shows the demand and supply for spices in a market in africa.    price  per kg (us$) quantity  demanded (kg) quantity  supplied (kg)  10 50 10  20 40 20  30 30 30  40 20 40    when the price rises from us$20 to us$30 per kg, what is the price elasticity of demand (ped)  for spices?  a 0.25 b 0.5 c 1.0 d 2.0     8 what is a function of a central bank?  a collecting taxes  b issuing currency  c providing bank accounts for individuals  d setting foreign trade tariffs     9 what is most  likely to increase the total output of a firm in the short run?  a a rise in the length of the working day  b a rise in the number of days holiday  c a rise in the school leaving age  d a rise in unemployment payments     10 what will make it harder for a trade union to increase the wage rate for its members, without  reducing employment?  a a switch from short-term to long -term fixed contracts of employment  b an increase in the number of substitutes for the product  c growth in an economy and increased demand for labour  d lower price elasticity of demand for the product     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/11/o/n/18 [turn over  11 what is likely to assist a government\u2019s policy of reducing inflation?  a allowing businesses to borrow money for longer periods  b encouraging the public to spend more money  c increasing lending to members of the public  d raising the interest rate on credit card borrowing      12 which international market is closest to the model of perfect competition?  a diamonds  b foreign currency  c petrol (fuel)  d washing machines      13 which form of production would be least  likely to have the advantages of economies of scale?  a car manufacturing  b commercial cereal farming  c handmade jewellery  d refining of oil products      14 the table shows a firm\u2019s average revenue and average cost at different levels of output.    when all output is sold, which level of output gives maximum profit?     output (units) average  revenue (us$) average  cost (us$)  a 5 10 30  b 10 20 20  c 15 25 15  d 20 30 18     15 which statement about total fixed cost is correct?  a it falls as output increases.  b it is calculated by adding total cost and total variable cost.  c it is calculated by dividing total cost by output.  d it must be paid even if output is zero.     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/11/o/n/18  16 what is a disadvantage of direct taxes?  a they can be a disincentive to work.  b they can be based on people\u2019s ability to pay.  c they can be a major source of tax revenue.  d they can be progressive.      17 when is a government said to balance its budget?  a when all goods and services are taxed equally  b when economic growth is the same in all regions of the economy  c when its total income equals its total expenditure  d when total exports equal total imports      18 in the diagram, which level of subsidy per kilo would a government have to give to producers to  encourage them to increase production from 20 kilos per week to 30 kilos per week?    20 15 12 0 02 0 3 0 kilos per weekprice (us$)s1 s2 d     a us$3 per kilo  b us$5 per kilo  c us$8 per kilo  d us$15 per kilo     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/11/o/n/18 [turn over  19 in which case is success for the government in achieving the first aim likely to cause problems in  achieving the second?     first aim second aim  a full employment price stability  b high economic growth full employment  c price stability stable balance of payments  d stable balance of payments more even distribution of income     20 an increase in which economic indicator is usuall y taken as the measure of a country\u2019s economic  growth?  a the balance of payments surplus  b the foreign exchange rate  c the government budget surplus  d the gross domestic product      21 what is used to measure inflation?  a the consumer prices index (cpi)  b the exchange rate  c the gross domestic product (gdp)  d the index of workers\u2019 wages     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/11/o/n/18  22 the diagram shows the rate of unemployment and the periods of recession in a country between  1978 and 2012.    12 10 86420unemployment rate % 1980 1990 2000 2010key recession years     what can be concluded from the diagram?  a each recession lasted for more than two years.  b recessions occurred at regular intervals.  c the unemployment rate peaked in a recession period.  d the unemployment rate rose during recession periods.     23 a country experienced its usual august increase in the rate of unemployment. unfortunately this  was followed by the loss of jobs resulting from the regular downturn in global economic activity.    which types of unemployment occurred?     first type of  unemployment  (august) second type of  unemployment  (global downturn)  a cyclical structural  b frictional seasonal  c seasonal cyclical  d structural frictional    24 iran has recently experienced a natural increase in population.    what is the most  likely cause of this increase?  a emigration exceeded immigration.  b immigration exceeded emigration.  c the birth rate exceeded the death rate.  d the death rate exceeded the birth rate. ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/11/o/n/18 [turn over  25 the table shows some economic indicators.    which combination of indicators is most likely to represent a developed country?     size of primary sector  (% of gdp) birth rate  (births per 1000) literacy rate  (% of population)  a 3 10 98  b 3 22 65  c 27 32 56  d 33 35 70     26 developing countries are sometimes given aid by charities and foreign governments.    which aid programme would be least  likely to lead to long-term economic growth?  a the building of an irrigation system  b the construction of a new airport  c the distribution of gifts of food  d the training of technical staff    27 what is a valid economic argument in favour of trade protection?  a it allows greater consumer choice.  b it encourages trade liberalisation.  c it helps support infant industries.  d it keeps prices lower.      28 what is most  likely to happen if south korea builds a factory in switzerland that becomes  profitable?  a south korea\u2019s imports of goods will decrease.  b south korea\u2019s investment income will increase.  c switzerland\u2019s trade balance in goods will worsen.  d switzerland\u2019s trade balance in services will improve.     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/11/o/n/18  29 which government policy is most  likely to improve a country\u2019s balance of trade?  a a decrease in direct taxation  b a decrease in the exchange rate  c a decrease in the level of tariffs  d an increase in government expenditure     30 the table shows the tariffs imposed on imported tropical fruit in the european union (eu)  according to the degree of processing.     eu tariffs  (% rate)  fresh tropical fruit 8.0  canned tropical fruit 11.3  bottled tropical fruit drinks 23.6    what might be the reason for this pattern of tariffs?  a to encourage imports of processed products into the eu  b to encourage tropical countries\u2019 exports  c to help manufacturing industries in the eu  d to help tropical countries develop manufacturing industries     ",
            "11": "11    blank page   \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/11/o/n/18  ",
            "12": "12    blank page     permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material pr otected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  international examinations copyright acknow ledgements booklet. this is produced for each  series of examinations and is freely a vailable to download at  www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge as sessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/11/o/n/18   "
        },
        "0455_w18_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib18 11_0455_12/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2018 [turn over     *1171988504 * cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/12     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2018     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a ma rk will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/o/n/18  1 which factor of production is not represented in the list shown?    bananas         a factory         goats         a risk taking investor    a capital  b enterprise  c labour  d land     2 what do economies aim to achieve in tack ling the economic problem of scarcity?  a equal balance between public and private sectors  b equal reward for equal effort  c increased competition in the use of resources  d optimum allocation of finite resources     3 the diagram shows a country\u2019s produc tion possibility curve (ppc).    consumer goodscapital goods oy xz     which statement is correct?  a a movement from x to y shows a decrease in efficiency in the economy.  b a movement from x to z shows a discovery of new resources in the economy.  c a movement from y to z shows resources are being diverted from capital goods to consumer  goods.  d a movement from z to y shows an increase in efficiency in the economy.     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/o/n/18 [turn over  4 china, the world\u2019s second largest economy, is becoming more like a market economy.    which policy would contribute directly to such a change?  a abolishing state control completely  b encouraging consumers to spend more and save less  c reducing exports and encouraging more imports  d transferring wealth from the state sector to the private sector     5 the diagram shows the market for a firm making clothing with an initial equilibrium of x.    what will be the new equilibrium if there is a su ccessful advertising campaign by a rival firm and  an increase in workers\u2019 wages?    price quantityoxb c a ds2 s1 s3 d3 d1 d2     6 coal production in the uk has declined in recent years. one reason given for this is that the  social cost of coal production is too high.    what best describes the social cost of coal production?  a all the benefits of coal production minus all the costs of coal production  b the cost of the environmental damage caused by coal production  c the cost to the government of subsidising the coal industry  d the private costs of coal production plus the external costs of coal production     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/o/n/18  7 the table shows the demand and supply for spices in a market in africa.    price  per kg (us$) quantity  demanded (kg) quantity  supplied (kg)  10 50 10  20 40 20  30 30 30  40 20 40    when the price rises from us$20 to us$30 per kg, what is the price elasticity of demand (ped)  for spices?  a 0.25 b 0.5 c 1.0 d 2.0      8 a central bank acts as a lender of last resort especially in times of financial crisis.    what is the purpose of this function?  a to cover credit card debts of consumers  b to provide liquidity to the banking system  c to remove failing banks from the financial system  d to safeguard the profits of the banking system      9 what will cause the level of savings in an economy to rise?  a a fall in investment  b a fall in real wages  c a rise in income taxes  d a rise in interest rates      10 what could affect the size of the labour force in an economy?  a the existence of a trade union  b the government\u2019s immigration policy  c the quality of university graduates  d the ratio of male to female employees     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/o/n/18 [turn over  11 petrol (fuel) retailers in a country have noticed a sharp increase in sales in august when many  people take their holidays.    why might this take place?  a consumers\u2019 demand curve for petrol  shifts to the left in august.  b consumers\u2019 demand curve for petrol shifts to the right in august.  c oil refineries increase their output in august.  d travel companies increase their hotel prices in august.      12 what is correct for firms in perfect competition?  a they achieve economies of scale.  b they are price takers.  c they make use of non-price competition.  d they produce differentiated products.     13 a film production company purchases a group of cinemas.    of what is this an example?  a backward vertical integration  b conglomerate merger  c forward vertical integration  d horizontal integration      14 the table shows a firm\u2019s average revenue and average cost at different levels of output.    when all output is sold, which level of output gives maximum profit?     output  (units) average  revenue (us$) average  cost (us$)  a 5 10 30  b 10 20 20  c 15 25 15  d 20 30 18    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/o/n/18  15 which statement about total fixed cost is correct?  a it falls as output increases.  b it is calculated by adding total cost and total variable cost.  c it is calculated by dividing total cost by output.  d it must be paid even if output is zero.      16 a government aims to reduce unemployment  through a supply-side policy measure.    which measure would it use?  a it would increase government spending.  b it would increase tariffs on imported goods and services.  c it would introduce retraining schemes.  d it would reduce the rate of interest.      17 when is a government said to balance its budget?  a when all goods and services are taxed equally  b when economic growth is the same in all regions of the economy  c when its total income equals its total expenditure  d when total exports equal total imports     18 the table shows the amount of tax paid as income rises in four countries, a\u2013d.    which country has a progressive tax?     amount of tax (us$) paid on income of:  10  000 20  000 30  000 40  000 50  000  a 2 000 4  000 6  000 8  000 10  000  b 2 000 6  000 12  000 18  000 25  000  c 4 000 4  500 5  000 5  500 6  000  d 4 000 7  000 9  000 10  000 12  000    ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/o/n/18 [turn over  19 in which case is success for the government in achi eving the first aim likely to cause problems in  achieving the second?     first aim second aim  a full employment price stability  b high economic growth full employment  c price stability stable balance of payments  d stable balance of payments more even distribution of income      20 economic growth is usually measured by the annual change in  a consumer spending.  b gross domestic product.  c the output of the manufacturing and construction industries.  d the retail price index (rpi).     21 four groups who are affected by changing economic  conditions are creditors, debtors, exporters  and importers.    which pair is most likely to be disadvantaged by a high rate of inflation?  a creditors and exporters  b creditors and importers  c debtors and exporters  d debtors and importers     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/o/n/18  22 the diagram shows the rate of unemployment and the periods of recession in a country between  1978 and 2012.    12 10 86420unemployment rate % 1980 1990 2000 2010key recession years     what can be concluded from the diagram?  a each recession lasted for more than two years.  b recessions occurred at regular intervals.  c the unemployment rate peaked in a recession period.  d the unemployment rate rose during recession periods.     23 a country experienced its usual august increase in the rate of unemployment. unfortunately this  was followed by the loss of jobs resulting from the regular downturn in global economic activity.    which types of unemployment occurred?     first type of  unemployment  (august) second type of  unemployment  (global downturn)  a cyclical structural  b frictional seasonal  c seasonal cyclical  d structural frictional     24 what will lead to an ageing population if other factors remain unchanged?  a a fall in the birth rate  b a rise in the death rate  c an increase in the age of retirement  d an increase in the state pension     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/o/n/18 [turn over  25 which change is most  likely to be expected when an economy is developing?  a birth rates increase rapidly  b poverty rates fall  c unemployment levels rise  d the primary sector overtakes the secondary sector      26 developing countries are sometimes given aid by charities and foreign governments.    which aid programme would be least  likely to lead to long-term economic growth?  a the building of an irrigation system  b the construction of a new airport  c the distribution of gifts of food  d the training of technical staff    27 it is estimated that in 2016 the olympic games in rio, brazil attracted over 600  000 foreign  visitors.    what is likely to have been the result of this number of visitors?  a a depreciation of brazil\u2019s currency  b a fall in brazil\u2019s rate of inflation  c an increase in the brazilian government\u2019s budget deficit  d a reduction in brazil\u2019s deficit on the current account of its balance of payments      28 what is most  likely to happen if south korea builds a factory in switzerland that becomes  profitable?  a south korea\u2019s imports of goods will decrease.  b south korea\u2019s investment income will increase.  c switzerland\u2019s trade balance in goods will worsen.  d switzerland\u2019s trade balance in services will improve.     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/o/n/18  29 a country has experienced a devaluation of its currency.    what are the likely results of the devaluation?    imports exports  a price decreases value decreases  b price decreases value increases  c price increases quantity decreases  d price increases quantity increases     30 the table shows the tariffs imposed on imported tropical fruit in the european union (eu)  according to the degree of processing.     eu tariffs  (% rate)  fresh tropical fruit 8.0  canned tropical fruit 11.3  bottled tropical fruit drinks 23.6    what might be the reason for this pattern of tariffs?  a to encourage imports of processed products into the eu  b to encourage tropical countries\u2019 exports  c to help manufacturing industries in the eu  d to help tropical countries develop manufacturing industries     ",
            "11": "11    blank page   \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/o/n/18  ",
            "12": "12    blank page     permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material pr otected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  international examinations copyright acknow ledgements booklet. this is produced for each  series of examinations and is freely a vailable to download at  www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge as sessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/12/o/n/18   "
        },
        "0455_w18_qp_13.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib18 11_0455_13/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2018 [turn over     *9312534374 * cambridge international examinations  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/13     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2018     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a ma rk will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/13/o/n/18  1 which example of a factor of production in the fishing industry is correct?     factor example  a capital charges on loan for fishing boat  b enterprise salaries of fish warehouse managers  c labour profits of fish shop owners  d land fish in the sea      2 hospital services are provided by the governm ent and paid for through taxation. people cannot  always get the treatment they require because of long waiting lists.    of what is this an example?  a external cost  b market system  c perfectly inelastic supply  d scarcity     3 the diagram shows a production possibility curve (ppc) for an economy.    output of soutput of r oyw z x     which change on the diagram could represent an increase in unemployment?  a w to x b w to y c y to x d y to z    4 who determines what goods and services are produced in a market economy?  a consumers  b employees  c government  d trade unions   ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/13/o/n/18 [turn over  5 the diagram shows the demand for and the supply of air travel.    price of air tickets $ number of passengersod1d2s     what could cause a shift of the demand curve from d 1 to d 2?  a an increase in airline costs  b an increase in airport taxes  c an increase in incomes  d an increase in worldwide terrorism      6 in 2015, the world price of oil fell rapidly due to changes in the conditions of demand and supply.  one change was the use of a new method of extraction called fracking.    which event would not have contributed to the fall in prices?  a china\u2019s growth slowed leading to lower oil imports.  b saudi arabia increased the volume of its oil supplies.  c uk protest groups prevented the introduction of fracking projects.  d usa became more self-sufficient in oil due to fracking and reduced imports.     7 the table shows the demand and supply for spices in a market in africa.    price  per kg (us$) quantity  demanded (kg) quantity  supplied (kg)  10 50 10  20 40 20  30 30 30  40 20 40    when the price rises from us$20 to us$30 per kg, what is the price elasticity of demand (ped) for spices?  a 0.25 b 0.5 c 1.0 d 2.0 ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/13/o/n/18  8 what is a function of a country\u2019s stock exchange?  a to act as lender of last resort to commercial banks  b to provide a market for the purchase and sale of shares  c to provide short-term loans for investment  d to set interest rates within the country      9 what might cause an increase in the earnings of a doctor in a government health service?  a an increasing number of doctors graduate from university each year  b an increasing number of people need health care  c the government spends less on the nation\u2019s health services  d the population becomes more aware of healthy eating      10 what would put a trade union in a strong bargaining position to negotiate higher wages for its  members in a particular firm?  a the demand for the product produced by the workers has an inelastic demand.  b the economy is experiencing high unemployment.  c the proportion of the firm\u2019s workers in the union is low.  d wage costs are a high proportion of total costs for firms in the industry.     11 what is most  likely to encourage the immediate purchase of an expensive item such as a new  car?  a anticipating a fall in the rate of inflation  b expecting interest rates to fall  c making it easier to obtain a loan  d needing to plan for unexpected emergencies     12 the table shows characteristics of a market.    what are the characteristics of a perfectly competitive market?     product number  of buyers number  of sellers role  of firm  a identical many many price taker  b identical one many price maker  c similar many many price taker  d unique few few price maker   ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/13/o/n/18 [turn over  13 a computer chip manufacturer expands by taking over a computer chip designer.    of what is this an example?  a backward vertical integration  b diversifying integration  c forward vertical integration  d horizontal integration     14 the table shows a firm\u2019s average revenue and average cost at different levels of output.    when all output is sold, which level of output gives maximum profit?     output (units) average  revenue (us$) average  cost (us$)  a 5 10 30  b 10 20 20  c 15 25 15  d 20 30 18    15 which statement about total fixed cost is correct?  a it falls as output increases.  b it is calculated by adding total cost and total variable cost.  c it is calculated by dividing total cost by output.  d it must be paid even if output is zero.    16 what is most  likely to be an example of a progressive tax?  a customs duties on imported goods  b excise duties on cigarettes  c income tax  d sales tax    17 when is a government said to balance its budget?  a when all goods and services are taxed equally  b when economic growth is the same in all regions of the economy  c when its total income equals its total expenditure  d when total exports equal total imports   ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/13/o/n/18  18 a government aims to boost production and increase sales of steel by subsidising private  producers. a subsidy equal to w \u2013 z per tonne is paid.    according to the diagram, what would be the value of sales of steel after the subsidy?    oprice (per tonneof steel) quantity (tonnes of steel)supply of steel demand for steelsupply after subsidy w z p p1 q1q     a op \u00d7 oq b op 1 \u00d7 oq 1 c wz \u00d7 oq d wz \u00d7 oq 1      19 in which case is success for the government in achi eving the first aim likely to cause problems in  achieving the second?     first aim second aim  a full employment price stability  b high economic growth full employment  c price stability stable balance of payments  d stable balance of payments more even distribution of income      20 when is a recession said to occur?  a economic growth in the economy falls for at least two consecutive quarters.  b gross domestic product (gdp) falls for at least two consecutive quarters.  c the current account of the balance of payment is in deficit for at least two consecutive  quarters.  d the government experiences a budget deficit for at least two consecutive quarters.     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/13/o/n/18 [turn over  21 which country is suffering from the worst deflation?     annual change in indicator  inflation  % unemployment  rate  % real gdp  per capita  (us$)  %  a \u20135 +3 \u20133  b \u20132 \u20132 \u20132  c +2 \u20133 +1  d +12 +10 +3     22 the diagram shows the rate of unemployment and the periods of recession in a country between  1978 and 2012.    12 10 86420unemployment rate % 1980 1990 2000 2010key recession years     what can be concluded from the diagram?  a each recession lasted for more than two years.  b recessions occurred at regular intervals.  c the unemployment rate peaked in a recession period.  d the unemployment rate rose during recession periods.     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/13/o/n/18  23 a country experienced its usual august increase in the rate of unemployment. unfortunately this  was followed by the loss of jobs resulting from the regular downturn in global economic activity.    which types of unemployment occurred?     first type of  unemployment  (august) second type of  unemployment  (global downturn)  a cyclical structural  b frictional seasonal  c seasonal cyclical  d structural frictional      24 what is the most  likely effect of raising the retirement age in a country?  a government spending increases  b net immigration increases  c spending on pensions increases  d working population increases      25 what describes absolute and relative poverty?     absolute poverty relative poverty  a   when there are low birth rates, high death  rates, and high levels of migration when there are high birth rates, low death  rates, and low levels of migration  b   when a person does not have enough  money for food, shelter, and clothes when a person earns less than  others in the same society  c   when everyone has an  income below us$1.90 a day when half the population has an  income of us$1.90 a day  d when necessities cannot be afforded when luxuries cannot be afforded      26 developing countries are sometimes given aid by charities and foreign governments.    which aid programme would be least  likely to lead to long-term economic growth?  a the building of an irrigation system  b the construction of a new airport  c the distribution of gifts of food  d the training of technical staff    ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/13/o/n/18 [turn over  27 a government imposes a limit of 2 million on the number of smartphones imported into the  country.    which term is given to this limitation?  a ban  b embargo  c quota  d tariff     28 what is most  likely to happen if south korea builds a factory in switzerland that becomes  profitable?  a south korea\u2019s imports of goods will decrease.  b south korea\u2019s investment income will increase.  c switzerland\u2019s trade balance in goods will worsen.  d switzerland\u2019s trade balance in services will improve.     29 in july 2015, australia\u2019s balance of trade with the rest of the world was \u20132809 billion australian  dollars. in january 2016 it was \u20133294 billion australian dollars.    what describes australia\u2019s balanc e of trade over this period?     balance of trade trend  a deficit improving  b deficit worsening  c surplus improving  d surplus worsening    ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/13/o/n/18  30 the table shows the tariffs imposed on imported tropical fruit in the european union (eu)  according to the degree of processing.     eu tariffs  (% rate)  fresh tropical fruit 8.0  canned tropical fruit 11.3  bottled tropical fruit drinks 23.6    what might be the reason for this pattern of tariffs?  a to encourage imports of processed products into the eu  b to encourage tropical countries\u2019 exports  c to help manufacturing industries in the eu  d to help tropical countries develop manufacturing industries     ",
            "11": "11    blank page   \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/13/o/n/18  ",
            "12": "12    blank page     permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material pr otected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  international examinations copyright acknow ledgements booklet. this is produced for each  series of examinations and is freely a vailable to download at  www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.    cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge as sessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of unive rsity of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2018 0455/13/o/n/18   "
        },
        "0455_w18_qp_21.pdf": {
            "1": "*7019465592* this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (ce) 148226/3 \u00a9 ucles 2018  [turn overcambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education economics  0455/21 paper 2  structured questions  october/november 2018  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. you should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/21/o/n/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 section a answer this question. 1\t russia\u2019s \tstruggle \tfor\teconomic \trecovery  shortly after the 2014 winter olympic games in sochi, russia, the value of the russian currency,  the rouble, depreciated significantly against the us$. russian gross domestic product (gdp)  growth rates also became negative. political and economic instability in the region contributed to  these changes.  to avoid further outflows of financial capital from the russian economy and further falls in the  value of the russian rouble, the central bank of russia increased the official interest rate to 17%.  by 2016, the rouble fell even more and the central bank considered selling its foreign reserves to  raise the exchange rate against the us$.  overall, things did not look good for the russian economy in 2016. export values fell and foreign  investors lacked confidence in the russian economy. this not only had a negative impact on  unemployment rates and economic growth but also had an impact on poverty rates which were  expected to return to pre-2007 levels. demographic trends did not help as russia\u2019s population  declined due to high death rate, low fertility rate, and a high level of emigration.  domestic consumption and investment, however, showed some positive signs. consumers  bought more domestic products and domestic investment increased. however, inflation rose and  the central bank introduced policy measures to avoid a rapid increase in prices.  as an oil producer, russia\u2019s economy was affected by falling international oil prices. saudi arabia,  the world\u2019s second largest oil producer, continued to increase oil production despite pressures by  other producers to cut production. in addition, global demand for oil was weak. table 1 shows the  price of oil between 2010 and 2016. table\t1\tprice\tof\toil\t2010\u201316 \t(us$) yearprice\tof\toil\t (us$\tper\tbarrel) 2010  82 2011  92 2012 103 2013  93 2014  95 2015  53 2016  37  in 2016, domestic russian oil producers struggled to make a profit due to economic uncertainty  and competition from renewable energy. they were also concerned that it may become even  more difficult for them to make a profit in the future. this was because the government wanted to  increase tax on oil producers to raise more revenue. the government believed that such an extra  tax would not actually hurt the large oil producers.",
            "3": "3 0455/21/o/n/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 [turn over \t (a)\t calculate, using the information in table 1, the percentage change in the price of oil between  2010 and 2016.  [2] \t (b)\t explain, using information from the extract, two reasons for falling oil prices.  [4] \t (c)\t identify, using information from the extract, two ways a central bank could try to stop a fall in  the international value of its currency.  [2] \t (d)\t explain, using information from the extract, two reasons for russia\u2019s declining population.  [4] \t (e)\t analyse the extent to which a rise in oil prices will cause inflation.  [5] \t (f)\t discuss whether or not increasing taxes on russian oil producers will be harmful to those  producers.  [5] \t (g)\t identify one way in which monetary policy differs from fiscal policy.  [2] \t (h)\t discuss whether or not the russian government should have been concerned about the state  of the russian economy in 2016.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/21/o/n/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 section b answer any three  questions. 2 in 2016, there was a global surplus in the steel market pushing down steel prices. this situation  led to various calls for protectionist measures by other steel producers such as those in the eu  and the usa. however, such measures were not supported by car producers as approximately  22% of a car manufacturer\u2019s costs depend on steel prices. \t (a)\t define protectionism . [2] \t (b)\t explain two methods of trade protection.  [4] \t (c)\t analyse, using a demand and supply diagram, the effect of falling steel prices on the market  for cars.  [6] \t (d)\t discuss whether or not protectionism is effective in raising living standards.  [8] 3 droughts in the pacific coast region of the us and regulations, in the form of limits on the amount  of salmon that can be caught in the wild, have reduced the supply of wild salmon. these limits  were imposed to avoid market failure in the salmon market. however, the effect of this on the  revenue of salmon producers is uncertain. in addition, producers of farmed salmon in the us  states of washington and alaska have received subsidies from the us government. \t (a)\t define supply . [2] \t (b)\t explain one market failure that may occur in the salmon market.  [4]  \t (c)\t analyse how information on changes in a firm\u2019s revenue can be obtained from price elasticity  of demand calculations.  [6] \t (d)\t discuss whether or not government subsidies are beneficial to producers.  [8] 4 the malaysian government implemented the vision 2020 policy which aims to make malaysia a  developed country by the year 2020. along with this vision, the national privatisation policy was  also implemented whereby various firms, such as those involved in telecommunications, were  privatised. poverty has significantly reduced since the implementation of these policy measures. \t (a)\t identify the difference between absolute poverty and relative poverty.  [2] \t (b)\t explain two characteristics of a developed country.  [4] \t (c)\t analyse two policy measures to alleviate poverty.  [6] \t (d)\t discuss whether or not moving firms from the public sector to the private sector will benefit an  economy.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/21/o/n/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 5 the largest airline in pakistan was originally formed as a result of a merger between a state- owned airline and a private airline. in april 2016, the pakistan government made this merged firm  a public limited company. this was hoped to improve the productivity of this loss-making airline  and also improve the overall economy of pakistan. \t (a)\t define public limited company . [2] \t (b)\t explain the difference between productivity and production.  [4] \t (c)\t analyse how increased productivity could reduce inflation.  [6] \t (d)\t discuss whether or not a merger might make it easier for a firm to achieve its goals.  [8] 6\tteachers in many countries oppose their governments\u2019 cuts in spending on education. they worry  that this could reduce the standard of education and also the welfare of teachers employed in the  state sector. some teachers specialise in teaching one subject while others teach a number of  subjects. \t (a)\t identify two reasons why a person may want to work in the state sector.  [2] \t (b)\t explain two reasons why a government may want to cut spending on education.  [4] \t (c)\t analyse the contribution that education can make in an economy.  [6] \t (d)\t discuss whether or not a worker would benefit by specialising.  [8] 7 during a recent recession in europe, spain had an unemployment rate of over 25%. this led to  high levels of emigration from spain into higher-wage european economies such as germany and  the uk. this has created both opportunities and problems in countries where immigration was  higher than emigration. \t (a)\t define unemployment . [2] \t (b)\t explain two reasons for wage differentials between different economies.  [4] \t (c)\t analyse how a recession in one country could cause unemployment in another country.  [6] \t (d)\t discuss whether the economic advantages of immigration into countries such as the uk and  germany outweigh the economic disadvantages.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/21/o/n/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/21/o/n/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/21/o/n/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge international  examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after  the live examination series. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_w18_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "*4132888934* this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (ce) 148227/3 \u00a9 ucles 2018  [turn overcambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education economics  0455/22 paper 2 structured questions  october/november 2018  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. you should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/22/o/n/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 section a answer this question. 1 rubber production in liberia  liberia is a west african country that has faced a number of serious problems in recent years.  these have included a civil war and in 2014 the outbreak of the ebola epidemic. there have  also been improvements. the unemployment rate was 85% in 2004 but had fallen to 4% in 2016.  this reduction has influenced both emigration and wages. workers have received higher wages  although some economists think that the higher wages have increased the country\u2019s inflation rate  which in 2016 was 8%.  the country has a good supply of drinking water and a climate favourable to agriculture. more  than 70% of the country\u2019s labour force is currently employed in agriculture. the country\u2019s main  exports are rubber, iron ore, timber and gold.  a us multinational company (mnc) runs the world\u2019s largest single natural rubber farming  operation in liberia. the price of rubber fell by 75% between 2011 and 2016. the global supply of  rubber had exceeded demand as a number of countries imposed import restrictions on rubber. in  response to the lower price the us mnc cut its production, but still made a loss. the mnc does  not want to go out of business and is trying to survive by cutting its costs. in the long run it hopes  to maximise profits. when some of its 7000 workers retire, they will not be replaced. the mnc has  introduced new production techniques and diversified into growing cocoa and coffee.  the liberian government is providing subsidies to local rubber farmers to help them buy new  equipment and introduce new farming methods. despite the challenging situation, a number of  local liberian rubber farmers are increasing the size of their operations by buying up more land.  some others are diversifying by using wood from the rubber trees to make furniture.  while helping its rubber farmers, the liberian government is also encouraging the expansion of the  secondary and tertiary sectors. between 2014 and 2016 it increased its expenditure on healthcare  but this was at the expense of a number of public sector investment projects. table  1 compares  the infant mortality rate and healthcare expenditure per head in selected countries in 2015. table 1 infant mortality rate and healthcare expenditure per head  in selected countries in 2015 countryinfant mortality rate (deaths per 1000   live births)healthcare expenditure  per head  (us$) cuba  4.5  459 hungary  5.0 2 096 india 41.5  248 liberia 67.5   90 turkey 18.8 1 148 uk  4.4 3 749",
            "3": "3 0455/22/o/n/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 [turn over  (a) identify, from the extract, two goals of business organisations.  [2]  (b) explain, using information from the extract, two reasons why the price of rubber fell between  2011 and 2016.  [4]  (c) analyse how an increase in wages could cause inflation.  [5]  (d) analyse to what extent the information in table 1 suggests that healthcare expenditure per  head is an important influence on the infant mortality rate.  [4]  (e) discuss whether or not having more of its workers employed in the tertiary sector would  benefit the liberian economy.  [5]  (f) explain, using information from the extract, how the concept of opportunity cost affects all  rubber farmers in liberia.  [4]  (g) discuss whether or not a high rate of unemployment would always cause emigration.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/o/n/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 section b answer any three  questions. 2 mexico has recently experienced relatively low inflation and the mexican government wants to  maintain this price stability. despite this its currency has fallen in value with each mexican peso  exchanging for less foreign currency. the government is also trying to reduce pollution in the  country. one key cause of pollution in mexico is car travel. driving has both private and external  costs.   (a) define private cost . [2]  (b) explain two ways a government could reduce external costs.  [4]  (c) analyse how a high rate of inflation affects the functions of money.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a fall in its foreign exchange rate will benefit an economy.  [8] 3 in 2016, the indonesian government increased its spending on healthcare and education and  considered raising the school leaving age. the government also planned to increase taxation.  such a move might conflict with its aim of reducing unemployment at a time when a number of  countries were at risk of entering a recession.  (a) identify two types of tax.  [2]  (b) explain two benefits to a government from a fall in unemployment.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a production possibility curve (ppc) diagram, the effects of high unemployment  in a country.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a government should raise the school leaving age.  [8] 4 uk students often take jobs during their holidays and some save part of their income to pay their  tuition fees. uk graduates earn, on average, \u00a38500 a year more than non-graduates. economics  graduates had the second highest average earnings of all uk graduates in 2016. the top 10% of  economics graduates earned \u00a3115  000 a year.  (a) define earnings . [2]  (b) explain two non-wage factors that influence an individual\u2019s choice of occupation.  [4]  (c) analyse why economics graduates are well-paid.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not people in developed countries are likely to save more than people in  developing countries.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/22/o/n/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 5 productivity has fallen recently in finland particularly in the public sector. the country has a  relatively high number of small firms. in recent years the price elasticity of demand and the price  elasticity of supply of the products made by finnish firms have changed.  (a) what is the difference between the private sector and the public sector?  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why productivity may fall.  [4]  (c) analyse how an increase in the price elasticity of demand (ped) and the price elasticity of  supply (pes) of its products could benefit a firm.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not small firms are likely to survive in the long run.  [8] 6 a relatively high proportion of people from the philippines either work in call centres or abroad.  call centres employ 1.2 million people in the philippines and account for 8% of the country\u2019s  gross domestic product. due to the time difference with the us, the main market for call centre  services, many filipinos have to work at night. the call centres are introducing new technology  including robots.  (a) define gross domestic product (gdp) . [2]  (b) explain two reasons why a person may be willing to work at night.  [4]  (c) analyse how having some of its population working abroad may benefit an economy.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not advances in technology benefit an economy.  [8] 7 the price of gold rose in 2016. this encouraged owners of gold mines to employ more resources  to increase the supply of gold. the level of competition in gold production varies in the different  gold producing countries. a number of countries, including india, impose a tariff on imported gold.   (a) identify two factors of production involved in mining gold.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why a government may impose a tariff on imported gold.  [4]  (c) analyse how perfect competition differs from monopoly.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not an economy should mine and sell all of its gold now.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/22/o/n/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/22/o/n/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/22/o/n/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge international  examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after  the live examination series. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_w18_qp_23.pdf": {
            "1": "*0941718271* this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (ce/cgw) 148228/4 \u00a9 ucles 2018  [turn overeconomics  0455/23 paper 2  structured questions  october/november 2018  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required.  read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. you should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.cambridge international examinations cambridge international general certificate of secondary education",
            "2": "2 0455/23/o/n/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 section a answer this question. 1 nigeria adopts a floating exchange rate  in june 2016, nigeria adopted a floating exchange rate after the country\u2019s central bank had spent  months trying to maintain its fixed exchange rate. it had used foreign currency reserves to buy its  currency, imposed tariffs and limited the amount of foreign currency that nigerians could purchase.  most economists thought that the value of nigeria\u2019s currency would depreciate. a lower value of  the nigerian naira might help increase output and reduce the deficit on the current account of the  country\u2019s balance of payments. in 2015, nigeria experienced a deficit on its current account for  the first time in 20 years. countries with a current account deficit often have a higher inflation rate  and a lower economic growth rate than those with a current account surplus. fig. 1 shows the  inflation rate, economic growth rate and the current account balance of selected countries in 2015. fig. 1 the inflation rate, economic growth rate and current account balance   of selected countries in 2015 inflation rate economic growth rate0china nigeria turkey -2 -4 -6 -8 10 8 6 4 2 current account balance (% of gdp)germanycolombia  a current account deficit can lower the exchange rate and so may increase import prices. a higher  price of imports, including imported food, can accelerate inflation.  in 2015, as well as experiencing a current account deficit, tax revenue fell in nigeria and was  lower than government expenditure. some economists predicted that the government would  cut spending on education and healthcare in 2016 to reduce the gap between tax revenue and  government spending.  the nigerian government has been trying to reduce poverty in the country. in 2015, more than  60% of the population were living in poverty. among the causes of the high level of absolute  poverty was an unemployment rate of 9.5%. one policy measure proposed to reduce poverty in  nigeria is for the government to raise the wages of low-paid workers.   the government also wants to diversify the economy because the oil industry accounts for almost  90% of the country\u2019s export earnings. the oil industry pays high wages to some of its workers  and relatively high interest rate payments to local banks. it also creates water pollution and air  pollution.",
            "3": "3 0455/23/o/n/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 [turn over  (a) identify, from the extract, two methods of trade protection.  [2]  (b) analyse what may cause a depreciation in an exchange rate.  [5]  (c) analyse to what extent the information in fig. 1 suggests that countries with current account  deficits have higher inflation rates and lower economic growth rates than those with current  account surpluses.  [4]  (d) explain, using information from the extract, two reasons why poverty may have increased in  nigeria in 2015\u201316.  [4]  (e) discuss whether or not a cut in government spending on education would reduce the gap  between government spending and tax revenue.  [5]  (f) explain, using information from the extract, two external costs that arise from oil production in  nigeria.  [4]  (g) discuss whether or not an increase in the wages of low-paid workers will reduce poverty.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/23/o/n/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 section b answer any three  questions. 2 a united arab emirates (uae) airport announced a record profit of $1.9 billion in 2016. this was  despite a fall in its total revenue. in 2016, the uae considered introducing value added tax (vat).  the introduction of an indirect tax may have an impact on unemployment. the uae has a very low  unemployment rate which is one reason why multinational companies (mncs) set up in the uae.  (a) define total revenue . [2]  (b) explain how a firm may earn a profit despite a fall in revenue.  [4]  (c) analyse how the introduction of an indirect tax may cause unemployment.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not mncs are likely to set up in countries with low unemployment.  [8] 3 the price of dental treatment is increasing in most countries. for example, the average price  of filling a tooth is $180 in the us. the number of dentists is increasing in the us. the largest  proportion of the us labour force is employed in the tertiary sector. price changes have an impact  on the supply of products in the tertiary sector as well as in the primary and secondary sectors.  (a) identify two reasons why someone may choose to train to become a dentist.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why manufactured goods are usually in more price-elastic supply than  agricultural goods.  [4]  (c) analyse the advantages of an increase in a country\u2019s labour force.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a government should provide free dental treatment.  [8] 4 in 2015, spain experienced a higher death rate than birth rate for the first time since 1939. it is  forecast that its population will fall by 5.6 million over the next 50 years. such a decline would  be likely to influence the number and size of the country\u2019s firms and have an impact on the  environment. there are a variety of ways of increasing a country\u2019s population.  (a) define death rate . [2]  (b) explain two policy measures a government could introduce to encourage families to have  more children.  [4]  (c) analyse the impact a declining population could have on the environment.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a firm that produces a wide range of products can take advantage of  economies of scale.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/23/o/n/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 5 in 2016, the world shortage of peanuts increased their price. china, which has traditionally been a  net exporter of peanuts, was about to become a net importer. south africa, which is an exporter of  high-quality, high-cost peanuts used in chocolate confectionery, experienced the worst drought on  record. a higher number of south african farmers applied for bank loans in the same year.  (a) what is the difference between the price  of a product and the cost of a product?  [2]  (b) explain two influences on a country\u2019s demand for food.  [4]  (c) analyse why a country may change from a net exporter of a product into a net importer of the  product.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a central bank should limit the amount that a commercial bank can  lend to its customers.  [8] 6 the united nations (un) has set out development goals for countries to achieve by 2050. these  goals include: \u2022 conserve natural resources \u2022 ensure education for all \u2022 end poverty everywhere \u2022 promote sustained economic growth  (a) identify two ways a government could conserve its country\u2019s resources.  [2]  (b) explain two external benefits that can arise from education.  [4]  (c) analyse how a cut in the rate of interest could reduce poverty.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not economic growth always increases living standards.  [8] 7 high technology (hi-tech) firms use a range of resources including labour and land. one us hi-tech  firm has produced a new price index which it claims is more accurate than the consumer prices  index (cpi). central banks try to achieve the most accurate measure of inflation because inflation  has effects on a range of people, including savers and borrowers, and on the level of investment  in a country.   (a) identify the reward  received by labour and the reward  received by enterprise.  [2]  (b) explain how inflation may affect borrowers and savers.  [4]  (c) analyse why it is important to a government that inflation is measured accurately.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not an increase in investment would reduce a deficit on the current  account of the balance of payments.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/23/o/n/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/23/o/n/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/23/o/n/18 \u00a9 ucles 2018 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge international  examinations copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after  the live examination series. cambridge international examinations is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of university of cambridge local  examinations syndicate (ucles), which is itself a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        }
    },
    "2019": {
        "0455_m19_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib19 03_0455_12/2rp  \u00a9 ucles 2019 [turn over     *3724367195 * cambridge assessment international education  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/12     paper 1  multiple choice  february/march 2019     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a ma rk will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  any rough working should be done in this booklet.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/f/m/19  1 all countries need to produce food.    which type of agriculture would make the best use of the resources of developing and developed  economies?     developing developed  a capital-intensive capital-intensive  b capital-intensive labour-intensive  c labour-intensive capital-intensive  d labour-intensive labour-intensive    2 a farmer reduces the land used to grow wheat from 80 hectares to 60 hectares and increases the  use of the land for growing potatoes from 80 to 100 hectares.    what is the opportunity cost of this change?  a the output from 20 hectares used for growing potatoes.  b the output from 20 hectares used for growing wheat.  c the output from 60 hectares used for growing wheat.  d the output from 80 hectares used for growing potatoes.      3 the diagram shows the change in an economy\u2019s pr oduction possibility curve (ppc) from year 1  to year 2.    ogoods servicesyear 1year 2     what might explain the change from year 1 to year 2?  a resources have moved from the production of services to the production of goods.  b the number of workers unemployed in manufacturing has fallen.  c the producers of services have introduced better technology.  d the workers in the production of goods have become less efficient.     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/f/m/19 [turn over  4 what can be found in a market economy?  a externalities and monopolies  b interest rates and public goods  c public corporations and market prices  d tax rates and commercial banks      5 a private sector firm is given a contract by the government to supply a country\u2019s water.    which government directive will minimise the risk of market failure?  a allow the firm to ration water rather than meet demand  b ensure the firm\u2019s supply includes al l areas which are expensive to service  c insist that the firm aims to maximise profits  d instruct the firm to provide water only to those who can pay for it      6 what is meant by the equilibrium price in the market for a good?  a the average price paid by consumers  b the price at which maximum profit is made  c the price at which the producer breaks even  d the price at which the supply and demand curves intersect     7 the table shows the effect of a change in the market price from $5 to $6 on the supply of mobile  (cell) phones.    price  ($) supply  (units)  5 10  000  6 15  000    which statement about the price elasticity of supply of mobile phones is correct?  a price elasticity of supply is 0.4.  b price elasticity of supply is 2.5.  c supply is perfectly elastic.  d there is unit elasticity.     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/f/m/19  8 what could discourage women from seeking employment?    a more education and training are provided.  b more flexible and part-time jobs are available.  c there are fewer promotion opportunities for women.  d there is a shift in employment to the services sector.     9 what would be least  likely to act as a store of value during a period of rapid inflation?  a cash  b gold  c property  d shares    10 the table shows how three people (x, y and z) spend their income.     person x person y person z  food, clothing and housing 30% 25% 50%  entertainment and leisure 35% 35% 25%  luxury goods 35% 40% 25%    for these three people, what is the most  likely order of income, from lowest income to highest  income?  a y \u2192 x \u2192 z  b y \u2192 z \u2192 x  c z \u2192 x \u2192 y  d z \u2192 y \u2192 x     11 the table shows the weekly values of certain items for the average person in each group.    in which group does the average person save the most?      income ($) spending ($) borrowing ($)  a employed workers 500 400 50  b retired people 150 140 0  c school students 25 30 5  d unemployed 200 300 100     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/f/m/19 [turn over  12 which type of business is always in the public sector?  a monopoly  b multinational corporation  c public corporation  d public limited company      13 when will a firm maximise its profits?  a when it excludes a rival supplier from the market  b when it produces where average cost and average revenue are equal  c when it sells as many products in as many different markets as it can    d when the difference between total cost and total revenue is greatest       14 the table shows the costs of a firm.    units of  output variable costs  ($) total costs  ($)  10 20 80  20 50 110  30 80 140  40 110 170    what is the value of the firm\u2019s fixed costs?  a $20 b $30 c $60 d $80    15 a firm\u2019s average revenue is $10. it sells 2000 units.    what is the firm\u2019s total revenue and the price of the product?     total revenue  ($) price  ($)  a 10 10  b 2 000 200  c 20  000 10  d 20  000 200     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/f/m/19  16 which measure would a government take to reduce a current account deficit?  a increase tariffs  b increase value added tax  c reduce income tax  d reduce domestic subsidies      17 what is an example of an expansionary fiscal policy?  a decreased budget deficit  b higher interest rates  c increased money supply  d reduced tax rates      18 a government lowers interest rates to encourage more borrowing and spending by households to  increase economic growth.    why could this lead to a conflict with other government aims?  a it could cause uncertainty and lead to lower demand.  b it could encourage more savings and lead to higher unemployment.  c it could lead to lower prices of consumer goods and result in deflation.  d it could stimulate consumer demand and lead to inflation.     19 which policy would be most  likely to reduce unemployment in the short run?  a a programme of privatisation  b a reduction in the standard rate of income tax  c grants to firms to research new technology  d removal of all restrictions on imports into the country    20 a country has the highest gdp per head in the world.    what is this information most  likely to suggest about the country?  a it has the world\u2019s biggest economy.  b it has the world\u2019s fastest economic growth rate.  c it has the world\u2019s greatest size of population.  d it has the world\u2019s highest standard of living.   ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/f/m/19 [turn over  21 what is included in the human development index (hdi) of a country?  a level of net immigration  b life expectancy at birth  c population size  d rate of population growth      22 what is an example of someone who lost their job because of structural unemployment?  a aneesha lost her job as an engineer when her firm had to make redundancies in a recession.  b jamie lost his job as an ice cream seller during the winter months when little ice cream was  sold.  c sunjeev decided to stop working and claim benefits when the government increased  unemployment benefits.  d sunjit lost his job as a bank worker when the bank replaced his job with a new computer  system.    23 an economy experienced deflation.    which combination shows the likely outcome of this?     consumer  confidence price  level investor  confidence  a decrease decrease decrease  b decrease increase decrease  c increase decrease increase  d increase increase increase      24 a developing country starts to show increases in economic growth.    what is most  likely to occur?  a a reduction in imports  b a reduction in the number of doctors per capita  c an increase in absolute poverty  d an increase in incomes    ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/f/m/19  25 a country\u2019s minister for agriculture said    \u201cthe biggest challenge the country faces is to develop irrigation so that we are not at the mercy of the weather for crucial export earnings\u201d.    which type of country is this most likely to be?  a developed, exporting manufactured goods  b developed, exporting services  c developing, exporting primary commodities  d developing, exporting services      26 the table shows the birth rate and death rate for four countries for a given year.    if there is no migration, which country has the greatest rate of increase in population?     country birth rate death rate  a botswana 30 7  b brunei 27 3  c indonesia 24 8  d mauritius 21 7      27 what usually decreases when there is a deprec iation of a country\u2019s foreign exchange rate?  a the level of national debt   b the level of trade protection  c the price of exports  d the price of imports       28 a country imposes tariffs and quotas on imported goods.    what will citizens of that country experience?  a higher prices  b higher unemployment  c higher welfare  d wider consumer choice    ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/f/m/19  29 the table shows a country\u2019s balance of payments that has no secondary income (current  transfers).    item $ million  exports of goods 280  imports of goods 350  exports of services 110  imports of services 60  net primary income  \u2013  40    what is the country\u2019s current account balance?  a a deficit of $60 million  b a deficit of $160 million  c a surplus of $20 million  d a surplus of $760 million      30 skin creams preventing sunburn made in the european union (eu) are more effective than those  made in the united states (us). us tourists stock up on the creams when visiting europe. such creams are banned from production in the us because of the chemicals in them. in 2013, negotiations began to remove this ban in order to allow production in the us.    how is this freer trade likely to affect manufacturers of skin creams in the us and the eu?     manufacturers  in the us manufacturers  in the eu  a gain gain  b gain lose  c lose gain  d lose lose     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/f/m/19  blank page",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/f/m/19  blank page",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.   to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  assessment international education copyri ght acknowledgements booklet. this is produc ed for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.    cambridge assessment international education is part of the cambri dge assessment group.  cambri dge assessment is the brand name  of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which it self is a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/f/m/19  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_m19_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (lt/ct) 164711/3 \u00a9 ucles 2019  [turn overcambridge assessment international education cambridge international general certificate of secondary education *7464311592*economics  0455/22 paper 2  structured questions  february/march 2019  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. you should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/22/f/m/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 section a answer this question. 1 india: a growing success  in 2016, the indian economy grew by 7.5%. this made it the world\u2019s fastest growing large  economy. in contrast, the chinese economy grew by 6.8%. india had some other macroeconomic  successes. its price level rose by less in 2016 than it had in any year since 2004. the price of oil  fell in 2016 and india is a large importer of oil. the government\u2019s use of monetary policy helped to  keep down rises in the general price level.  india\u2019s manufacturing sector grew rapidly in 2016. one industry that performed particularly well  was the vehicle industry. india was the world\u2019s sixth largest producer of vehicles, employing 26  million workers. india was the world\u2019s largest producer of tractors. in 2015, the price of tractors  was increased. this led to a short-term fall in demand but a rise in revenue.  the growth of the vehicle industry has enabled firms in the industry to employ more specialised  workers and made it easier for these larger firms to borrow from banks. it is expected that the  industry will be able to recruit extra workers in the future because india\u2019s labour force is growing.  in 2014, india\u2019s labour force was 500m and this grew by 4% between 2014 and 2016.  the economic growth rate and the population growth rate in recent years are shown in fig.  1.1.  the rate of economic growth and its stability affect households\u2019 decisions on how much they spend  and save. 2010 economic growth rate  (%) population growth rate  (%)2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016024681012 fig. 1.1 india\u2019s economic growth rate and population growth rate 2010\u20132016  the rising optimism about the performance of india\u2019s economy has increased total demand in the  economy. however, the reserve bank of india, the country\u2019s central bank, has been relatively  successful at keeping the inflation rate close to the government\u2019s target which in 2016 was  4%. one influence on the country\u2019s future macroeconomic performance will be changes in its  population. india is set to have one of the world\u2019s youngest populations by 2020, with an average  age of only 29.",
            "3": "3 0455/22/f/m/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 [turn over  (a) identify, using information from the extract, two reasons why india\u2019s inflation rate fell in 2016.  [2]  (b) explain, using information from the extract, whether demand for indian tractors was  price-elastic or price-inelastic in 2015.  [2]  (c) explain two internal economies of scale referred to in the extract.  [4]  (d) calculate, using information from the extract, the percentage of india\u2019s labour force that was  employed in the vehicle industry in 2016.  [2]  (e) analyse, using fig.  1.1, what happened to india\u2019s output and population over the period  shown.  [5]  (f) discuss whether or not a government should aim for a low rate of inflation.  [5]  (g) explain, using information from the extract, two reasons why consumer expenditure may  increase in india in the future.  [4]  (h) discuss whether or not having a young population is a benefit to an economy.  [6] section b answer any three questions from this section. 2 ireland has attracted a significant number of foreign multinational companies (mncs) to set up  production in the country. these firms employ approximately 10% of the country\u2019s labour force  and make a high proportion of ireland\u2019s exports. the surplus on the current account of ireland\u2019s  balance of payments fell in 2016 while government spending rose.   (a) identify two reasons why an mnc may decide to start producing in a foreign country.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why someone may want to work for an mnc.  [4]  (c) analyse how an increase in exports could improve a country\u2019s economic performance.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not an increase in government spending will reduce a surplus on the  current account of that country\u2019s balance of payments.  [8] 3 the economic problem results in people having to make choices. in bulgaria, in recent years,  people have changed how much they spend. the bulgarian government is encouraging people to  spend more. it is trying to ensure that deflation does not return and that the country will continue to  experience an increase in output.  (a) identify two ways a government could encourage people to spend more.  [2]  (b) explain how the economic problem results in people having to make choices.  [4]   (c) analyse why deflation may cause a fall in output.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a country will suffer if its output falls.  [8]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/f/m/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 4 average life expectancy is as short for the poorest americans as it is for the people of sudan, a  low-income african country. low-income individuals tend to live longest in countries with more  educated populations. economic growth can increase education and reduce poverty. in 2017, the  us president announced a cut in the tax on firms\u2019 profits. he said the measure would increase  employment.  (a) identify two reasons why someone may want to migrate to the usa.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why less-educated people tend to have a shorter life expectancy than  people who have received more education.  [4]  (c) analyse how economic growth can reduce absolute poverty.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a cut in the tax on firms\u2019 profits will increase employment.  [8] 5 the mobile (cell) phone industry is growing in asia with more workers being employed. in march  2017, there was a merger between two mobile phone producers, both of which had relatively  high fixed costs. this merger created one of the largest mobile phone firms and moved the asian  market further from perfect competition and closer to monopoly. it was expected that profits in the  industry would increase as a result of the merger.   (a) identify two fixed costs.  [2]  (b) explain two ways monopoly differs from perfect competition.  [4]   (c) analyse what determines a firm\u2019s demand for labour.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a merger will increase profits.  [8] 6 botswana has a number of conservation projects. these are thought to provide a social benefit  to local communities. botswana has a mixed economic system with tax revenue as a percentage  of gdp at 27% in 2017. some botswanan economists suggest that the country should move  towards a market economic system, taking care to avoid market failure.   (a) define social benefit . [2]  (b) explain two advantages of conserving natural resources.  [4]  (c) analyse how taxation could reduce market failure.  [6]  (d) discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a market economic system.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/22/f/m/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 7 indian railways is a state-owned enterprise, owned and operated by the ministry of railways.  there is currently only one privately-owned railway line in india. the market for rail travel is  influenced by changes in the markets for other forms of transport. for instance, changes in the  supply of oil and petrol influence the market for car travel.   (a) define a market . [2]  (b) explain two reasons why the supply of a raw material such as oil may rise in the future.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a demand and supply diagram, how the market for oil would be affected when  the demand for oil increases by more than the supply of oil.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not car travel will increase in the future.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/22/f/m/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/22/f/m/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/22/f/m/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 blank page permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge  assessment international education copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. cambridge assessment international education is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which itself is a department of the university of cambridge."
        },
        "0455_s19_qp_11.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.  ib19 06_0455_11/2rp  \u00a9 ucles 2019 [turn over     *1597159870* cambridge assessment international education  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/11     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2019     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a ma rk will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  any rough working should be done in this booklet.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/11/m/j/19  1 what would an economist regard as an example of the factor of production capital?  a an individual\u2019s purchase of stocks and shares  b borrowing by a firm to pay for electricity  c the building by a firm of a new factory  d total savings by individuals in a country      2 the diagram shows a production possibility curve (ppc).    goods serviceso    why is the curve usually drawn like this?  a international free trade exists.  b opportunity cost changes.  c resources are unlimited in supply.  d some resources will be unemployed.      3 in recent years more golf courses, which use large quantities of water, have opened in china.    what may be the opportunity cost of this?  a cost of water  b loss of farmland  c sales of golf equipment  d wages of golf course staff      4 which situation indicates a mixed economy?  a economic activity is controlled entirely by the private sector.  b individual choices are unaffected by government actions.  c services are provided by both private and public sectors.  d the government carries out all planning and decision making.     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/11/m/j/19 [turn over  5 what causes market failure?  a government provision of services  b social costs equal private costs  c the existence of external benefits  d the existence of perfect competition      6 a newspaper reported that \u2018the world market for coffee has returned to equilibrium\u2019.    which situation supports this statement?  a a sequence of poor harvests resulted in shortages.  b decreased transport costs led to a surplus of supply.  c farmers matched demand by planting more coffee bushes.  d the price of coffee was fixed between producers.     7 the table shows the demand schedule for a good at different prices.    price  $ quantity  demanded  8 200  10 160  12 120  14 60    the current market price for the good is $10.    following a 20% increase in price, what will be the change in the quantity demanded?  a \u2013  60 b \u2013  40 c +120 d +200      8 carlos has been offered a new job with a large multinational company. he is undecided whether to accept the position.    what is a non-wage factor he might consider?  a bonus payments  b holiday entitlement  c overtime rate  d salary level     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/11/m/j/19  9 unlike the uk and us, a significant proportion of the shares on the stock exchanges of china and  russia are of state-owned enterprises.    which judgement about china and russia can be made from this information?  a their distribution of income and wealth  b their level of development  c their stages of production  d their type of economic system      10 what is the most  important factor that affects how much a family saves?  a the income of the family  b the level of taxation  c the rate of inflation  d the reliability of banks     11 the table shows the change in real incomes for a number of occupations between 1985 and  2015.    occupation change in  real income  %  doctors 153  lawyers 114  accountants 60  bricklayers 37  bus and coach drivers 19  fork-lift truck drivers \u20135    what can be concluded from the table?  a all occupations were better off in 2015 than in 1985.  b fork-lift truck drivers earned the lowest wages in 2015.  c doctors have earned more than lawyers since 1985.  d professionals received higher percentage increases in income than manual workers.     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/11/m/j/19 [turn over  12 a large bakery buys a flour mill.    which form of integration is this?  a conglomerate  b horizontal  c vertical backwards  d vertical forwards      13 why is the energy supply industry dominated by very large firms in many economies?  a government controls prevent the exploitation of consumers.  b high fixed capital costs exist.  c labour-intensive production techniques are used.  d non-price advertising increases competition.     14 the diagram shows the fixed costs, variable costs and total costs of a firm.    costs outputow x y z     which distance represents the firm\u2019s fixed costs?  a wx b wy c xy d xz      15 an entrepreneur buys a workshop for $200  000 to make plastic boxes. in the first year of  operation he spends $70  000 on materials, employs ten production workers paid by the amount  produced (piece rate) at a total cost of $80  000 and buys two delivery vehicles for $10  000 each.    what are his total variable costs?  a $100  000 b $150  000 c $220  000 d $370  000     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/11/m/j/19  16 a government increases the rate of income tax in order to pay for extra transfer payments,  including cash benefits to the poor.    what must occur as a result of this?  a it changes the distribution of income.  b it ensures the equality of incomes.  c it leads to more people paying income taxes.  d it reduces the level of unemployment.     17 the standard rate for value added tax (sales tax) is 20% in a country. different consumers  buying the same product have to pay the same amount of tax.    what kind of tax is this?  a direct  b progressive  c proportional  d regressive      18 the diagram shows the demand curve d 1 and supply curve s 1 for a good. the government  introduces a subsidy to encourage production.    price $ quantity0202530 d1s1 s2 45     what will be the total cost of the subsidy to the government?  a $40 b $50 c $100 d $150    ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/11/m/j/19 [turn over  19 which statement about interest rate changes is accurate?  a a fall in interest rates will always increase inflation.  b a rise in interest rates may increase cost-push inflation.  c a rise in interest rates will raise the level of investment in a country.  d interest rate changes have no impact on the level of production.      20 in uganda, the rate of inflation fell from 5% in 2014 to 2% in 2015.    which conclusion can be drawn from this information?  a prices were higher in 2015 than in 2014.  b the cost of living fell between 2014 and 2015.  c the standard of living fell between 2014 and 2015.  d ugandan citizens were better off in 2015 than 2014.      21 what would not increase the human development index (hdi) of a country?  a an increase in the level of car ownership  b an increase in life expectancy at birth  c a rise in the gdp per head  d a rise in the number of years of schooling     22 a country is experiencing a period of full employment.    what is most  likely to lead to an increase in demand-pull inflation?  a an increase in government spending  b an increase in imports  c an increase in income tax rates  d an increase in sales tax    ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/11/m/j/19  23 the table shows the percentage change from 2015\u20132016 in gross domestic product (gdp) and  consumer prices for selected countries.    which country was suffering from economic recession and inflation?     country gdp consumer prices  a australia +1.8 +1.3  b brazil \u20132.9 +8.3  c china +6.7 +2.0  d japan +1.1 \u20130.2     24 which policy is most  likely to reduce relative poverty?  a make income tax rates less progressive  b reduce benefit payments  c reduce the minimum wage  d reduce the rate of sales tax     25 given the following information, which country is most likely to have the highest standard of  living?      birth  rate death  rate life  expectancy infant  mortality rate  a bangladesh 27 10 58 93  b bhutan 36 14 53 107  c botswana 31 21 40 57  d brunei 25 5 72 22     26 in a country the birth rate increased but the population decreased.    what could have happened to other factors to cause this?  a a fall in infant mortality but no change in the death rate  b a rise in net immigration but no change in the death rate  c no change in migration but the death rate rose  d the death rate fell with no change in migration     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/11/m/j/19 27 the us government decides to reduce the size  of the quota on a good it buys from china.    what is likely to happen?  a the good will become cheaper in the us.  b the us balance of trade will worsen.  c the us government\u2019s revenue will decline.  d there will be less of the good imported into the us.      28 what is the most accurate definition of a foreign exchange rate?  a a rate at which exports are exchanged for imports  b a rate determined by the demand and supply of the currency  c a value of a currency as fixed by the government  d a value of a currency expressed in terms of another currency     29 in 2013, the european union (eu) levied a 48% tariff on low-priced chinese solar panels  because the low price was the result of subsidies from the chinese government.    which argument for protectionism was the eu using?  a the anti-dumping argument  b the infant industry argument  c the strategic industry argument  d the sunset industry argument      30 a large amount of the agricultural products in a country were damaged by floods.    what is likely to have happened to the price of agricultural products and the volume of imports of  agricultural products?     price of products volume of imports a fall fall  b fall rise  c rise fall  d rise rise    ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/11/m/j/19  blank page",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/11/m/j/19 blank page",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  assessment international education copyri ght acknowledgements booklet. this is produc ed for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.    cambridge assessment international education is part of the ca mbridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which it self is a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/11/m/j/19  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_s19_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib19 06_0455_12/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2019 [turn over     *8190973957* cambridge assessment international education  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/12     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2019     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a ma rk will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  any rough working should be done in this booklet.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/m/j/19  1 a government wishes to increase agricultural output. it gives farmers the tools to irrigate the  farmers\u2019 fields.    which factors of production are provided by the farmers?  a capital and enterprise  b enterprise and labour  c labour and land  d land and capital     2 the diagram shows a production possibility curve (ppc) for an economy that produces both  capital goods and consumer goods.    at which point will the economy show the highest potential for sustained long run economic  growth?    consumer goods capital goodsod c b a       3 in recent years more golf courses, which use large quantities of water, have opened in china.    what may be the opportunity cost of this?  a cost of water  b loss of farmland  c sales of golf equipment  d wages of golf course staff     4 cuba is implementing free market reforms.    what is a likely advantage of this?  a a wider variety of goods and services produced  b greater equality between the different groups in society  c increased provision of public goods  d less consumption of goods with external costs ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/m/j/19 [turn over  5 an airline upgrades its services by providing bigger aircraft. the airline claims it will reduce  catering waste and lower carbon (co 2) emissions per passenger journey although fares may rise.    what is a private cost and an external benefit of this decision?     private cost external benefit  a bigger aircraft higher fares  b higher fares lower co 2   c less catering waste bigger aircraft   d lower co 2 less catering waste    6 what can be concluded from the demand curve for the product shown in the diagram?    price quantity0demand 20 40     a price increases will raise the producers\u2019 revenue.  b producers are unable to respond to a price rise.  c the product is one with many substitutes.  d there are 20 people able to buy the product.    7 a mobile (cell) phone operator increases the price of making calls on its network. after the price increase, the revenue of the mobile phone operator falls by 10%.    what is the price elasticity of demand (ped) for the mobile operator\u2019s service?  a elastic  b inelastic  c perfectly elastic  d unit elastic     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/m/j/19  8 why does specialisation increase the productivity of employees?  a average cost of production increases.  b staff turnover is high.  c time is saved by not moving between tasks.  d workers lose interest in their job.      9 in recent years some central banks have reduced interest rates below 1% per year.    what is the purpose of this monetary policy?  a to discourage lending by the commercial banks  b to encourage investment to stimulate the economy  c to increase individual savings  d to reduce inflation      10 what is the most  important factor that affects how much a family saves?  a the income of the family  b the level of taxation  c the rate of inflation  d the reliability of banks     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/m/j/19 [turn over  11 the table shows the change in real incomes for a number of occupations between 1985 and  2015.    occupation change in  real income  %  doctors 153  lawyers 114  accountants 60  bricklayers 37  bus and coach drivers 19  fork-lift truck drivers \u20135    what can be concluded from the table?  a all occupations were better off in 2015 than in 1985.  b fork-lift truck drivers earned the lowest wages in 2015.  c doctors have earned more than lawyers since 1985.  d professionals received higher percentage increases in income than manual workers.     12 what is the main difference between capital-intensive production and labour-intensive  production?  a the market structure of the production process  b the output that the production process creates  c the resources on which the production relies  d the size of the firm that uses the production process      13 what is the definition of diseconomies of scale?  a the decrease in average revenue as output increases  b the decrease in fixed cost as output increases  c the increase in average total costs as output increases  d the increase in total costs as output increases     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/m/j/19  14 the diagram shows the fixed costs, variable costs and total costs of a firm.    costs outputow x y z     which distance represents the firm\u2019s fixed costs?  a wx b wy c xy d xz     15 an entrepreneur buys a workshop for $200  000 to make plastic boxes. in the first year of  operation he spends $70  000 on materials, employs ten production workers paid by the amount  produced (piece rate) at a total cost of $80  000 and buys two delivery vehicles for $10  000 each.    what are his total variable costs?  a $100  000 b $150  000 c $220  000 d $370  000     16 what is most  likely to cause a rise in the rate of inflation in an economy?  a a fall in import prices  b a fall in wage rates  c a rise in the level of government spending  d a rise in the level of unemployment     17 the government increases taxation in order to fund an increase in spending on government  training schemes.    which policy combination would this involve?  a fiscal policy and monetary policy only  b fiscal policy and supply-side policy only  c monetary policy and supply-side policy only  d monetary policy, supply-side policy and fiscal policy     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/m/j/19 [turn over  18 the diagram shows the effect of the imposition of a tax on a product.    oprice quantitys2 s1 q1 q2d1uvw xyz     which area represents the part of the tax paid by consumers of the product?  a u + v  b u + v + w  c u + v + x + y  d u + x     19 why might a government decide to subsidise a high-cost steel industry?  a if cheaper imports of steel are improving the balance of payments  b if economic growth is increasing due to the success of other industries  c if redundant steel workers can easily be retrained  d if unemployment in steel producing areas is increasing     20 the table shows possible sequences between the rate of interest and other economic variables.    which sequence is the most  likely?     interest rate borrowing investment gdp  a higher decrease increase increase  b higher increase decrease decrease  c lower decrease decrease decrease  d lower increase increase increase     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/m/j/19  21 why is the human development index (hdi) a better measure of living standards than gdp per  head?    a it takes into account changes in output.  b it takes into account changes in population.  c it takes into account health and education data.  d it takes into account inflation.     22 what describes frictional unemployment?  a unemployment caused by a general fall in economic activity  b unemployment caused by the time of year  c unemployment caused by wages being too high  d unemployment caused by workers searching for jobs     23 in january 2016 the rate of inflation in a country changed from 3% to 2%. in march 2016 the rate  of inflation was 4%.    what happened to the price level in january and march?     january march  a fell fell  b fell rose  c rose fell  d rose rose     24 what usually happens as a developing country becomes more developed?  a the average age of the population falls.  b the fertility rate declines.  c the infant mortality rate increases.  d the primary sector expands.     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/m/j/19 [turn over  25 given the following information, which country is most likely to have the highest standard of  living?      birth  rate death  rate life  expectancy infant  mortality rate  a bangladesh 27 10 58 93  b bhutan 36 14 53 107  c botswana 31 21 40 57  d brunei 25 5 72 22     26 in a country the birth rate increased but the population decreased.    what could have happened to other factors to cause this?  a a fall in infant mortality but no change in the death rate  b a rise in net immigration but no change in the death rate  c no change in migration but the death rate rose  d the death rate fell with no change in migration     27 the us government decides to reduce the size  of the quota on a good it buys from china.    what is likely to happen?  a the good will become cheaper in the us.  b the us balance of trade will worsen.  c the us government\u2019s revenue will decline.  d there will be less of the good imported into the us.      28 the world demand for oil is price-inelastic and oil is paid for in us dollars.    if the price of oil falls rapidly, how might it affect the exchange rate of the us dollar?     market for us dollar exchange rate for us dollar  a greater demand for us$ value increases  b greater supply of us$ value falls  c less demand for us$ value falls  d less supply of us$ value increases    ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/m/j/19  29 what is the most  likely disadvantage of international specialisation?  a decreased levels of global output  b increased average production costs  c increased productivity levels  d overdependence on other economies      30 a large amount of the agricultural products in a country were damaged by floods.    what is likely to have happened to the price of agricultural products and the volume of imports of agricultural products?     price of products volume of imports a fall fall  b fall rise  c rise fall  d rise rise    ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/m/j/19  blank page",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  assessment international education copyri ght acknowledgements booklet. this is produc ed for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.    cambridge assessment international education is part of the ca mbridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which it self is a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/m/j/19  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_s19_qp_13.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 8 printed pages.  ib19 06_0455_13/3rp  \u00a9 ucles 2019   [turn over     *2997090762* cambridge assessment international education  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/13     paper 1  multiple choice  may/june 2019     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a ma rk will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  any rough working should be done in this booklet.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/13/m/j/19  1 in farming, what is an example of what economists call capital?  a savings the farmer has in the bank  b shares in a farming company  c the money the farmer set aside to pay taxes  d the tractor owned by the farmer      2 what would cause an outward shift of a country\u2019s production possibility curve (ppc)?  a a fall in unemployment  b an increase in the rate of income tax  c an increase in the labour force  d a reduction in expenditure on education      3 in recent years more golf courses, which use large quantities of water, have opened in china.    what may be the opportunity cost of this?  a cost of water  b loss of farmland  c sales of golf equipment  d wages of golf course staff      4 what is a characteristic of tertiary industries?  a they are located away from centres of population.  b they do not sell to the final consumer.  c they tend to be labour-intensive.  d they transform raw materials into goods.     5 china has built a new railway in kenya from the capital, nairobi, to the seaport of mombasa. kenya must repay the cost of the railway to china. journey time has been reduced significantly but fares have increased and farmers have lost agricultural land along the new line.    who bears the external costs of this operation?  a china who built the new railway  b farmers who have lost agricultural land  c kenya who must repay the cost to china  d passengers who pay the higher fare     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/13/m/j/19 [turn over  6 what is meant by equilibrium in a market?  a where products offered for sale equal consumer demand  b where profit is at the expected level  c where the quantity of inputs equals the quantity of output  d where total costs equal total revenue      7 a product has a price elasticity of demand of \u2013  0.5.    what happens to the demand for a product if its price falls from $1 to $0.80?  a it decreases by 10%.  b it decreases by 20%.  c it increases by 10%.  d it increases by 20%.     8 the demand for gas in a country becomes price-inelastic.    what will happen as a result?  a gas workers will be less likely to be successful in obtaining wage increases.  b gas workers will be more likely to be successful in obtaining wage increases.  c total expenditure on gas by consumers will fall when its price rises.  d total expenditure on gas by consumers will rise when its price falls.     9 which advantage do coins have that make them more suitable than banknotes to act as money?  a they are more divisible.  b they are more durable.  c they are more portable.  d they are more recognisable.      10 what is the most  important factor that affects how much a family saves?  a the income of the family  b the level of taxation  c the rate of inflation  d the reliability of banks     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/13/m/j/19  11 the table shows the change in real incomes for a number of occupations between 1985 and  2015.    occupation change in  real income  %  doctors 153  lawyers 114  accountants 60  bricklayers 37  bus and coach drivers 19  fork-lift truck drivers \u20135    what can be concluded from the table?  a all occupations were better off in 2015 than in 1985.  b fork-lift truck drivers earned the lowest wages in 2015.  c doctors have earned more than lawyers since 1985.  d professionals received higher percentage increases in income than manual workers.      12 which business organisation is most  likely to have unlimited liability?  a co-operative  b multinational  c public limited company  d sole trader      13 what is an example of a technical economy of scale?  a banks provide loans at a lower interest rate to bigger firms.  b bigger firms hire more workers.  c firms obtain discounts when buying in bulk.  d machines are used closer to their full capacity.     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/13/m/j/19 [turn over  14 the diagram shows the fixed costs, variable costs and total costs of a firm.    costs outputow x y z     which distance represents the firm\u2019s fixed costs?  a wx b wy c xy d xz     15 an entrepreneur buys a workshop for $200  000 to make plastic boxes. in the first year of  operation he spends $70  000 on materials, employs ten production workers paid by the amount  produced (piece rate) at a total cost of $80  000 and buys two delivery vehicles for $10  000 each.    what are his total variable costs?  a $100  000 b $150  000 c $220  000 d $370  000      16 which form of taxation always takes an increasing percentage of the taxpayer\u2019s income as it  rises?  a indirect  b progressive  c proportionate  d regressive      17 what is the most  likely effect of a government reducing the money supply?  a employment will decrease.  b growth will increase.  c inflation will increase.  d tax rates will decrease.     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/13/m/j/19  18 sometimes the government regulates the market to protect the interests of consumers.    which kind of regulation would achieve this protection?  a discouraging economies of scale that lead to lower costs  b preventing mergers which result in high monopoly prices  c reducing shop opening hours  d reducing the range of products supplied to the market     19 the diagram shows percentage (%) changes in prices and wages over time.    2.0 1.51.00.5 0% change in wagesand prices 2005 2000 2010 2015 yearprices wages     what does the diagram indicate?  a inflation is proportionately related to wage levels.  b the gap between wages and prices is constant.  c wages are highest in 2010.  d wage earners have increasingly less purchasing power.     20 why might gdp per head be underestimated in a developed economy?  a it does not account for changes in population.  b it does not include financial services output.  c it does not include the hidden economy.  d it does not take into account the primary sector.     21 what is included in the human development index (hdi)?  a gender inequality  b life expectancy at birth  c political freedom  d the impact of pollution     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/13/m/j/19 [turn over  22 what is most likely to have caused a long-term decrease in the numbers employed in the banking  sector of an economy?  a frictional unemployment caused by relocating a bank\u2019s headquarters  b seasonal unemployment caused by reduced customer demand in the summer  c technological unemployment caused by an increase in internet banking  d voluntary unemployment caused by a reduction in wage rates      23 what might cause prices to rise because of cost-push inflation?  a an increase in government spending on education  b an increase in household consumption  c an increase in the balance of payments surplus  d an increase in wages and salaries      24 which action might be taken by an economy wishing to produce a greater range of products?  a concentrate on the production of primary products  b encourage imports of manufactured goods  c encourage investment by multinational companies  d increase interest rates     25 given the following information, which country is most likely to have the highest standard of  living?      birth  rate death  rate life  expectancy infant  mortality rate  a bangladesh 27 10 58 93  b bhutan 36 14 53 107  c botswana 31 21 40 57  d brunei 25 5 72 22    26 in a country the birth rate increased but the population decreased.    what could have happened to other factors to cause this?  a a fall in infant mortality but no change in the death rate  b a rise in net immigration but no change in the death rate  c no change in migration but the death rate rose  d the death rate fell with no change in migration   ",
            "8": "8    permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  assessment international education copyri ght acknowledgements booklet. this is produc ed for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.    cambridge assessment international education is part of the ca mbridge assessment group. cambri dge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which it self is a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/13/m/j/19  27 the us government decides to reduce the size  of the quota on a good it buys from china.    what is likely to happen?  a the good will become cheaper in the us.  b the us balance of trade will worsen.  c the us government\u2019s revenue will decline.  d there will be less of the good imported into the us.     28 changes in the foreign exchange rate of a country resulted in a depreciation of its currency.    what is not likely to happen?  a the costs of imported raw materials will fall.  b the country\u2019s export trading position will become more competitive.  c the country\u2019s residents will find it more expensive to take holidays abroad.  d the current account deficit will be unchanged.    29 which item will register as an outflow on the services section of the current account of the us  balance of payments?  a money paid by chemical producers in the us for foreign oil  b money paid by foreign firms for us cars  c money paid by migrant workers in the us to their families overseas  d money paid by us tourists visiting attractions in other countries      30 a large amount of the agricultural products in a country were damaged by floods.    what is likely to have happened to the price of agricultural products and the volume of imports of  agricultural products?     price of products volume of imports a fall fall  b fall rise  c rise fall  d rise rise   "
        },
        "0455_s19_qp_21.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (st) 164708/2 \u00a9 ucles 2019  [turn overcambridge assessment international education cambridge international general certificate of secondary education *2134025800*economics  0455/21 paper 2  structured questions  may/june 2019  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. you should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/21/m/j/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 section a answer this question. 1 universal basic income (ubi)  ubi is a scheme where a government provides everyone with a payment, regardless of their  circumstances. such a scheme can help a number of groups including the sick and the old. in  2016, the indian government was looking at a ubi as an alternative to its existing system of  state benefits. a politician in costa rica proposed a ubi of $337.5. finland started a two-year  experiment with a version of ubi in 2017.   a guaranteed minimum income might help some of the poor who currently do not receive state  benefits and may reduce inequality. in a number of countries, income and wealth inequality is  increasing. for instance, in russia 16% of the population live below the official poverty line and  10% of the population own 87% of the country\u2019s wealth. state benefits are relatively low in russia  and the country has one income tax rate of 13%. one cause of the rise in the gap between the rich  and the poor in russia has been the effect on prices and profits arising from the privatisation of a  number of state monopolies.   differences in annual average incomes (annual gdp per head) between countries can affect life  expectancy as shown in table 1.1. table 1.1 annual gdp per head and life expectancy in selected countries in 2016 country annual gdp per head  (us$)life expectancy  (years) costa rica 16 200 78.8 finland 42 000 80.8 india  7 400 68.6 mali  2 300 55.7 monaco 76 000 89.5 russia 26 200 70.4  in finland, a country with an average monthly income per head of $3500, the trial ubi is $600  per month. this does not cover everyone\u2019s needs in a country with high prices, high tax rates and  periods of very cold weather. in india, the average monthly income per head is almost the same  as finland\u2019s ubi.   a ubi could help the unemployed including the temporary unemployed. governments welcome  a reduction in unemployment. this is because it increases output and enables governments to  reduce spending on state benefits for the unemployed. governments could then increase spending  on other areas including education and healthcare.",
            "3": "3 0455/21/m/j/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 [turn over  (a) identify, using information from the extract, two reasons why a person may have a low  income.  [2]  (b) explain, using information from the extract, whether russia has a progressive, proportional,  or regressive income tax system.  [2]  (c) calculate, using table 1.1, what percentage of annual average income in costa rica a person  would have if he receives ubi of $337.5 a month.  [2]   (d) analyse, using table 1.1, the relationship between annual gdp per head and life expectancy.   [5]  (e) explain an example of opportunity cost in the extract.  [4]  (f) discuss whether or not a monopoly will charge high prices.  [5]  (g) explain, using information from the extract, two reasons why someone from india with the  same income as someone from finland may enjoy a higher living standard.  [4]   (h) discuss whether or not a government paying higher state benefits to the unemployed will  reduce unemployment.  [6] ",
            "4": "4 0455/21/m/j/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 section b answer any three  questions from this section. 2 the saudi arabian government is encouraging the growth of the private sector. it is a low-cost oil  producer, but its exports to south africa have fallen recently. south africa has a floating foreign  exchange rate, but its central bank has recently tried to prevent a large fall in its foreign exchange  rate.   (a) define a floating foreign exchange rate .  [2]  (b) explain two benefits a government may gain from the growth of the private sector.   [4]   (c) analyse why a country with low costs of production may experience a decrease in its exports.   [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a government should prevent a fall in its country\u2019s foreign exchange  rate. [8] 3 in february 2017, europe experienced a shortage of fresh vegetables due to bad weather. for a  period of time, the markets for a number of vegetables, including broccoli and lettuces, were not  in equilibrium. the price of food tends to fluctuate more than the price of manufactured goods and  services. these fluctuations influence the rate of inflation.   (a) when is a market in equilibrium?  [2]  (b) explain how a rise in the price of food would affect a country\u2019s consumer prices index (cpi).   [4]   (c) analyse, using a demand and supply diagram, how bad weather is likely to affect the market  for broccoli.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a higher inflation rate will benefit producers.  [8] 4 changes in the supply of enterprise result in the development of new firms. in 2016, a theme park  in hong kong made a loss with visitor numbers falling by 9%. in 2017, the same public limited  company opened another larger theme park in shanghai. the new theme park is expected to  benefit from both internal and external economies of scale.   (a) define a loss .  [2]  (b) explain, giving examples, the difference between an internal economy of scale and an  external economy of scale.  [4]  (c) analyse how a government could increase the supply of enterprise.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not consumers would benefit from a firm changing from being a public  limited company to a public corporation (state-owned enterprise).  [8] ",
            "5": "5 0455/21/m/j/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 5 in february 2017, china\u2019s central bank raised the rate of interest. it wanted to reduce borrowing  and the growth of the money supply, but it was worried that the rise in the interest rate might  reduce the country\u2019s economic growth rate. the change in interest rate is likely to have increased  the workload of skilled commercial bank workers.   (a) identify two functions of money.  [2]   (b) explain two reasons why a central bank may want to reduce borrowing.  [4]   (c) analyse why skilled workers are usually paid more than unskilled workers.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a rise in the rate of interest will reduce economic growth.  [8] 6 a number of book publishers operate in pakistan. these include multinational companies (mncs).  they employ a range of specialist workers. a number of these specialists estimate the price  elasticity of demand (ped) for their firms\u2019 books. there is a debate about whether some books  should be subsidised by the government.  (a) define a multinational company .  [2]  (b) explain two disadvantages a worker could experience from specialising.  [4]  (c) analyse how a change in the ped for its products may benefit a firm.  [6]   (d) discuss whether or not the government should subsidise the production of books.  [8] 7 it was predicted that global unemployment would rise by over two million in 2017. unemployment  rates, however, vary between countries. some governments use fiscal policy measures and others  use supply-side policy measures to reduce unemployment. the unemployment rate can also be  influenced by trade protection.  (a) identify two fiscal policy measures.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why the unemployment rate may be higher in one country than another.   [4]  (c) analyse how supply-side policy measures may reduce unemployment.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a government should protect its country\u2019s industries from foreign  competition.   [8] ",
            "6": "6 0455/21/m/j/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/21/m/j/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/21/m/j/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge  assessment international education copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. cambridge assessment international education is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which itself is a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_s19_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (st/ct) 164709/1 \u00a9 ucles 2019  [turn overcambridge assessment international education cambridge international general certificate of secondary education *9074166178*economics  0455/22 paper 2  structured questions  may/june 2019  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. you should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/22/m/j/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 section a answer this question. 1 premium friday  at the start of february 2017, the japanese government introduced its \u2018premium friday\u2019 scheme.  this encourages employers to allow their workers to leave work at 15:00 on the last friday of  each month, without experiencing any reduction in their wages.  the japanese government wants to reduce the number of hours people work. one reason is  to improve the health, and so possibly the productivity, of workers. fig. 1.1 shows the average  number of hours worked and productivity (gdp per hour worked in us $) in six selected countries.  average hours worked per week30 20 10 04050607080 productivity  (gdp per hour worked  (us $))france germany japan mexico russia south korea   fig. 1.1 average hours worked and productivity of selected countries in 2017  nearly one quarter of japanese workers work more than 50 hours a week and some work more  than 25 hours overtime a week. the average japanese worker only takes half of their paid  holidays. nearly 20 years of low economic growth and deflation have created a sense of job  insecurity. trade unions in japan have been concentrating on trying to achieve shorter working  hours.  the government thinks that working fewer hours would give people more time to bring up a child  and look after elderly relatives. japan\u2019s birth rate has fallen every year for the last 36 years, and at  a faster rate than the fall in the death rate leading to a fall in the size of the population.  the government hopes more leisure time will encourage an increase in consumer spending.  higher consumer spending would benefit japanese firms and would reduce the chances of  deflation returning.   the initial response to premium friday was not promising. at the end of february 2017, only 4%  of japanese workers left early. in the longer run, however, the scheme may be more successful.  this is because unemployment in the country had fallen with only 2 million out of a labour force  of 66 million being unemployed at the end of february 2017. low unemployment increases job  security and usually increases wages. in japan\u2019s case, however, the higher demand for labour  has been matched by a higher supply. some of this higher supply has come from migrant workers,  but a greater proportion has come from more japanese people working past retirement age and  more women working. ",
            "3": "3 0455/22/m/j/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 [turn over  (a) identify, using information from the extract, two factors that influence an individual\u2019s choice of  occupation.  [2]  (b) explain, using information from the extract, an opportunity cost of working.  [2]  (c) calculate, using information from the extract, the number of japanese workers who left work  early on premium friday in february 2017.  [2]  (d) explain, using information from the extract, why the size of japan\u2019s population has fallen in  recent years.  [4]   (e) analyse, using fig. 1.1, the relationship between the average hours worked and productivity.   [5]  (f) discuss whether or not a cut in income tax would stop deflation.  [5]  (g) explain, using information from the extract, why wage rises have been low in japan.  [4]  (h) discuss whether or not japan will benefit from employing more migrant workers.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/m/j/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 section b answer any three questions from this section. 2  the markets for cars and tyres are closely related. the five largest tyre firms used to make 66%  of all tyres. the entry of more than 250 chinese firms has reduced the global market share of  the largest five firms to less than 50%. this also changed the price elasticity of demand (ped)  for individual firms\u2019 tyres. some of these firms are state-owned enterprises and some are in the  private sector.   (a) identify two types of business organisation that operate in the private sector.  [2]   (b) explain what effect more firms producing tyres would have on the ped of individual firms\u2019  tyres.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a demand and supply diagram, the effect of an increase in demand for cars on  the market for tyres.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a large firm will earn more profit per unit sold than a small firm.  [8] 3  there was a global surplus of steel in 2017. in mid-2017, the us government considered imposing  tariffs on steel imports to protect its declining steel industry. cheap imports from other countries  were reducing employment in the us steel industry. the pattern of us employment was also  being affected by improvements in education.  (a) identify two methods of trade protection other than tariffs.  [2]  (b) explain how market forces will eliminate a surplus and a shortage.  [4]   (c) analyse how improvements in education can affect the pattern of employment.   [6]  (d) discuss whether or not the imposition of import tariffs by a country will reduce its  unemployment.  [8] 4 in march 2017, peru was hit by floods and the strongest winds in decades. roads, bridges, houses  and capital goods were destroyed. it is expected that the damage caused will affect peru\u2019s human  development index (hdi) and economic growth rate. in 2016, peru experienced a 4% economic  growth rate which was higher than the growth rate of the usa.  (a) define a capital good .  [2]  (b) explain two causes of an increase in a country\u2019s hdi.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a production possibility curve (ppc) diagram, the effect of damaging weather  on an economy.  [6]  (d) discuss whether countries with a high gross domestic product (gdp) per head will have a  faster rate of economic growth than countries with a low gdp per head.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/22/m/j/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 5 moldova is europe\u2019s poorest economy with many of its people living in poverty. it is mainly an  agricultural economy with many small farms. its shops are also small. the government has used  a range of policies, including supply-side policy, to improve the economy\u2019s performance. it has  mostly been successful. for instance, unemployment has fallen.  (a) identify two supply-side policy measures.  [2]  (b) explain two ways a government could reduce relative poverty.  [4]   (c) analyse the reasons why small shops may be easy to set up.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not firms will benefit from a fall in unemployment.  [8] 6 in a mixed economic system, such as portugal\u2019s, the government intervenes in the economy.  reasons for government intervention include to correct market failure and to achieve its aims for  the economy, such as control of inflation. in 2017, one-fifth of portugal\u2019s population was living in  poverty and the government increased its spending.  (a) identify two reasons why market failure may occur.  [2]  (b) explain how resources are allocated in a mixed economic system.   [4]  (c) analyse how a high rate of inflation may harm the poor.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not increasing government spending will enable a government to achieve  its aims for the economy.  [8] 7  the price elasticity of demand (ped) for sugar in most countries is less than 1. in 2017, the price  of sugar fell. however, the price of specialised, higher quality sugar grown in countries such as  mauritius fell by less than the average global price. efficient producers, such as some farmers in  brazil that have a low fixed cost of production, were also less affected by the fall in price.   (a) state the formula used to calculate ped.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why the price of sugar may fall.  [4]   (c) analyse the possible reasons why a producer\u2019s fixed cost may increase.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a country will benefit from specialising in an agricultural product such  as sugar.  [8]   ",
            "6": "6 0455/22/m/j/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/22/m/j/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/22/m/j/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge  assessment international education copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. cambridge assessment international education is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which itself is a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_s19_qp_23.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (st/ct) 164710/3 \u00a9 ucles 2019  [turn overcambridge assessment international education cambridge international general certificate of secondary education *5578903666*economics  0455/23 paper 2  structured questions  may/june 2019  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. you should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/23/m/j/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 section a answer this question. 1\t iceland\u2019s \teconomic \tstructure  the people of iceland once depended on farming and fishing as their main source of income. by  2008, the icelandic economy was also very heavily dependent on its financial sector. however, the  country is now well-known internationally for tourism.  even though the primary sector now only employs a small proportion of the country\u2019s labour force,  the influence of this sector in policy-making is very strong. for example, in the fishing industry,  there are many government regulations. regulations that restrict foreign investment in the fishing  industry both protect domestic fisherman and the stock of fish in icelandic waters. regulation also  affects the price elasticity of supply (pes) of fish. the quantity of fish supplied tends to change by  a smaller percentage than the change in its price.  from 2002 to 2007, iceland\u2019s annual economic growth rate averaged 5%. in 2006, iceland\u2019s gross  domestic product (gdp) was us$17 billion and in 2007 it grew by 9%. this high growth rate was  due to the increased availability of bank loans and also the increasing income of its major trading  partners, including the european union (eu) and norway.  it was during this period of rapid economic growth that the financial sector became an important  part of the icelandic economy. the major commercial banks supported increased consumer  spending and major construction projects which improved the standard of living of icelanders. in  addition, commercial banks also expanded into international markets. the international markets  were growing rapidly between 2002 and 2007 which brought more money back into the icelandic  financial sector.  however, iceland faced a major financial crisis in 2008 where all three of its major privately-owned  commercial banks failed. this led to falling overall levels of output and increased unemployment.  fig. 1.1 shows the economic growth rate and unemployment rate in iceland from 2002 to 2014. unemployment rate  (% of total labour force) economic growth rate  (% change in gdp)0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014\u20132 \u20134 \u2013624681012 2008 2010 2008 2010 fig. 1.1 economic growth rate and unemployment rate in iceland from 2002 to 2014  the recovery from 2010 to 2017 was initially possible due to loans obtained from international  organisations. more recently, it was also due to successful tourism campaigns that have made  iceland a \u2018must-see\u2019 destination for tourists.",
            "3": "3 0455/23/m/j/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 [turn over  (a) identify, using information from the extract, two industries that are in the primary sector of the  icelandic economy.  [2]  (b) explain, using information from the extract, two reasons for government regulation of the  fishing industry in iceland.  [4]  (c) explain, using information from the extract, two reasons, apart from changes in employment,  for iceland\u2019s high economic growth rate from 2002 to 2007.  [4]  (d) calculate, using information from the extract, iceland\u2019s gdp in 2007.  [2]  (e) analyse, using fig. 1.1, the relationship between changes in the economic growth rate and  the unemployment rate over the period shown.  [5]  (f) explain, using information from the extract, whether the supply of iceland\u2019s fish is price-elastic  or price-inelastic.  [2]  (g) discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the activities of commercial banks to an  economy.  [5]  (h) discuss whether or not a growth in tourism is an advantage to a country such as iceland.  [6] ",
            "4": "4 0455/23/m/j/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 section b answer three  questions from this section. 2 germany\u2019s economy is one of the best performing economies in the european union (eu).  germany has low unemployment rates and a surplus on the current account of the balance of  payments. single parents, long-term unemployed, immigrants, elderly, and low-skilled workers  have not always benefitted from germany\u2019s economic performance. this has created increasing  levels of relative poverty.  (a) define a surplus on the current account of the balance of payments .  [2]  (b)  explain two possible causes of low unemployment.  [4]  (c)  analyse how long-term unemployment can cause relative poverty.  [6]  (d)  discuss whether or not an increase in a surplus on the current account of the balance of  payments decreases unemployment.  [8]  3 confidence in the government\u2019s reform agenda led to very strong growth of india\u2019s stock exchange  index in 2017. firms liked the supply-side policy measures that had been introduced, such as  government spending on infrastructure projects including building new motorways. however,  opponents of the government claimed that the government was prioritising one government aim  over others.   (a) define supply-side policy .  [2]  (b) explain two functions of a stock exchange.  [4]  (c) analyse two possible conflicts between government aims.  [6]   (d) discuss whether or not infrastructure projects will benefit an economy.  [8] 4 after the uk\u2019s decision to leave the european union (eu) in june 2016, the value of the british  currency, the pound (\u00a3), depreciated. however, in august 2016, despite the fall in the value of  the \u00a3, the bank of england reduced interest rates from 0.5% to 0.25%. this was to encourage  further spending and borrowing to avoid a lower economic growth rate.  (a) identify two motives for consumer spending.  [2]  (b) explain two benefits a firm can gain by borrowing.  [4]  (c) analyse two consequences of a depreciating foreign exchange rate.  [6]   (d) discuss whether or not a fall in interest rates will benefit an economy.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/23/m/j/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 5 the south korean economy was dominated by many family-owned firms which have now become  large public limited companies. the government provided subsidies and imposed trade protection  to help their domestic firms to grow. since 2010, average earnings have risen in south korea.   (a) define public limited company .  [2]  (b) explain two reasons for growth in average earnings.  [4]  (c)  analyse, using a demand and supply diagram, how government subsidies help firms grow.   [6]  (d) discuss whether or not trade protection supports the growth of domestic firms.  [8] 6 non-renewable energy (e.g. coal) is thought to cause a higher social cost than renewable energy  (e.g. solar or wind power). excessive demand for non-renewable energy causes a failure of the  market economic system. however, producers of renewable energy, some of which specialise in  one form of energy, are beginning to produce on a larger scale.  (a) define social cost .  [2]  (b) explain  two reasons why a firm would want to specialise in producing only one product.  [4]  (c) analyse how the ability of firms to produce on a larger scale is beneficial to consumers.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not the operation of a market economic system is harmful to an economy.  [8] 7 some economists have claimed that the 21st century will be the \u2018african century\u2019 because of  the growth in their working-age population. forecasts show that by 2030, africa\u2019s contribution to  the increase in the global labour force will exceed that from the rest of the world. this will affect  incomes, saving, and economic policies in african countries.   (a) define labour .  [2]  (b) explain two motives for saving.  [4]  (c) analyse the reasons for countries having different population growth rates.  [6]   (d) discuss whether or not a rise in the working-age population, as a percentage of the total  population, will be beneficial to a country.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/23/m/j/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/23/m/j/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/23/m/j/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge  assessment international education copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. cambridge assessment international education is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which itself is a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_w19_qp_11.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page.  ib19 11_0455_11/2rp  \u00a9 ucles 2019 [turn over     *9863355565* cambridge assessment international education  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/11     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2019     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a ma rk will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/11/o/n/19  1 what is classified as one of the four economic resources?  a consumption  b enterprise  c production  d trade      2 countries x and y have identical resources. the diagram shows their production possibility  curves.    ofood drinkxy     what can be concluded from the diagram?  a x can produce food and drink more cheaply than y.  b x experiences higher unemployment than y.  c y can produce food and drink more efficiently than x.  d y has higher retail prices than x.     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/11/o/n/19 [turn over  3 sam wrote a list of how he would prefer to spend his saturday afternoon.    first choice go to a cricket match  second choice watch the annual town parade  third choice go to the cinema  fourth choice visit relatives    unfortunately a thunderstorm caused the cricket match and the town parade to be cancelled.  sam went to the cinema.    what was the opportunity cost of going to the cinema?  a going to a cricket match  b watching the annual town parade  c visiting relatives  d losing his saturday free time      4 which pair of economic institutions can be found in a market economy?  a local government and charities  b monopolies and commercial banks  c nationalised industries and partnerships   d stock exchange and public corporations      5 in a city, what is most unlikely  to be provided by the private market system?  a a museum  b a school  c a sports field  d street lights     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/11/o/n/19  6 the table shows the quantity demanded and supplied for a commodity at different prices.    price  ($) quantity  demanded quantity  supplied  10 100 800  9 210 700  8 400 600  7 500 500  6 600 400    what would happen to the equilibrium price if the quantity supplied increased by 200 units at  each price?  a it would decrease by $1.  b it would decrease by $2.  c it would increase by $1.  d it would increase by $2.      7 the table shows the quantity that producers are willing to supply at different price levels.    price  ($) quantity  supplied  120 20  150 40  180 80    if the price increases from $120 to $180, what would be the price elasticity of supply?  a 0.16 b 4 c 6 d 60     8 what is an example of a non-wage factor?  a bonus  b commission  c fringe benefits  d overtime rates     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/11/o/n/19 [turn over  9 an african government has abandoned its own dollar and now uses the us dollar as its currency.    why would such a policy have been necessary?  a commercial banks restricted their lending.  b consumers only used credit cards rather than paper money.  c its own dollar no longer acted as a store of value.  d the central bank controlled the issue of money too tightly.    10 the table shows how three people (x, y and z) spend their income.     person x person y person z  food, clothing and housing 35% 50% 20%  entertainment and leisure 25% 20% 40%  luxury goods 40% 30% 40%    for these three people, what is the most  likely order of income, from highest income to lowest  income?  a x \u2192 y\u2192  z  b y \u2192 z \u2192 x  c z \u2192 x \u2192 y  d z \u2192 y \u2192 x     11 a musician has a choice of playing for an orchestra in either germany or england.    which combination of incomes and cost of living is most  likely to cause her to choose the  german orchestra?     incomes and cost of living in germany compared with those in england  pre-tax (gross) income after-tax (net) income cost of living  a higher higher higher  b higher lower lower  c lower higher higher  d lower higher lower     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/11/o/n/19  12 what must result from an increase in output?  a a decrease in the average cost  b a decrease in the total costs  c an increase in the fixed costs  d an increase in the variable costs      13 what is characteristic of a monopoly market structure?  a a monopolist may determine the price of its product.  b a monopolist\u2019s product has many substitutes.  c there are no external costs.  d there is easy entry into the market.      14 the table shows the sales of cold drinks made by a company in the uk in 2016 and 2017.  demand for cold drinks is influenced by changes in the temperature. in 2016 the sales followed the usual seasonal pattern.    month sales 2016  (thousand cans) sales 2017  (thousand cans)  april 300 290  may 400 350  june 550 270  july 570 490  august 620 590    in which month of 2017 was the usual pattern disturbed?  a may  b june  c july  d august     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/11/o/n/19 [turn over  15 a firm producing bicycles has the following costs at different levels of output.    output total fixed costs  ($) total variable costs  ($)  10 300 800  20 300 1500  30 300 3300    what happens to the average total cost over this range of output?  a it falls continuously.  b it falls then rises.  c it rises continuously.  d it rises then falls.     16 one aim of government policy is to redistribute income through taxation in order to reduce  inequality.    which policy will achieve this aim?  a impose a tax of $0.20 on every dollar earned.  b increase the tax-free allowances after which tax must be paid progressively.  c introduce a tax on all food.  d provide an incentive to earn by reducing taxes for the highest paid.     17 what is an example of expansionary monetary policy?  a a decrease in income tax rates  b a decrease in the budget deficit  c a decrease in the money supply  d a decrease in the rate of interest    ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/11/o/n/19  18 which actions would be likely to increase government expenditure and reduce revenues from  taxation?     government expenditure tax revenues  a improve health facilities for the elderly encourage people to reduce their spending  b increase the amount of the state pension increase vat (sales tax)  c provide free bus transport for retired people encourage people to work beyond retirement  d raise the age of retirement decrease bus fares     19 the diagram shows the impact of a government imposing an indirect tax on a good. the original  demand curve is d 1 and original supply curve is s 1.    price $ quantity0405060 d1s2 s1 80 100     what is the total tax revenue gained by the government?  a $1600 b $3200 c $4800 d $5000    20 the chart shows the gdp annual growth rate (percentage), 2012\u20132016, for greece.    2 0 \u2013 2 \u2013 4 \u2013 6 \u2013 8 \u201310 \u201312growth rate % 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 year    in which years did greece experience the longest period of positive economic growth?  a 2012\u20132013 b 2013\u20132014 c 2014\u20132015 d 2015\u20132016    ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/11/o/n/19 [turn over  21 what are the components of the human development index (hdi)?  a life expectancy at birth, expected years of schooling, gdp  b life expectancy at birth, expected years of schooling, gdp per head  c population growth, adult literacy rate, gdp per head  d population size, expected years of schooling, number of doctors per head      22 which government policy would reduce economic growth?  a cutting the rate of corporation tax  b increasing expenditure on education  c lowering the rate of income tax  d raising interest rates      23 rates of inflation and deflation are measured using a consumer prices index (cpi) over a period  of time.    the table shows average rates of cpi for japan from 2010\u20132014.    year change in cpi  2010 \u20130.72  2011 \u20130.28  2012 \u20130.03  2013 0.36  2014 2.75    in which period did japan experience deflation followed by inflation?  a 2010\u20132011 b 2011\u20132012 c 2012\u20132013 d 2013\u20132014     24 what is a typical characteristic of a developing country?  a equal distribution of income and wealth  b good medical care  c high gross domestic product per head  d high reliance on natural resources    ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/11/o/n/19  25 in botswana, better healthcare has meant that birth rates have been falling faster than death  rates. also the number of children born, on average, to each woman has declined from 6.4 to 3.2.    what may be concluded from this information?  a government spending on education will need to increase.  b medical improvements have resulted in falling infant mortality rates.  c there will be a decline in income for each person working.  d there will, in the long run, be an increase in the working population.    26 the table shows the percentage share of gdp held by the richest 20% and poorest 20% of the  population in each country.    which country had the greatest extremes of income and poverty?     country richest 20% poorest 20%  a ghana 41.7% 8.4%  b nigeria 55.7% 4.4%  c senegal 48.2% 6.4%  d south africa 64.8% 2.9%      27 what would cause a favourable change in the ke nyan trade in services (invisible) account?  a a kenyan company wins a contract to transport exports from uganda.  b a kenyan tea company increases its exports.  c a kenyan trade delegation promoting coffee sales visits india.  d a zambian company increases its exports to kenya.    28 protectionist policies reduce the level of global economic growth.    what is a possible reason for this?  a incomes earned from trading decline.  b tariffs encourage trade.  c the average cost of production decreases.  d the production possibility of an economy expands.    ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/11/o/n/19  29 the table shows the current account balance for four countries in 2016. it also shows each  country\u2019s exchange rate against the us dollar for 2015 and 2016.    which country had a trade surplus and a strengthened currency against the us dollar?     country current  account balance us$ billion 2016 number of units of currency  against us dollar  2015 2016  a australia \u201347.9 1.39 1.38  b belgium +4.8 0.92 0.96  c china +266.6 6.48 6.95  d taiwan +74.7 32.90 32.00      30 what would reduce the volume of international trade in the world economy?  a a german bank making a loan to a nigerian company  b a japanese car manufacturer establishing a factory in the czech republic  c the canadian government introducing quotas on malaysian electronics products  d the swedish government granting aid to somalia    ",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.   to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  assessment international education copyri ght acknowledgements booklet. this is produc ed for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.   cambridge assessment international education is part of the ca mbridge assessment group. cambri dge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which it self is a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/11/o/n/19  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_w19_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib19 11_0455_12/2rp  \u00a9 ucles 2019 [turn over     *1386378865 * cambridge assessment international education  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/12     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2019     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a ma rk will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/o/n/19  1 which statement about factors of production is correct?  a capital is the amount of money borrowed from a bank.  b labour is output made by an employee.  c land includes commercially grown rice crops.  d profit is the reward for enterprise.      2 the diagram shows two production possibility curves.    0050100 80 50 90 output of consumer goodsoutput of capital goods xy     which statement about the movement from point x to point y is correct?  a demand for consumer goods has risen.  b the opportunity cost for producing consumer goods has risen.  c there has been an increase in productivity in consumer goods production.  d there has been an inward shift in the production possibility curve.     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/o/n/19 [turn over  3 sam wrote a list of how he would prefer to spend his saturday afternoon.    first choice go to a cricket match  second choice watch the annual town parade  third choice go to the cinema  fourth choice visit relatives    unfortunately a thunderstorm caused the cricket match and the town parade to be cancelled.  sam went to the cinema.    what was the opportunity cost of going to the cinema?  a going to a cricket match  b watching the annual town parade  c visiting relatives  d losing his saturday free time      4 which pair of economic institutions can be found in a market economy?  a local government and charities  b monopolies and commercial banks  c nationalised industries and partnerships   d stock exchange and public corporations      5 what suggests that there is market failure?  a high producer profits  b high retail prices  c lack of competition  d low levels of investment      6 what can cause the supply curve for a product to shift to the right?  a an increase in demand for the product  b an increase in government subsidies to producers  c an increase in indirect taxes on the product  d an increase in the costs of production     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/o/n/19  7 a railway company increases ticket prices by 10% for travel between 06 :00 and 09 :00, causing a  reduction in demand by 2%. after 09 :00 it reduces ticket prices by 5%, resulting in a 7% increase  in demand.    what is the price elasticity of demand in response to these price changes?     between 06 :00  and 09 :00 after 09 :00  a elastic elastic  b elastic inelastic  c inelastic elastic  d inelastic inelastic      8 what is a disadvantage of bei ng a specialist skilled worker?  a career opportunities are abundant.  b earnings are related to the level of skill.  c it may be difficult to find work locally.  d labour supply is elastic and plentiful.      9 what is not normally a function of the central bank of a country?  a acting as lender of last resort  b issuing notes and coins  c operating the government\u2019s monetary policy  d setting the government\u2019s budget     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/o/n/19 [turn over  10 the table shows how three people (x, y and z) spend their income.     person x person y person z  food, clothing and housing 35% 50% 20%  entertainment and leisure 25% 20% 40%  luxury goods 40% 30% 40%    for these three people, what is the most  likely order of income, from highest income to lowest  income?  a x \u2192 y\u2192  z  b y \u2192 z \u2192 x  c z \u2192 x \u2192 y  d z \u2192 y \u2192 x      11 a musician has a choice of playing for an orchestra in either germany or england.    which combination of incomes and cost of living is most  likely to cause her to choose the  german orchestra?     incomes and cost of living in germany compared with those in england  pre-tax (gross) income after-tax (net) income cost of living  a higher higher higher  b higher lower lower  c lower higher higher  d lower higher lower      12 which type of business organisation is necessa rily in the public sector of the economy?  a multinational company  b public limited company  c public corporation  d sole trader     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/o/n/19  13 which combination of characteristics correctly describes a monopoly?     barriers to entry economies of scale  a high possible  b high impossible  c low possible  d low impossible     14 the table shows the sales of cold drinks made by a company in the uk in 2016 and 2017.  demand for cold drinks is influenced by changes in the temperature. in 2016 the sales followed the usual seasonal pattern.    month sales 2016  (thousand cans) sales 2017  (thousand cans)  april 300 290  may 400 350  june 550 270  july 570 490  august 620 590    in which month of 2017 was the usual pattern disturbed?  a may  b june  c july  d august    ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/o/n/19 [turn over  15 a firm producing bicycles has the following costs at different levels of output.    output total fixed costs  ($) total variable costs  ($)  10 300 800  20 300 1500  30 300 3300    what happens to the average total cost over this range of output?  a it falls continuously.  b it falls then rises.  c it rises continuously.  d it rises then falls.     16 why are indirect taxes, such as vat of 20% on goods and services, described as regressive  when comparing high-income and low-income purchasers?  a high-income purchasers pay a higher percentage of their income in tax.  b high-income purchasers pay a lower percentage of their income in tax.  c low-income purchasers pay a lower percentage of their income in tax.  d low-income purchasers and high-income purchasers pay the same percentage of their  income in tax.     17 the government has an important role in mixed economies.    which function would it not perform?  a distributing dividends from profits of state-owned enterprises  b employing workers to collect taxes  c investing in transport infrastructure projects  d producing goods in public corporations     18 which combination of policy measures would be effective in reducing the effects of a recession?  a a reduction in interest rates and a reduction in income tax  b a reduction in interest rates and an increase in income tax  c an increase in interest rates and a reduction in income tax  d an increase in interest rates and an increase in income tax    ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/o/n/19  19 how would government spending on education be classified?     fiscal  policy monetary  policy supply-side  policy  a no no yes  b no yes no  c yes no yes  d yes yes no      20 which increase is most  likely to cause a rise in the output of an economy?  a hyperinflation  b income taxes  c interest rates  d investment      21 why was the human development index (hdi) in troduced as a measure of the standard of  living?  a education and healthcare are important contributors to the standard of living.  b gdp per head only measures development.  c inequality can only be measured by hdi.  d literacy rates are not an effective measure of the standard of living.     22 during periods of high unemployment across the entire labour force, the highest unemployment  rate in an economy is often in the 16\u201319 year-old age group.    which statement explains why 16\u201319 year-olds may find it difficult to find a job?  a the incentive to earn an income is lower for that age group.  b their wages are lower than those of adults.  c they lack both work experien ce and the necessary skills.  d they prefer leisure activities to long working hours.    ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/o/n/19 [turn over  23 venezuela, a leading world oil producer, has experienced hyperinflation of over 400% per annum  in recent years.    how does hyperinflation affect an economy?     prices effect  a fluctuate up and down consumers are uncertain about future price levels  b fluctuate up and down consumers can anticipate future price levels  c rise very rapidly value of fixed assets remains stable  d rise very rapidly money has limited worth as a medium of exchange      24 what is most likely to increase as a country becomes more developed?  a average household income  b average size of family  c infant mortality rate  d the proportion of income spent on food    25 in botswana, better healthcare has meant that birth rates have been falling faster than death  rates. also the number of children born, on average, to each woman has declined from 6.4 to 3.2.    what may be concluded from this information?  a government spending on education will need to increase.  b medical improvements have resulted in falling infant mortality rates.  c there will be a decline in income for each person working.  d there will, in the long run, be an increase in the working population.      26 the table shows the percentage share of gdp held by the richest 20% and poorest 20% of the  population in each country.    which country had the greatest extremes of income and poverty?     country richest 20% poorest 20%  a ghana 41.7% 8.4%  b nigeria 55.7% 4.4%  c senegal 48.2% 6.4%  d south africa 64.8% 2.9%     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/o/n/19  27 what would cause a favourable change in the ke nyan trade in services (invisible) account?  a a kenyan company wins a contract to transport exports from uganda.  b a kenyan tea company increases its exports.  c a kenyan trade delegation promoting coffee sales visits india.  d a zambian company increases its exports to kenya.      28 what is a disadvantage of trade protection of manufactured goods?  a it can lead to retaliation from trading partners.  b it encourages infant industries to grow.  c it increases demand for domestic manufactured goods.  d it reduces outflows of currencies to pay for imports.      29 what would cause a rise in the deficit on the current account of the balance of payments?  a a fall in foreign direct investment into the country  b a fall in interest earned on overseas investment by the country  c a fall in the value of imported manufactured goods into the country  d a rise in the revenue earned from tourism in the country      30 what would reduce the volume of international trade in the world economy?  a a german bank making a loan to a nigerian company  b a japanese car manufacturer establishing a factory in the czech republic  c the canadian government introducing quotas on malaysian electronics products  d the swedish government granting aid to somalia    ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/o/n/19  blank page",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.   to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  assessment international education copyri ght acknowledgements booklet. this is produc ed for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.    cambridge assessment international education is part of the ca mbridge assessment group. cambri dge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which it self is a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/12/o/n/19  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_w19_qp_13.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.  ib19 11_0455_13/4rp  \u00a9 ucles 2019 [turn over     *2323848193 * cambridge assessment international education  cambridge international general certificate of secondary education       economics 0455/13     paper 1  multiple choice  october/november 2019     45 minutes    additional materials: multiple choice answer sheet    soft clean eraser    soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)        read these instructions first    write in soft pencil.  do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. write your name, centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided  unless this has been done for you.  do not  write in any barcodes.   there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions. for each question there are four possible  answers a, b, c and d.   choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil  on the separate answer sheet.    read the instructions on the answer sheet very carefully.    each correct answer will score one mark. a ma rk will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  any rough working should be done in this booklet.         ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/13/o/n/19  1 what identifies a finite resource?  a the resource does not renew itself.  b the supply of the resource is greater than demand.  c there is no opportunity cost for the resource.  d there is unlimited supply of the resource.      2 country x provides computers to help teachers in the classroom.    how would this technology increase the economic potential of country x?  a it improves the quality of human resources.  b it reduces the amount of land required for education.  c it removes the need for teachers.  d it requires more teachers to do the same work.     3 sam wrote a list of how he would prefer to spend his saturday afternoon.    first choice go to a cricket match  second choice watch the annual town parade  third choice go to the cinema  fourth choice visit relatives    unfortunately a thunderstorm caused the cricket match and the town parade to be cancelled. sam went to the cinema.    what was the opportunity cost of going to the cinema?  a going to a cricket match  b watching the annual town parade  c visiting relatives  d losing his saturday free time     4 which pair of economic institutions can be found in a market economy?  a local government and charities  b monopolies and commercial banks  c nationalised industries and partnerships   d stock exchange and public corporations    ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/13/o/n/19 [turn over  5 in a private market system certain goods an d services would not be available unless the  government intervened.    what does this identify in a private market?  a market distribution  b market equilibrium  c market failure  d market structure     6 there has been a movement upwards along the supply curve of a product.    what is the most  likely explanation for this?  a consumer incomes have fallen.  b new technology has made the product cheaper to produce.  c the government has imposed a tax on the product.  d the price of a substitute has increased.     7 price elasticity of demand (ped) measures the re sponsiveness of demand to a change in price. it  can differ for different goods.    for which good is the ped most  elastic according to the table?     good percentage change  in quantity demanded percentage  change in price  a butter 6.0 5.0  b cars 5.5 5.0  c furniture 5.0 5.0  d petrol 3.0 5.0      8 what is most  likely to increase the occupational mobility of labour?  a building more houses  b increased spending on re-training schemes  c increased total government spending  d increasing the information on job availability     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/13/o/n/19  9 which organisations can directly fund the growth of firms?     central  bank commercial  banks government  a no yes no  b no yes yes  c yes no no  d yes no yes     10 the table shows how three people (x, y and z) spend their income.     person x person y person z  food, clothing and housing 35% 50% 20%  entertainment and leisure 25% 20% 40%  luxury goods 40% 30% 40%    for these three people, what is the most  likely order of income, from highest income to lowest  income?  a x \u2192 y\u2192  z  b y \u2192 z \u2192 x  c z \u2192 x \u2192 y  d z \u2192 y \u2192 x      11 a musician has a choice of playing for an orchestra in either germany or england.    which combination of incomes and cost of living is most  likely to cause her to choose the  german orchestra?     incomes and cost of living in germany compared with those in england  pre-tax (gross) income after-tax (net) income cost of living  a higher higher higher  b higher lower lower  c lower higher higher  d lower higher lower     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/13/o/n/19 [turn over  12 a public limited company has shares which are  a freely transferable on the stock exchange.  b owned by the government.  c owned only by its workers.  d restricted in their transferability.      13 in 2015, a large uk company attempted to acquire a rival us medical company to become the  world\u2019s leading supplier. both companies specialised in the manufacture of medicines for treating rare diseases.    which term would describe the acquisition if it had been successful?  a backwards vertical integration  b conglomerate integration  c forwards vertical integration  d horizontal integration    14 the table shows the sales of cold drinks made by a company in the uk in 2016 and 2017.  demand for cold drinks is influenced by changes in the temperature. in 2016 the sales followed  the usual seasonal pattern.    month sales 2016  (thousand cans) sales 2017  (thousand cans)  april 300 290  may 400 350  june 550 270  july 570 490  august 620 590    in which month of 2017 was the usual pattern disturbed?  a may  b june  c july  d august     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/13/o/n/19  15 a firm producing bicycles has the following costs at different levels of output.    output total fixed costs  ($) total variable costs  ($)  10 300 800  20 300 1500  30 300 3300    what happens to the average total cost over this range of output?  a it falls continuously.  b it falls then rises.  c it rises continuously.  d it rises then falls.     16 a government decides to increase tax revenues from consumer expenditure.    which tax will it increase?  a capital gains tax  b death duties  c profits tax  d value added tax     17 a government uses a mixture of fiscal policy measures and supply-side policy measures to  stimulate growth in the economy.    which combination of policy measures will achieve this?     fiscal policy measures supply-side policy measures  a increase government expenditure increase skills training  b increase government investment increase indirect taxes  c increase direct taxation decrease unemployment benefit  d increase interest rates decrease money supply     ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/13/o/n/19 [turn over  18 the table shows tax paid at different income levels in an economy.    income level  ($) tax paid  ($)  5 000 500  12  000 2400  20  000 5000  30  000 6000    which description of the tax system used is correct?  a continually progressive  b progressive then regressive  c proportional  d regressive then progressive     19 the government uses monetary policy and reduces the interest rate.    what might be a consequence of this?  a a decrease in the rate of inflation  b an increase in the level of investment  c an increase in the level of savings  d an increase in unemployment      20 what is the most  likely result of a sustained increase in gross domestic product (gdp)?  a a decrease in living standards  b a decrease in the budget surplus  c an increase in tax revenues  d an increase in unemployment      21 which indicator would be included in the hu man development index (hdi) for a country?  a adult literacy rate   b doctors per 1000 people  c unemployment rate  d years spent in education     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/13/o/n/19  22 which type of unemployment is the result of a permanent fall in the demand for the products of  an industry?  a cyclical  b frictional  c seasonal  d structural     23 the graph shows the rate of inflation in a country between 2000 and 2014.    8 76543210inflation rate % year2000 2010 2014     what can be concluded about average prices?  a they fell throughout the period.  b they peaked in 2000.  c they rose each year.  d they were lower in 2014 than they were in 2010.      24 which change, as a percentage of gdp, would be unlikely  to be found in a country as it  develops?  a an increase in average incomes and a decrease in unemployment  b an increase in manufacturing production and an increase in shipping services  c an increase in subsistence farming and a decrease in financial services  d an increase in tourism and a decrease in the export of agricultural products     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/13/o/n/19 [turn over  25 in botswana, better healthcare has meant that birth rates have been falling faster than death  rates. also the number of children born, on average, to each woman has declined from 6.4 to 3.2.    what may be concluded from this information?  a government spending on education will need to increase.  b medical improvements have resulted in falling infant mortality rates.  c there will be a decline in income for each person working.  d there will, in the long run, be an increase in the working population.    26 the table shows the percentage share of gdp held by the richest 20% and poorest 20% of the  population in each country.    which country had the greatest extremes of income and poverty?     country richest 20% poorest 20%  a ghana 41.7% 8.4%  b nigeria 55.7% 4.4%  c senegal 48.2% 6.4%  d south africa 64.8% 2.9%      27 what would cause a favourable change in the ke nyan trade in services (invisible) account?  a a kenyan company wins a contract to transport exports from uganda.  b a kenyan tea company increases its exports.  c a kenyan trade delegation promoting coffee sales visits india.  d a zambian company increases its exports to kenya.    28 a newspaper headline stated \u2018free trade helps the world\u2019s poorest\u2019.    why might this be correct?  a employment will be focused in hi-tech industries.  b environmental disasters will be avoided.  c free trade reduces competitiveness for domestic firms.  d the cost of living is likely to go down with free trade.    ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/13/o/n/19  29 a trade union succeeds in raising the wages in an industry above the current equilibrium wage.    how would the demand and supply of labour change?     change in quantity  of labour demanded change in quantity   of labour supplied  a fall fall  b fall rise  c rise fall  d rise rise     30 what would reduce the volume of international trade in the world economy?  a a german bank making a loan to a nigerian company  b a japanese car manufacturer establishing a factory in the czech republic  c the canadian government introducing quotas on malaysian electronics products  d the swedish government granting aid to somalia    ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/13/o/n/19  blank page",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.   to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  assessment international education copyri ght acknowledgements booklet. this is produc ed for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.    cambridge assessment international education is part of the ca mbridge assessment group. cambri dge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which it self is a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2019 0455/13/o/n/19  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_w19_qp_21.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (st) 164705/3 \u00a9 ucles 2019  [turn overcambridge assessment international education cambridge international general certificate of secondary education *4073127801*economics  0455/21 paper 2  structured questions  october/november 2019  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. you should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/21/o/n/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 section a answer this question. 1 new york: a global financial centre  new york is the best city in the world in terms of human capital according to the global financial  centres index. this, along with economic freedom that encourages new business start ups, has  contributed to high economic growth rates. in fact, the city\u2019s economic growth rate is higher than  the gdp growth rate for the entire usa. overall, new york\u2019s economy grew 3.4% in 2015, faster  than the 2.4% recorded nationally. however, land area is scarce, especially in the manhattan  district of new york, where most economic activity is concentrated.  the financial sector is the most important sector in the city\u2019s economy \u2013 new york is home to the  first and second largest stock exchanges in the world and 3 of the top 10 largest banks in the usa  have their headquarters in new york. improvements in education also contribute to new york\u2019s  fast economic growth rate as new york continues to attract students from all over the world and  from various areas of study.   unemployment rates in the city continue to fall. in addition, average weekly wages in new york are  consistently higher than the rest of the usa. table 1.1 shows the average weekly hours worked  and average weekly wages in new york between 2011 and 2017.  table 1.1 average weekly hours worked and average weekly wages in new york, 2011\u201317  average weekly hours worked average weekly wages (us$) 2011 33.9  906.83 2012 34.1  933.66 2013 33.5  932.31 2014 33.4  935.87 2015 33.5  961.45 2016 33.4  976.95 2017 33.5 1011.03  new jobs that are created today are in middle and low-paying jobs, not in high-paying jobs.  finance industry workers are 20% of the workers in the city, but they earn more than half of all the  wages paid in new york. the pay gap between workers in the finance industry and the 1.6 million  other workers in the city continues to widen. this is often due to the lack of skills of the lower paid  workers and also the male-dominance in the finance industry.  in addition to the income inequality, continuous economic development in the city has affected the  environment. the ever-expanding finance industry is also creating the risk of a repetition of the  2007\u201308 global recession with the possibility of bank failures. rising trade protection by the us  government may negatively affect american cities such as new york, especially while asian cities  such as singapore, hong kong, and shanghai continue to open up to free trade. ",
            "3": "3 0455/21/o/n/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 [turn over  (a) state a factor of production and identify an example of it from the extract.  [2]  (b) explain, using information from the extract, two causes of economic growth in new york.  [4]  (c) calculate, using information from the extract, the total number of workers in new york.  [2]  (d) analyse, using table 1.1, the relationship between average weekly hours worked and average  weekly wages.  [5]  (e) explain, using information from the extract, one reason for differences in earnings between  different jobs in new york.  [2]  (f) explain, using information from the extract, the possible negative effects of economic growth  in new york.  [4]   (g) discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a city having a large tertiary sector.  [5]  (h) discuss whether or not opening up to free trade benefits an economy.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/21/o/n/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 section b answer any three  questions. 2 in 2017, two firms in the chemical industry in china merged. this created the world\u2019s largest  chemical group with approximately us$100 billion revenue. the main aim of this integration was  to control the domestic market for chemicals and fertilisers by creating a monopoly. the new  firm is a multinational company (mnc) as it also produces in other countries such as italy and  switzerland.  (a) define industry .  [2]  (b) explain two types of integration (merger).  [4]  (c) analyse the advantages that an mnc has over a firm which only produces domestically.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not an economy benefits from firms which are monopolies.  [8] 3 estonia has one of the fastest internet speeds in the world. the government allows both direct  and indirect taxes to be paid online. according to the world bank, it is very easy for a firm to deal  with construction permits and to register property in estonia. a low level of government regulation  affects how easy it is to start and to run a firm. many new firms are labour-intensive but some  become more capital-intensive as they grow.  (a) identify one example of a direct tax and one example of an indirect tax.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why a firm may become more capital-intensive as it grows.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a production possibility curve (ppc) diagram, the possible effects of faster  internet speeds for economic growth.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not an economy would benefit from less government regulation.  [8] 4 in 2016, argentina\u2019s annual inflation was 20%, down from 40% in 2015. inflation had been high  since 2003. wages were constantly adjusted upwards. in addition, some employees demanded  more non-wage benefits. industrial action, often in the form of strikes called by trade unions,  became more common in argentina.   (a) identify two non-wage factors that could affect an individual\u2019s choice of occupation.  [2]  (b) explain two causes of inflation.  [4]  (c) analyse the impact of strikes on an economy.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not an increase in wages will reduce a firm\u2019s profit.  [8] ",
            "5": "5 0455/21/o/n/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 5 the monetary authority of singapore (mas), the government body which controls the monetary  policy of the country, has allowed the singapore dollar to appreciate. however, the high cost of the  singapore dollar has created a need for new incentives for firms, such as a reduction in taxes and  granting subsidies.   (a) define monetary policy .  [2]  (b) explain two functions of money.  [4]  (c) analyse the consequences of an appreciating currency on the current account of the balance  of payments of a country.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a reduction in taxes is beneficial for an economy.  [8] 6 a local manufacturer of medicines (pharmaceuticals) in nigeria wants to expand which will  increase the contribution of this industry to the gross domestic product (gdp) of the country. this  firm\u2019s expansion may enable nigeria to reduce its dependence on imports of medicines and may  make medicines more affordable. to ensure success, however, the firm will need to increase its  investment in research and development.  (a) define gross domestic product (gdp) .  [2]   (b) explain two ways in which more affordable medicines can improve standards of living.  [4]  (c) analyse how investment in research and development (r&d) can help a firm to grow in size.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a reduction in imports is beneficial to an economy.  [8] 7 in 2017, the uk included bicycle helmets for the first time in its calculation of the consumer prices  index (cpi). many bicycle retailers now provide their customers with a choice of bicycle helmets.  estimates show that 25 million bicycle helmets are sold globally per year and the number sold is  on a steady upward trend.   (a) define choice  and give an example.  [2]  (b) explain how the cpi is calculated.  [4]  (c) analyse the possible reasons for the increase in global demand for bicycle helmets.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not increasing sales of a product will be beneficial to a firm.  [8] ",
            "6": "6 0455/21/o/n/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/21/o/n/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/21/o/n/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge  assessment international education copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. cambridge assessment international education is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which itself is a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_w19_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (st) 164706/3 \u00a9 ucles 2019  [turn overcambridge assessment international education cambridge international general certificate of secondary education *2935116189*economics  0455/22 paper 2 structured questions  october/november 2019  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required. read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. you should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/22/o/n/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 section a answer this question. 1 driverless cars and advances in technology  it is predicted that driverless cars, powered by electricity, will be on the roads by 2030. driverless  cars have already been tried out on the roads in some cities, including pittsburgh in the usa. it is  thought that driverless cars will reduce accidents, will have lower repair costs and will create less  pollution.   at first, the supply of driverless cars may exceed the demand, but it is expected that they will soon  grow in popularity. as more driverless cars come into use, the demand for bus travel and petrol  stations may decline, and some taxi drivers may be made redundant. in contrast, the increased  access to transport that driverless cars will give to people, including the elderly, is likely to increase  demand for out of town restaurants and places of entertainment.   it has been forecast that the technology being developed in connection with driverless cars will  make the supply of them elastic. it is predicted that an 8% rise in the price of driverless cars would  cause a 20% rise in the quantity supplied.   advances in technology and the replacement of workers by machines are forecast to destroy  80 million jobs in the usa. job losses are also forecast in other countries and trade unions are  likely to be less able to resist these due to a fall in membership and governments reducing the  power of trade unions. among the jobs thought to be at risk are accountants, train drivers and  financial advisers. demand for workers in other occupations, including doctors and dentists, may  increase but there is a risk that unemployment may rise. the more educated workers are, the  more easily they can move from one occupation to another. table 1.1 shows education spending  as a percentage (%) of gdp and the unemployment rate in selected countries.  table 1.1 education spending and the unemployment rate in selected countries countryeducation spending  as a % of gdpunemployment rate (%) argentina 5.3  8.0 brazil 5.8 13.5 ghana 6.5 12.0 new zealand 7.3  4.8 south africa 6.0 26.0 usa 8.2  4.7    jobs selling houses and flats may decline but it is expected that the demand for building workers  may increase. some people welcome house building in their area but others oppose it.",
            "3": "3 0455/22/o/n/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 [turn over  (a) identify, from the extract, two pairs of substitutes.  [2]   (b) explain, using information from the extract, whether the market for driverless cars is expected  to be in equilibrium in 2030.  [2]  (c) calculate, using information from the extract, the price elasticity of supply (pes) of driverless  cars.  [2]  (d) explain, using information from the extract, two external costs that driverless cars could  reduce.  [4]   (e) analyse, using table 1.1, the relationship between educational spending and the  unemployment rate.  [5]   (f) discuss whether or not an increase in house building will benefit the people who live in the  area.  [5]  (g) explain, using information from the extract, two reasons why the power of trade unions may  decline in the future.  [4]  (h) discuss whether or not a rise in unemployment is harmful.  [6] ",
            "4": "4 0455/22/o/n/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 section b answer any three  questions from this section. 2 it is predicted that the uk economy will avoid another recession in the next two decades and that  its population will increase significantly by 2040. most of this predicted increase will come from  immigration. by 2040, it is also expected that one in twelve people will be aged over 80. a number  of countries, including some low-income countries, may have a more rapid population growth rate  than high-income countries.   (a) identify two reasons why people are living longer.  [2]   (b) explain two reasons why net immigration may increase the standard of living in a country.   [4]  (c) analyse how fiscal policy could be used to stop a recession.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not low-income countries have a faster rate of population growth than  high-income countries.  [8] 3 in 2015, the malaysian government set out its objectives to increase productivity and savings.  there has been higher consumer expenditure, driven in part by higher wages received mainly  by older workers. however, low levels of savings remain a concern. savings provide funds for  investment (spending on capital goods) which contributes to economic growth and can influence  inflation.   (a) identify two ways a government could encourage saving.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why productivity may increase.  [4]  (c) analyse how an increase in investment could influence inflation.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not older workers are paid more than young workers.  [8] 4 mali is a developing country. its human development index (hdi) rose from 0.297 in 2000 to  0.442 in 2016. most of mali\u2019s workers are employed in agriculture and cotton is the country\u2019s main  agricultural crop. the country\u2019s main export, however, is gold. the country is the third largest  exporter of gold in africa.  (a) identify two components of the hdi.  [2]   (b) explain how the proportion of a country\u2019s resources devoted to the primary, secondary and  tertiary sectors change as its economy develops.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a demand and supply diagram, how a fall in the price of cotton would affect  the market for cotton shirts.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not an increase in the size of a country\u2019s gold mining industry will benefit  an economy.  [8] ",
            "5": "5 0455/22/o/n/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 5 in may 2017, the price of olive oil rose by more than 10%. this was caused by a drought in  greece, italy, spain and tunisia, the major producing countries. global supply was forecast to  fall by 14% in 2017. demand for olive oil fell in europe, but rose in a number of other countries  including australia, brazil and china. some basic food items, including bread and rice, are taxed  in some countries but are subsidised in other countries.  (a) identify two examples of land used in growing agricultural crops.  [2]  (b) explain why the concept of price elasticity of supply (pes) may be useful to a government in  deciding whether to subsidise the production of a product.  [4]   (c) analyse why the demand for a product may be higher in one country than in another country.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not the government should influence the production of basic food items,  such as bread or rice.  [8]  6 the indian government subsidises the country\u2019s exports of cotton textiles. the usa, the largest  buyer of indian cotton textiles, benefited from this. india planned to stop the subsidy by 2019.  this was welcomed by other cotton textile exporters. the usa may not be much affected, in part,  because income usually rises in the country. the value of the indian rupee against the us dollar  was relatively stable in this period but rose slightly in mid-2017.  (a) identify the difference between an export and an import.  [2]  (b) explain how a rise in the income of its main trading partners may affect a country\u2019s trade in  goods balance.  [4]  (c) analyse how a rise in a country\u2019s foreign exchange rate may affect its unemployment rate.   [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a government should subsidise its exports.  [8]  7 more agricultural markets come close to perfect competition than markets for manufactured  goods and for services. the goals of business organisations can vary between markets, and  within markets. in 2017, the nigerian government used supply-side policy measures to influence  the goals and performance of firms in a range of markets and to lower firms\u2019 average costs of  production.  (a) identify two characteristics of perfect competition.  [2]  (b) explain two goals a business organisation may have.  [4]  (c) analyse the main reasons for the differences in the size of firms.  [6]   (d) discuss whether or not the use of supply-side policy measures by a government will reduce  firms\u2019 average costs of production.  [8]  ",
            "6": "6 0455/22/o/n/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/22/o/n/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/22/o/n/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge  assessment international education copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. cambridge assessment international education is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which itself is a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_w19_qp_23.pdf": {
            "1": "this document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert. dc (st/ct) 164707/2 \u00a9 ucles 2019  [turn overcambridge assessment international education cambridge international general certificate of secondary education *1530167354*economics  0455/23 paper 2  structured questions  october/november 2019  2 hours 15 minutes no additional materials are required.  read these instructions first an answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. you should follow the instructions on the front cover  of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. section a answer question 1. section b answer any three  questions. the number of marks is given in brackets [  ] at the end of each question or part question.",
            "2": "2 0455/23/o/n/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 section a answer this question. 1  a new capital for zambia?  zambia is a middle-income country but one with 60% of its population of 15 million living below  the poverty line. in 2017, the zambian government announced that it was planning to move the  country\u2019s capital from lusaka in the south of the country to ngabwe, a village in the centre of the  country. ngabwe currently lacks good roads and other infrastructure. a move to ngabwe, however,  may help the country to cope with its high rate of population growth and encourage entrepreneurs  to set up new businesses in that area. in 2017, the country had a zero net migration rate, a birth  rate of 41.8, a death rate of 12.4, and a life expectancy of 52.5 years.   zambia\u2019s economic growth rate averaged 6.8% between 2004 and 2014. this rate fell after 2014  due, in part, to a depreciation in the kwacha, zambia\u2019s currency. the reduction in the foreign  exchange rate of the kwacha contributed to the rise in the country\u2019s inflation rate from 10.1% in  2015 to 20.6% in 2016.  in 2017, the labour force of 7.2 million accounted for 48% of the country\u2019s population. workers  are employed in a range of industries including agriculture, banking, building, copper mining, and  emerald mining. fig. 1.1 shows the relationship between copper output and revenue from the sale  of copper, the index for 2010 is 100.   index copper output140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 revenue from the sale of copper fig. 1.1 copper output and revenue from the sale of copper 2010\u201417 (index numbers)  in 2017, zambia\u2019s central bank reduced commercial bank lending. this lowered investment and  household borrowing. government spending rose more slowly and some cuts were made to the  government\u2019s spending on training. ",
            "3": "3 0455/23/o/n/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 [turn over  (a) identify, from the extract, two primary sector industries.   [2]   (b) calculate, using information from the extract, how many people in zambia lived in poverty in  2017.   [2]  (c) explain, using information from the extract, why zambia had a high rate of population growth  in 2017.   [2]  (d) explain, using information from the extract, why a depreciation of the kwacha harmed the  zambian economy.   [4]   (e) analyse, using fig. 1.1, the relationship between copper output and revenue from the sale of  copper.   [5]   (f) discuss whether or not a central bank should reduce commercial bank lending.  [5]  (g) explain, using information from the extract, two reasons why productivity may have been low  in zambia.   [4]  (h) discuss whether or not building a new city will benefit an economy.  [6] ",
            "4": "4 0455/23/o/n/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 section b answer any three  questions in this section. 2  between 2007 and 2017, the average wage in china tripled, while it fell in brazil. the rise in  average wage in china was particularly high in the tertiary sector. farm workers experienced  a smaller rise. in june 2017, unemployment in china was only 4% while it was 13.5% in brazil.  despite the lower unemployment, china\u2019s inflation rate was lower than that of brazil.  (a) define  tertiary sector  and give an example of an industry operating in the tertiary sector.   [2]   (b) explain two reasons why farm workers may be low-paid.   [4]  (c) analyse how lower unemployment may cause inflation.   [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a country with high wage rates will have a high unemployment rate.  [8] 3 the food items people buy can be influenced by taxes, subsidies and health reports. a report  published in 2017 outlined the health benefits of eating tomatoes including improved vision and  reduced risk of heart disease. egypt is a major producer of tomatoes and it also produces a large  amount of cement. cement is a product with price-inelastic demand. egyptian cement producers  have introduced more capital-intensive production methods.  (a) identify the difference between a tax  and a subsidy .  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why demand for a product may be price-inelastic.   [4]   (c) analyse, using a demand and supply diagram, the effect a report stating that eating tomatoes  is good for health will have on the market for tomatoes.   [6]  (d) discuss whether or not introducing more capital-intensive production methods will increase a  firm\u2019s profits.  [8] 4  australia\u2019s economic growth rate has fallen in recent years. its human development index (hdi),  however, is high and in 2016, australia had the second highest hdi in the world. the australian  government hopes that the country\u2019s birth rate will rise from a low of 12.1 in 2016. an increasing  proportion of australian children are going to private sector schools. their parents have to pay a  fee for them to attend these schools.  (a) identify the difference between economic growth  and recession . [2]   (b) explain how the hdi compares living standards between countries.  [4]  (c) analyse the effects of a rise in a country\u2019s birth rate.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not parents should have to pay a fee to send their children to school.  [8] ",
            "5": "5 0455/23/o/n/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 5  angola is an african country without a stock exchange. in contrast, south africa has the most  active stock exchange in africa. firms in south africa are also much larger than firms in angola  and south african firms undertake more borrowing from commercial banks. both countries do,  however, have a low saving rate which could be increased if the rate of interest was raised.  (a) define saving .  [2]  (b) explain two benefits a country can gain from having a stock exchange.  [4]   (c) analyse how firms may be affected by a rise in the rate of interest.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not an economy will benefit from its firms getting larger.  [8] 6 it has recently been revealed that a king works as a part-time pilot for a multinational airline. some  pilots and police officers have left their jobs to become teachers and others have left to become  sole traders. the wages teachers earn vary according to their age.  (a) define wages .   [2]  (b) explain why the opportunity cost of becoming a teacher for one worker may be greater than  for another worker.   [4]  (c) analyse how an individual\u2019s earnings are likely to change over her or his lifetime.  [6]  (d) discuss whether most people would prefer to work for a multinational company (mnc) or a  sole trader.   [8]  7 in 2016, france had a trade in services deficit. france is a rich, developed country with a high  standard of living. the country is, however, facing several challenges including population  problems. also, after elections in 2017, politicians and economists debated whether the country  should try to move towards freer international trade.   (a) define a trade in services deficit .  [2]  (b) explain two population problems a rich, developed country may experience.  [4]  (c) analyse how a move to freer international trade may benefit a country\u2019s producers.  [6]   (d) discuss whether or not the standard of living is higher in developed countries than in  developing countries.  [8]  ",
            "6": "6 0455/23/o/n/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/23/o/n/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/23/o/n/19 \u00a9 ucles 2019 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge  assessment international education copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. cambridge assessment international education is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which itself is a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        }
    },
    "2020": {
        "0455_m20_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document has 8 pages. blank pages are indicated.  ib20 03_0455_12/4rp r   \u00a9 ucles 2020   [turn ove r   *0036230530 *cambridge igcse\u2122       economics  0455/12     paper 1 multiple choice  february/march 2020     45 minutes    you must answer on the multiple choice answer sheet.    you will need: multiple choice answer sheet   soft clean eraser   soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)       instructions   \u2022 there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions.   \u2022 for each question there are four possible answers a, b, c and d. choose the one you consider correct  and record your choice in soft pencil on the multiple choice answer sheet.   \u2022 follow the instructions on the mu ltiple choice answer sheet.  \u2022 write in soft pencil.  \u2022 write your name, centre number and candidate num ber on the multiple choice answer sheet in the  spaces provided unless this has been done for you.  \u2022 do not use correction fluid.  \u2022 do not write on any bar codes.  \u2022 you may use a calculator.      information  \u2022 the total mark for this paper is 30.  \u2022 each correct answer will score one mark. a ma rk will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  \u2022 any rough working should be done on this question paper.   ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/f/m/20  1 what is not a factor of production?  a a $20 banknote  b an office  c a photocopier  d a secretary      2 the diagram shows the production possibility curve (ppc) of a country producing at point t.    health services onon-health servicesv tu sw     the country has an ageing population and decides to allocate more resources to the production  of health services.    which movement shows this change in resource allocation?  a t to s b t to u c t to v d t to w     3 a deposit of shale oil is discovered in an area of farming.    the following estimates are made for a ten-year period.    \u25cf if the land is used only for farming it would yield income after tax of $10 billion.  \u25cf if the land is used only for shale oil extraction it would yield income after tax of  $40 billion.  \u25cf the government would receive $5 billion in taxes from farming and $10 billion in  taxes from shale oil extraction.    what is the opportunity cost of using the land only for farming?  a $25 billion b $30 billion c $35 billion d $45 billion    ",
            "3": "3     \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/f/m/20 [turn over  4 a country experiences a long strike by railway workers.    what would be the macroeconomic impact of such a strike?  a national output would fall.  b railway workers would lose income.  c the demand for taxi services would rise.  d the profits of railway operators would fall.     5 what necessarily describes the market system?  a an economy with both a private and public sector  b limited resources but unlimited wants  c resources are allocated  through demand and supply  d when all resources are used to produce consumer goods    6 in 2018 the uk government introduced a tax on the production of sugary drinks.    how would this affect the market for sugary drinks as shown on a demand and supply diagram?     demand curve  for sugary drinks supply curve  of sugary drinks  a contraction in demand shift to the left  b extension in demand shift to the right  c shift to the left contraction in supply  d shift to the right extension in supply     7 what is not held constant when constructing the supply curve of a firm?  a indirect taxes and subsidies on the firm\u2019s products  b the level of technology used by the firm in production  c the price of the factors of production paid for by the firm  d the market price of the good produced by the firm    8 what is a trade union?  a a business organisation in which all workers share ownership  b an area where there are no barriers to trade  c an organisation of employers from an industry  d an organisation that represents the interests of workers   ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/f/m/20  9 what is the most  important characteristic of money?  a it has intrinsic value.  b it is generally acceptable.  c it is portable.  d it is readily available.      10 which statement explains why the pay of doctors is usually higher than the pay of hospital  cleaners?  a doctors have a higher opportunity cost in qualifying.  b doctors have a more elastic supply than hospital cleaners.  c hospital cleaners belong to trade unions with stronger bargaining powers.  d hospital cleaners have a more inelastic demand than doctors.     11 banks decrease interest rates.    what is likely to be the effect of this on borrowing and saving?     borrowing saving  a falls falls  b falls rises  c rises falls  d rises rises     12 the table shows the costs of a firm.    variable cost  per good fixed cost  $2 $40    what is the average total cost if the firm produces 20 goods?  a $1 b $2 c $4 d $80     13 when is profit maximisation achieved?  a when average fixed cost is at a minimum  b when average revenue is at a maximum  c when the firm produces the largest output it can with the resources it has available  d when there is the greatest possible difference between total revenue and total cost   ",
            "5": "5     \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/f/m/20 [turn over  14 in some industries, a monopoly controls output and prices.    what is the most  likely impact of this on consumers?  a higher prices  b higher profits  c higher taxes  d more choice    15 a mining company bought another mining company.    how may this integration be described?  a diversification  b horizontal merger  c specialisation  d vertical merger      16 what is most likely to cause a more even distribution of income?    a an increase in indirect taxation  b an increase in inflation  c an increase in managers\u2019 salaries  d an increase in progressive taxation      17 what is a monetary policy measure?  a increasing interest rates  b increasing taxation  c reducing the power of trade unions  d selling state-owned enterprises     18 why does more emphasis on education and training lead to an increase in national output?  a it improves the productivity of the labour force.  b it lowers the inputs of capital investment.  c it reduces demands for higher pay.  d it reduces the power of trade unions.    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/f/m/20  19 in the past, governments have adopted policies to try to end a recession in their country and  increase economic growth.    which combination of policies is most  likely to achieve this?  a lower taxes and decrease government spending  b lower taxes and increase government spending  c raise taxes and decrease government spending  d raise taxes and increase government spending    20 the table provides information about a country\u2019s labour market.    population size 2  000  000  labour force size 1  200  000  number of employed 900  000  number of full-time students 100  000    what is the unemployment rate of this country?  a 15% b 25% c 50% d 75%     21 what is defined as \u2018a reduction in gross domestic product (gdp) for more than two successive  quarters\u2019?  a deflation  b falling wages  c recession  d rising unemployment      22 a person receives annual interest of 4% on their savings. inflation is 5% per annum.    what is the approximate change in the real value of their savings?  a \u2013  5% b \u2013 1% c + 4% d + 9%    23 an increase in which of the following is least  likely to cause inflation?  a consumer spending  b government spending  c income tax  d wages    ",
            "7": "7     \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/f/m/20 [turn over  24 a country has a declining population. it also has a changing population structure in which the size  of the 15\u201364 age group is becoming smaller.    how could it immediately reduce labour supply shortages?  a allow immigration of skilled labour.  b encourage increases in family size.  c invest more in technological research.  d lower taxes and increase basic wage rates.    25 the human development index (hdi) ranks human development in countries from 0 (lowest) to 1  (highest).    what does the calculation of hdi not take into consideration?  a estimate of life expectancy at birth  b information on the number of years of schooling  c regional inequalities of investments in human capital  d standard of living linked to income per head      26 which combination of changes is most  likely to result in a fall in living standards in a country?     gdp inflation population  a fall fall rise  b fall rise rise  c rise fall fall  d rise rise fall      27 what is the most  likely effect of a decrease in tariffs?  a increased inflation rates  b increased consumer choices  c increased government revenue from tariffs  d increased revenues of domestic firms      28 what would increase the demand for a country\u2019s currency on the foreign exchange market?  a a decrease in its inward investment  b a decrease in its rate of interest  c an increase in its exports  d an increase in its imports ",
            "8": "8    permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material pr otected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.   to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  assessment international education copyright  acknowledgements booklet. this is produced  for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.    cambridge assessment international education is part of the ca mbridge assessment group. cambri dge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which it self is a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/f/m/20  29 the table shows a selection of economic data for a country.     $ m  primary income (net income transfers) 1000  secondary income (net current transfers) \u2013500  total value of exported goods  1000  total value of imported goods  2000  total value of exported services  800  total value of imported services  200    what is the current account balance of this country?  a $100  m b $600  m c $4500  m d $4725  m      30 a country changes to a policy of self-sufficiency in agriculture, instead of relying on world  supplies.     what is likely to happen in the country as a result?  a agricultural prices will rise.  b farm output will fall.  c more farmers will be unemployed.  d more food will be imported.       "
        },
        "0455_m20_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "cambridge igcse\u2122this document has 8 pages. blank pages are indicated. dc (jc) 184588/2 \u00a9 ucles 2020  [turn over *9808009675*economics  0455/22 paper 2 structured questions  february/march  2020  2 hours 15 minutes you must answer on the enclosed answer booklet. you will need:  answer booklet (enclosed) instructions  \u25cf answer four questions in total: section a: answer question 1. section b: answer three  questions.  \u25cf follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper,  ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.  \u25cf you may use a calculator. information  \u25cf the total mark for this paper is 90.  \u25cf the number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [  ].",
            "2": "2 0455/22/f/m/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 section a read the source material carefully before answering question 1. source material: air pollution in india india fact file 2016 2017 real gdp $8750.0 billion $9362.5 billion current account deficit as % of gdp \u20130.7 \u20131.2 car production 3.7 million 4.0 million as india increases its output, it creates more pollution. its government encourages economic growth  by promoting investment and free trade. it is considering cutting taxes, spending more on education,  lowering import tariffs and removing some import quotas.  the indian government intervenes in its economy for a number of reasons, including to reduce  pollution. the causes of pollution include vehicles and private and public sector factories which emit  harmful gases. with reductions in the cost of producing cars and rising incomes, more cars are being  produced and purchased in india.  producers and car drivers base their decisions on just their private costs and benefits. some farmers  burn their fields after harvesting to increase the growth of their next crop, even though their action  causes pollution. also, some owners of mines do not take sufficient care to ensure that minerals and  metals do not leak into local water supplies.  as well as affecting pollution, the relative size of the primary sector can influence average income as  shown in table 1.  table 1 primary sector output as a percentage of gdp and gdp per head in selected countries in 2017 countryprimary sector output  (% of gdp)gdp per head ($) us  1 59 600 spain  3 38 200 argentina  8 20 700 egypt 11 13 000 india 18  7 200 philippines 30  8 200 to reduce pollution, the indian government subsidises bus travel. it also requires buses to run on  natural gas rather than on more polluting diesel and petrol. reduced pollution can attract more foreign  tourists. foreign tourism and changes in the foreign exchange rate affect the current account of a  country\u2019s balance of payments. it has been predicted that india\u2019s foreign exchange rate is likely to rise  in the future.",
            "3": "3 0455/22/f/m/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 [turn over answer all parts to question 1. refer to the source material in your answers. 1 (a) calculate india\u2019s economic growth rate in 2017.  [1]  (b) identify two methods of protection.  [2]  (c) state why india is a mixed economy.  [2]  (d) explain why external costs cause market failure.  [4]  (e) draw a demand and supply diagram to show the effects of a decrease in the costs of  production on the market for cars.  [4]  (f) analyse the relationship between the size of countries\u2019 primary sector output and gdp per  head.  [5]  (g) discuss whether or not increasing subsidies given to bus travel would reduce pollution in  india.  [6]  (h) discuss whether or not india is likely to experience a deficit on the current account of its  balance of payments in the future.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/f/m/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 section b answer any three  questions. each question is introduced by stimulus material. in your answer you may refer to this material and  / or  to other examples that you have studied. 2 the main industries in the seychelles, an island country in the indian ocean, are tourism and  fishing. the price elasticity of supply of fish is affected by the relatively short time that fish can be  stored. economic goods and free goods play a role in both fishing and tourism. with rises in the  skills of workers and an increase in enterprise, gdp per head has increased by more than seven  times over the last fifty years.   (a) state the formula for calculating the price elasticity of supply (pes).  [2]  (b) explain how opportunity cost is different for economic goods and free goods.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a production possibility curve (ppc) diagram, the effect of an increase in  enterprise on an economy.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not skilled workers are always paid more than unskilled workers.  [8] 3 in 2017, the brazilian paper industry was booming. its total revenue increased and it employed  both more, and better quality, factors of production. brazil\u2019s largest paper producer merged with an  indonesian paper-producing firm at the end of 2017. the performance of brazil\u2019s coffee industry  differed from its paper industry. brazilian coffee experienced a fall in demand and a fall in total  revenue.  (a) define total revenue . [2]  (b) explain two differences between capital and labour.  [4]  (c) analyse the possible effects on consumers of a merger between two paper-producing firms.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not demand for coffee is likely to rise in the future.  [8] 4 african countries are expected to experience growth in their output. it is also predicted that africa\u2019s  population will increase from 1.1  bn in 2017 to 4.2  bn by 2100, when nigeria will account for one  in twelve of the world\u2019s births. nigeria and south africa are expected to experience the greatest  rise in investment (spending on capital goods) over this period, and a change in their gender  distribution.   (a) define gender distribution . [2]  (b) explain two benefits of a higher economic growth rate.  [4]  (c) analyse the disadvantages of a rapidly growing population.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a cut in the rate of interest will increase investment.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/22/f/m/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 5 the chinese government reformed the chinese tax system in 2016. it extended vat (sales tax)  from the sale of goods to the sale of services enabling it to cut the corporation tax rate. taxes  on goods and services are usually regressive. the chinese government wanted to raise living  standards and hoped that a cut in the tax rate firms pay would attract multinational companies  (mncs) to the country.  (a) state two reasons for levying taxes.  [2]  (b) explain the difference between a progressive tax and a regressive tax.  [4]  (c) analyse how a cut in the rates of corporation tax and income tax may influence the number of  mncs setting up in the country.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not people in a high-income country always enjoy a higher living standard  than those in a low-income country.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/22/f/m/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/22/f/m/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/22/f/m/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge  assessment  international education copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. cambridge assessment international education is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which itself is a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_s20_qp_11.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document has 12 pages. blank pages are indicated.  ib20 06_0455_11/3rp   \u00a9 ucles 2020   [turn ove r   *4018684555*cambridge igcse\u2122       economics 0455/11     paper 1 multiple choice  may/june 2020     45 minutes    you must answer on the multiple choice answer sheet.    you will need: multiple choice answer sheet   soft clean eraser   soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)       instructions   \u2022 there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions.   \u2022 for each question there are four possible answers a, b, c and d. choose the one you consider correct  and record your choice in soft pencil on the multiple choice answer sheet.   \u2022 follow the instructions on the mu ltiple choice answer sheet.  \u2022 write in soft pencil.  \u2022 write your name, centre number and candidate num ber on the multiple choice answer sheet in the  spaces provided unless this has been done for you.  \u2022 do not use correction fluid.  \u2022 do not write on any bar codes.  \u2022 you may use a calculator.      information  \u2022 the total mark for this paper is 30.  \u2022 each correct answer will score one mark. a ma rk will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  \u2022 any rough working should be done on this question paper.   ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/11/m/j/20  1 what is an example of the purchase of a consumer good?  a a farm owner buys a television.  b a farm owner buys additional land.  c a farm owner buys fertiliser for their crops.  d a farm owner buys some farming equipment.      2 what is the function of the factors of production in an economy?  a to make goods and services to fulfil wants and needs  b to provide an even distribution of income  c to provide tax income for the government  d to reduce the existence of external costs      3 the diagram shows a production possibility curve (ppc) for an economy that can produce cotton  and cars. the economy is at point q.    output of cotton output of carsowz qx y     there is improved technology that can only be used in the production of cars.    how would this be represented on this diagram?  a by a movement from  q to w  b by a movement from  q to x  c by a movement from  q to y  d by a movement from  q to z     ",
            "3": "3  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/11/m/j/20 [turn over  4 which topic is included in microeconomics?  a economic growth  b elasticity of demand  c inflation  d the balance of payments      5 what aspect of demerit goods means they are overproduced?  a clear product information  b high external costs  c high product taxes  d low customer demand      6 the diagram shows market demand and supply curves.    op2 price quantitys1 d1p1 p3 q3 q4q5 q1 q2     to what extent is the market in disequilibrium at price p 3?  a oq 1 \u2013 oq 2 b oq 1 \u2013 oq 3 c oq 2 \u2013 oq 4 d oq 3 \u2013 oq 5    7 lithium is an essential metal for the production of electric cars. following a 10% increase in the  price of lithium, supplies increase by 15%. this led to a 5% increase in the price of  electric cars.    what is the price elasticity of supply (pes) for lithium?  a 0.33 b 0.66 c 1.50 d 2.0     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/11/m/j/20  8 the wage of labour in a firm increases.    what is the most  likely effect on the production process?  a capital replaces labour immediately.  b capital replaces labour in the long run.  c labour replaces capital immediately.  d labour replaces capital in the long run.     9 which combination of influences would increase the level of borrowing by a household?     influence 1 influence 2  a becoming pensioners higher rate of inflation  b greater wealth lower consumer confidence  c higher consumer confidence lower rate of interest  d higher rate of interest greater availability of credit    10 the graph shows women\u2019s wages as a percentage of men\u2019s wages in year 1 and year 2.    percent85 807570656055 27 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 62 ageyear 2 year 1     which statement is shown by the graph to be true?  a younger women earn more than older women.  b women\u2019s wages remain about the same between the ages of 40\u201350.  c in year 2, all women were earning more than men.  d in year 2, women were earning a higher percentage of men\u2019s wages than in year 1.     ",
            "5": "5  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/11/m/j/20 [turn over  11 people\u2019s income decreases.    how is the proportion spent on food and leisure likely to change?     food leisure  a decrease decrease  b decrease increase  c increase decrease  d increase increase     12 the table shows total fixed and total variable costs at different levels of output for a firm.    at which level of output is average total cost lowest?     output  (tonnes) total  fixed cost  ($) total  variable cost  ($)  a 100 1200 1200  b 200 1200 2000  c 300 1200 2700  d 400 1200 3600    13 the following information refers to a firm producing shoes.    at which level of output does the firm maximise profits?     total output of  pairs of shoes total cost  ($) total revenue  ($)  a 100 1000 1300  b 200 1800 2200  c 300 2700 3000  d 400 3200 3400    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/11/m/j/20  14 what is most  likely to lead to an improvement in  labour productivity in an industry?  a an increase in capital investment  b an increase in income tax rates  c an increase in the demand for the industry\u2019s product  d an increase in the number of firms in the industry      15 how is a government most  likely to prevent the growth of monopolies?  a by encouraging mergers in the private sector  b by establishing nationalised industries  c by promoting the benefits of economies of scale  d by reducing barriers to entry into an industry      16 what is not included in public expenditure?  a capital spending by firms  b interest payments on government borrowing  c investment in defence by the central government  d subsidies to bus companies from local government      17 when is the budget described as balanced?  a when direct taxes and indirect taxes are equal  b when exports and imports are equal  c when government spending and government revenue are equal  d when the demand for money and the supply of money are equal      18 the government wishes to increase economic growth in its economy.    what would not be likely to achieve this aim?  a the central bank encourages bank lending.  b the central bank lowers interest rates.  c the government increases sales tax (vat).  d the government subsidises new industries.    ",
            "7": "7  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/11/m/j/20 [turn over  19 the government redistributes income more evenly.    what is most  likely to increase?  a the incentive to work  b the level of savings  c the need for welfare payments  d the rate of inflation     20 the table shows selected indicators for the labour market of an economy in 2014 and 2018.     2014  (millions) 2018  (millions)  total labour force 30 30  employed workers 25 28  long-term unemployed 1 2  employment in manufacturing 4 2  employment in services 13 16    according to the table, what is the most  likely type of unemployment in 2018?  a cyclical  b frictional  c seasonal  d structural     21 what may directly cause economic growth?  a higher imports  b higher levels of resources  c higher taxation  d higher unemployment      22 what would not be required in the construction of an index of consumer prices?  a the selection of a base year  b the selection of a representative range of items  c the calculation of average wage levels  d the weighting of each item in the index     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/11/m/j/20  23 the table gives information about three economic indicators in four countries.     rate of  inflation  % rate of  interest  % rate of  unemployment  %  country w 1.4 3.4 10.2  country x 3.7 8.7 12.3  country y 3.6 7.3 14.2  country z 2.1 6.0 7.7    what may be concluded from this information?  a countries with higher inflation have higher interest rates.  b countries with higher interest rates have lower unemployment.  c the country with the lowest inflation had the highest unemployment.  d the country with the lowest unemployment had the lowest inflation.      24 what distinguishes a more developed country from a less developed country?  a inflation rates are higher in the more developed country.  b interest rates are higher in the more developed country.  c natural resources are higher in the more developed country.  d real incomes are higher in the more developed country.     25 an additional 700  000 uk children and pensioners fell into relative poverty between 2013 and  2017.    what might be the reason for this?  a direct taxes had increased, and indirect taxes had fallen.  b real gross domestic product was rising faster than the population.  c the death rate was exceeding the birth rate.  d the real value of government welfare benefits had fallen.     ",
            "9": "9  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/11/m/j/20 [turn over  26 which changes usually result when a country develops and is able to provide free healthcare and  good living conditions?     birth rate death rate labour  productivity  a falls falls rises  b falls rises falls  c rises falls falls  d rises rises rises      27 what is a quota in international trade?  a a government grant to encourage production  b an administrative and technical barrier  c a limit on the quantity of imports  d a tax on imports     28 many low-income countries rely on exports of raw materials such as coffee or iron ore to earn  them foreign currency.    what is a disadvantage of this?  a countries have a constant demand for raw materials.  b international trade only benefits the importing countries.  c it is necessary for low-income countries to belong to a free trade area.  d raw materials have fluctuating prices.     29 what is included as part of the current account of the balance of payments?  a all government income and expenditure  b money withdrawn from a bank account  c investments in other countries by manufacturers  d trade in goods and services     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/11/m/j/20  30 the table shows components of japan\u2019s current account balance in trillion yen (\u00a5) for 2011 and  2012.     year balance of goods  \u00a5 trillion balance of  services  \u00a5 trillion balance of  primary income  \u00a5 trillion balance of  secondary income  \u00a5 trillion  2011 \u20131.61 \u20131.76 14.04 \u20131.11  2012 \u20135.23 \u20132.33 13.55 \u20131.02    which balance improved between 2011 and 2012?  a balance of goods  b balance of services  c balance of primary income  d balance of secondary income       ",
            "11": "11  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/11/m/j/20  blank page",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  assessment international education copyri ght acknowledgements booklet. this is produc ed for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.    cambridge assessment international education is part of the ca mbridge assessment group. cambri dge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which it self is a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/11/m/j/20  blank page "
        },
        "0455_s20_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document has 12 pages. blank pages are indicated.  ib20 06_0455_12/3rp   \u00a9 ucles 2020   [turn ove r   *0782155617*cambridge igcse\u2122       economics 0455/12     paper 1 multiple choice  may/june 2020     45 minutes    you must answer on the multiple choice answer sheet.    you will need: multiple choice answer sheet   soft clean eraser   soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)       instructions   \u2022 there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions.   \u2022 for each question there are four possible answers a, b, c and d. choose the one you consider correct  and record your choice in soft pencil on the multiple choice answer sheet.   \u2022 follow the instructions on the mu ltiple choice answer sheet.  \u2022 write in soft pencil.  \u2022 write your name, centre number and candidate num ber on the multiple choice answer sheet in the  spaces provided unless this has been done for you.  \u2022 do not use correction fluid.  \u2022 do not write on any bar codes.  \u2022 you may use a calculator.      information  \u2022 the total mark for this paper is 30.  \u2022 each correct answer will score one mark. a ma rk will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  \u2022 any rough working should be done on this question paper.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/m/j/20  1 in 2016, 20 billion barrels of oil and 1.6 billion barrels of natural gas were discovered in texas,  us.    which factor of production has increased in the us due to this discovery?  a capital  b enterprise  c labour  d land     2 the diagram shows a production possibility curve (ppc).    which of these points shows the largest possible output of product y currently achievable?    product y oproduct xa cb d     3 a student decides to take up a two year apprenticeship for which she will earn $10  000 per year.  after that she expects to earn $25  000 per year. she could take an unskilled job which pays  $16  000 per year instead of the apprenticeship.    what is the opportunity cost in the two years of completing the apprenticeship?  a $10  000 b $12  000 c $25  000 d $32  000      4 microeconomics analyses choices in various situations.    which area of economic study does it not include?  a costs and revenues of a firm  b individual consumer behaviour  c policies for economic growth  d wages for different occupations     ",
            "3": "3     \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/m/j/20 [turn over  5 what is a cause of market failure?  a many firms  b monopoly  c profit maximisation  d specialisation      6 the diagrams show the supply curve for an individual grower of tomatoes and for the total market  supply of tomatoes.    1000 3000individual grower 60003.0 1.5 0.5 0price per kg ($) quantity (kilograms)100  000 300  000total market 600  0003.0 1.5 0.5 0price per kg ($) quantity (tonnes)    what explains the similarity of the two curves?  a as costs rise growers need to get a higher price to increase output.  b at the lower prices each grower supplies more tomatoes.  c the profitability per unit is the same for all growers irrespective of output.   d supply is not always influenced by price.      7 the price of bread rose by 5% and the quantity demanded fell by 4%.    what was the price elasticity of demand for bread?  a \u20130.4 b \u20130.8 c \u20131.25 d \u20132.0     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/m/j/20  8 saudi arabia specialises in oil extraction and refi ning. this is a capital-intensive industry with  highly skilled labour.    what might be a disadvantage of this specialisation?  a oil companies have increased training costs as each worker needs many different skills.  b oil companies may find it difficult to achieve economies of scale.  c resource allocation is not efficient because a narrow range of goods is being produced.  d workers may face a restricted range of job opportunities.      9 what would most  likely cause a person to increase their savings?  a a decision to plan for retirement  b a fall in income  c a fall in interest rates  d a reduction in tax-free saving schemes     10 the graph shows women\u2019s wages as a percentage of men\u2019s wages in year 1 and year 2.    percent85 807570656055 27 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 62 ageyear 2 year 1     which statement is shown by the graph to be true?  a younger women earn more than older women.  b women\u2019s wages remain about the same between the ages of 40\u201350.  c in year 2, all women were earning more than men.  d in year 2, women were earning a higher percentage of men\u2019s wages than in year 1.     ",
            "5": "5     \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/m/j/20 [turn over  11 people\u2019s income decreases.    how is the proportion spent on food and leisure likely to change?     food leisure  a decrease decrease  b decrease increase  c increase decrease  d increase increase     12 the table shows total fixed and total variable costs at different levels of output for a firm.    output total  fixed cost  $ total  variable cost  $  100 1000 1000  200 1000 1500  300 1000 2000  400 1000 2500    what happens as output rises?  a average fixed cost falls.  b average fixed cost rises.  c average variable cost remains constant.  d average variable cost rises.      13 the following information refers to a firm producing shoes.    at which level of output does the firm maximise profits?     total output of  pairs of shoes total cost  ($) total revenue  ($)  a 100 1000 1300  b 200 1800 2200  c 300 2700 3000  d 400 3200 3400     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/m/j/20  14 which statement proves there has been an increase  in productivity for a factory making tractors?  a 10% more workers results in a 10% increase in tractors produced each week.  b output per worker increases from 3 tractors to 4 tractors per month.  c production increases as more workers are hired.  d starting a night shift leads to an increase in production of 10 tractors a day.      15 when do economies of scale take place?  a in the short run  b if variable factors become fixed  c when all factors of production are fixed  d when all factors of production are variable      16 what is not included in public expenditure?  a capital spending by firms  b interest payments on government borrowing  c investment in defence by the central government  d subsidies to bus companies from local government      17 when is the budget described as balanced?  a when direct taxes and indirect taxes are equal  b when exports and imports are equal  c when government spending and government revenue are equal  d when the demand for money and the supply of money are equal      18 a government increased revenue by increasing taxes on firms.    which tax did it increase?  a inheritance tax  b profits tax  c sales tax  d value added tax     ",
            "7": "7     \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/m/j/20 [turn over  19 why are governments responsible for the defence of the country?  a it is impossible to charge a price for defence.  b it prevents individual citizens having access to weapons.  c only governments can manufacture weapons.  d providing defence is very expensive.      20 information about job vacancies on a government website has led to a decrease in short-term  unemployment.    what is the term for this type of unemployment?  a cyclical unemployment  b frictional unemployment  c structural unemployment  d technological unemployment     21 the table shows figures for the real gdp of a country.    quarter 1  ($bn) quarter 2  ($bn) quarter 3  ($bn) quarter 4  ($bn)  100 101 99 98    a quarter is three months.    during which quarters was the country experiencing a recession?  a quarters 1 and 2  b quarters 2 and 3  c quarters 3 and 4  d the entire period     22 what would not be required in the construction of an index of consumer prices?  a the selection of a base year  b the selection of a representative range of items  c the calculation of average wage levels  d the weighting of each item in the index    ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/m/j/20  23 the table gives information about three economic indicators in four countries.     rate of  inflation  % rate of  interest  % rate of  unemployment  %  country w 1.4 3.4 10.2  country x 3.7 8.7 12.3  country y 3.6 7.3 14.2  country z 2.1 6.0 7.7    what may be concluded from this information?  a countries with higher inflation have higher interest rates.  b countries with higher interest rates have lower unemployment.  c the country with the lowest inflation had the highest unemployment.  d the country with the lowest unemployment had the lowest inflation.     24 due to war, some people are living in absolute poverty.    what is the main indicator of absolute poverty for these people?  a dependence on aid for medical treatment  b lack of transport to escape abroad  c living in tents in temporary camps  d receiving insufficient food for basic nutrition      25 which country would be classified as the most  developed based on the data in the table?    country gross domestic  product per year  ($m) population  (millions)  a 600 3  b 700 2  c 12  000 40  d 15  000 100     ",
            "9": "9     \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/m/j/20 [turn over  26 which changes usually result when a country develops and is able to provide free healthcare and  good living conditions?     birth rate death rate labour  productivity  a falls falls rises  b falls rises falls  c rises falls falls  d rises rises rises     27 which protectionist measure would be most suitable for a government to use to support the  growth in exports of an industry?  a embargo  b quota  c subsidy  d tariff    28 there has been an appreciation of the value of a country\u2019s currency against other currencies.    what effects will this have on prices of imports of raw materials and prices of exports of  manufactured goods?     prices of imports of  raw materials prices of exports of  manufactured goods  a cheaper cheaper  b cheaper more expensive  c more expensive cheaper  d more expensive more expensive      29 what is a disadvantage of increased specialisation by a country?  a it becomes more reliant on imports to meet all its needs.  b it reduces the potential for international trade.  c it results in access to a greater variety of goods for consumers.  d it results in lower costs for home produced goods.     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/m/j/20  30 the table shows components of japan\u2019s current account balance in trillion yen (\u00a5) for 2011 and  2012.     year balance of goods  \u00a5 trillion balance of  services  \u00a5 trillion balance of  primary income  \u00a5 trillion balance of  secondary income  \u00a5 trillion  2011 \u20131.61 \u20131.76 14.04 \u20131.11  2012 \u20135.23 \u20132.33 13.55 \u20131.02    which balance improved between 2011 and 2012?  a balance of goods  b balance of services  c balance of primary income  d balance of secondary income     ",
            "11": "11     \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/m/j/20 blank page",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  assessment international education copyri ght acknowledgements booklet. this is produc ed for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.   cambridge assessment international education is part of the ca mbridge assessment group. cambri dge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which it self is a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/m/j/20  blank page "
        },
        "0455_s20_qp_13.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document has 12 pages. blank pages are indicated.  ib20 06_0455_13/3rp   \u00a9 ucles 2020   [turn ove r   *7721308328*cambridge igcse\u2122       economics 0455/13     paper 1 multiple choice  may/june 2020     45 minutes    you must answer on the multiple choice answer sheet.    you will need: multiple choice answer sheet   soft clean eraser   soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)       instructions   \u2022 there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions.   \u2022 for each question there are four possible answers a, b, c and d. choose the one you consider correct  and record your choice in soft pencil on the multiple choice answer sheet.   \u2022 follow the instructions on the mu ltiple choice answer sheet.  \u2022 write in soft pencil.  \u2022 write your name, centre number and candidate num ber on the multiple choice answer sheet in the  spaces provided unless this has been done for you.  \u2022 do not use correction fluid.  \u2022 do not write on any bar codes.  \u2022 you may use a calculator.      information  \u2022 the total mark for this paper is 30.  \u2022 each correct answer will score one mark. a ma rk will not be deducted for a wrong answer.  \u2022 any rough working should be done on this question paper.   ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/13/m/j/20  1 a natural resource was discovered in a country. the exploitation of this resource allowed the  country to double its gross domestic product within ten years.    why did this not solve the basic economic problem?  a exploiting the resource required high expenditure on capital equipment.  b exploiting the resource caused significant environmental damage.  c gross domestic product was unevenly distributed in the country.  d wants still exceeded the resources available to meet those wants.     2 the diagram shows a shift in a country\u2019s production possibility curve (ppc).    capital goods consumer goodsoxy     what would cause the shift from x to y?  a a fall in  the unemployment rate  b a fall in consumer demand  c a rise in the rate of inflation  d a rise in the size of  the labour force      3 a farmer decides to grow potatoes instead of wheat.    what is the opportunity cost of growing the potatoes?  a the output of wheat  b the price of seed potatoes  c the profit from growing potatoes  d the time spent preparing the potato field    ",
            "3": "3     \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/13/m/j/20 [turn over  4 which are both macroeconomic decisions?     decision 1 decision 2  a a school recruits more teachers a firm sets the prices for its products  b a central bank reduces money supply a government spends more on defence  c a government increases tax rates a farmer decides which crops to grow  d a household cuts its energy use a worker accepts an offer of overtime      5 what is the function of the price mechanism in a market economy?  a allocating resources and guiding choices  b allowing governments to provide price stability  c enabling markets to operate fairly  d preventing competitors from entering a market      6 the diagrams show changes in the market conditions for coffee.    which diagram shows the effect of a poor harvest of coffee beans?    price quantityos2 s1 da price quantityos2s1 db price quantityod2s d1c price quantityos d2d1d     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/13/m/j/20  7 the price elasticity of supply of good x is 0.1. the good suddenly becomes very fashionable,  leading to a large increase in demand.    what would be the likely outcome of this change in the short term?  a a large increase in output  b a large increase in price  c a small increase in price  d a small increase in revenue      8 what is a disadvantage to employers of switch ing to production using division of labour?  a average cost decreases  b flexibility of workers is lost  c repetition of tasks saves time  d training time decreases      9 what is an advantage to a country of having an efficient commercial banking system?  a it controls the money supply.  b it discourages spending.  c it encourages tax evasion.  d it enables investment.     ",
            "5": "5     \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/13/m/j/20 [turn over  10 the graph shows women\u2019s wages as a percentage of men\u2019s wages in year 1 and year 2.    percent85 807570656055 27 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 62 ageyear 2 year 1     which statement is shown by the graph to be true?  a younger women earn more than older women.  b women\u2019s wages remain about the same between the ages of 40\u201350.  c in year 2, all women were earning more than men.  d in year 2, women were earning a higher percentage of men\u2019s wages than in year 1.     11 people\u2019s income decreases.    how is the proportion spent on food and leisure likely to change?     food leisure  a decrease decrease  b decrease increase  c increase decrease  d increase increase     12 a firm produces 1000 units and has a total cost of $50  000. the variable cost per unit produced is  $40.    what is the total fixed cost of the firm?  a $1000 b $4000 c $10  000 d $40  000     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/13/m/j/20  13 the following information refers to a firm producing shoes.    at which level of output does the firm maximise profits?     total output of  pairs of shoes total cost  ($) total revenue  ($)  a 100 1000 1300  b 200 1800 2200  c 300 2700 3000  d 400 3200 3400     14 firms can grow by increasing the internal scale of their operations.    what might be a disadvantage of this to the firm?  a average cost begins to fall  b it is difficult to motivate workers  c labour is replaced by robots  d markets become global      15 a government owns and runs an airline.    which combination of ownership and sector is this?     ownership sector  a private secondary  b private tertiary  c public secondary  d public tertiary      16 what is not included in public expenditure?  a capital spending by firms  b interest payments on government borrowing  c investment in defence by the central government  d subsidies to bus companies from local government     ",
            "7": "7     \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/13/m/j/20 [turn over  17 when is the budget described as balanced?  a when direct taxes and indirect taxes are equal  b when exports and imports are equal  c when government spending and government revenue are equal  d when the demand for money and the supply of money are equal      18 what is the main aim of supply-side policy?  a increasing economic growth by raising productivity  b increasing the balance of payments surplus by restricting free trade  c reducing the government\u2019s budget deficit by increasing taxation  d reducing the money supply by increasing the rate of interest      19 a government is not allowed to increase its military spending.    government spending is currently at x.    which diagram illustrates a possible change in government spending?    oa military spending non-military spendingxy od militaryspending non-military spendingyxob militaryspending non-military spendingy x oc militaryspending non-military spendingy x      ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/13/m/j/20  20 a country has full employment.    which policy is most  likely to lead to a fall in economic growth in the short run but an increase in  economic growth in the long run?  a lowering the retirement age  b raising the school leaving age  c restricting the immigration of key workers  d selling assets owned in other countries     21 a government has a contractionary fiscal policy to reduce inflation. what will the government  increase?  a expenditure on infrastructure  b income tax rates  c personal tax allowances  d unemployment benefits      22 what would not be required in the construction of an index of consumer prices?  a the selection of a base year  b the selection of a representative range of items  c the calculation of average wage levels  d the weighting of each item in the index     23 the table gives information about three economic indicators in four countries.     rate of  inflation  % rate of  interest  % rate of  unemployment  %  country w 1.4 3.4 10.2  country x 3.7 8.7 12.3  country y 3.6 7.3 14.2  country z 2.1 6.0 7.7    what may be concluded from this information?  a countries with higher inflation have higher interest rates.  b countries with higher interest rates have lower unemployment.  c the country with the lowest inflation had the highest unemployment.  d the country with the lowest unemployment had the lowest inflation. ",
            "9": "9     \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/13/m/j/20 [turn over  24 real incomes have risen in a country.    which situation would definitely have caused this?     price level money  incomes  a fell fell  b fell rose  c rose rose  d rose fell     25 in recent years some low-income countries have achieved higher rates of economic growth than  high-income countries.    what is most  likely to explain this accelerated economic growth?  a ease of transfer of modern technology to increase productivity  b falling agricultural prices  c higher ratios of labour to capital in manufacturing industries  d increased trade barriers by high-income countries      26 which changes usually result when a country develops and is able to provide free healthcare and  good living conditions?     birth rate death rate labour  productivity  a falls falls rises  b falls rises falls  c rises falls falls  d rises rises rises    27 what are the effects on price and equilibrium quantity of the imposition of an import tariff on a  good?     price equilibrium quantity  a decreases decreases  b decreases increases  c increases decreases  d increases increases    ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/13/m/j/20  28 which change will not increase a surplus on the current account of the balance of payments of a  country?  a a decrease in the value of imports  b a decrease in primary income outflows  c an increase in the amount of development aid received  d an increase in domestic inflation rates     29 an economy with a floating exchange rate experiences an increased deficit on the current account of the balance of payments.    what will result from this?  a an increase in government debt  b an increase in its foreign currency reserves  c an increase in the demand for its currency on the foreign exchange market  d an increase in the supply of its currency on the foreign exchange market     30 the table shows components of japan\u2019s current account balance in trillion yen (\u00a5) for 2011 and  2012.     year balance of goods  \u00a5  trillion balance of  services  \u00a5 trillion balance of  primary income  \u00a5 trillion balance of  secondary income  \u00a5 trillion  2011 \u20131.61 \u20131.76 14.04 \u20131.11  2012 \u20135.23 \u20132.33 13.55 \u20131.02    which balance improved between 2011 and 2012?  a balance of goods  b balance of services  c balance of primary income  d balance of secondary income      ",
            "11": "11     \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/13/m/j/20 blank page",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared w here possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trac e copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends  at the earliest possible opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of ans wer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced onl ine in the cambridge  assessment international education copyri ght acknowledgements booklet. this is produc ed for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.   cambridge assessment international education is part of the ca mbridge assessment group. cambri dge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which it self is a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/13/m/j/20  blank page "
        },
        "0455_s20_qp_21.pdf": {
            "1": "cambridge igcse\u2122this document has 8 pages. blank pages are indicated. dc (jc) 184589/2 \u00a9 ucles 2020  [turn over *7722528678*economics  0455/21 paper 2 structured questions  may/june  2020  2 hours 15 minutes you must answer on the enclosed answer booklet. you will need:  answer booklet (enclosed) instructions  \u25cf answer four questions in total: section a: answer question 1. section b: answer three  questions.  \u25cf follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper,  ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.  \u25cf you may use a calculator. information  \u25cf the total mark for this paper is 90.  \u25cf the number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [  ].",
            "2": "2 0455/21/m/j/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 section a read the source material carefully before answering question 1. source material: vietnam\u2019s growing population and economy   vietnam fact file 2010 2017 gdp $272.8 billion $662.4 billion population 88 million 96 million foreign exchange rate $1 = 19  500 dong $1 = 22  780 dong vietnam\u2019s population and its output are increasing. consumers, workers and firms are benefiting from  the higher output. some vietnamese people are receiving more generous pensions and higher wages  while some firms are earning higher profits. vietnam\u2019s population is ageing but the country still has a relatively young labour force. age can affect  workers\u2019 flexibility, mobility, level of experience and their knowledge of the latest technology. the  vietnamese government wants to raise the quality of its labour force by spending more on education.  vietnamese children have recently performed better in international tests than children in richer  countries. education spending can influence the percentage of the labour force working in the tertiary  sector as shown in table 1. table 1 education spending as a percentage of gdp and the percentage of the labour force  employed in the tertiary sector in selected countries in 2017. country education spending % of gdplabour force employed in  the tertiary sector (%) norway 7.4 78.0 vietnam 6.3 32.3 france 5.5 75.9 germany 4.9 71.2 indonesia 3.6 45.2 iran 3.1 49.1 bangladesh 2.0 35.6 vietnam has had a budget deficit since 2008. the country\u2019s high economic growth rate and changes in  government policies will affect its budget balance in the future. the government is privatising a number  of public sector firms. it also plans to spend more on education and defence and is likely to raise some  tax rates.  deregulation has increased the number of firms, both foreign and domestically owned, in a number  of markets. for instance, in 2007 there was only one vietnamese airline. it operated only two routes  and the fares it charged were not affordable to most vietnamese. now the country has seven airlines  offering domestic and international flights.  borrowing by both households and firms increased in vietnam between 2010 and 2017. households  borrowed mainly to purchase more consumer goods while firms borrowed mainly to invest. ",
            "3": "3 0455/21/m/j/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 [turn over answer all parts to question 1. refer to the source material in your answers. 1 (a) calculate vietnam\u2019s gdp per head in 2017.  [1]  (b) identify two rewards to factors of production.  [2]  (c) explain what happened to vietnam\u2019s foreign exchange rate between 2010 and 2017.  [2]  (d) explain two benefits an economy may gain from having a young labour force.  [4]  (e) analyse why vietnam\u2019s budget deficit may decline in the future.  [4]  (f) analyse the relationship between government spending on education and the percentage of  the labour force employed in the tertiary sector.  [5]  (g) discuss whether or not an increase in competition is likely to benefit vietnamese consumers.  [6]  (h) discuss whether or not the increase in borrowing is likely to have caused inflation in vietnam  in 2017.  [6]  ",
            "4": "4 0455/21/m/j/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 section b answer any three  questions. each question is introduced by stimulus material. in your answer you may refer to this material and  / or  to other examples that you have studied. 2 japan has a low immigration rate and a declining population. in recent years, it has experienced  deflation and a rise in child poverty. by 2017, one in six japanese children lived in a household  with less than half of the average household income. japan operates a national minimum wage  which increased every year between 2010 and 2017. this may have affected the level of poverty  in the country.   (a) state two benefits a country may gain from immigration.  [2]  (b) explain two consequences of deflation.  [4]  (c) analyse why children from low-income families may have low incomes as adults.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a national minimum wage will reduce poverty.  [8] 3 there is a smaller proportion of large firms in africa than in asia. the two african countries with  the largest firms are nigeria and south africa. these two countries\u2019 firms have more capital  goods than most other african countries\u2019 firms. firms in south africa produce a range of products  including gold and petrochemicals. in recent years, a number of african firms have developed into  multinational companies (mncs), producing mainly in other african countries.  (a) define a capital good . [2]  (b) explain two challenges facing small firms.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a demand and supply diagram, how a rise in income may affect the market for  gold.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not mncs increase production and productivity in their host countries.  [8] 4 economists are uncertain about the future united states (us) macroeconomic performance. for  instance, in recent years, us unemployment has fallen while the deficit on the current account of  the balance of payments has fluctuated. whether its current account deficit will rise or fall in the  future may be affected by proposed tax cuts. some economists suggest that the us government  should not be concerned about the country\u2019s current account deficit.  (a) define macroeconomics . [2]  (b) explain two consequences to firms of unemployment.  [4]  (c) analyse how tax cuts could increase exports.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a current account deficit on its balance of payments harms an  economy.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/21/m/j/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 5  australian firms have been praised for introducing new technology. the actions of some of these  firms, however, cause market failure. the australian government uses subsidies, among other  policies, to reduce market failure. government spending is used both to improve the performance  of individual markets and the macroeconomy. the australian government increased its spending  in 2017, in part to reduce unemployment.  (a) state two objectives of firms.  [2]  (b) explain how a subsidy can correct market failure.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a production possibility curve (ppc) diagram, the effect of advances in  technology on an economy.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not an increase in government spending will reduce unemployment.  [8]  ",
            "6": "6 0455/21/m/j/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/21/m/j/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/21/m/j/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge  assessment  international education copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. cambridge assessment international education is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which itself is a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_s20_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "cambridge igcse\u2122dc (jc) 184590/2 \u00a9 ucles 2020  [turn overthis document has 8 pages. blank pages are indicated. *7311585981*economics  0455/22 paper 2 structured questions  may/june  2020  2 hours 15 minutes you must answer on the enclosed answer booklet. you will need:  answer booklet (enclosed) instructions  \u25cf answer four questions in total: section a: answer question 1. section b: answer three  questions.  \u25cf follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper,  ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.  \u25cf you may use a calculator. information  \u25cf the total mark for this paper is 90.  \u25cf the number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [  ].",
            "2": "2 0455/22/m/j/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 section a read the source material carefully before answering question 1. source material: the challenges facing pakistan pakistan fact file 2016 $ billion2017 $ billion exports of goods  20.5  25.2 imports of goods  47.0  61.7 government spending  40.5  43.2 consumer spending 259.3 294.8 pakistan faces a number of economic challenges. these include responding to a rising population,  improving its trade in goods balance, controlling the country\u2019s inflation rate and increasing the country\u2019s  economic growth rate. to overcome these challenges, the pakistani government is trying to increase  investment. currently, a high proportion of the country\u2019s resources are used to produce consumer  goods. the government is subsidising entrepreneurs and charities to open low-cost schools. it wants to reduce  the dropout rate from schools and to raise educational standards. some parents do not recognise the  advantages that a merit good such as education can give their children, for example better health and  better job opportunities. some of the poor need their children to work from a young age to support the  family. government reforms have not yet led to a significant rise in teachers\u2019 wages but have improved  school buildings and the number of children attending. the qualifications required to teach may be  increased in the future. improved education may affect the number of skilled workers who emigrate and may raise the quantity  and quality of goods and services produced. any resulting higher income may influence the value of  imports purchased, as shown in table 1.  table 1 gdp per head and imports per head in selected countries in 2017. country gdp per head   ($)imports per head   ($) norway 70 600 14 472 uk 43 600 10 419 south korea 39 400 11 602 russia 27 900  4 002 mexico 19 500  7 343 pakistan  5 400  1 143 haiti  1 800    853 pakistan has relatively high import tariffs. revenue from import tariffs is 45% of total tax revenue. the  tariffs on vehicles, some of which have inelastic demand, are particularly high. future pakistani tariffs  may be influenced by changes in other countries\u2019 trade policies, as well as other factors. ",
            "3": "3 0455/22/m/j/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 [turn over answer all parts to question 1. refer to the source material in your answers. 1 (a) calculate pakistan\u2019s trade in goods balance in 2017.  [1]  (b) identify two possible causes of demand-pull inflation in pakistan in 2017.  [2]  (c) explain the opportunity cost to pakistan of producing consumer goods.  [2]  (d) explain two reasons why education is a merit good.  [4]  (e) analyse why the children of poor families tend to receive less education than the children of  rich families.  [4]  (f) analyse the relationship between gdp per head and imports per head.  [5]  (g) discuss whether or not the supply of teachers in pakistan is likely to increase in the future.  [6]  (h) discuss whether or not an increase in its import tariffs would be likely to benefit the pakistani  economy.  [6]  ",
            "4": "4 0455/22/m/j/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 section b answer any three  questions. each question is introduced by stimulus material. in your answer you may refer to this material and  / or  to other examples that you have studied. 2 the indian government has declared that the country, now a major car producer, will sell only  electric cars by 2030. the government wants to reduce external costs, some of which are caused  by petrol and diesel cars. demand for electric cars is currently relatively low and price-elastic. the  government, however, thinks that it will not need to subsidise the production of electric cars to  achieve its target.  (a) define external costs . [2]  (b) explain two influences on whether demand for a product is price-elastic or price-inelastic.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a demand and supply diagram, how a subsidy given to producers could affect  the market for electric cars.  [6]  (d) discuss whether cars should be produced by the private sector or the public sector.  [8] 3 a number of countries are withdrawing high value banknotes. for instance, singapore plans to  stop issuing its $10  000 note. high value notes were originally intended to act as a convenient store  of value. central banks are concerned some notes are now being used illegally. the singapore  police force and the monetary authority of singapore (its central bank) were trying to recruit more  workers in 2017. it was expected that the central bank would raise the rate of interest in 2018.  (a) state two functions of money, other than a store of value.  [2]  (b) explain two advantages banknotes have as a form of money.  [4]  (c) analyse the influences on the mobility of workers.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a central bank should raise the rate of interest.  [8] 4 in 2017, the japanese government announced improvements to its tax system. the amount of  tax raised is influenced by the size and age distribution of a country\u2019s population. japan\u2019s birth  and death rates are falling, its population is ageing, and it has low immigration. overall, japan\u2019s  population is decreasing.  (a) state two qualities of a good tax.  [2]  (b) explain two causes of a decrease in the death rate.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a production possibility curve (ppc) diagram, the effect of a decrease in  population size on an economy.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not an ageing population is a benefit to an economy.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/22/m/j/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 5 mali is a low income and low productivity country in africa. its government is using fiscal policy  to reduce poverty. the country\u2019s main industries are agriculture and gold mining. in recent years,  however, there have been some changes in its resource allocation. the country is developing its  iron ore industry. globally, the iron ore industry is one which has experienced a significant number  of mergers in recent years.   (a) state two key questions about how resources are allocated.  [2]  (b) explain two fiscal policy measures that can be used to reduce poverty.  [4]  (c) analyse why a country may have low productivity.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not mergers benefit an economy.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/22/m/j/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/22/m/j/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/22/m/j/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge  assessment  international education copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. cambridge assessment international education is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which itself is a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_s20_qp_23.pdf": {
            "1": "cambridge igcse\u2122this document has 8 pages. blank pages are indicated. dc (jc/sg) 184591/3 \u00a9 ucles 2020  [turn over *5595196572*economics  0455/23 paper 2 structured questions  may/june  2020  2 hours 15 minutes you must answer on the enclosed answer booklet. you will need:  answer booklet (enclosed) instructions  \u25cf answer four questions in total: section a: answer question 1. section b: answer three  questions.  \u25cf follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper,  ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.  \u25cf you may use a calculator. information  \u25cf the total mark for this paper is 90.  \u25cf the number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [  ].",
            "2": "2 0455/23/m/j/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 section a read the source material carefully before answering question 1. source material: some problems affecting the greek economy greece fact file 2015 population 10.8 million % population over 60 years old 27% unemployment rate 24% net migration \u2013 44 905 greece is the country that was worst affected by the european financial crisis that began in 2008. from  the start of the crisis, no other european economy had such a large percentage fall in gdp. greece\u2019s  gdp fell by 9% in 2011. one reason for this was a very strong foreign exchange rate. since 2014, other european economies have recorded positive economic growth rates. among the  reasons for this were successful supply-side policy measures and an improving global economy. the  greek government introduced market-friendly measures, including privatisation and labour market  reforms. these measures brought back some investors and moved the greek economy closer to a  market economic system. however, greece\u2019s output still fell. this may be due to the fact that none of  the government policies have managed to change population trends.  the greek population has been falling since 2010. greece has the third most rapidly ageing population  in the world, behind japan and italy. the economy has not made good use of its older population  because a significant percentage of workers retire earlier than the national retirement age of 67. for  example, 74% of employees in the public sector retire before 61 years old. in addition, the crisis also  led to high levels of emigration.  however, those living on some greek islands have escaped the effects of the crisis. income from  tourism has continued to flow into the islands. an island called ikaria has also managed to gain  international attention as one of the healthiest places in the world. approximately 30% of the people  who live on this island, live until they are over 90. health problems are also much less frequent than  those living elsewhere. overall, however, greece has managed to improve its human development  index (hdi) value as shown in fig.  1. 30 000 0.868 0.8640.866 0.862 0.860 0.858 0.856 0.85425 000 20 000 15 000 10 000 5000 0 2010 2011 2012 year2013 2014 2015 hdi valuegdp per head ($) gdp per head ($) hdi value fig. 1 greece\u2019s gdp per head ($) and hdi value from 2010\u20132015",
            "3": "3 0455/23/m/j/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 [turn over answer all parts of question 1. refer to the source material in your answers. 1 (a) calculate the total number of people over 60 years old in greece in 2015.  [1]  (b) explain what is meant by an unemployment rate of 24%.  [2]  (c) identify two reasons for the recovery of the european economies, other than greece.  [2]  (d) explain the two supply-side policy measures being used by the greek government.  [4]  (e) analyse how two of greece\u2019s population trends may have affected its economy.  [4]  (f) analyse the relationship between greece\u2019s gdp per head and its hdi value.  [5]   (g) discuss whether or not having a strong foreign exchange rate is a problem for greece\u2019s  economy.  [6]  (h) discuss whether or not a market economic system improves living standards.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/23/m/j/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 section b answer any three  questions. each question is introduced by stimulus material. in your answer you may refer to this material and/or  to other examples that you have studied. 2 in nagicho, a small town in japan, a woman on average has 2.8 children in her lifetime. in japan  as a whole, a woman on average only has 1.4 children in her lifetime. nagicho\u2019s higher birth rate  is partly the result of a lower cost of living for families, as the prices of basic items are lower in  nagicho than in the rest of japan. the local government not only offers housing at subsidised  rates, to get more labour into the area, but also tries to get more investment into the town.  (a) state two functions of local government.  [2]  (b) explain how a lower cost of living can encourage population growth.  [4]  (c) analyse the influences on the mobility of two factors of production.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not increased investment is beneficial to an economy.  [8] 3 ireland has one of the lowest rates of corporation tax in europe. this has encouraged many  multinational companies (mncs) to produce in ireland. other reasons why firms want to produce  in ireland include access to freer trade with other european countries, higher labour productivity  and government grants.  (a) state two benefits of free trade.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why governments levy taxes.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a production possibility curve (ppc) diagram, the impact of higher labour  productivity on an economy.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not mncs always benefit their host countries.  [8] 4 business-friendly fiscal policy in the united states (us) has encouraged firms to produce more.  the us government has also encouraged mergers, including firms in the gas and electricity  industries. even though there are significant regulations, entrepreneurs have found that mergers  enable them to maximise their profits. however, this may make markets less competitive and  some states have imposed a maximum price for gas and electricity.  (a) define profit maximisation . [2]  (b) explain two types of mergers.  [4]  (c) analyse how fiscal policy can encourage firms to produce more.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not maximum prices are beneficial.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/23/m/j/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 5 there is a high level of division of labour in the united kingdom (uk) energy industry. cold  weather in early 2018 caused very high demand for energy and a change in its price. this led to a  temporary shortage of energy for firms and households in the uk. part of the change in price may  have been the result of uk energy firms abusing their monopoly power. this would be an example  of market failure.  (a) define market failure . [2]  (b) explain two influences, other than weather, that could affect the demand for a product.  [4]  (c) analyse the possible effects of a shortage of a product such as energy on an economy.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not workers benefit from division of labour.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/23/m/j/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/23/m/j/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/23/m/j/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge  assessment  international education copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. cambridge assessment international education is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which itself is a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_w20_qp_11.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document has 12 pages. blank pages are indicated.  ib20 11_0455_11/3rp   \u00a9 ucles 2020   [turn ove r   *3621191727*cambridge igcse\u2122       economics 0455/11     paper 1 multiple choice  october/november 2020     45 minutes    you must answer on the mult iple choice answer sheet.    you will need: multiple choice answer sheet   soft clean eraser   soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)       instructions   \uf0b7 there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions.   \uf0b7 for each question there ar e four possible answers a, b, c and d. choose the one you consider correct  and record your choice in soft pencil on the multiple choice an swer sheet.   \uf0b7 follow the instructions on the multiple choice answer sheet.  \uf0b7 write in soft pencil.  \uf0b7 write your name, centre number and candidate number on the mult iple choice answer sheet in the  spaces provided unless this has been done for you.  \uf0b7 do not use correction fluid.  \uf0b7 do not write on any bar codes.  \uf0b7 you may use a calculator.      information  \uf0b7 the total mark for this paper is 30.  \uf0b7 each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be ded ucted for a wrong answer.  \uf0b7 any rough working should be don e on this question paper.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/11/o/n/20  1 what is the basic economic problem?  a excess supply of goods and services  b lack of profits  c recession  d scarcity of resources      2 on which factor of production does innovation directly depend?   a decisions of entrepreneurs  b high inputs of capital  c long hours of manual labour  d plentiful supplies of land      3 the diagram shows an economy\u2019s production possibility curve (p pc). the economy moves from  point x to point y.    ocapital goods consumer goodsx y     what is the most  likely effect of this change?  a different quantities of the goods are produced.  b more people are employed.  c there is an immediate fall in gross domestic product.  d there is an increase in investment.     4 which person makes macroeconomic decisions?  a a bank manager  b a government finance minister  c a shareholder in a firm  d a worker    ",
            "3": "3     \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/11/o/n/20 [turn over  5 what is a function of the price mechanism?  a to allocate goods and services  b to calculate national expenditure  c to ensure an equal distribution of income  d to guide government policy decisions      6 the diagram shows a shift in the supply curve for cars in chin a from s 1 to s 2.    price oquantitys2 s1     what is the most  likely cause of this shift in the supply curve?  a an increase in an indirect tax on petrol in china  b an increase in the price of cars in china  c an increase in the wages of chinese car workers  d a new subsidy given to chinese car manufacturers    7 the price elasticity of supply of a good is 2. the price of th e good then falls by 10%.    what is the effect on quantity supplied?  a it falls by 0.2%.  b it falls by 20%.  c it increases by 0.2%.  d it increases by 20%.    ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/11/o/n/20  8 a german car manufacturer builds a factory in india. a group o f indian workers at the factory join  a trade union.    what would this trade union be expected to do for the workers?  a encourage the workers to bargain individually with the employer .  b negotiate with the german government on tariff reductions for i ndian-produced cars.  c promote an advertising campaign to sell more indian cars.  d protect the workers against unfair dismissal by the employer.     9 why do women, on average, earn less than men?  a women may be less able than men.  b women are not eligible for government jobs.  c women may not work as hard as men.  d women often face discrimination in the workplace.    10 the table shows how household spending changes with income.    income  ($ per month) spending  ($ per month)  3000 3150  3300 3375  3600 3500  3900 3825  4200 4050  4500 4275    what is the lowest level of income at which savings are positiv e?  a $3000 b $3600 c $3900 d $4200     11 what can a central bank increase in order to reduce consumer b orrowing?  a  commercial bank deposits  b  government spending  c  the exchange rate  d  the rate of interest     ",
            "5": "5     \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/11/o/n/20 [turn over  12 in the short run, a firm calculates its total fixed cost, tota l variable cost and total cost. it then plots  a graph showing how they change as output increases.    what happens to the lines showing the total variable cost and t otal cost as output increases?  a they merge to become one curve.  b they move closer together.  c they move further apart.  d they remain a constant distance apart.    13 a firm has fixed costs of $1000. the table shows the variable cost at different levels of output.    output (units) 1 2 3 4  variable cost ($) 100 190 270 350     if the goods are sold for $500 each, how much profit will be ma de from the sale of 4 units?  a $650 b $1000 c $1650 d $2000    14 when is it most  likely that the demand for labour in an industry increases?  a when the demand for the industry\u2019s product increases.  b when the level of immigration into the country increases.  c when the level of qualifications needed to work in the industr y decreases.  d when the level of wages paid in the industry increases.    15 what could cause internal diseconomies of scale for a firm?  a a fall in demand for the products produced by the firm  b a merger with another firm that results in slower decision-maki ng  c spending more on research and development to create new product s  d the lack of skilled labour in the geographical area where the f irm is based     16 what are two aims that a government normally pursues when mana ging the performance of the  whole economy?  a to encourage an increase in production and to prevent high inflati on  b to ensure no one is unemployed and to reduce exports  c to give everyone equal incomes and to increase government reven ue  d to protect the environment and  to reduce interest rates     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/11/o/n/20  17 what is most  likely to be the responsibili ty of a central government?  a the provision of immigration officials at an airport  b the provision of security cameras in a shopping centre  c the provision of security staff at a bank  d the provision of ticket inspectors on a train      18 which measure would indicate that an expansionary fiscal policy  is being used by the  government?  a cuts in government spending  b higher interest rates  c lower interest rates  d lower taxes     19 the diagram shows how a government policy influences the market  f o r  b i o f u e l  c r o p s  i n  t h e   private sector.    price quantityosupply of biofuel crops demand for biofuel cropssupply after policy applied     according to the diagram, which policy does the government use and what effect does it have on  the market?     policy effect  a subsidy increases supply  b subsidy lowers quantity demanded  c tax decreases demand  d tax increases supply costs     ",
            "7": "7     \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/11/o/n/20 [turn over  20 some governments in the european union are trying to reduce une mployment.    what should increase to achieve this?  a imports of goods  b interest rates  c public sector spending  d taxation of firms    21 in 2016, romania had an increase in its real gross domestic pr oduct of 4.8%.    what must this mean about the romanian economy?  a living standards increased by 4.8%.  b total consumer income increased by 4.8%.  c total output of all goods and services adjusted for inflation i ncreased by 4.8%.  d total output of manufactured goods adjusted for inflation incre ased by 4.8%.    22 an economy is experiencing rising prices.    which government policy will help reduce consumer expenditure?  a introducing compulsory saving for income earners  b investing more in building infrastructure  c issuing more banknotes and coins  d reducing indirect taxes      23 some goods take a greater percentage of a typical household\u2019s total spending than others.  how is this accounted for in the construction of a consumer pri ces index?  a by deducting the goods  b by giving a weight to the goods  c by taking an average of price fluctuations during a year  d by using the price elasticity of demand for the goods    ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/11/o/n/20  24 a low-income country experiences extreme poverty in its rural areas.    what is a possible cause of this?  a development of better irrigation techniques  b distribution of international food aid  c high trade barriers imposed by high-income countries  d higher prices for agricultural produce    25 which factor in the world\u2019s low-income countries limits their economic development?    a balance of payments surpluses  b high saving ratios  c large inflows of foreign investment  d rapid population growth     26 the table shows the percentage employment in the primary, seco ndary and service sectors in  four countries.    which country is likely to be the most  developed?     percentage employment  country primary  sector secondary  sector service  sector  a 10 35 55  b 20 60 20  c 35 35 30  d 40 40 20     27 a government is faced with an unwanted deficit on the current account of its balance of  payments.    which action is most  likely to reduce the deficit?  a raising government spending on welfare benefits  b reducing income tax  c restricting imports by raising tariffs  d revaluing its currency     ",
            "9": "9     \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/11/o/n/20 28 what is meant by a depreciation in the foreign exchange rate?  a the government intervenes to reduce the exchange rate of the c ountry\u2019s currency.  b the rate of exchange of exports for imports for a country dete riorates.  c the rate of inflation in a country continues to rise.  d the value of a country\u2019s currency falls on the international e xchange market.      29 the table shows information from a country\u2019s current account of  its balance of payments.     $ billion exports of goods 20  imports of goods 24  net services +5  net primary income \u20138  net secondary income \u20138    what is the country\u2019s current account balance?  a +$1 billion b \u2013$4 billion c \u2013$7 billion d \u2013$15 billion     30 the diagram shows the value of a country\u2019s exports and imports  of goods over five years.    1234530 25201510 50$m exports of goods imports of goodskey year    between which two years did the country have an increase in the  value of imports and an  improvement in its balance of trade in goods?  a 1 and 2 b 2 and 3 c 3 and 4 d 4 and 5     ",
            "10": "10    blank page   \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/11/o/n/20  ",
            "11": "11    blank page   \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/11/o/n/20 ",
            "12": "12    blank page     permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to tra ce copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have  unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possib le opportunity.   to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced on line in the cambridge  assessment international educat ion copyright acknowledgements b ooklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is  freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org  after the live examination se ries.    cambridge assessment international education is part of the cam bridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name  of the university of  cambridge local examinations sy ndicate (ucles), which itself is  a department of the univ ersity of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/11/o/n/20   "
        },
        "0455_w20_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document has 12 pages. blank pages are indicated.  ib20 11_0455_12/4rp   \u00a9 ucles 2020   [turn ove r   *4376822826*cambridge igcse\u2122       economics 0455/12     paper 1 multiple choice  october/november 2020     45 minutes    you must answer on the mult iple choice answer sheet.    you will need: multiple choice answer sheet   soft clean eraser   soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)       instructions   \uf0b7 there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions.   \uf0b7 for each question there ar e four possible answers a, b, c and d. choose the one you consider correct  and record your choice in soft pencil on the multiple choice an swer sheet.   \uf0b7 follow the instructions on the multiple choice answer sheet.  \uf0b7 write in soft pencil.  \uf0b7 write your name, centre number and candidate number on the mult iple choice answer sheet in the  spaces provided unless this has been done for you.  \uf0b7 do not use correction fluid.  \uf0b7 do not write on any bar codes.  \uf0b7 you may use a calculator.      information  \uf0b7 the total mark for this paper is 30.  \uf0b7 each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be ded ucted for a wrong answer.  \uf0b7 any rough working should be don e on this question paper.   ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/o/n/20  1 what causes economic agents to make choices?  a limited needs and wants  b the existence of finite resources  c the existence of free goods  d the market mechanism      2 which combination of a factor of production and its factor inc ome is not correct?     factor of  production factor income  a capital interest  b enterprise profit  c labour dividends  d land rent      3 the diagram shows a production possibility curve (ppc) for a c ountry. the country moved from  position x to position y on the ppc.    ocapital goods consumer goodsx y     what is the most  likely reason for this change?  a firms have decided to increase investment in technology.  b new economic resources have been discovered in the country.  c the government has brought about an increase in living standard s.  d the government has encouraged long-term economic growth.    ",
            "3": "3     \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/o/n/20 [turn over  4 what is an example of a macroeconomic aim?  a to create and maintain full employment  b to improve efficiency in the manufacturing sector of the econom y  c to provide consumers with greater information when buying goods  and services  d to encourage greater occupational mobility of labour      5 why might a market economy fail to achieve the best use of sca rce resources?  a consumers may lack information about which good to buy.  b demerit goods are underconsumed.  c public goods are overconsumed.  d most resources are owned by the government.      6 the diagram shows the global market for copper with an equilib rium point of x.    which point represents the new equilibrium after the copper pro ducers\u2019 costs increase and there  is rapid global economic growth?    price quantityos2 s1 s3 d3 d1 d2a b cd x      ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/o/n/20  7 the diagram shows the supply curve for a good.    12 10 100 1400 quantity (units)price ($) s     what is the price elasticity of supply when the price rises fro m $10 to $12?  a 0.5 b 0.75 c 1.4 d 2.0     8 which task is not a function of a trade union?  a agreeing the minimum number to be employed on a particular job  b deciding on the level of a national minimum wage  c negotiating working hours and conditions of work  d providing legal advice on unfair dismissal     9 what does not have an effect on wages in a free market economy?  a danger levels in the workplace  b government regulations  c the number of people willing and able to work  d the years of training required     ",
            "5": "5     \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/o/n/20 [turn over  10 the table shows how household spending changes with income.    income  ($ per month) spending  ($ per month)  3000 3150  3300 3375  3600 3500  3900 3825  4200 4050  4500 4275    what is the lowest level of income at which savings are positiv e?  a $3000 b $3600 c $3900 d $4200    11 what can a central bank increase in order to reduce consumer b orrowing?  a  commercial bank deposits  b  government spending  c  the exchange rate  d  the rate of interest     12 the table shows the output and total costs of a small firm.    output  (units) total costs  ($)  0 50  000  1 000 100  000  5 000 400  000  10  000 600  000    what is the average fixed cost of producing 10  000 units?  a $5 b $ 6  c $55 d $60    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/o/n/20  13 a firm has fixed costs of $1000. the table shows the variable cost at different levels of output.    output (units) 1 2 3 4  variable cost ($) 100 190 270 350     if the goods are sold for $500 each, how much profit will be ma de from the sale of 4 units?  a $650 b $1000 c $1650 d $2000    14 firm x supplies bricks and decides to merge with firm y that a lso supplies bricks.    which form of merger has taken place?  a backward vertical  b conglomerate  c forward vertical  d horizontal     15 who owns a public sector organisation?  a individuals  b shareholders  c specialist managers  d the government    16 what are two aims that a government normally pursues when mana ging the performance of the  whole economy?  a to encourage an increase in production and to prevent high inflati on  b to ensure no one is unemployed and to reduce exports  c to give everyone equal incomes and to increase government reven ue  d to protect the environment and  to reduce interest rates    17 what is most  likely to be the responsibili ty of a central government?  a the provision of immigration officials at an airport  b the provision of security cameras in a shopping centre  c the provision of security staff at a bank  d the provision of ticket inspectors on a train    ",
            "7": "7     \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/o/n/20 [turn over  18 the table shows the tax that an individual would pay at differ ent levels of disposable income.    disposable  income ($) 10  000 20  000 30  000 40  000  tax ($) 0 2000 4000 6000    which type of tax is shown in the table?  a corporation tax  b indirect tax  c progressive tax  d regressive tax      19 the government wants to reduce the consumption of cigarettes.    which policy would be most  likely to do this?  a increasing a subsidy on cigarettes  b increasing income tax  c increasing interest rates  d increasing the indirect tax on cigarettes     20 which group should not be included in the measurement of unemployment?  a redundant unskilled workers seeking alternative work  b seasonal agricultural workers in out-of-season periods  c students over 18 years continuing with full-time education  d those who have left school and cannot get a job    ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/o/n/20  21 the table shows the rates of unemployment and real gdp growth for an economy in 2014 and  2018.     2014 2018  rate of  unemployment  (%) 3 10  rate of real gdp  growth  (%) 4 \u20132    which combination of policy measures would be most  effective in returning the economy to the  2014 level of economic activity?  a a decrease in direct taxes and an increase in the rate of inter est  b a decrease in government expenditure and an increase in the rat e of interest  c an increase in direct taxes and a decrease in the rate of inter est  d an increase in government expenditure and a decrease in the rat e of interest     22 an economy is experiencing rising prices.    which government policy will help reduce consumer expenditure?  a introducing compulsory saving for income earners  b investing more in building infrastructure  c issuing more banknotes and coins  d reducing indirect taxes      23 some goods take a greater percentage of a typical household\u2019s total spending than others.  how is this accounted for in the construction of a consumer pri ces index?  a by deducting the goods  b by giving a weight to the goods  c by taking an average of price fluctuations during a year  d by using the price elasticity of demand for the goods     ",
            "9": "9     \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/o/n/20 [turn over  24 in countries with absolute poverty, low incomes can start a pr ocess that keeps incomes low.    what are the stages of this process?  a low incomes \uf0ae low consumption \uf020\uf0ae low prices \uf0ae low output \uf0ae low incomes  b low incomes \uf0ae low government spending \uf0ae high taxation \uf0ae low employment \uf0ae l o w   incomes  c low incomes \uf0ae low investment \uf0ae high profits \uf0ae low dividends \uf0ae low incomes  d low incomes \uf0ae low saving \uf0ae low investment \uf0ae low productivity \uf0ae low incomes     25 which factor in the world\u2019s low-income countries limits their economic development?    a balance of payments surpluses  b high saving ratios  c large inflows of foreign investment  d rapid population growth      26 the table shows the percentage employment in the primary, seco ndary and service sectors in  four countries.    which country is likely to be the most  developed?     percentage employment  country primary  sector secondary  sector service  sector  a 10 35 55  b 20 60 20  c 35 35 30  d 40 40 20      27 what causes the birth rate to fall in a country?  a fewer women work.  b infant mortality rates rise.  c medical supplies and healthcare improve.  d the optimum population increases.    ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/o/n/20  28 a country wishes to increase a current account surplus on the balance of payments.    which action would it take?  a abolish an import quota  b increase import tariffs  c remove export subsidies  d tax export producers    29 the table shows a country\u2019s exports and imports.     $ m   exports of goods 200  imports of goods 190  exports of services 35  imports of services 38    what was the country\u2019s balance of trade in goods and services?  a a deficit of $7  million  b a deficit of $13  million  c a surplus of $7  million  d a surplus of $13  million      30 the diagram shows the value of a country\u2019s exports and imports  of goods over five years.    1234530 25201510 50$m exports of goods imports of goodskey year    between which two years did the country have an increase in the  value of imports and an  improvement in its balance of trade in goods?  a 1 and 2 b 2 and 3 c 3 and 4 d 4 and 5     ",
            "11": "11     \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/o/n/12  blank page",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to tra ce copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have  unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possib le opportunity.   to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced on line in the cambridge  assessment international educat ion copyright acknowledgements b ooklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is  freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org  after the live examination se ries.    cambridge assessment international education is part of the cam bridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name  of the university of  cambridge local examinations sy ndicate (ucles), which itself is  a department of the univ ersity of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/12/o/n/12  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_w20_qp_13.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document has 12 pages. blank pages are indicated.  ib20 11_0455_13/3rp   \u00a9 ucles 2020   [turn ove r   *6621734310*cambridge igcse\u2122       economics 0455/13     paper 1 multiple choice  october/november 2020     45 minutes    you must answer on the mult iple choice answer sheet.    you will need: multiple choice answer sheet   soft clean eraser   soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)       instructions   \uf0b7 there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions.   \uf0b7 for each question there ar e four possible answers a, b, c and d. choose the one you consider correct  and record your choice in soft pencil on the multiple choice an swer sheet.   \uf0b7 follow the instructions on the multiple choice answer sheet.  \uf0b7 write in soft pencil.  \uf0b7 write your name, centre number and candidate number on the mult iple choice answer sheet in the  spaces provided unless this has been done for you.  \uf0b7 do not use correction fluid.  \uf0b7 do not write on any bar codes.  \uf0b7 you may use a calculator.      information  \uf0b7 the total mark for this paper is 30.  \uf0b7 each correct answer will score one mark. a mark will not be ded ucted for a wrong answer.  \uf0b7 any rough working should be don e on this question paper.     ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/13/o/n/20  1 why do consumers have to make choices when spending their inco me?  a advertising encourages consumer spending.  b consumers have unlimited incomes.  c consumer wants cannot all be satisfied with their income.  d not all products will be attractive to consumers.      2 what is the key role of an entrepreneur?  a inventor  b risk taker  c shareholder  d worker      3 the diagram shows the production possibility curve (ppc) of an  economy producing at point x.    0 180 240100 70 0capital goods consumer goodsx     what would be the opportunity cost of moving from point x to pr oduce only consumer goods?  a 60 units of consumer goods  b 70 units of capital goods  c 100 units of capital goods  d 180 units of consumer goods    ",
            "3": "3     \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/13/o/n/20 [turn over  4 economics is divided into two: microeconomics and macroeconomi cs.    statement 1 when the price of oil falls there is an expansion i n demand.    statement 2 the organization of the petroleum exporting countri es (opec) can  influence the price of oil.    which combination correctly describes these two statements?     statement 1 statement 2  a macroeconomic statement macroeconomic statement  b macroeconomic statement microeconomic statement  c microeconomic statement macroeconomic statement  d microeconomic statement microeconomic statement      5 what is a disadvantage of a market economic system?  a entrepreneurs lack incentives to produce what consumers want.  b government intervention will reduce the efficiency of firms.  c market dominance by firms can lead to higher prices.  d there is underproduction of demerit goods.     6 the diagram shows the demand curve for coffee in the us.    price quantityodemand for coffeep1 q1 q2p2     why did the quantity demanded move from q 1 to q 2?  a coffee became cheaper.  b incomes rose in the us.  c there was a successful advertising campaign by coffee retailers .  d the price of substitutes for coffee rose.    ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/13/o/n/20  7 in an african country with large areas of tropical desert the p rice elasticity of demand for salt is  highly inelastic. this will result in greater consumer expendit ure on salt when price changes from  p1 to p 2.    which diagram illustrates this situation?    price of salt oquantitya dp2 p1price of salt oquantityb dp2 p1 price of salt oquantityc dp2 p1price of salt oquantityd dp2 p1       8 in which occupation would wages tend to increase?  a in those where a worker is paid weekly  b in those where a worker needs less training  c in those where there is an excess demand for labour  d in those where work becomes less dangerous    9 which row shows a characteristic of money and a function of mo ney?     characteristic function  a acceptability medium of exchange  b cash measure of value  c divisibility portability  d store of value bank deposit   ",
            "5": "5     \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/13/o/n/20 [turn over  10 the table shows how household spending changes with income.    income  ($ per month) spending  ($ per month)  3000 3150  3300 3375  3600 3500  3900 3825  4200 4050  4500 4275    what is the lowest level of income at which savings are positiv e?  a $3000 b $3600 c $3900 d $4200    11 what can a central bank increase in order to reduce consumer b orrowing?  a  commercial bank deposits  b  government spending  c  the exchange rate  d  the rate of interest     12 the table shows the total cost of firm x at each level of outp ut.    output total cost  0 3  1 5  2 6  3 9    at which level of output does total variable cost exceed total fixed cost?  a 0  b 1  c 2  d 3     13 a firm has fixed costs of $1000. the table shows the variable cost at different levels of output.    output (units) 1 2 3 4  variable cost ($) 100 190 270 350     if the goods are sold for $500 each, how much profit will be ma de from the sale of 4 units?  a $650 b $1000 c $1650 d $2000 ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/13/o/n/20  14 which combination is usually found in a monopoly?  a many buyers and many sellers  b many buyers and single seller  c single buyer and many sellers  d single buyer and single seller      15 what is usually considered to be an advantage to a firm of usi ng division of labour?  a high labour turnover  b increased mechanisation  c movement of labour between tasks  d need for quality control      16 what are two aims that a government normally pursues when mana ging the performance of the  whole economy?  a to encourage an increase in production and to prevent high inflati on  b to ensure no one is unemployed and to reduce exports  c to give everyone equal incomes and to increase government reven ue  d to protect the environment and  to reduce interest rates      17 what is most  likely to be the responsibili ty of a central government?  a the provision of immigration officials at an airport  b the provision of security cameras in a shopping centre  c the provision of security staff at a bank  d the provision of ticket inspectors on a train      18 a government decreased the tax on all goods produced in its co untry.    what is the most  likely consequence of this?  a a decrease in exports  b an increase in imports  c an increase in production  d a worsening of the balance of trade in goods    ",
            "7": "7     \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/13/o/n/20 [turn over  19 which government policy measure would cause an increase in a c ountry\u2019s supply of labour?  a increasing unemployment benefits  b lowering interest rates  c raising income tax  d raising the age of retirement      20 due to a rise in the number of retired people, there has been increased demand for some  government expenditure.    which type of government expenditure is most  likely to be directly affected?  a defence  b health services  c re-training grants  d street lighting    21 the diagrams show italy\u2019s unemployment rate and gdp per head.    italy\u2019s unemployment rate 13 11 975 2000 2005 2010 2015 yearitaly\u2019s gdp per head 39 000 38 000 37 000 36 000 35 000 34 000 33 000 2000 2005 2010 2015 year%$     when do italy\u2019s unemployment rate and gdp per head rise at the same time?  a 2000\u20132001  b 2007\u20132008  c 2009\u20132010  d 2014\u20132015    ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/13/o/n/20  22 an economy is experiencing rising prices.    which government policy will help reduce consumer expenditure?  a introducing compulsory saving for income earners  b investing more in building infrastructure  c issuing more banknotes and coins  d reducing indirect taxes      23 some goods take a greater percentage of a typical household\u2019s total spending than others.  how is this accounted for in the construction of a consumer pri ces index?  a by deducting the goods  b by giving a weight to the goods  c by taking an average of price fluctuations during a year  d by using the price elasticity of demand for the goods     24 one of the indicators of living standards is the human develop ment index (hdi).    what is not taken into consideration when calculating the hdi?  a education  b income per head  c level of savings  d life expectancy    25 which factor in the world\u2019s low-income countries limits their economic development?    a balance of payments surpluses  b high saving ratios  c large inflows of foreign investment  d rapid population growth     ",
            "9": "9     \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/13/o/n/20 [turn over  26 the table shows the percentage employment in the primary, seco ndary and service sectors in  four countries.    which country is likely to be the most  developed?     percentage employment  country primary  sector secondary  sector service  sector  a 10 35 55  b 20 60 20  c 35 35 30  d 40 40 20     27 what would not be included in the current account of the balance of payments?   a dividends earned from a firm in another country  b imports of tvs from another country  c purchase of a house in another country  d rents paid to owners of land in another country    28 what is most  likely to discourage international specialisation and trade fo r an economy?  a decreasing labour supply  b decreasing transport costs  c increasing oil prices  d increasing trade barriers     29 many low-income countries rely on multinational companies (mnc s) to provide economic  development.    what is a disadvantage of this for the low-income country?  a local firms close because mncs are more efficient.  b new production techniques are introduced.  c the balance of payments may improve.  d the mncs have to pay taxes on their profits.     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/13/o/n/20  30 the diagram shows the value of a country\u2019s exports and imports  of goods over five years.    1234530 25201510 50$m exports of goods imports of goodskey year    between which two years did the country have an increase in the  value of imports and an  improvement in its balance of trade in goods?  a 1 and 2 b 2 and 3 c 3 and 4 d 4 and 5     ",
            "11": "11    blank page   \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/13/o/n/20 ",
            "12": "12    blank page     permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to tra ce copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have  unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possib le opportunity.   to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced on line in the cambridge  assessment international educat ion copyright acknowledgements b ooklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is  freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org  after the live examination se ries.    cambridge assessment international education is part of the cam bridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name  of the university of  cambridge local examinations sy ndicate (ucles), which itself is  a department of the univ ersity of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2020 0455/13/o/n/20   "
        },
        "0455_w20_qp_21.pdf": {
            "1": "cambridge igcse\u2122dc (kn) 184662/3 \u00a9 ucles 2020  [turn overthis document has 8 pages. blank pages are indicated. *6555833871*economics  0455/21 paper 2 structured questions  october/november  2020  2 hours 15 minutes you must answer on the enclosed answer booklet. you will need:  answer booklet (enclosed) instructions  \u25cf answer four questions in total: section a: answer question 1. section b: answer three  questions.  \u25cf follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper,  ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.  \u25cf you may use a calculator. information  \u25cf the total mark for this paper is 90.  \u25cf the number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [  ].",
            "2": "2 0455/21/o/n/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 section a read the source material carefully before answering question 1. source material: istanbul\u2019s geographical advantage istanbul fact file 2014 population 14 million output per head $6858 total output $96 billion istanbul\u2019s output contribution to turkey\u2019s  total output (%)30% istanbul is turkey\u2019s largest city by population size. in 2014, its population was approximately 14 times more than it was in 1955. this could be due to increased migration from rural areas to cities and improved healthcare. istanbul also has the highest output per head of all regions in turkey. good transport links have contributed to istanbul\u2019s economic growth. in addition to good land transport,  istanbul is also home to the 14 th largest airport in the world, measured by passenger numbers. from  istanbul, there is access to a market of $24 trillion with 1.5 billion people within a flight time of 4 hours. in addition to affordable international air travel to and from istanbul, domestic air travel is also very  affordable. this is most likely due to economies of scale. there is also a high level of competition in this  industry which influences prices and quality of service. the growth in transport industries, along with growth of financial services, has contributed greatly to istanbul\u2019s growth rate as shown in table 1.1. table 1.1 the percentage growth of istanbul\u2019s service sector and   the percentage growth of istanbul\u2019s total output 2010\u20132014 year% growth of  istanbul\u2019s service sector% growth of  istanbul\u2019s total output 2010 11.9 14.4 2011 28.2 21.9 2012 15.3 16.0 2013 14.2 16.1 2014 13.6 12.7 foreign investment is flowing into istanbul. multinational companies (mncs) are finding istanbul an attractive city to invest in because of the low cost of living. these mncs are affecting employment, the level of technology and wages in istanbul. however, there is worry that such confidence in the turkish economy may not last. many companies  have depended on borrowing for expansion. increased interest rates around the world may make  it harder for such companies to continue borrowing and also to attract new customers. if there are  greater worries about safety for tourists in turkey in the future, this may cause fewer people to book flights to turkey. ",
            "3": "3 0455/21/o/n/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 [turn over answer all parts of question 1. refer to the source material in your answers. 1 (a) calculate turkey\u2019s total output.  [1]  (b) identify two factors that affect borrowing in an economy.  [2]  (c) explain the relationship between the growth of istanbul\u2019s service sector and its growth in total  output.  [3]  (d) explain two reasons for istanbul\u2019s increased population.  [4]  (e) analyse how good transport links have contributed to istanbul\u2019s economic growth.  [4]  (f) draw a demand and supply diagram to show the effects on flights to turkey of greater worries  about safety for tourists.  [4]  (g) discuss whether or not istanbul benefits from investment by mncs.  [6]  (h) discuss whether or not competition is beneficial for airlines.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/21/o/n/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 section b answer any three  questions. each question is introduced by stimulus material. in your answer you may refer to this material and/or  to other examples that you have studied. 2 the election of a new president in south africa in 2018 led to improvement in business and  consumer confidence. inflation rates fell despite a rise in total demand. one government policy  measure established areas known as economic zones where firms pay lower, or no, taxes. these  zones encourage domestic firms to become internationally competitive which could reduce the  deficit on the current account of south africa\u2019s balance of payment.   (a) state two components of the current account.  [2]  (b) explain why inflation may fall even if there is an increase in total demand.  [4]  (c) analyse how a country\u2019s current account deficit might be reduced if its firms become  internationally competitive.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not lower taxes on firms will be beneficial for an economy.  [8] 3 among the reasons for malaysia\u2019s continued economic growth are rises in consumer spending  and the country\u2019s ability to adapt to changes in global demand. for example, when the price of  natural rubber fell, most rubber plantations changed to palm oil production. the government has  tried to promote the growth of different sectors, including the primary sector.   (a) state two sectors, other than the primary sector, in an economy.  [2]  (b) explain two possible reasons for a fall in the price of a product such as natural rubber.  [4]  (c) analyse the influences on spending.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not the growth of the primary sector is beneficial to a country.  [8] 4 south east asian countries have reduced tariffs between themselves through the asean free  trade agreement. asean member countries are also removing non-tariff methods of protection.  the intention is to raise economic growth through more international trade. this should enable  small and medium-sized firms in asean countries to grow and increase their exports.   (a) define tariffs .  [2]   (b) explain two non-tariff methods of protection.   [4]  (c) analyse, using a production possibility curve (ppc) diagram, the beneficial effects for a  country of the growth of its small and medium-sized firms.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not increased international trade can promote economic growth.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/21/o/n/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 5 free trade has allowed the mexican economy to specialise in low-cost manufacturing.  unemployment nationally is relatively low, but approximately 50 million people were still  considered to be in poverty in 2016. in addition, there are worries that technological advances will  soon replace labour with capital.  (a) state the rewards for labour and capital.  [2]   (b) explain the two types of poverty.  [4]  (c) analyse how firms can benefit from specialisation.  [6]   (d) discuss whether or not supply-side policy measures can reduce unemployment.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/21/o/n/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/21/o/n/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/21/o/n/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge  assessment  international education copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. cambridge assessment international education is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which itself is a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_w20_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "cambridge igcse\u2122dc (kn) 184663/2 \u00a9 ucles 2020  [turn overthis document has 8 pages. blank pages are indicated. *6285278462*economics  0455/22 paper 2 structured questions  october/november  2020  2 hours 15 minutes you must answer on the enclosed answer booklet. you will need:  answer booklet (enclosed) instructions  \u25cf answer four questions in total: section a: answer question 1. section b: answer three  questions.  \u25cf follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper,  ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.  \u25cf you may use a calculator. information  \u25cf the total mark for this paper is 90.  \u25cf the number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [  ].",
            "2": "2 0455/22/o/n/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 section a read the source material carefully before answering question 1. source material: the destruction of forests in indonesia indonesian fact file 2017 indonesia 2017 world palm oil production  (million metric tons)36.0 60.0 rice production  (million metric tons)74.2 483.9 unemployment rate  (%)5.4 5.7 population growth rate  (%)1.2 1.4 indonesia is the world\u2019s largest producer of palm oil. the costs involved in producing palm oil include  rent of land, fertiliser, palm oil seeds, maintenance of irrigation systems and casual labour. fires are set  to clear forests to make way for palm oil plantations. these fires destroy the homes of many species  of wildlife and release harmful gases into the air. since 2011, indonesia has been paid to conserve its  forests by the norwegian government. while indonesia is the largest producer of palm oil, it is the third largest producer of rice. indonesia  exports 85% of its palm oil but sometimes has to import rice to meet domestic demand. its international  trade in palm oil and rice is influenced by changes in its foreign exchange rate. the price of the indonesian currency, the rupiah, fell in 2017. rice production also contributes to air pollution. rice farmers burn the stubble left after harvesting to  clear the fields and to raise the fertility of the land so they can produce more rice. some environmentalists  argue that stubble burning should be banned.   the indonesian economy, along with the world economy, continues to grow. economic growth can  cause pollution. it can also affect a country\u2019s gdp per head ranking and human development index (hdi) ranking as shown in table 1.1.   table 1.1 gdp per head ranking and hdi ranking for selected countries in 2016 country gdp per head ranking hdi ranking luxembourg 2 20 mauritius 64 64 indonesia 99 113 cuba 120 68 ghana 134 134 ethiopia 167 174 indonesia experiences net emigration. some indonesians work abroad and send money home to their  families. people also come from abroad to work in indonesia, some in relatively highly paid jobs in the  country\u2019s expanding tourism industry. indonesia currently attracts fewer tourists than its neighbours,  singapore and malaysia. it does, however, have many natural tourist attractions and is currently price  competitive.",
            "3": "3 0455/22/o/n/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 [turn over answer all parts of question 1. refer to the source material in your answers. 1 (a) calculate the percentage of total world output of palm oil produced by indonesia in 2017.  [1]  (b) identify two variable costs of producing palm oil.  [2]  (c) explain one opportunity cost of conserving forests in indonesia.  [2]  (d) explain two external costs of the destruction of forests in indonesia.  [4]  (e) draw a demand and supply diagram to show the effect of a ban on burning stubble on the  market for rice.  [4]  (f) analyse the relationship between countries\u2019 gdp per head ranking and hdi ranking.  [5]  (g) discuss whether or not the immigration of workers would be likely to benefit the indonesian  economy.  [6]  (h) discuss whether or not the indonesian tourism industry will increase in the future.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/o/n/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 section b answer any three questions. each question is introduced by stimulus material. in your answer you may refer to this material and/or  to other examples that you have studied. 2 mexico has a history of trade deficits. the government is moving the economy closer to free trade,  to try to improve its macroeconomic performance. it was predicted in 2017 that mexico\u2019s economy  would experience a small rise in its unemployment rate. in 2017 the economy\u2019s inflation rate was  6.6%, the highest rate since 2001. a number of policy measures may be used to reduce inflation,  including increasing the rate of income tax.   (a) define trade in goods balance.  [2]  (b) explain two benefits producers may gain from free trade.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a production possibility curve (ppc) diagram, the effect of an increase in  unemployment on an economy.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not an increase in the rate of income tax will reduce inflation.  [8] 3 the population of hungary is the most obese in europe. hungarians eat fewer vegetables than  most europeans and more food types that may be considered to be demerit goods. in 2017,  the hungarian government introduced a tax on unhealthy food, known as the chips tax. the tax  has had some success in moving demand to healthier foods. some economists suggest that  governments should use price controls as well as taxes to influence the food market.  (a) define demerit good . [2]  (b) explain the difference between an extension in demand and an increase in demand.  [4]   (c) analyse the effects on income distribution and tax revenue of an increase in indirect taxes.     [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a government should impose a maximum price on food.  [8] 4 italy is home to the world\u2019s oldest bank and some of the world\u2019s oldest car producers. internationally,  both industries are facing a number of challenges. the wages of bank workers and car workers are  increasing. demand for bank loans and for cars is changing, in part, due to changes in population  size. it is predicted that the price elasticity of demand (ped) for cars will also change in the future.  (a) state two functions of a commercial bank.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why emigration from a country may increase.  [4]  (c) analyse the possible causes of a rise in the wages of bank workers.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not demand for cars will become more price-elastic in the future.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/22/o/n/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 5 wage rate growth has increased recently in kazakhstan, but its economic growth rate has slowed.  this is, in part, due to a fall in exports. to try to increase the economic growth rate, the government  has increased its spending on investment. in august 2015, it adopted a floating foreign exchange  rate system in an attempt to improve the country\u2019s macroeconomic performance.   (a) define wages.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons, other than methods of protection, why a country\u2019s exports may fall.  [4]  (c) analyse how a rise in investment could increase a country\u2019s economic growth rate.   [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a country should switch from a fixed foreign exchange rate system to  a floating foreign exchange rate system.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/22/o/n/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/22/o/n/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/22/o/n/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge  assessment  international education copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. cambridge assessment international education is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which itself is a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_w20_qp_23.pdf": {
            "1": "cambridge igcse\u2122dc (kn) 184664/3 \u00a9 ucles 2020  [turn overthis document has 8 pages. blank pages are indicated. *2494685764*economics  0455/23 paper 2 structured questions  october/november  2020  2 hours 15 minutes you must answer on the enclosed answer booklet. you will need:  answer booklet (enclosed) instructions  \u25cf answer four questions in total: section a: answer question 1.  section b: answer three  questions.  \u25cf follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper,  ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.  \u25cf you may use a calculator. information  \u25cf the total mark for this paper is 90.  \u25cf the number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [  ].",
            "2": "2 0455/23/o/n/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 section a read the source material carefully before answering question 1. source material: traffic jams in the philippines philippines fact file 2010 2017 social cost per kilometre of  driving a car in manila ($)0.88 1.22 private cost per kilometre of  driving a car in manila ($)0.45 0.68 population  (millions) 72.9 105.8 economic growth rate  (%)7.3 6.9 manila, the capital city of the philippines, is densely populated and has almost no spare land to build  on. it is well-known for its traffic jams (congestion). people can spend hours travelling just a short  distance. the philippine government is concerned that the traffic congestion may damage people\u2019s  health, discourage multinational companies (mncs) from setting up in the country and reduce  economic growth. it will also stop the country achieving full employment and reduce labour productivity.  entrepreneurs and workers are regularly arriving at their firms stressed and tired. more philippine workers are moving into manila to take up jobs in the expanding computer, retail and  education industries. one of the advantages of the philippine economy is its young and well-educated  population. increases in the skills of philippine workers are making it easier for workers to transfer from  declining to expanding industries. rises in the country\u2019s population are increasing the number of cars on philippine roads.  driving is also  encouraged by the low cost and ease of parking, and the poor quality of public transport. manila has  too few trains but too many buses. by 2017, deregulation had increased the number of bus companies  in the city to more than 1100.  taxes in the philippines are relatively high but disposable income has risen. as a result consumer  spending, including on cars, has increased. some of the cars purchased are imported. table 1.1 shows  consumer expenditure and imports in selected countries in 2017. table 1.1 consumer expenditure and imports in selected countries in 2017 countryconsumer expenditure  ($bn)imports  ($bn) brazil 1322.6 160.6 argentina  412.3  61.2 philippines  240.9  93.2 chile  168.2  60.1 peru  137.2  40.2 costa rica   37.5  15.8 panama   28.9   9.2",
            "3": "3 0455/23/o/n/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 [turn over the government is considering a number of measures to reduce the traffic congestion in manila. these  include building more roads, building a rapid bus route where buses travel along bus-only lanes and  increasing car park charges. building more roads may affect not only journey time but also the number  of cars purchased and driven in the city. answer all parts of question 1. refer to the source material in your answers. 1 (a) calculate the external cost per kilometre of driving a car in manila in 2017.  [1]  (b) identify two macroeconomic aims of the philippine government.  [2]  (c) explain one reason why traffic congestion can reduce labour productivity.  [2]  (d) explain how an increase in the mobility of philippine workers would be likely to affect  unemployment in the philippines.  [4]  (e) draw a demand and supply diagram to show how a rise in the price of car parking could  affect the market for cars in the philippines.  [4]  (f) analyse the relationship between the countries\u2019 consumer expenditure and imports.  [5]  (g) discuss whether or not the supply of enterprise is likely to increase in the philippines.  [6]  (h) discuss whether or not building more roads in manila will benefit the philippine economy.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/23/o/n/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 section b answer any three questions. each question is introduced by stimulus material. in your answer you may refer to this material and/or  to other examples that you have studied. 2 changes in tobacco production and consumption can have both microeconomic and  macroeconomic effects. tobacco plants are grown in at least 124 countries with different levels  of development. a higher proportion of the poor than of the rich consume tobacco products. the  market for cigarettes, produced using tobacco, is changing. demand for cigarettes and some  other demerit goods is declining in a number of countries.  (a) define microeconomics.   [2]  (b) explain two causes of differences in economic development between countries.  [4]  (c) analyse how a cut in the interest rate could reduce poverty.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not government intervention will correct the market failure caused by a  demerit good.   [8] 3 russia\u2019s birth rate fell by 11% in 2017 to its lowest level for a decade. over the next 30 years,  russia\u2019s population is forecast to fall from 144 million to 107 million. the government announced  measures to reverse this decline in population. in 2017, it also announced privatisation plans and  measures to reverse a decrease in investment which could lead to a fall in the quantity of capital  goods. privatisation can reduce monopoly power in a market.    (a) define privatisation . [2]  (b) explain two causes of a fall in the birth rate.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a production possibility curve (ppc) diagram, the effects of a decrease in the  quantity of capital goods in an economy.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a government should allow monopolies.   [8] 4 the use of supply-side policy measures, including deregulation, is moving china closer to a  market economic system. some supply-side policy measures, such as education and subsidies,  can also increase a country\u2019s economic growth rate. china joined the world trade organisation  in 2001 and has since removed some quotas on imports and reduced some import tariffs. these  measures may influence the size of its current account surplus.  (a) define deregulation.  [2]  (b) explain two benefits consumers may gain from a market economic system.  [4]  (c) analyse how education and subsidies can increase a country\u2019s economic growth rate.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a reduction in a country\u2019s trade protection will reduce its current  account surplus.   [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/23/o/n/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 5 it was announced in november 2016 that 500 and 1000 rupee banknotes could no longer be used  in shops in india. these were replaced by the central bank, an institution that makes extensive  use of division of labour. in india, cash is still an important form of money used in economic  transactions. the replacement of banknotes put pressure on banking staff and other workers in  the tertiary sector, and affected the general price level.   (a) state two functions, other than issuing banknotes and coins, of a central bank.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why workers in the tertiary sector may be paid more than workers in the  primary sector.   [4]  (c) analyse the advantages for firms of using division of labour.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not deflation will benefit an economy.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/23/o/n/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/23/o/n/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/23/o/n/20 \u00a9 ucles 2020 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge  assessment  international education copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. cambridge assessment international education is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which itself is a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        }
    },
    "2021": {
        "0455_m21_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document has 12 pages. any blank pages are indicated.  ib21 03_0455_12/5rp   \u00a9 ucles 2021   [turn ove r   *0999358262 *cambridge igcse\u2122       economics 0455/12     paper 1 multiple choice  february/march 2021     45 minutes    you must answer on the mult iple choice answer sheet.    you will need: multiple choice answer sheet   soft clean eraser   soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)       instructions   \uf0b7 there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions.   \uf0b7 for each question there ar e four possible answers a, b, c and d. choose the one you consider correct  and record your choice in soft pencil on the multiple choice an swer sheet.   \uf0b7 follow the instructions on the multiple choice answer sheet.  \uf0b7 write in soft pencil.  \uf0b7 write your name, centre number and candidate number on the mult iple choice answer sheet in the  spaces provided unless this has been done for you.  \uf0b7 do not use correction fluid.  \uf0b7 do not write on any bar codes.  \uf0b7 you may use a calculator.      information  \uf0b7 the total mark for this paper is 30.  \uf0b7 each correct answer will score one mark.  \uf0b7 any rough working should be don e on this question paper.   ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/f/m/21  1 sanjay is a risk taker and sets up a restaurant in chennai. san jay works for the business as a  chef. he leases the restaurant building from raghav and employs  him to serve the customers.    which income is earned by sanjay and raghav?     sanjay raghav  a interest and profit wages only  b interest and wages profits and rent  c profits and wages rent and wages  d profits only interest and wages     2 a government reduces social security spending by $10  bn in order to increase defence spending  by $10  bn.    what is this an example of?   a expansionary fiscal policy  b market forces  c price stability  d reallocation of resources      3 the table shows the maximum production possibilities for goods and services for a country.    goods  (millions of units) services  (millions of units)  100 0  80 20  60 40  40 60  20 80  0 100    the country originally produced only goods but now produces 20 million units of services. the  country continues to operate at max imum production possibility.     what is the opportunity cost for this country?  a 20 million units of goods  b 100 million units of goods  c 20 million units of services  d zero   ",
            "3": "3     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/f/m/21 [turn over  4 what is included in macroeconomics?  a the causes of a change in the price of one product  b the causes of a market failure  c the causes of determinants of price elasticities of supply  d the causes of economic growth      5 what is an advantage of a market economy in the allocation of r esources?  a it ensures that all consumers are willing to pay the same pric e.  b it fixes prices based on costs of production.  c it guarantees suppliers will make a profit.  d it indicates the relative demand for goods and services.      6 which characteristics of a product will cause market failure?  a information about the product is known equally by consumers an d producers.  b the consumption of the product has no external benefits.  c the product is non-rival and non-excludable.  d the production of the product has no external costs.      7 the diagram shows the market equilibrium e for product x. prod uct x has a downward sloping  demand curve and an upward sloping supply curve.    the price of a substitute good falls.    into which area of the diagram would the market equilibrium for  product x move?    price quantityp qeab cd o      ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/f/m/21  8 the table shows the supply schedule for a good.    price  ($) quantity  (000)  1 3  2 5  3 7    what is the price elasticity of supply when price increases fro m $1 to $3?  a 0.5 b 0 . 6 6  c 1 . 5  d 2 . 0      9 which function does a central bank provide for the general pub lic?  a accepting deposits  b issuing banknotes  c making loans  d providing overdrafts     10 what might cause a rise in wages?  a a more elastic supply of labour  b an increase in the size of the labour force  c improved fringe benefits for workers  d the introduction of a national minimum wage     11 a national trade union wishes to increase the wages of its mem bers without reducing the  numbers employed.    which factor would help the union to do this?  a the demand for the industry\u2019s product is increasing.  b the industry consists of a small number of well-organised empl oyers.  c the union workers have low-level skills.  d the workers\u2019 wages are the largest cost of the industry.    ",
            "5": "5     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/f/m/21 [turn over  12 the diagram shows a firm\u2019s total cost (tc) curve.    x w o qytc cost output    what is the average variable cost if the firm produces an outpu t of oq?  a ox oq b ow oq c wx oq d wy oq      13 what will occur when there is a conglomerate merger?  a increased control over supply of raw materials  b increased risk-bearing economies of scale  c reduced marketing economies of scale  d reduced technical economies of scale      14 what is total revenue?  a the money received by the firm for each additional unit of out put sold  b the price of the good multiplied by the total quantity sold  c the revenue per unit sold divided by the quantity sold  d the revenue per unit sold minus the cost per unit sold      15 how would a state-owned oil refining firm be classified?  a as a multi-national company (mnc) in the private sector  b as a private sector firm in the tertiary sector  c as a public sector firm in the primary sector  d as a public sector firm in the secondary sector     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/f/m/21  16 what is included in a government\u2019s budget?  a the balance of government revenue and government expenditure  b the balance of export revenue and import expenditure  c the difference between investment and saving  d the difference between social benefits and social costs of prod uction      17 a country has rapidly increasing inflation.    what is an example of a monetary policy measure to reduce this problem?  a increasing income tax  b increasing interest rates  c introducing maximum prices for some products  d subsidising key industries    18 the diagram shows selected areas of government spending for a country.    $32.2$32.2 bnbn $36.4$36.4 bnbn $81.8$81.8 bnbn $180.1$180.1 bnbn 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200national defence education health$32.2  bn $36.4  bn $81.8  bn $180.1  bnunemployment benefits     what was the total government spending on merit goods?  a $32.2 billion  b $81.8 billion  c $118.2 billion  d $261.9 billion    ",
            "7": "7     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/f/m/21 [turn over  19 the table shows the consumer prices index (cpi) of an economy.     year   1 100  2 101  3 104  4 108  5 106    what can be concluded from the data?  a prices fell between years 4 and 5.  b prices rose in every year.  c the rate of inflation rose 5% in year 4.  d there was a fall in living standards by year 5.     20 deflation is a sustained fall in the general price level.    what might cause deflation?  a insufficient private capital investment  b loss of confidence in the government\u2019s economic policies  c rising oil prices  d shortages of skilled labour in relation to demand      21 tax is charged at 1.45% on all wages earned to pay for basic me dical provision.    how would this tax be described?  a direct and proportional  b direct and regressive  c indirect and proportional  d indirect and regressive    ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/f/m/21  22 the table shows some data about an economy.     y e a r  1   rate of inflation (%) 3.5  change in personal incomes (%) 2.5    what happened in year 1?  a both prices and real incomes fell.  b both prices and real incomes rose.  c prices fell but real incomes rose.  d prices rose but real incomes fell.      23 what is included in the construction of the consumer prices in dex (cpi)?  a a base year  b incomes  c price elasticity of demand  d quantity supplied      24 which country is likely to have the highest standard of living ?     birth rate death rate infant mortality  rate life expectancy  a 41 20 31 49  b 32 14 29 59  c 25 6 25 79  d 25 5 22 79      25 which statement about poverty is correct?  a absolute poverty occurs when income falls below what is needed for survival.  b an advanced economy is likely to have a higher level of absolut e poverty than relative poverty.  c it is impossible for relative pov erty to rise as absolute pover ty falls.  d relative poverty is measured by the same goods and services in all countries.    ",
            "9": "9     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/f/m/21  26 the united nations (un) predicts that the population in low-in come countries will increase.    what is likely to be a cause of this?  a climate change will lead to lower food output and starvation.  b improved education for girls will lead to a small decline in bi rth rates.  c increasing numbers of people will migrate to higher income coun tries.  d modern medicine and sanitation will lead to a rapid decline in death rates.    27 which method of trade protection would enable domestic firms t o lower their prices and undercut  the price of imported goods?  a a subsidy  b a tariff  c an embargo  d an import quota     28 how might a multinational company (mnc) directly benefit a host  country?  a it creates local employment.  b it depletes local natural resources.  c it imports raw materials.  d it receives tax concessions.    29 a country has a current account deficit on its balance of payme nts.    which measure is most  likely to reduce the deficit?  a a cut in interest rates  b a cut in the rate of income tax  c a depreciation of the exchange rate  d an increase in government expenditure     30 a country experienced a deficit on each of its trade in goods,  primary income and secondary  income. overall, it had a surplus on the current account of its  balance of payments.    what must this mean?  a it had a floating exchange rate.  b it had a surplus on its trade in services.  c it had a surplus on the government\u2019s budget.  d it was a low-income country. ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/f/m/21  blank page",
            "11": "11     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/f/m/21  blank page",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to tra ce copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have  unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possib le opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced on line in the cambridge  assessment international educat ion copyright acknowledgements b ooklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is  freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org  after the live examination se ries.   cambridge assessment international education is part of the cam bridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name  of the university of  cambridge local examinations sy ndicate (ucles), which itself is  a department of the univ ersity of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/f/m/21  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_m21_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "this document has 8 pages. any blank pages are indicated. dc (mb) 199838/2 \u00a9 ucles 2021  [turn over *4397597043*cambridge igcse\u2122 economics  0455/22 paper 2 structured questions  february/march  2021  2 hours 15 minutes you must answer on the enclosed answer booklet. you will need:  answer booklet (enclosed) instructions  \u25cf answer four questions in total: section a: answer question 1 . section b: answer three  questions.  \u25cf follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper,  ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.  \u25cf you may use a calculator. information  \u25cf the total mark for this paper is 90.  \u25cf the number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [  ].",
            "2": "2 0455/22/ f/m/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 section a read the source material carefully before answering question 1. source material: will germany continue to be a strong economy? population fact file 2017 germany world population 81 million 7.5 billion percentage of population aged over 65 22.0% 8.5% average age 47.4 years 30.6 years germany is a country with a trade surplus and a high gdp per head. it also has a budget surplus  (government tax revenue greater than expenditure), a high hdi and a low inflation rate. in recent years, german firms have exported a higher value of goods and services. this has contributed  to the growth of world trade, caused partly by a fall in transport costs. a relatively large number of  german firms produce both in germany and in other countries, helped by better communications.  germany is a major producer and exporter of luxury cars. demand for luxury cars was influenced in  2018 by increases in incomes in germany and abroad, a rise in the price of us luxury cars and, in  some countries, a fall in the price of petrol.  improvements in the quality of education and information on job vacancies have made it easier  for workers to change jobs in germany. this greater ability to change jobs has helped to reduce  unemployment and to increase the country\u2019s output. fewer workers in the german car industry are now members of a trade union. as shown in table 1.1,  trade union membership in germany has declined in recent years. table 1.1 selected data on the german labour market 2013\u20132016 yeartrade union  membership  (millions)size of labour force (millions)unemployment  rate (%)average annual  wage  ($) 2013 18.0 42.2 5.4 40 567 2014 17.7 42.5 5.1 41 188 2015 17.6 42.8 4.8 42 084 2016 17.0 43.3 4.3 42 708 a challenge facing germany is its ageing population. the effect of an older labour force is uncertain. it  may mean firms become reluctant to invest in new technology, but a shortage of young workers may  encourage firms to buy more capital goods. germany\u2019s population may fall and there will soon be fewer germans aged under 30 than over 60  unless immigration continues at a relatively high rate. immigration might increase both the country\u2019s  labour force and its government\u2019s spending on education.",
            "3": "3 0455/22/ f/m/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 [turn over answer all parts of question 1. refer to the source material in your answers. 1 (a) calculate the number of germans aged over 65 in 2017.  [1]  (b) identify two measures of living standards.  [2]  (c) explain one cause of globalisation.  [2]  (d) explain two advantages of an increase in the occupational mobility of labour.  [4]  (e) analyse why the price of german luxury cars may have increased in 2018.  [4]  (f) analyse whether the strength of german trade unions increased from 2013\u20132016.  [5]  (g) discuss whether or not an ageing labour force will reduce productivity.  [6]   (h) discuss whether or not immigration will increase a country\u2019s budget surplus.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/ f/m/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 section b answer any three  questions. each question is introduced by stimulus material. in your answer you may refer to this material and/or  to other examples that you have studied. 2  india has experienced a relatively high economic growth rate in recent years. this growth has  been driven by increases in government spending and exports, including exports of textiles. india\u2019s  unemployment rate has, however, increased. the government is concerned that trying to reduce  unemployment may increase india\u2019s inflation rate.  (a) define economic growth . [2]  (b) explain the possible opportunity cost to india of exporting more textiles.  [4]  (c) analyse how higher government spending could increase economic growth.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a government can reduce unemployment without increasing inflation.  [8] 3 in the netherlands in 2018, there were 1.3 bicycles per person and the world\u2019s largest underground  bicycle parking area was built in the capital city. land is scarce in city centres, where most cycling  takes place. demand for bikes in the netherlands is price-inelastic. only a few people in the  netherlands borrow money to buy bikes. the government encourages cycling by spending on  both bike parking areas and leisure cycle parks.  (a) identify one difference between land and labour.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why demand for a product may be price-inelastic.  [4]  (c) analyse why households in one country may borrow more than households in another  country.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a government should encourage more people to cycle.  [8] 4 it is estimated that half of egyptian men smoke. this is one of the highest rates in the world.  in recent years the egyptian government has increased the tax on cigarettes. the government  and central bank have also tried to reduce inflation and improve egypt\u2019s international trade  performance. the egyptian government could use subsidies to reduce its deficit on the current  account of its balance of payments.  (a) identify two qualities of a good tax.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why governments tax cigarettes.  [4]  (c) analyse how a central bank could reduce inflation.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not an increase in government subsidies will reduce a deficit on the  current account of the balance of payments.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/22/ f/m/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 5 sweden has a mixed economic system. in 2018, it was operating at a point inside its production  possibility curve (ppc). in 2018, the country\u2019s schools employed nearly 2500 extra teachers. a few  of these had previously been actors. a higher number had previously been government officials  involved with regulation of swedish monopolies.  (a) define a mixed economic system . [2]  (b) explain the difference between a point inside a ppc and a point outside a ppc.  [4]  (c) analyse why an actor may decide to become a teacher.  [6]  (d) discuss whether all monopolies have low costs of production.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/22/ f/m/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/22/ f/m/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/22/ f/m/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge  assessment  international education copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. cambridge assessment international education is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which itself is a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_s21_qp_11.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document has 12 pages. any blank pages are indicated.  ib21 06_0455_11/3rp   \u00a9 ucles 2021   [turn ove r   *9669503850*cambridge igcse\u2122       economics 0455/11     paper 1 multiple choice  may/june 2021     45 minutes    you must answer on the mult iple choice answer sheet.    you will need: multiple choice answer sheet   soft clean eraser   soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)       instructions   \uf0b7 there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions.   \uf0b7 for each question there ar e four possible answers a, b, c and d. choose the one you consider correct  and record your choice in soft pencil on the multiple choice an swer sheet.   \uf0b7 follow the instructions on the multiple choice answer sheet.  \uf0b7 write in soft pencil.  \uf0b7 write your name, centre number and candidate number on the mult iple choice answer sheet in the  spaces provided unless this has been done for you.  \uf0b7 do not use correction fluid.  \uf0b7 do not write on any bar codes.  \uf0b7 you may use a calculator.      information  \uf0b7 the total mark for this paper is 30.  \uf0b7 each correct answer will score one mark.  \uf0b7 any rough working should be don e on this question paper.   ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/11/m/j/21  1 which statement about the factors of production is correct?  a capital is a financial resource and includes savings in banks.  b enterprise is limited in supply and includes office workers.  c labour is a human resource and inc ludes pensioners and children .  d land is a natural resource and includes trees and fish.      2 a builder spends one hour travelling to and from work. he work s 40 hours per week for $200. he  is given a choice to work 50 hours a week for an extra $75.    what would be the opportunity cost to the builder of working th e extra hours?  a the ability to increase his purchasing power  b the additional time travelling to and from work  c the increased hourly earnings of $7.50  d the ten hours of leisure time    3 a country\u2019s infrastructure was damaged by a natural disaster. before the disaster, the country  was producing at point y on the production possibility curve (p pc).    which point represents the country\u2019s production immediately aft er the disaster?    capital goods consumer goodsobca dy       4 what is included in microeconomics?  a the calculation of national income and expenditure  b the effects of a change in exchange rates on the trade balance of an economy  c the effects of an increase in the price of a good or service  d the factors leading to demand-pull inflation    ",
            "3": "3     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/11/m/j/21 [turn over  5 what is an economist\u2019s definition of a market?  a a collection of informal retail outlets run by small firms  b a place where traders gather regularly for short periods  c a system that enables individuals and firms to buy and sell goo ds  d the existence of consumer demand for a good      6 what is an example of an external benefit from an individual c ycling, rather than driving, to work?  a higher cost of building cycle lanes  b improved physical fitness to the individual from cycling  c lower cost of cycling compared with driving to work  d reduced congestion for other road users      7 a tailor has four customers for her range of suits. the table shows the yearly demand for the suits  she makes.    demand for suits  suit price  ($) customer r customer s customer t customer u    800 4 1 2 2    900 4 0 1 2  1000 3 0 1 1  1100 2 0 0 1    which price should be charged to maximise the tailor\u2019s yearly r evenue?  a $800 b $900 c $1000 d $1100    8 in response to an increase in price from $5 per kilo to $6 per  kilo, a farmer increased supply from  400 kilos to 500 kilos per week.    what is the price elasticity of supply?  a 0.8 b 0.9 c 1.2 d 1.25    ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/11/m/j/21  9 it is expected that consumers will use less paper money.    what is the most  likely reason for this?  a inflation reduces the value of paper money.  b more ways of making payments will be available.  c other forms of money are more durable.  d paper money will have less intrinsic value.    10 in low-income countries, fewer girls than boys become skilled d esign engineers.    what might explain this situation?  a girls are only interested in low-wage jobs.  b girls do not favour heavy manual work.  c girls have fewer opportunities to complete higher education.  d it costs more for girls to be trained as design engineers.    11 the diagram shows the demand for and supply of labour in an in dustry. the original equilibrium   is x.    a trade union then negotiates a wage rate of w.    wage rate  ($) w o quantity of labourds x rs t     what identifies the change in employment?  a or b ot c rs d rt    ",
            "5": "5     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/11/m/j/21 [turn over  12 a company mining cobalt, invests in machinery to replace some workers. eventually diseconomies  of scale occur.    what could cause this situation?  a as more cobalt is mined average costs increase.  b fewer workers are needed to produce the required output.  c output per hour increases as more machinery is used.  d overhead costs are spread as output increases.     13 why are many hairdressers able to  operate as small businesses?  a high level of competition  b high scope for economies of scale  c long period of training required  d low start-up and running costs    14 dimitry owns a firm that produces and sells bottles of lemonade . he only sells one size of bottle.    how would dimitry calculate the total revenue of the firm?  a multiply the quantity sold by the cost per bottle  b multiply the quantity sold by the price per bottle  c multiply the quantity sold by the profit per bottle  d multiply the quantity sold by the tax per bottle     15 which market is likely to be the most competitive?     barriers  to entry number  of sellers  a high few  b high many  c low few  d low many     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/11/m/j/21  16 an economy has a high rate of inflation. in response to this, i ts government increases income tax.    what is the most  likely reason for this increase?  a to discourage the consumption of harmful goods  b to raise money for government spending  c to redistribute income  d to reduce total demand    17 interest rates are sometimes raised to control inflation.    why might this policy be effective?  a consumers may save more.  b government spending may increase.  c investment may be encouraged.  d the exchange rate may fall.      18 a government\u2019s revenue grew 8% to $3.25 trillion. its expendit ure was reduced to $3.69 trillion.    what can be concluded from this?     state of budget government   policy aim  a deficit increase deficit  b deficit reduce deficit  c surplus increase surplus  d surplus reduce surplus     19 a country\u2019s inflation rate, measured by the consumer prices ind ex (cpi), was 3% in year 1.  three years later it was 0.8%.    what can be concluded from this information?  a prices are falling.  b the rate of price increases is falling.  c the real rate of interest is negative.  d there is increased purchasing power for those on fixed incomes .     ",
            "7": "7     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/11/m/j/21 [turn over  20 what will deflation most  likely lead to?  a a fall in the real value of debts  b an increase in the exchange rate  c an increase in the rate of interest  d an increase in the real purchasing power of money      21 economic growth can be defined as  a a reduction in a country\u2019s rate of inflation.  b an increase in a country\u2019s exports.  c an increase in a country\u2019s population.  d an increase in a country\u2019s productive capacity.      22 the table compares the distribution of employment in selected industries in two years.    industry employment in millions  year 1 year 2  agriculture   4   3  mining   2   2  manufacturing   6   6  retailing   4   4  transport   4   5  total 20 20    how did the distribution of employment change between year 1 an d year 2?     primary sector secondary sector  a fell rose  b fell unchanged  c rose fell  d rose unchanged     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/11/m/j/21  23 in a year, two changes occurred in a company.    company directors\u2019 salaries increased by 15%.  office workers\u2019 wages increased by 5%.    the rate of inflation was 3.4%.    what happened to real income?     company directors\u2019  real income office workers\u2019  real income  a fell fell  b fell rose  c rose fell  d rose rose     24 the diagrams show birth rate (br) and death rate (dr) in three  countries, x, y and z, in two  years, 1 and 2.    there was no migration.    br anddr 12 yearx br dr 12 yeary brdr 12 yearz br drbr anddrbr anddr     where was there a rise in population in year 1 and a fall in po pulation in year 2?  a x and z b x only c y and z d y only     ",
            "9": "9     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/11/m/j/21 [turn over  25 the richest 60% of the population of a high-income economy rec eived an increase in income.  the income of the rest of the population did not change.    what happened to absolute and relative poverty?     absolute poverty relative poverty  a increased increased  b increased remained constant  c remained constant increased  d remained constant remained constant     26 gross domestic product (gdp) is a better measure of comparativ e living standards when it is  adjusted for the effects of  a exports and inflation.  b imports and exports.  c population change and exports.  d population change and inflation.     27 what is a disadvantage of increasing international specialisat ion?  a consumers pay higher prices for goods and services reducing the ir welfare.  b domestic firms may be uncompetitive leading to structural unemp loyment.  c domestic firms may experience rising costs as they pay more for  imports.  d resources may be used less efficiently as domestic firms face l ess competition.     28 which method of protection always reduces the supply of an impo rted good to zero?  a embargo  b quota  c subsidy  d tariff    29 a us car dealer agrees an import price of us$25  000 for a japanese car at the current rate of  exchange.    the us dollar then strengthens by 10% against the japanese yen.     what will be the new import price paid for the japanese car?  a us$20  000 b u s $ 2 2  500 c u s $ 2 5  000 d us$27  500    ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/11/m/j/21  30 a country has a deficit on its current account of its balance of payments.    what could increase the size of its deficit?  a increased exports of its services  b increased international competitiveness of its goods  c increased numbers of v isitors from abroad  d increased spending on its military bases abroad    ",
            "11": "11     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/11/m/j/21  blank page",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to tra ce copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have  unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possib le opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced on line in the cambridge  assessment international educat ion copyright acknowledgements b ooklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is  freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org  after the live examination se ries.   cambridge assessment international education is part of the cam bridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name  of the university of  cambridge local examinations sy ndicate (ucles), which itself is  a department of the univ ersity of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/11/m/j/21  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_s21_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document has 12 pages. any blank pages are indicated.  ib21 06_0455_12/3rp   \u00a9 ucles 2021   [turn ove r   *4281897205*cambridge igcse\u2122       economics 0455/12     paper 1 multiple choice  may/june 2021     45 minutes    you must answer on the mult iple choice answer sheet.    you will need: multiple choice answer sheet   soft clean eraser   soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)       instructions   \uf0b7 there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions.   \uf0b7 for each question there ar e four possible answers a, b, c and d. choose the one you consider correct  and record your choice in soft pencil on the multiple choice an swer sheet.   \uf0b7 follow the instructions on the multiple choice answer sheet.  \uf0b7 write in soft pencil.  \uf0b7 write your name, centre number and candidate number on the mult iple choice answer sheet in the  spaces provided unless this has been done for you.  \uf0b7 do not use correction fluid.  \uf0b7 do not write on any bar codes.  \uf0b7 you may use a calculator.      information  \uf0b7 the total mark for this paper is 30.  \uf0b7 each correct answer will score one mark.  \uf0b7 any rough working should be don e on this question paper.   ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/m/j/21  1 what is an advantage of competitive markets?  a competition causes inequalities of wealth.  b competition encourages the efficient use of resources.  c the economic problem of scarcity is eliminated.  d the right quantity of merit goods is guaranteed.      2 a multinational company (mnc) wishes to invest in a low-income country to expand its palm oil  production.    what is most  likely to make this investment possible?  a high cost of clearing forests to increase land for plantations  b increased demand for palm oil  c shortages of labour in the rural economy  d the removal of subsidies for palm oil production    3 a farmer sells land used for crops to a firm that will use the  land for wind turbines to produce  electric power.    what is the opportunity cost of this decision by the farmer?  a the cost of installing wind turbines  b the loss of revenue from crops that grow on the land  c the profit made from selling the land  d the reduced cost of producing renewable energy      4 what is not included in microeconomics?  a economies of scale  b forms of competition  c individual demand  d the inflation rate     ",
            "3": "3     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/m/j/21 [turn over  5 what determines a consumer\u2019s demand for a product?     the consumer\u2019s  income the consumer\u2019s  willingness to buy  the product the price  of the product  a \u0016 \u0016 \u0016  b \u0016 \u0016 \u001a  c \u001a \u0016 \u0016  d \u0016 \u001a \u0016      6 which problem will be reduced by a government subsidy to a firm ?  a absence of a public good  b abuse of monopoly power  c overconsumption of a demerit good  d underconsumption of a merit good    7 the diagram shows the market for information technology (it) g raduates. the original equilibrium  was x. later, more it students graduated from university and gr eater use of artificial intelligence  (ai) increased the demand for it staff.    what is the new equilibrium?    wage ($) quantity of labourod1 s1 s s2d d2 xab dc      8 in response to an increase in price from $5 per kilo to $6 per  kilo, a farmer increased supply from  400 kilos to 500 kilos per week.    what is the price elasticity of supply?  a 0.8 b 0.9 c 1.2 d 1.25    ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/m/j/21  9 what might cause consumers in a high-income economy to both sav e more and spend more?  a an increase in the rate of interest  b an increase in wealth  c expectation that prices will fall in the future  d inflation rising at a faster rate than wages      10 what would be a disadvantage of specialisation for a worker?  a a low price of the product that they make  b boredom due to repetition of the same task  c higher quality of the good  d the opportunity to undertake training      11 the diagram shows a market for labour. x is the original equil ibrium. a trade union negotiates a  minimum wage at w, and the government restricts the supply of i mmigrant labour.    what is the new equilibrium?    wages ($) w oquantity of labourds2s1 xab d c       12 which cost of production falls continuously as output increases ?  a average fixed cost  b average total cost  c average variable cost  d total variable cost     ",
            "5": "5     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/m/j/21 [turn over  13 a swedish furniture maker bought a romanian firm that owned 83  000 hectares of trees.    which type of merger is this most  likely to be?  a diversification  b horizontal  c vertical backward  d vertical forward     14 what is calculated when price is multiplied by the quantity de manded of a product?  a average revenue  b profit  c total cost  d total revenue    15 a private sector firm is the only supplier of rail services bet ween two cities.    what will stop the firm charging very high ticket prices?  a barriers to entry i nto rail services  b competition from public road transport  c government policy encouraging monopoly power  d high costs of maintaining rail tracks     16 what is a fiscal policy measure?  a direct tax  b exchange rates  c interest rates  d regulation    17 a government uses expansionary monetary policy.    what does the government decrease?  a bank lending  b interest rates  c the budget deficit  d the money supply     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/m/j/21  18 a country is experiencing unemployment. it has a progressive in come tax policy and benefits for  the poor. the government aims to increase employment and reduce  income inequality.    which fiscal policy measures are most  likely to achieve these aims?     income tax benefits for the poor  a decrease the highest tax rate decrease  b increase the highest tax rate decrease  c decrease the lowest tax rate increase  d increase the lowest tax rate increase     19 the table shows changes in the consumer prices index (cpi) fro m the base year, 1, and for the  next three years.    y e a r  1  2  3  4   cpi 100 101.1 101.8 102.1    which statement is correct?  a consumer prices were highest in year 3.  b the rate of inflation was 2.1% in year 4.  c the rate of inflation was highest in year 2.  d the rate of inflation was lowest in year 1.     20 what is likely to happen when a country is experiencing deflat ion?  a consumers delay spending.  b governments raise interest rates.  c the level of imports increases.  d the real value of money falls.     21 economic growth can be defined as  a a reduction in a country\u2019s rate of inflation.  b an increase in a country\u2019s exports.  c an increase in a country\u2019s population.  d an increase in a country\u2019s productive capacity.    ",
            "7": "7     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/m/j/21 [turn over  22 the table compares the distribution of employment in selected industries in two years.    industry employment in millions  year 1 year 2  agriculture   4   3  mining   2   2  manufacturing   6   6  retailing   4   4  transport   4   5  total 20 20    how did the distribution of employment change between year 1 an d year 2?     primary sector secondary sector  a fell rose  b fell unchanged  c rose fell  d rose unchanged     23 in a year, two changes occurred in a company.    company directors\u2019 salaries increased by 15%.  office workers\u2019 wages increased by 5%.    the rate of inflation was 3.4%.    what happened to real income?     company directors\u2019  real income office workers\u2019  real income  a fell fell  b fell rose  c rose fell  d rose rose     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/m/j/21  24 the diagrams show birth rate (br) and death rate (dr) in three  countries, x, y and z, in two  years, 1 and 2.    there was no migration.    br anddr 12 yearx br dr 12 yeary brdr 12 yearz br drbr anddrbr anddr     where was there a rise in population in year 1 and a fall in po pulation in year 2?  a x and z b x only c y and z d y only    25 the richest 60% of the population of a high-income economy rec eived an increase in income.  the income of the rest of the population did not change.    what happened to absolute and relative poverty?     absolute poverty relative poverty  a increased increased  b increased remained constant  c remained constant increased  d remained constant remained constant      26 gross domestic product (gdp) is a better measure of comparativ e living standards when it is  adjusted for the effects of  a exports and inflation.  b imports and exports.  c population change and exports.  d population change and inflation.     ",
            "9": "9     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/m/j/21  27 w h a t  i s  t h e  most  likely benefit for a low-income economy if it removes tariffs on imported goods  and services?  a more choice for domestic consumers  b more employment in declining industries  c more exports by domestic firms  d more tax revenue from imports     28 economies have become increasingly linked through globalisatio n.    what would discourage this?  a creation of a single world market  b direct foreign investment by multinational companies  c expansion of trade in financial services  d protectionist policies by trading groups     29 what may result from a balance  of payments trade surplus?  a the exchange rate appreciates and causes export prices to fall.   b the exchange rate appreciates and causes export prices to rise.   c the exchange rate depreciates and causes export prices to fall.   d the exchange rate depreciates and causes export prices to rise.     30 a country has a deficit on its current account of its balance of payments.    what could increase the size of its deficit?  a increased exports of its services  b increased international competitiveness of its goods  c increased numbers of v isitors from abroad  d increased spending on its military bases abroad    ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/m/j/21  blank page",
            "11": "11     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/m/j/21  blank page",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to tra ce copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have  unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possib le opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced on line in the cambridge  assessment international educat ion copyright acknowledgements b ooklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is  freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org  after the live examination se ries.   cambridge assessment international education is part of the cam bridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name  of the university of  cambridge local examinations sy ndicate (ucles), which itself is  a department of the univ ersity of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/m/j/21  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_s21_qp_13.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document has 12 pages. any blank pages are indicated.  ib21 06_0455_13/2rp   \u00a9 ucles 2021   [turn ove r   *6987897951 *cambridge igcse\u2122       economics 0455/13     paper 1 multiple choice  may/june 2021     45 minutes    you must answer on the mult iple choice answer sheet.    you will need: multiple choice answer sheet   soft clean eraser   soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)       instructions   \uf0b7 there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions.   \uf0b7 for each question there ar e four possible answers a, b, c and d. choose the one you consider correct  and record your choice in soft pencil on the multiple choice an swer sheet.   \uf0b7 follow the instructions on the multiple choice answer sheet.  \uf0b7 write in soft pencil.  \uf0b7 write your name, centre number and candidate number on the mult iple choice answer sheet in the  spaces provided unless this has been done for you.  \uf0b7 do not use correction fluid.  \uf0b7 do not write on any bar codes.  \uf0b7 you may use a calculator.      information  \uf0b7 the total mark for this paper is 30.  \uf0b7 each correct answer will score one mark.  \uf0b7 any rough working should be don e on this question paper.   ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/13/m/j/21  1 increasing output of one good reduces production of another go od.    which economic concept does this change represent?  a average cost  b diseconomies of scale  c economies of scale  d opportunity cost    2 what condition in an economy would encourage immigration of lab our?  a high cost of housing  b preference for domestic over foreign qualifications  c reduced quotas for foreign workers  d shortage of skilled workers     3 the production possibility curve (ppc) shows the hours per day that a person has for either work  or leisure.    15 12 963 0 0369 1 2 1 5work (hours) leisure (hours)r s t u v w     this person works 6 hours a day but then decides to work 9 hour s a day.    which movement shows this change?  a t to r b t to u c u to v d u to t     4 who is a microeconomic decision maker?  a the director of an international trade organisation  b the entrepreneur of a firm  c the finance minister of a government  d the governor of a central bank ",
            "3": "3     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/13/m/j/21 [turn over  5 what is an essential feature of a market economy?  a central planners determine what, how and for whom to produce.  b it aims for equality in the distribution of goods and services.   c the market price reflects both the private and external costs o f production.  d the price mechanism sends signals to consumers and producers to  allocate resources.      6 what is a definition of market failure?   a market forces of demand and supply do not allocate resources ef ficiently  b not all consumers can afford to  buy the goods they would like  c private benefits of consumption are greater than external benef its  d public goods are only provided by a government      7 the diagram shows the market for oil. the original equilibrium  is x. oil producers discover a new  source of oil while there is economic growth.    what is the new equilibrium?    price quantityd1 d2d3s2 s1 s3ab c dx o      8 in response to an increase in price from $5 per kilo to $6 per  kilo, a farmer increased supply from  400 kilos to 500 kilos per week.    what is the price elasticity of supply?  a 0.8 b 0.9 c 1.2 d 1.25    ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/13/m/j/21  9 average incomes rose by 5% but savings did not rise.    what might explain this?  a consumer confidence in the economy fell.  b incomes rose more slowly than the rate of inflation.  c interest rates for savings rose.  d the rate of income tax was reduced.     10 which firm is in the tertiary sector?  a bread bakery  b fruit grower  c meal delivery  d road builder     11 what is a benefit to a worker of being a member of a trade unio n?  a access to advice  b guaranteed employment  c opportunity to work extra hours  d payment of subscriptions    12 a firm employs 10 workers. each worker is paid a weekly wage of  $200 and produces 50 goods  per week.    what is the average cost of labour per good produced?  a $0.4 b $ 4  c $20 d $200      13 how would advertising a good result in a retail firm increasin g its market share?  a it will improve the personal service in its shops.  b it will increase the firm\u2019s costs.  c it will reduce demand for competitors\u2019 products.  d it will result in diversification in the firm.     ",
            "5": "5     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/13/m/j/21 [turn over  14 what describes the total revenue of a firm?  a fixed costs plus variable costs  b income from sales minus total costs  c quantity of goods sold multiplied by unit price  d variable costs divided by output      15 the diagram shows the total revenue (tr) and total cost (tc) of  a firm in a market.    at which level of output will t he firm maximise profits?    cost and revenue otc tr ab c d output      16 what is fiscal policy?  a government decisions on money supply and interest rates taken to influence total demand  b government decisions on spending and taxation designed to infl uence total demand  c government measures designed to  influence total supply in the economy  d government regulation of the foreign exchange rate to influenc e imports     17 what is the money supply?  a the total quantity of foreign currency available within the ec onomy  b the total quantity of money available within the economy  c the total quantity of money issued by the central bank  d the total quantity of money within commercial banks    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/13/m/j/21  18 the table shows sources of government revenue for an economy.    sources of revenue $ billions  sale of government assets 100  sales tax 300  tariffs on imports 50  tax on employment income 500  tax on inherited wealth 50  tax on company profits 100    what is the total amount of tax revenue raised by direct taxes?   a $600 billion b $650 billion c $950 billion d $1100 billion     19 the table shows the consumer prices index (cpi) of a country fo r five years.    year cpi  1 100  2 120  3 135  4 140  5 138    which statement about the country is correct?  a it faced deflation in year 2.  b it faced deflation in year 3.  c it faced inflation in year 4.  d it faced inflation in year 5.    20 what may cause deflation?  a advances in technology and increases in labour productivity  b government using a policy of very low interest rates  c increases in the costs of production that reduce firms\u2019 profits   d increases in the rate of inflation as measured by the cpi    ",
            "7": "7     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/13/m/j/21 [turn over  21 economic growth can be defined as  a a reduction in a country\u2019s rate of inflation.  b an increase in a country\u2019s exports.  c an increase in a country\u2019s population.  d an increase in a country\u2019s productive capacity.      22 the table compares the distribution of employment in selected industries in two years.    industry employment in millions  year 1 year 2  agriculture   4   3  mining   2   2  manufacturing   6   6  retailing   4   4  transport   4   5  total 20 20    how did the distribution of employment change between year 1 an d year 2?     primary sector secondary sector  a fell rose  b fell unchanged  c rose fell  d rose unchanged     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/13/m/j/21  23 in a year, two changes occurred in a company.    company directors\u2019 salaries increased by 15%.  office workers\u2019 wages increased by 5%.    the rate of inflation was 3.4%.    what happened to real income?     company directors\u2019  real income office workers\u2019  real income  a fell fell  b fell rose  c rose fell  d rose rose     24 the diagrams show birth rate (br) and death rate (dr) in three  countries, x, y and z, in two  years, 1 and 2.    there was no migration.    br anddr 12 yearx br dr 12 yeary brdr 12 yearz br drbr anddrbr anddr     where was there a rise in population in year 1 and a fall in po pulation in year 2?  a x and z b x only c y and z d y only     ",
            "9": "9     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/13/m/j/21 [turn over  25 the richest 60% of the population of a high-income economy rec eived an increase in income.  the income of the rest of the population did not change.    what happened to absolute and relative poverty?     absolute poverty relative poverty  a increased increased  b increased remained constant  c remained constant increased  d remained constant remained constant     26 gross domestic product (gdp) is a better measure of comparativ e living standards when it is  adjusted for the effects of  a exports and inflation.  b imports and exports.  c population change and exports.  d population change and inflation.     27 what is a benefit of a multinational company (mnc) to the host  country?  a a mnc may improve the reputation of its home country as a high- quality producer.  b exports by a  mnc may result in an improved trade balance for the host countr y.  c production by a mnc may lead to higher levels of pollution in t he host country.  d profits made by a mnc are sent back to its home country.    28 globalisation is the process by which domestic firms become in volved in international markets.    what encourages globalisation?  a controls on foreign exchange  b immigration restrictions  c increasing tariffs  d widespread use of the internet      29 what does a foreign exchange rate between malaysia and the us measure?  a the cost of the malaysian currency in the us currency  b the difference in the cost of living between malaysia and the u s  c the difference in the standard of living between malaysia and t he us  d gdp of malaysia divided by the gdp of the us ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/13/m/j/21  30 a country has a deficit on its current account of its balance of payments.    what could increase the size of its deficit?  a increased exports of its services  b increased international competitiveness of its goods  c increased numbers of v isitors from abroad  d increased spending on its military bases abroad    ",
            "11": "11     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/13/m/j/21  blank page",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to tra ce copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have  unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possib le opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced on line in the cambridge  assessment international educat ion copyright acknowledgements b ooklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is  freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org  after the live examination se ries.   cambridge assessment international education is part of the cam bridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name  of the university of  cambridge local examinations sy ndicate (ucles), which itself is  a department of the univ ersity of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/13/m/j/21  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_s21_qp_21.pdf": {
            "1": "this document has 8 pages. any blank pages are indicated. cambridge igcse\u2122 dc (dh) 201166/1 \u00a9 ucles 2021  [turn over *5105419098*economics  0455/21 paper 2 structured questions  may/june  2021  2 hours 15 minutes you must answer on the enclosed answer booklet. you will need:  answer booklet (enclosed) instructions  \u25cf answer four questions in total: section a: answer question 1. section b: answer three  questions.  \u25cf follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper,  ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.  \u25cf you may use a calculator. information  \u25cf the total mark for this paper is 90.  \u25cf the number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [  ].",
            "2": "2 0455/21/ m/j/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 section a read the source material carefully before answering question 1. source material: changes in the nigerian economy nigeria fact file 2017 government spending $19.5bn tax revenue $12.9bn balance of trade in goods $10.4bn imports of goods $32.7bn nigeria produces a range of products including delivery vehicles, footwear, machines, maize and office  equipment. it does, however, depend heavily on oil for its exports. the government tries to encourage  an increase in the output and export of other products. to achieve this, it uses a range of policy measures including changes in taxation and government spending e.g. subsidising the training of construction workers. successful training can increase job opportunities and wages. the government\u2019s aims are to improve nigeria\u2019s macroeconomic performance and to raise living standards. table 1.1 shows data on living standards in nigeria and ethiopia in 2017. table 1.1 selected data on living standards in nigeria and ethiopia in 2017 country gdp per  head ($)life expectancy  at birth (years)average years  spent at school% of children  aged under 5 who  are underweight nigeria 5,900 59 9 31.5 ethiopia 2,200 63 8 23.6 investment in nigeria has been growing slowly. some firms are discouraged from spending on capital  goods by the relatively high interest rate, high corporation tax rate and economic uncertainty. nigeria\u2019s population is increasing rapidly. the birth rate is high and the death rate is falling but it has  net emigration. nigeria\u2019s population was 191 million in 2017 and is forecast to grow to 402 million by 2050. an increase in its population size will create both challenges and opportunities. it will affect the level of demand in the economy, may harm the environment and more food will be needed. the nigerian government increased the tariff on imported rice in 2016, to encourage an increase in its  own rice production. nigeria is africa\u2019s largest producer of rice but also its largest importer. in 2018, nigeria imported almost 50% of the rice it consumed. nigerian farmers produce less rice for every unit of land used than asian farmers and nigerian farmers have high costs of production.",
            "3": "3 0455/21/ m/j/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 [turn over answer all parts to question 1. refer to the source material in your answers. 1 (a) calculate the value of nigeria\u2019s exports of goods in 2017.  [1]  (b) identify two examples of capital goods.  [2]  (c) explain whether nigeria had a budget deficit or a budget surplus in 2017.  [2]  (d) explain how government spending on training may increase tax revenue in the long run.  [4]  (e) analyse how living standards in nigeria compare with living standards in ethiopia in 2017.  [4]  (f) analyse how a government could encourage firms to increase their investment.  [5]  (g) discuss whether or not an increase in nigeria\u2019s population will benefit its economy.  [6]  (h) discuss whether or not an increase in nigeria\u2019s import tariff on rice would increase the output  of nigerian rice.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/21/ m/j/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 section b answer any three  questions. each question is introduced by stimulus material. in your answers you may refer to the material and  / or  to other examples you have studied. 2 there is an area of rubbish, three times the size of france, floating in the pacific ocean called  the great pacific garbage patch. it is made up of rubbish including old fishing nets but most is  plastic waste. it is forecast that, by 2050, there will be more plastic in the pacific ocean than fish.  a number of islands in the pacific ocean specialise in fishing. greater pollution will increase the  social cost of the fishing industry.  (a) identify the two types of costs that make up social cost.  [2]  (b) explain two causes of a shift to the right in the demand curve for fish.  [4]  (c) analyse how cleaning up pollution could benefit an economy.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not countries specialising benefits consumers.  [8] 3 in 2018, the us had its lowest unemployment rate for 18 years. cyclical unemployment was  very low and so was the rate of inflation. the us also experienced a rise in labour productivity.  however, it did not do so well in reducing poverty. in 2018, approximately 12% of americans were  living in poverty.  (a) define cyclical unemployment . [2]  (b) explain two ways a firm could increase the productivity of its workers.  [4]  (c) analyse the advantages of a low rate of inflation.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a fall in a country\u2019s unemployment rate will reduce poverty in that  country.  [8] 4 the canadian government has introduced a number of policy measures designed to encourage  more women to enter the labour force. canada\u2019s labour force has reduced as its population  has aged. the number of workers and their output are influenced by changes in the country\u2019s  foreign exchange rate and consumer expenditure. in 2018, the canadian dollar fell in value while  canadian consumer expenditure increased.  (a) define the labour force . [2]  (b) explain two causes of an ageing population.  [4]  (c) analyse how a fall in the value of a country\u2019s foreign exchange rate could reduce a deficit on  the current account of its balance of payments.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not an economy will benefit from an increase in consumer expenditure.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/21/ m/j/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 5 australia experienced a drought in 2018 which caused its agricultural output to fall. australia\u2019s  secondary and tertiary sectors performed better in 2018 than its primary sector. all three sectors  were affected by the measures taken by the central bank to avoid deflation. some firms benefited  from these measures and increased their output.  (a) identify two industries, other than agriculture, that operate in the primary sector.  [2]  (b) explain two possible disadvantages to an economy of a fall in agricultural output.  [4]  (c) analyse how a central bank could avoid deflation.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a firm should have growth as its main objective.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/21/ m/j/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/21/ m/j/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/21/ m/j/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge  assessment  international education copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. cambridge assessment international education is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which itself is a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_s21_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "this document has 8 pages. any blank pages are indicated. cambridge igcse\u2122 dc (dh/cb) 201167/2 \u00a9 ucles 2021 [turn over *6180472807*economics 0455/22 paper 2 structured questions may/june 2021 2 hours 15 minutes you must answer on the enclosed answer booklet. you will need: answer booklet (enclosed) instructions \u25cf answer four questions in total: section a: answer question 1. section b: answer three questions. \u25cf follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper, ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. \u25cf you may use a calculator. information \u25cf the total mark for this paper is 90. \u25cf the number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].",
            "2": "2 0455/22/ m  / j  /21 \u00a9 ucles 2021section a read the source material carefully before answering question 1. source material: chilean cherries producing just a few products can be risky for a country. fig. 1.1 population pyramids of chile and haiti 2018content removed due to copyright restrictions.content removed due to copyright restrictions.",
            "3": "3 0455/22/m/j/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 [turn over there is, however, evidence of market failure and inequality in  how resources are allocated. answer all parts of question 1. refer to the source material in your answers. 1 (a) calculate chile\u2019s agricultural output in 2017. [1] (b) identify two disadvantages of a country specialising. [2] (c) explain one reason why demand for cherries is price-elastic. [2] (d) explain how chile\u2019s population structure differs from haiti\u2019s population structure. [4] (e) analyse why china buys most of its cherries from chile. [4] (f)analyse why chilean astronomers are paid more than chilean farm workers. [5] (g) discuss whether or not chilean consumers would benefit from more government intervention in the economy. [6] (h) discuss whether or not the haitian economy would benefit from fewer of its people working inchile. [6]content removed due to copyright restrictions.",
            "4": "4 0455/22/ m/j/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 section b answer any three  questions. each question is introduced by stimulus material. in your answers you may refer to the material and  / or  to other examples you have studied. 2 nearly one million people in cairo, the capital city of egypt, live in crowded, unhealthy housing.  one reason why people lack basic necessities, including adequate housing, is unemployment. in  2019, nearly 10% of cairo\u2019s workers did not have a job. other citizens of cairo live in luxury, in  houses costing more than $1 million. many of cairo\u2019s rich adults grew up in rich families.  (a) identify two basic necessities, other than housing.  [2]  (b) explain how frictional unemployment differs from cyclical unemployment.  [4]  (c) analyse why the children of the rich tend to become rich adults.  [6]  (d) discuss whether a government should provide subsidies to families to spend on housing.  [8] 3 consumers in uruguay are eating more processed foods. factors of production, including  enterprise, have responded to this change. firms in the processed food industry have become  more capital-intensive. all of uruguay\u2019s industries were affected by the rise in its inflation rate,  from 6.2% in 2017 to 7.7% in 2018.  (a) define enterprise . [2]  (b) explain the influence of opportunity cost on consumers\u2019 decisions.  [4]  (c) analyse why a firm may become more capital-intensive.  [6]  (d) discuss whether inflation harms a country\u2019s industries.  [8] 4 turkey\u2019s birth rate is falling which is likely to reduce its supply of labour. however, improvements  in the quality of labour and the increase in foreign multinational companies (mncs) operating in  turkey (the host country to the mncs) may help the economy avoid a recession. one reason why  economists are worried that a recession may occur is an expected rise in the interest rate.  (a) define birth rate . [2]  (b) explain two causes of an increase in the quality of labour in a country.  [4]  (c) analyse how a rise in the interest rate could cause a recession.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not mncs improve the economic performance of the host countries in  which they operate.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/22/m/j/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 [turn over 5 the money supply in bangladesh increased every year from 2010 to 2018. changes in the  money supply and the foreign exchange rate can affect a government\u2019s macroeconomic policy  aims, including full employment. there have been few mergers between commercial banks in  bangladesh, although its banks are larger than many of its other firms.  (a) identify two functions of money.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why commercial banks may want to merge.  [4]  (c) analyse how a fall in a country\u2019s foreign exchange rate could increase employment.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not it is an advantage to keep a firm small.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/22/ m/j/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/22/ m/j/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/22/ m/j/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge  assessment  international education copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. cambridge assessment international education is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which itself is a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_s21_qp_23.pdf": {
            "1": "this document has 8 pages. any blank pages are indicated. cambridge igcse\u2122 dc (dh/cb) 201168/4 \u00a9 ucles 2021  [turn over *1581055605*economics  0455/23 paper 2 structured questions  may/june  2021  2 hours 15 minutes you must answer on the enclosed answer booklet. you will need:  answer booklet (enclosed) instructions  \u25cf answer four questions in total: section a: answer question 1. section b: answer three  questions.  \u25cf follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper,  ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.  \u25cf you may use a calculator. information  \u25cf the total mark for this paper is 90.  \u25cf the number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [  ].",
            "2": "2 0455/23/ m/j/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 section a read the source material carefully before answering question 1. source material: morocco\u2019s blue economy morocco fact file 2017 gdp $109 billion contribution of fishing industry to gdp 2% population 35.74 million continent africa the world bank defines a \u2018blue economy\u2019 as an economy which uses ocean resources sustainably for  economic growth and creates employment to improve the livelihoods of its people. making full use of  the blue economy may reduce the level of poverty among fishermen. many fishermen globally still live  in poverty due to low wages and seasonal and structural unemployment. morocco is the leading supplier of fish in africa. despite the length of the moroccan coastline, the fishing  industry currently makes a very small contribution to morocco\u2019s gdp. the government, therefore, wants  to further increase the size of the fishing industry. policy measures, such as subsidies to fishermen,  could help moroccan fishermen increase productivity and reduce competition from abroad. the united nations\u2019 food and agricultural organisation (fao) forecasts that moroccan fisheries\u2019 output  could rise to nearly 2 million tonnes of fish per year by 2030. the global demand for fish is also on a  steep upward trend as more people see the benefits of eating fish rather than meat. such increases  could help reduce the deficit on morocco\u2019s current account of its balance of payments. increased dependence on the primary sector may not improve living standards in morocco because  some other countries who have done the same have had disappointing outcomes. fig. 1.1 shows the  gdp per head ($) and percentage (%) contribution of the primary sector to gdp of selected countries. 0%010 00020 00030 00040 00050 00060 000 5% 10% 15% % contribution of primary sector to gdpgdp per head ($) 20% 25%australiaaustralia germanygermany south koreasouth korea bulgariabulgariamalaysiamalaysia moroccomorocco indiaindia pakistanpakistan fig. 1.1 gdp per head ($) and % contribution of primary sector to gdp of selected countries environmentalists worry that there is no proper regulation of fishing in morocco. if overfishing occurs,  fish stocks would be reduced for future generations. however, if fish stocks are maintained, the  economy can continue its high economic growth rate. at a time when african countries are reducing  trade protection, a sustainable fishing industry could be very positive for morocco\u2019s future.",
            "3": "3 0455/23/ m/j/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 [turn over answer all parts of question 1. refer to the source material in your answers. 1 (a) calculate, in $s, the contribution of the fishing industry to morocco\u2019s gdp in 2017.  [1]  (b) identify two macroeconomic aims, other than balance of payments stability, that the moroccan  government could achieve through the blue economy.  [2]  (c) explain why an increase in the global demand for fish could reduce a deficit in morocco\u2019s  current account of its balance of payment.  [2]  (d) explain two causes of poverty amongst fishermen.  [4]  (e) analyse whether gdp per head always increases when the percentage (%) contribution of  the primary sector increases.  [4]  (f) analyse how regulation of fishing could ensure economic growth is sustained for future  generations.  [5]  (g) discuss whether or not subsidies to fishermen could help the moroccan economy.  [6]  (h) discuss whether or not a reduction in trade protection by other african countries would be  beneficial for morocco.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/23/ m/j/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 section b answer any three  questions. each question is introduced by stimulus material. in your answer you may refer to this material and  / or  to other examples that you have studied. 2 latvia is one of the fastest growing economies in europe. although its gdp per head is below the  european average, it is quickly catching up. living standards are improving. at the same time, a  decrease in borrowing has reduced the chance of high inflation. the job market is also improving  as the unemployment rate is falling. however, there are concerns that there might be less balance  of payments stability.  (a) identify two indicators of living standards.  [2]  (b) explain how a decrease in borrowing could reduce the chance of high inflation.  [4]  (c) analyse how economic growth conflicts with balance of payments stability.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not having a lower gdp will be a disadvantage to an economy.  [8] 3 cyclical unemployment is below the national average in some big cities in canada such as toronto,  vancouver, and montreal. this could be a result of higher government spending and tax cuts in  big cities. however, productivity is low. there are also concerns that structural unemployment may  increase as some industries cannot compete with more efficient foreign firms.  (a) define structural unemployment . [2]  (b) explain two causes of low productivity.  [4]  (c) analyse how higher government spending and tax cuts can lead to a fall in cyclical  unemployment.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not competition between firms in the same industry is always a  disadvantage to workers.  [8] 4 global spending on the health sector, by both the private and public sectors, is the highest  compared with all other sectors including education and defence. investment in education and the  health sector has resulted in new life-saving technology being introduced. however, demand for  certain vaccinations has decreased over the years, shifting the demand curve of vaccinations to  the left.  (a) define investment . [2]  (b) explain two causes of a shift of a product\u2019s demand curve to the left.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a production possibility curve diagram (ppc), the effect of increased  investment in both education and the health sector.  [6]  (d) discuss whether consumers would benefit more from healthcare being provided by the  private sector or the public sector.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/23/ m/j/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 5 the demand for smartphones has become more price-inelastic as the range of functions available  has increased. in low-income countries, smartphones are an important tool for economic  development. this is because they provide access to education and banking services which were  once not available in rural areas. smartphones have made it easier for people to borrow and save  their money.  (a) define economic development . [2]  (b) explain two reasons why children in rural areas may receive less education than those in  cities.  [4]  (c) analyse the advantages of selling a product which is price-inelastic in demand.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not an increase in the level of savings is beneficial for an economy.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/23/ m/j/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/23/ m/j/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/23/ m/j/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge  assessment  international education copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. cambridge assessment international education is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which itself is a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_w21_qp_11.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document has 12 pages. any blank pages are indicated.  ib21 11_0455_11/4rp   \u00a9 ucles 2021   [turn ove r   *9963871135*cambridge igcse\u2122       economics 0455/11     paper 1 multiple choice  october/november 2021     45 minutes    you must answer on the mult iple choice answer sheet.    you will need: multiple choice answer sheet   soft clean eraser   soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)       instructions   \uf0b7 there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions.   \uf0b7 for each question there ar e four possible answers a, b, c and d. choose the one you consider correct  and record your choice in soft pencil on the multiple choice an swer sheet.   \uf0b7 follow the instructions on the multiple choice answer sheet.  \uf0b7 write in soft pencil.  \uf0b7 write your name, centre number and candidate number on the mult iple choice answer sheet in the  spaces provided unless this has been done for you.  \uf0b7 do not use correction fluid.  \uf0b7 do not write on any bar codes.  \uf0b7 you may use a calculator.      information  \uf0b7 the total mark for this paper is 30.  \uf0b7 each correct answer will score one mark.  \uf0b7 any rough working should be don e on this question paper. ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/11/o/n/21  1 to help reduce the price of oil, new supplies are needed. howe ver, objectors oppose exploration  of new sites because of the environmental damage it may cause.    why is this statement an example of the basic economic problem?   a oil is a limited resource.  b oil is expensive.  c the exploration involves demand and supply.  d there are external costs involved in production.    2 the production possibility curve (ppc) shows the hours per day a student has for either  entertainment or revision.    15 12 9630 0369 1 2 1 5entertainment (hours) revision (hours)    the student revises for 3 hours a day. as exams approach, the s tudent decides to revise for 9  hours a day.    what is the opportunity cost of this decision?  a 3 hours of revision  b 6 hours of entertainment  c 6 hours of revision  d 9 hours of entertainment    ",
            "3": "3     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/11/o/n/21 [turn over  3 helium is a gas that is limited in supply because it takes tho usands of years to form. the us  government holds 35% of the world\u2019s supply of helium and has be en selling its stocks. helium is  essential in medical scanners. it is also used for party balloo ns, which is a wasteful alternative  use of a valuable good.    which two concepts apply to this statement?  a demand and supply, government subsidy  b excess demand, resource allocation  c opportunity cost, private monopoly  d public sector, factors of production      4 when is production certain to harm society?  a when the private costs are greater than the private benefits  b when the production results in externalities  c when the social costs are greater than the private costs  d when the social costs are greater than the social benefits    5 what is the role of the price mechanism in a market economy?  a to allocate scarce resources  b to increase the provision of merit goods  c to make the distribution of goods and services more equal  d to reduce the negative externalities of production and consumpt ion    6 what is a macroeconomic concept?  a the effect of a price change of a good  b the equilibrium price in the market for a good  c the reason for a change in a firm\u2019s behaviour  d the total spending in an economy    ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/11/o/n/21  7 the diagrams show changes in the demand and supply curves for a good.    which diagram shows the effect of a government providing a subs idy for the good?    oprice quantitys1 d1 d1s2 q1p1 p2 q2a oprice quantitys1 d1d2 q1p2 p1 q2b oprice quantitys1 d2d1 q1p1 p2 q2c oprice quantitys2 s1 q1p1p2 q2d      8 the price elasticity of demand (ped) for bottled water is \u2013  0.9.    what will happen to the quantity demanded for bottled water if its price increases by 10%?  a decrease by 0.9%  b decrease by 9%  c increase by 0.9%  d increase by 9%    9 what will increase the demand for labour in an industry?  a a decrease in labour productivity in that industry  b a decrease in the demand for the good made in that industry  c an increase in labour productivity in that industry  d an increase in wages in that industry ",
            "5": "5     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/11/o/n/21 [turn over  10 which government policies will both reduce the difference in in come between low-paid and high- paid workers?  a a decrease in the maximum wage and a more regressive income ta x system  b a decrease in the maximum wage and a reduction in trade union power  c an increase in the minimum wage and a more progressive income tax system  d an increase in the minimum wage and a more regressive income t ax system     11 wages for nurses decrease, while working hours for pilots decre ase.    assuming other factors do not change, what is the likely effect  on the number of individuals  choosing to become nurses or pilots?     nurses pilots  a decrease decrease  b decrease increase  c increase decrease  d increase increase     12 the table shows the average re venue of a firm at various level s of output.    output average  revenue  ($)  1 10  2 8  3 6  4 4    what happens to total revenue as output rises?  a it falls and then rises.  b it falls continuously.  c it rises and then falls.  d it rises continuously.     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/11/o/n/21  13 for some months the price of petrol (gas) decreased significan tly.    h o w  w o u l d  t h i s  a f f e c t  a  d e l i v e r y  f i r m  t h a t  d e l i v e r s  g o o d s  f o r  o t h e r  f i r m s  u s i n g  p e t r o l  ( g a s )   powered vehicles?  a average fixed costs would decrease.  b profits would decrease.  c total fixed costs would decrease.  d variable costs would decrease.    14 the size of the domestic car industry in japan has enabled japa nese car producers to be more  price competitive than rival car producers.    what is an explanation for this?  a economies of scale are present in the japanese car industry.  b managerial problems exist in the japanese car industry.  c productivity is low in japan.  d the japanese car industry is very labour-intensive.      15 what is a major advantage of a horizontal merger compared with a conglomerate merger?  a it causes more motivation of the workforce.  b it gains financial economies of scale with cheaper borrowing f rom banks.  c it leads to a diversification making the firm less vulnerable.   d it reduces competition and increases the merged firm\u2019s market share.      16 recession is when there are two consecutive quarters (six mont hs) of  a deflation.  b falling gdp.  c rising prices.  d rising unemployment.      17 an economy is operating with all resources fully employed.    which would be an outcome of a significant increase in governme nt expenditure?  a deflation  b demand-pull inflation  c falling output  d increased employment ",
            "7": "7     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/11/o/n/21 [turn over  18 what causes economic growth?  a availability of more resources  b higher imports of consumer goods  c higher unemployment  d lower investment      19 the table shows a government\u2019s receipts from taxation.     $ m   air passenger duty 10  tax on firms\u2019 profits 100  import duty 75  income tax 200  inheritance tax 50  sales tax (vat) 300    what is the total amount of revenue raised by indirect taxes?  a $300  m b $ 3 5 0  m c $385  m d $435  m      20 which statement about supply-side policy is correct?  a it aims to increase the produc tive potential of the economy.  b it aims to increase total demand in the economy.  c it involves changes in the equilibrium foreign exchange rate.  d it involves changes in the rate of interest.      21 why is weighting used in the consumer prices index (cpi)?  a to ensure that all items in the index are treated equally  b to ensure that all price changes are included in the index  c to ensure that the index includes changes in the quantity cons umed  d to ensure that the index reflects the spending patterns of con sumers     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/11/o/n/21   due to an issue with question 22, the question has been remove d from the question paper.     23 which combination of policy measures is most  likely to increase the level of employment?  a decrease general taxation and decrease the rate of interest  b decrease general taxation and increase the rate of interest  c increase general taxation and decrease the rate of interest  d increase general taxation and increase the rate of interest     24 what is a certain cause of absolute poverty?  a growing old  b insufficient income for basic needs  c lack of good healthcare  d many dependants in the family    25 the birth rate in a country is higher than the death rate.    what might prevent the country\u2019s population from rising?  a emigration is greater than immigration.  b the birth rate is falling.  c the country\u2019s medical care improves.  d the death rate is rising.    ",
            "9": "9     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/11/o/n/21 [turn over  26 the table shows statistics for four countries, a\u2013d.    which country has the lowest standard of living?     average annual  growth rate of  population   (%) population density   (per square kilometre)life expectancy  (years) real gdp per head   ($)  a 1.9 19 46 190  b 2.7 2 58 1700  c 3.7 45 59 210  d 4.2 89 44 190      27 why can specialisation cause economic growth?  a specialisation can allow a country to produce many different g oods and services.  b specialisation can lead to a reduction in average costs of pro duction.  c specialisation can mean that firms in a country will face dise conomies of scale.  d specialisation can reduce a country\u2019s need to depend on other economies.    28 the diagram shows china\u2019s trade with brazil for two years.    012345china\u2019s exports china\u2019s importsyear 1 year 2key $ billion    what happened to china\u2019s trade balance with brazil between year  1 and year 2?  a it experienced a falling surplus.  b it experienced a rising deficit.  c it moved from deficit to surplus.  d it moved from surplus to deficit.     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/11/o/n/21  29 why do some governments limit the operations of multinational companies (mncs) within their  domestic economy?  a mncs contribute to technological advances.  b mncs decrease a country\u2019s unemployment rate.  c mncs gain profits which are transferred out of the country.  d mncs increase a country\u2019s current account surplus.      30 what is an immediate effect for a country of a fall in its for eign exchange rate?  a a fall in the money supply  b an increase in purchasing power  c cheaper imports  d more competitive exports     ",
            "11": "11     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/11/o/n/21  blank page",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to tra ce copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have  unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possib le opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced on line in the cambridge  assessment international educat ion copyright acknowledgements b ooklet. this is produced for eac h series of examinations and is  freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org  after the live examination se ries.   cambridge assessment international education is part of the cam bridge assessment group. cambri dge assessment is the brand name  of the university of  cambridge local examinations sy ndicate (ucles), which itself is  a department of the univ ersity of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/11/o/n/21  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_w21_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document has 12 pages. any blank pages are indicated.  ib21 11_0455_12/5rp   \u00a9 ucles 2021   [turn ove r   *8681396912*cambridge igcse\u2122       economics 0455/12     paper 1 multiple choice  october/november 2021     45 minutes    you must answer on the mult iple choice answer sheet.    you will need: multiple choice answer sheet   soft clean eraser   soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)       instructions   \uf0b7 there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions.   \uf0b7 for each question there ar e four possible answers a, b, c and d. choose the one you consider correct  and record your choice in soft pencil on the multiple choice an swer sheet.   \uf0b7 follow the instructions on the multiple choice answer sheet.  \uf0b7 write in soft pencil.  \uf0b7 write your name, centre number and candidate number on the mult iple choice answer sheet in the  spaces provided unless this has been done for you.  \uf0b7 do not use correction fluid.  \uf0b7 do not write on any bar codes.  \uf0b7 you may use a calculator.      information  \uf0b7 the total mark for this paper is 30.  \uf0b7 each correct answer will score one mark.  \uf0b7 any rough working should be don e on this question paper.   ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/o/n/21  1 to help reduce the price of oil, new supplies are needed. howe ver, objectors oppose exploration  of new sites because of the environmental damage it may cause.    why is this statement an example of the basic economic problem?   a oil is a limited resource.  b oil is expensive.  c the exploration involves demand and supply.  d there are external costs involved in production.     2 what is an opportunity cost for a consumer spending money on a  holiday?  a the potential interest earned if the holiday money had been sa ved  b the price paid for an air ticket to the holiday destination  c the rubbish created during the holiday which affects the local  community  d the satisfaction that the consumer gains from the holiday    3 helium is a gas that is limited in supply because it takes tho usands of years to form. the us  government holds 35% of the world\u2019s supply of helium and has be en selling its stocks. helium is  essential in medical scanners. it is also used for party balloo ns, which is a wasteful alternative  use of a valuable good.    which two concepts apply to this statement?  a demand and supply, government subsidy  b excess demand, resource allocation  c opportunity cost, private monopoly  d public sector, factors of production     4 which combination of characteristics describes a public good?  a excludable and non-rival in consumption  b excludable and rival in consumption  c non-excludable and non-rival in consumption  d non-excludable and rival in consumption     5 what is an advantage of a market economy?  a equilibrium market price clears the market.  b producers and consumers have the same aims.  c the government has no need to intervene in markets.  d the lowest price possible is always charged. ",
            "3": "3     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/o/n/21 [turn over  6 what is a macroeconomic aim of a government?  a balance of payments stability  b deflation  c income inequality  d unemployment      7 an economy relies on potash to make fertiliser. a new deposit o f potash is discovered.    which diagram shows this change in the market for potash?    price quantityoa s1 d1d2price quantityob s1 d2d1 price quantityoc s2 d1s1s1 d1s2price quantityod      ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/o/n/21  8 the table shows the quantity demanded at different prices.    price $ quantity  demanded  6 3  5 4  4 5  3 7  2 9    for which fall in price is the demand price-inelastic?  a from $6 to $5  b from $5 to $4  c from $4 to $3  d from $3 to $2      9 which government policy will increase productivity?  a decreasing the number of training programmes  b encouraging labour-intensive production  c promoting good industrial relations  d reducing private sector investment     ",
            "5": "5     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/o/n/21 [turn over  10 the diagrams show the wage rates of cleaners (owc) and nurses ( own).    oemploymentm wcs dcleaners oemploymentwns dnurses mwage ratewage rate     what is the result if a national minimum wage of om is introduc ed?     wage rate of  cleaners wage rate of  nurses  a fall rise  b no change fall  c rise fall  d rise no change     11 which result of increased specialisation in a firm is an advant age for the firm, but a disadvantage  for some of the workers in the firm?  a greater mechanisation  b higher labour productivity  c higher skill levels  d longer training times    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/o/n/21  12 the diagram shows the imposition of a subsidy on a product sup plied by a firm.    s1 s2 d og f ejh k lmprice quantity    which area represents the total revenue of the firm including t he subsidy?  a e g h k  b o e k m  c o f j l  d o g h m     13 the diagram shows the total cost curve for a firm.    costs quantityotc     what can be concluded about the firm?  a it has no fixed costs.  b it has no variable costs.  c its average fixed cost increases.  d its average variable cost is constant.    ",
            "7": "7     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/o/n/21 [turn over  14 the table shows the average total cost of a firm over a range o f output.    output  (units) average total  cost ($)  1 10  2   8  3   6  4   5  5   7  6   9    what happens after 4 units are produced?  a the firm experiences management problems.  b the firm gains the benefits of merging with another firm.  c the firm pays lower interest rates to banks.  d the firm receives significant discounts from bulk buying.     15 two car manufacturers agree to merge.    which outcome would be a disadvantage for customers?  a increased capital for research and development  b lower average costs through economies of scale  c reduced range of vehicles produced  d use of a wider range of marketing information     16 an economy recorded a second month of deflation.    what does this mean?  a it was facing a recession.  b price levels were falling.  c total demand was rising.  d unemployment was falling.    ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/o/n/21  17 what is a cause of demand-pull inflation?  a a surplus of skilled labour  b higher government expenditure  c higher tax rates  d lower net exports      18 what is the consequence of economic growth for individuals and for the economy?     individuals the economy  a increase in absolute poverty increase in inflation  b increase in average incomes increase in government tax revenue  c increase in the variety of goods and services reduction in expo rts  d increase in unemployment reduction in the standard of living      19 the table shows a government\u2019s receipts from taxation.     $ m   air passenger duty 10  tax on firms\u2019 profits 100  import duty 75  income tax 200  inheritance tax 50  sales tax (vat) 300    what is the total amount of revenue raised by indirect taxes?  a $300  m b $ 3 5 0  m c $385  m d $435  m      20 which supply-side policy measure would help to match the skill s of workers to job vacancies?  a encouraging the modernisation of factories  b offering retraining to unemployed workers  c reducing taxes to provide incentives to work  d replacing government enterprises with private enterprises     ",
            "9": "9     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/o/n/21 [turn over  21 how is the rate of inflation measured?  a by calculating the change in the price of goods and services f rom one year to the next  b by calculating the real value of all output of goods and servi ces in an economy  c by calculating the total number of people willing and able to work but cannot find work  d by calculating the total value of exports minus the total valu e of imports       due to an issue with question 22, the question has been remove d from the question paper.     23 which combination of policy measures is most  likely to increase the level of employment?  a decrease general taxation and decrease the rate of interest  b decrease general taxation and increase the rate of interest  c increase general taxation and decrease the rate of interest  d increase general taxation and increase the rate of interest    24 poverty in households may be defined in relative terms.    what indicates relative poverty?  a falling below society\u2019s expected standard of living  b income level required to meet basic needs  c lack of access to clean water  d living on less than $2 a day    25 what is the effect on an economy of net emigration of people ag ed 20\u201340?  a a more mobile labour force  b an ageing population  c higher government tax revenue  d rising house prices    ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/o/n/21  26 the table shows statistics for four countries, a\u2013d.    which country has the lowest standard of living?     average annual  growth rate of  population   (%) population density   (per square kilometre)life expectancy  (years) real gdp per head   ($)  a 1.9 19 46 190  b 2.7 2 58 1700  c 3.7 45 59 210  d 4.2 89 44 190     27 a country specialises in the production of steel, toys and text iles.    what is a disadvantage of specialisation for the country\u2019s work ers?  a they cannot afford to buy products from other countries.  b they could become structurally unemployed if global demand cha nges.  c they have to learn a variety of skills.  d they have too much choice which wastes their time.    28 the diagram shows china\u2019s trade with brazil for two years.    012345china\u2019s exports china\u2019s importsyear 1 year 2key $ billion    what happened to china\u2019s trade balance with brazil between year  1 and year 2?  a it experienced a falling surplus.  b it experienced a rising deficit.  c it moved from deficit to surplus.  d it moved from surplus to deficit.    ",
            "11": "11     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/o/n/21  29 the us imposed tariffs on cars and motorcycles from germany.    what is the effect of these tariffs?  a decrease in inflation in the us  b decrease in trade between the us and germany  c increase in profits of car and motorcycle producers from germa ny  d increase in standards of living in the us and in germany     30 what is an immediate effect for a country of a fall in its for eign exchange rate?  a a fall in the money supply  b an increase in purchasing power  c cheaper imports  d more competitive exports    ",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to tra ce copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have  unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possib le opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced on line in the cambridge  assessment international educat ion copyright acknowledgements b ooklet. this is produced for eac h series of examinations and is  freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org  after the live examination se ries.   cambridge assessment international education is part of the cam bridge assessment group. cambri dge assessment is the brand name  of the university of  cambridge local examinations sy ndicate (ucles), which itself is  a department of the univ ersity of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/12/o/n/21  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_w21_qp_13.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document has 12 pages. any blank pages are indicated.  ib21 11_0455_13/4rp   \u00a9 ucles 2021   [turn ove r   *1573876662*cambridge igcse\u2122       economics 0455/13     paper 1 multiple choice  october/november 2021     45 minutes    you must answer on the mult iple choice answer sheet.    you will need: multiple choice answer sheet   soft clean eraser   soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)       instructions   \uf0b7 there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions.   \uf0b7 for each question there ar e four possible answers a, b, c and d. choose the one you consider correct  and record your choice in soft pencil on the multiple choice an swer sheet.   \uf0b7 follow the instructions on the multiple choice answer sheet.  \uf0b7 write in soft pencil.  \uf0b7 write your name, centre number and candidate number on the mult iple choice answer sheet in the  spaces provided unless this has been done for you.  \uf0b7 do not use correction fluid.  \uf0b7 do not write on any bar codes.  \uf0b7 you may use a calculator.      information  \uf0b7 the total mark for this paper is 30.  \uf0b7 each correct answer will score one mark.  \uf0b7 any rough working should be don e on this question paper.   ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/13/o/n/21  1 to help reduce the price of oil, new supplies are needed. howe ver, objectors oppose exploration  of new sites because of the environmental damage it may cause.    why is this statement an example of the basic economic problem?   a oil is a limited resource.  b oil is expensive.  c the exploration involves demand and supply.  d there are external costs involved in production.    2 which diagram shows an opportunity cost by movement from point x to point y?    oa capital goods consumer goodsxy ob capital goods consumer goodsxy oc capital goods consumer goodsy x od capital goods consumer goodsy x      3 helium is a gas that is limited in supply because it takes tho usands of years to form. the us  government holds 35% of the world\u2019s supply of helium and has be en selling its stocks. helium is  essential in medical scanners. it is also used for party balloo ns, which is a wasteful alternative  use of a valuable good.    which two concepts apply to this statement?  a demand and supply, government subsidy  b excess demand, resource allocation  c opportunity cost, private monopoly  d public sector, factors of production ",
            "3": "3     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/13/o/n/21 [turn over  4 what is an example of a public good?  a healthcare  b street lights  c unemployment benefits  d vaccinations      5 why does a government provide certain goods and services in a m ixed economic system?  a the government always provides goods more cheaply than private  firms.  b the government considers only private costs and benefits.  c the government provides goods to prevent the development of mo nopolies.  d the government provides public goods because private firms can not charge for them.      6 what is a microeconomic decision?  a a central bank reducing interest rates  b a gas firm reducing its prices  c a government increasing income tax  d a government increasing the national minimum wage      7 the diagram shows a shift in the supply curve for new zealand\u2019s  airlines from s 1 to s 2.    s1 s2 oprice quantity    what is the cause of this shift?  a a decrease in the costs of new zealand\u2019s airlines  b a decrease in the number of people wanting to fly to new zeala nd  c an increase in the price of train and bus travel in new zealan d  d an increase in the tax on air travel in new zealand    ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/13/o/n/21  8 the diagram shows the demand curve for rice.    2.5 2.01.51.0 0 01 0 2 0 2730 40price $ per kilo quantity (kilos)d     what is the price elasticity of demand (ped) for rice as price increases from $1.0 to $1.5 per kilo?  a 0  b 1  c less than 1  d greater than 1     9 the table shows the output of cakes from four bakeries, a\u2013d.    which bakery has the highest labour productivity?     labour   (hours per day) output   (cakes per day)  a 10 40  b 40 640  c 50 750  d 100 500     10 what is an advantage of labour-intensive production and what i s an advantage of   capital-intensive production?     labour-intensive capital-intensive  a each item can be individually m ade average costs of production are low  b keeps unemployment down fixed costs are high  c workers have pride in the product machinery may break down  d workers have to work hard there is a ready market for the produ ct     ",
            "5": "5     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/13/o/n/21 [turn over  11 the market equilibrium wage rate is $10 per hour.    what explains why the wage rate actually paid is $12 per hour?  a employers are competing for labour.  b the government sets a minimum wage of $12 per hour.  c there is a surplus of skilled labour.  d workers have received unpaid training.    12 a firm imports 20 high quality bicycles into the us at a cost o f $3000 each. it sells them all,  making a profit of $1000 per bicycle.    what is the firm\u2019s average revenue?  a $1000 b $2000 c $3000 d $4000    13 the diagram shows total cost (tc), total fixed cost (tfc) and total variable cost (tvc).    costs outputow x y     which costs are shown by w, x and y?     w  x  y   a tc tfc tvc  b tc tvc tfc  c tfc tc tvc  d tvc tc tfc     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/13/o/n/21  14 the table shows output and total cost of a firm with four prod uction methods, a\u2013d.    which method causes diseconomies of scale as the firm expands p roduction from 1000 to 3000  units?     output (units)  1000 2000 3000  total cost ($)  a 8 000 10  000 12  000  b 8 000 14  000 27  000  c 10  000 16  000 21  000  d 10  000 20  000 30  000     15 a clothing manufacturer expands by taking over a clothing retai ler.    which type of merger is this?  a backward vertical  b conglomerate  c forward vertical  d horizontal    16 which economic situation exists when there are two consecutive quarters (six months) of  negative economic growth?  a budget surplus  b current account deficit  c inflation  d recession     17 why might measures to reduce unemployment also make inflation rise?  a they encourage cheap imports.  b they increase demand.  c they reduce firms\u2019 costs.  d they require wages to fall.    ",
            "7": "7     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/13/o/n/21 [turn over  18 which change affecting an economy\u2019s labour market promotes econ omic growth?  a increasing trade union strike action  b lowering the age of retirement  c reducing training of workers  d removing immigration controls      19 the table shows a government\u2019s receipts from taxation.     $ m   air passenger duty 10  tax on firms\u2019 profits 100  import duty 75  income tax 200  inheritance tax 50  sales tax (vat) 300    what is the total amount of revenue raised by indirect taxes?  a $300  m b $ 3 5 0  m c $385  m d $435  m      20 which statement relating to supply-side policies is correct?  a they aim to increase aggregate demand.  b they aim to increase the long-run capacity of the economy.  c they aim to reduce cyclical unemployment.  d they aim to work in the short term.      21 what is always indicated by an increase in the consumer prices index (cpi)?  a an increase in consumer spending in an economy  b an increase in living standards  c an increase in the average cost of living  d an increase in the purchasing power of money     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/13/o/n/21   due to an issue with question 22, the question has been remove d from the question paper.    23 which combination of policy measures is most  likely to increase the level of employment?  a decrease general taxation and decrease the rate of interest  b decrease general taxation and increase the rate of interest  c increase general taxation and decrease the rate of interest  d increase general taxation and increase the rate of interest     24 what could reduce poverty?  a greater economic growth  b less spending on education  c more regressive taxation  d privatisation of hospitals    25 the table shows information about four countries, a\u2013d.    which country is most  likely to have a falling population?     access to a  healthy diet cost of bringing  up children  a falling falling  b falling rising  c rising falling  d rising rising     ",
            "9": "9     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/13/o/n/21 [turn over  26 the table shows statistics for four countries, a\u2013d.    which country has the lowest standard of living?     average annual  growth rate of  population   (%) population density   (per square kilometre)life expectancy  (years) real gdp per head   ($)  a 1.9 19 46 190  b 2.7 2 58 1700  c 3.7 45 59 210  d 4.2 89 44 190     27 malaysia and indonesia specialise in the production of palm oil .    what is a disadvantage of specialisation?  a concentration of labour in the activity in which it is most pr oductive  b creation of jobs to meet world demand  c reliance on trade with other countries for other goods  d rising palm oil prices    28 the diagram shows china\u2019s trade with brazil for two years.    012345china\u2019s exports china\u2019s importsyear 1 year 2key $ billion    what happened to china\u2019s trade balance with brazil between year  1 and year 2?  a it experienced a falling surplus.  b it experienced a rising deficit.  c it moved from deficit to surplus.  d it moved from surplus to deficit.    ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/13/o/n/21  29 what is a reason for trade protection?  a to reduce a deficit on the current account of the balance of p ayments  b to reduce a surplus on the current account of the balance of p ayments  c to reduce economic growth  d to reduce inflation      30 what is an immediate effect for a country of a fall in its for eign exchange rate?  a a fall in the money supply  b an increase in purchasing power  c cheaper imports  d more competitive exports     ",
            "11": "11     \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/13/o/n/21  blank page",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to tra ce copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have  unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possib le opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced on line in the cambridge  assessment international educat ion copyright acknowledgements b ooklet. this is produced for eac h series of examinations and is  freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org  after the live examination se ries.   cambridge assessment international education is part of the cam bridge assessment group. cambri dge assessment is the brand name  of the university of  cambridge local examinations sy ndicate (ucles), which itself is  a department of the univ ersity of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2021 0455/13/o/n/21  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_w21_qp_21.pdf": {
            "1": "this document has 8 pages. any blank pages are indicated. cambridge igcse\u2122 *6958049665*economics  0455/21 paper 2 structured questions  october/november  2021  2 hours 15 minutes you must answer on the enclosed answer booklet. you will need:  answer booklet (enclosed) instructions  \u25cf answer four questions in total: section a: answer question 1. section b: answer three  questions.  \u25cf follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper,  ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.  \u25cf you may use a calculator. information  \u25cf the total mark for this paper is 90.  \u25cf the number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [  ]. dc (kn) 203612/2 \u00a9 ucles 2021  [turn over",
            "2": "2 0455/21/ o/n/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 section a read the source material carefully before answering question 1. source material: laos, a land-locked country laos fact file 2017 gdp $16.85 billion total exports $2.04 billion percentage of laos\u2019 exports sold to china 58% gdp growth rate 6.9% adult literacy rate 85% laos is a land-locked country, surrounded by vietnam, cambodia, thailand, myanmar and china.  access to seaports helps an economy take full advantage of international trade. the economy of laos  has grown rapidly since the government initiated free market reforms, with an average growth rate of  approximately 7% annually in the last 10 years.  the free market reforms have encouraged laos to sell their abundant raw materials internationally  and also attracted foreign investment. laos has large deposits of copper which are in high demand by  global manufacturing industries. a new rail link connecting china and laos is expected to make such  transactions easier.  the government of laos has also put a lot of emphasis on education. the adult literacy rate of both  males and females has increased from 60% to 85% over the last 20 years.  the financial sector, including commercial banks, is growing. this has enabled local entrepreneurs to  borrow money and encouraged more households to save.  however, investors are still uncertain about investing in laos. there are strict rules and regulations  for foreign investors, especially in industries such as mining. the government says the regulations  are needed to avoid market failures, such as external costs, and abuse of monopoly power. however,  these rules and regulations are sometimes unclear. laos is one of the lowest in the world bank\u2019s ease  of doing business index, which measures how easy it is to start up and run a business in a country.  fig. 1.1 shows the ease of doing business ranking (1 = easy) and gdp per head of selected countries  in 2018. countryease of doing business  rankinggdp per head ($) singapore 2 64 581 south korea 5 31 362 malaysia 15 11 239 brunei 55 31 627 laos 154 2567 timor-leste 178 2035 fig. 1.1 the ease of doing business ranking and gdp per head ($) of selected  countries in 2018 the recent economic slowdown of china may have harmful effects on laos. china is laos\u2019s largest  trading partner and also the largest source of foreign investment into laos. ",
            "3": "3 0455/21/ o/n/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 [turn over answer all parts of question 1. refer to the source material in your answers. 1 (a) calculate, in $, the total exports of laos to china in 2017.  [1]  (b) identify two roles of commercial banks.  [2]  (c) explain how access to seaports may benefit an economy.  [2]  (d) explain two benefits of the free market reforms introduced by the government of laos.  [4]  (e) analyse the impact of improved education on the economy of laos.  [4]  (f) analyse the relationship between a country\u2019s ease of doing business ranking and its gdp  per head.  [5]  (g) discuss whether or not strict rules and regulations benefit an economy.  [6]  (h) discuss whether or not a slowdown of china\u2019s economy will be harmful to the economy of  laos.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/21/ o/n/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 section b answer any three  questions. each question is introduced by stimulus material. in your answer you may refer to this material and/or  to other examples that you have studied. 2 in 2019, the government of france proposed a 3% tax on the revenue of large firms that advertise  and sell products online. this tax may lead to a redistribution of income. there are concerns that  this tax may also lead to a reduction in france\u2019s export of services as firms affected may leave  france. however, the government hopes that supply-side policy measures will encourage such  firms to stay in france.  (a) define redistribution of income . [2]  (b) explain two reasons why governments redistribute income.  [4]  (c) analyse the economic effects of a reduction in a country\u2019s export of services.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not supply-side policy measures will encourage firms to operate in an  economy.  [8] 3 the island of borneo is famous internationally for its rainforests which can bring many benefits,  both private and external. however, the economy is heavily dependent on a finite resource, oil.  the discovery of oil reserves in other parts of the world led to a significant fall in the world price of  oil. this affected producers of oil in borneo.   (a) define  finite resource . [2]  (b) explain the difference between private and external benefits.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a demand and supply diagram, the effects on the world price of oil of the  discovery of new reserves of oil.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not the fall in the price of a product is a disadvantage to an economy.  [8] 4 uruguay\u2019s inflation rate reached 8.4% in july 2018. the central bank considered increasing the  interest rate to reduce the inflation rate. an increase in interest rates might influence total demand  in an economy and lead to an appreciation of its currency. this might influence uruguay\u2019s exports,  especially soybean exports. the total revenue of uruguay\u2019s soybean firms might change if there is  an appreciation of the uruguayan peso.  (a) define total revenue .  [2]  (b) explain two causes of inflation.  [4]  (c) analyse how an increase in the interest rate could reduce total demand in an economy.  [6]    (d) discuss whether or not an appreciation of a country\u2019s domestic currency will have negative  effects on its economy.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/21/ o/n/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 5 some economists criticise high government spending and trade unions for creating market  disequilibrium. however, trade unions may also play a key role in economic development. there  are over 60 trade unions in singapore, in both labour-intensive and capital-intensive industries.  (a) define market disequilibrium .  [2]  (b) explain the difference between labour-intensive and capital-intensive industries.  [4]  (c) analyse how trade unions could increase economic development.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not high government spending can help a government achieve its  macroeconomic aims.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/21/ o/n/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/21/ o/n/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/21/ o/n/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge  assessment  international education copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. cambridge assessment international education is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which itself is a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_w21_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "this document has 8 pages. any blank pages are indicated. cambridge igcse\u2122 dc (dh) 314876/1 \u00a9 ucles 2021  [turn over *9524894511*economics  0455/22 paper 2 structured questions  october/november  2021  2 hours 15 minutes you must answer on the enclosed answer booklet. you will need:  answer booklet (enclosed) instructions  \u25cf answer four questions in total: section a: answer question 1. section b: answer three  questions.  \u25cf follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper,  ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.  \u25cf you may use a calculator. information  \u25cf the total mark for this paper is 90.  \u25cf the number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [  ].",
            "2": "2 0455/22/ o/n/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 section a read the source material carefully before answering question 1. source material: india\u2019s airline industry air india fact file total revenue 2018 $2.2 bn total cost 2018 $2.9 bn number of passengers carried in 2018 16.4 m number of passengers carried in 2017 14.8 m share of india\u2019s international and national air travel market in 2018 13% share of india\u2019s international and national air travel market in 1994 100% air india is owned by the indian government. the entry of new firms into india\u2019s air travel market has  reduced air india\u2019s ability to set price. the state-owned firm faces competition not only from other  airlines but also from other forms of transport including trains and ships. in 2017 the indian government tried, unsuccessfully, to sell air india to the private sector. a successful  sale would have raised money for the indian government and might have increased the airline\u2019s  efficiency. it is predicted that india will have the third largest airline industry by 2025. the growth in the industry  may affect the current account position of india\u2019s balance of payments. table 1.1 shows the current  account position in india and four other countries. table 1.1 the current account position of the balance of payments of selected countries in 2017 country current account ($ bn)current account % of gdp brazil \u20139.8 \u20130.5 china 164.9 1.4 india \u201348.7 \u20131.9 kenya \u20135.4 \u20136.8 russia 35.4 2.2 a rise in both the number of routes flown and the quality of the passenger experience may increase  the number of tourists visiting india. a larger indian airline industry is likely to increase the ease of  movement of people and goods into and out of india. this might attract more multinational companies  (mncs) and reduce firms\u2019 costs of production. india\u2019s air travel market faces a number of challenges. india has asia\u2019s highest airline fuel tax. some  economists suggest that this should be increased further to increase tax revenue and to reduce market  failure. the airlines\u2019 other costs are rising but it is difficult for them to raise prices. this is because  india\u2019s air passengers are among the most price-sensitive in the world. some airlines stop their costs  rising any further by improving their staff training, introducing new technology and improving their pilots\u2019  working conditions. the airlines\u2019 ability to hire pilots is influenced by, among other factors, the quality of  education and other job opportunities.",
            "3": "3 0455/22/ o/n/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 [turn over answer all parts of question 1. refer to the source material in your answers.  (a) calculate, in $, air india\u2019s loss in 2018.  [1]  (b) identify two substitutes for air travel.  [2]  (c) explain one characteristic that suggests that air india was a monopoly in 1994.  [2]  (d) explain two reasons why a government may privatise an industry.  [4]  (e) analyse how india\u2019s position on the current account of its balance of payments in 2017  compares with the other four countries.  [4]  (f) analyse how a successful airline industry can promote economic growth.  [5]  (g) discuss whether the indian government should increase the tax on airline fuel.  [6]  (h) discuss whether more people will apply to be pilots for indian airlines in the future.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/ o/n/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 section b answer any three  questions. each question is introduced by stimulus material. in your answers you may refer to the material and/or  to other examples you have studied. 2 a number of countries, including morocco, capture water from fog. water is used in the primary,  secondary and tertiary sectors. in recent years, morocco has increased the quantity and quality  of its resources and has moved more of them into the tertiary sector. the quantity, quality and  composition of a country\u2019s resources are influenced by a number of factors, including its birth rate.  morocco\u2019s birth rate fell from 19.9 in 2016 to 18.7 in 2018.  (a) define a free good . [2]  (b) explain, with examples, the difference between the secondary sector and the tertiary sector.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a production possibility curve (ppc), the effect of an increase in the quality of  its resources on an economy.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a fall in a country\u2019s birth rate will benefit an economy.  [8] 3 two of uzbekistan\u2019s main industries are cotton and gas. uzbekistan is the world\u2019s seventh largest  producer, and fifth largest exporter, of cotton. the uzbek government has tried to influence the  cotton industry\u2019s price elasticity of supply. it has also nearly ended the use of child labour in cotton  production. the country\u2019s output of gas increased by 7% in 2018 and its average cost of gas  production fell.  (a) identify two determinants of price elasticity of supply.  [2]  (b) explain two advantages to an economy of ending child labour.  [4]  (c) analyse how average cost can change as output increases.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not an economy would benefit from allocating more of its resources to  agriculture.  [8] 4 in tunisia, resource allocation decisions are made by both the public sector and private sector.  tunisia\u2019s gdp increased from 2014 to 2018 but its households saved less. income levels can be  affected by changes in trade union activity and the foreign exchange rate. from 2014 to 2018,  tunisia experienced a number of strikes organised by its largest trade union, the tunisian general  labour union. there was also a significant fall in its foreign exchange rate.  (a) identify two of the three resource allocation decisions.  [2]  (b) explain two reasons why households may save less even though their income has increased.  [4]  (c) analyse how a trade union may benefit its members.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a fall in its foreign exchange rate will improve a country\u2019s  macroeconomic performance.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/22/ o/n/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 5 the us operates a mainly market economic system. life expectancy in the us fell in 2017, for the  third year in a row. although the us has a high gdp per head, it also has a high level of income  inequality. the poor benefited from the us\u2019s low and stable inflation rate. the government\u2019s  supply-side policy measures were partly responsible for reducing inflationary pressure.  (a) identify two ways a government could reduce income inequality.  [2]  (b) explain two advantages of a market economic system.  [4]  (c) analyse why life expectancy may decrease.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not supply-side policy measures can reduce inflation.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/22/ o/n/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/22/ o/n/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/22/ o/n/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge  assessment  international education copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. cambridge assessment international education is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which itself is a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_w21_qp_23.pdf": {
            "1": "this document has 8 pages. any blank pages are indicated. cambridge igcse\u2122 dc (dh/cb) 203610/3 \u00a9 ucles 2021  [turn over *6879541133*economics  0455/23 paper 2 structured questions  october/november  2021  2 hours 15 minutes you must answer on the enclosed answer booklet. you will need:  answer booklet (enclosed) instructions  \u25cf answer four questions in total: section a: answer question 1.  section b: answer three  questions.  \u25cf follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper,  ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.  \u25cf you may use a calculator. information  \u25cf the total mark for this paper is 90.  \u25cf the number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [  ].",
            "2": "2 0455/23/ o/n/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 section a read the source material carefully before answering question 1. source material: changing eating habits obesity fact file 2016 country population (million) obesity % (percentage of population overweight) senegal 15 9 uk 65 28 us 330 36 concerns about health, obesity and animal welfare have risen in high income countries. this led to  an increase in vegetarianism (not eating meat) and veganism (not eating meat, eggs or dairy) in high  income countries. in 2017, veganism increased in the uk by 20%. as incomes rise in the uk, people  are more likely to eat vegan food. advertising vegan food has encouraged its consumption. it is claimed that eating vegan food can improve people\u2019s health. healthier workers can produce more,  and better quality, products. eating less meat and dairy products can also improve the environment.  farm animals emit greenhouse gases and their waste products add to water pollution. while meat consumption per person is falling in high income countries, it is rising in low income  countries. fig. 1.1 shows average daily calorie intake consumed in senegal, a west african country,  and in the us, by food groups in 2015. the recommended daily calorie intake is 2800. senegal calorie intake = 2320 us calorie intake = 3800 cereals/grains      meat      sugar & sweeteners      fruit & vegetables      added fats & oils fig. 1.1 average daily calorie intake in senegal and the us by food groups in 2015 to respond to changes in the type of food that people are eating, it is useful if workers are mobile.  generally, the greater labour mobility, the more efficient the labour market becomes in adjusting to  changes in demand, and the supply of workers. this helps a country\u2019s international performance in  trade of goods. as some people in africa are malnourished, eating more food of any type, including meat, may make  them healthier. a rise in meat consumption will increase demand for vets (for animal welfare) and  transport firms. it can also increase the number of meat processing firms. senegal has a high unemployment rate and a low income per head. it has recently experienced a fall  in consumer expenditure. new industries and new jobs would help to stop senegal experiencing a  recession. a rise in government spending may also be needed. the high birth rate and rising population  also puts pressure on the government to spend more. emigration is, however, reducing tax revenue  while providing some senegalese with useful employment experience.",
            "3": "3 0455/23/ o/n/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 [turn over answer all parts of question 1. refer to the source material in your answers. 1 (a) calculate the number of obese people in the uk in 2016.  [1]  (b) identify two reasons why the demand for vegan food has increased in the uk.  [2]  (c) explain one external benefit that may arise from eating less meat.  [2]  (d) explain how food consumption in senegal differed from the us in 2015.  [4]  (e) analyse how an increase in labour mobility could improve the performance of a country\u2019s  trade in goods.  [4]  (f) analyse how an increase in meat consumption could benefit african economies.  [5]  (g) discuss whether or not an increase in senegalese government spending will stop the country  experiencing a recession.  [6]  (h) discuss whether or not emigration would reduce poverty in senegal.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/23/ o/n/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 section b answer any three  questions. each question is introduced by stimulus material. in your answers you may refer to the material and/or  to other examples you have studied. 2 in 2018, 54% of russia\u2019s population was female and the government announced plans to raise the  state retirement age. in russia, the role of the price mechanism to answer key resource allocation  questions is increasing. however, the russian government raised indirect taxes, partly to reduce  market failure.  (a) identify two reasons why a country may have more women than men in its population.  [2]  (b) explain two advantages of raising the retirement age.  [4]  (c) analyse how the price mechanism answers the three key resource allocation questions.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not indirect taxation can reduce market failure.  [8] 3 south africa has a high number of unemployed workers. south africa\u2019s inflation rate has been  stable in recent years, partly due to relatively stable wages. an increase in wages can cause  inflation and can increase the number of consumer goods bought and produced. to increase  employment and reduce the deficit on the current account of south africa\u2019s balance of payments,  some economists suggest more foreign multinational companies (mncs) should be encouraged  to produce in south africa.  (a) identify two ways unemployment is measured.  [2]  (b) explain two ways an increase in wages can cause inflation.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a production possibility curve (ppc), the opportunity cost to an economy of  producing more consumer goods.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not an increase in foreign mncs will reduce a deficit on the current  account of the balance of payments of a host country.  [8] 4 norway has engaged in free trade to a greater extent in recent years. the country operates a  floating foreign exchange rate. there has been a change in the pattern of employment in norway.  for example, more norwegians now work in jobs requiring a university degree. some of these  graduates work as economists and lawyers dealing with mergers between firms. in 2017, there  were 332 mergers, an increase of 23% on the previous year.  (a) identify two benefits of free trade.  [2]  (b) explain two differences between a floating foreign exchange rate and a fixed foreign  exchange rate.  [4]  (c) analyse how a change in the pattern of employment in a country may change its average  wage.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a government should stop firms merging.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/23/ o/n/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 5 industries and markets are changing in vietnam. there is greater use of division of labour in  a range of industries. many markets are becoming more competitive, causing some firms to  make losses. manufacturing was vietnam\u2019s strongest sector in 2018, when manufacturing output  increased by 13%.  (a) define division of labour . [2]  (b) explain two reasons why a loss-making firm may continue to produce.  [4]  (c) analyse the advantages that consumers may gain from a competitive market.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not an increase in a country\u2019s manufacturing output will increase its  economic development.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/23/ o/n/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/23/ o/n/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/23/ o/n/21 \u00a9 ucles 2021 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge  assessment  international education copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. cambridge assessment international education is part of the cambridge assessment group. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the university of  cambridge local examinations syndicate (ucles), which itself is a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        }
    },
    "2022": {
        "0455_m22_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "this document has 8 pages. any blank pages are indicated.  [turn overcambridge igcse\u2122 dc (pq/fc) 303889/2 \u00a9 ucles 2022 *9307259731*economics  0455/22 paper 2 structured questions  february/march  2022  2 hours 15 minutes you must answer on the enclosed answer booklet. you will need:  answer booklet (enclosed) instructions  \u25cf answer four questions in total: section a: answer question 1. section b: answer three  questions.  \u25cf follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper,  ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.  \u25cf you may use a calculator. information  \u25cf the total mark for this paper is 90.  \u25cf the number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [  ].",
            "2": "2 0455/22/ f/m/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 section a read the source material carefully before answering question 1. source material: the advantages of visiting, producing and living in bermuda bermuda fact file 2018 population 72 000 labour force 33 500 unemployment rate 7% inflation rate 2% bermuda is a well-known holiday destination. it offers luxury holidays which are expensive.  bermuda bans foreign fast-food outlets. it does have one foreign outlet selling fried chicken in the  island\u2019s capital, hamilton. this was opened before the ban was introduced in 1997. some foreign  multinational companies (mncs), which produce other goods and services, operate in bermuda.  bermuda is considered a tax haven. it does not have any corporation tax, but it does charge high  import tariffs particularly on demerit goods which are harmful to health. bermuda has a higher literacy rate and a lower population growth rate than most other countries. its  gdp per head is high. fig. 1.1 shows the relationship between gdp per head ($) and life expectancy  (years) in selected countries in 2018. 200  000 180  000 160  000 gdp per head ($)140  000 120  000 100  000 80 000 60 000 40 000 20 000 0 100 90 80 70 60 50 life expectancy  (years)40 30 20 10 0eswatinieswatinimonaco bermuda bahamas argentinausamonaco bermuda bahamas argentinausa fig. 1.1 the relationship between gdp per head ($) and life expectancy (years)  in selected countries 2018",
            "3": "3 0455/22/ f/m/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 [turn over bermuda also has a relatively larger tertiary sector than most other countries. insurance and other  financial services contributed 85% of its gdp in 2018. the bermudian monetary authority (bma)  carries out most of the functions of a central bank. for example, it acts as banker to the government,  holds the country\u2019s reserves of foreign currency and implements the government\u2019s monetary policy. the  bma has been relatively successful in keeping inflation low. however, government policy measures  designed to reduce unemployment may affect the inflation rate. this is because policy measures can  influence total demand, productivity and firms\u2019 costs of production. bermudian government policy may change, not only to cut unemployment, but also to reduce market  failure. for example, higher indirect taxes on demerit goods may be used but it can be difficult to  change people\u2019s spending patterns. answer all parts of question 1. refer to the source material in your answers. 1 (a) calculate the number of bermudian workers who were unemployed in 2018.  [1]   (b) identify  two reasons why demand for holidays in bermuda may be price-elastic.  [2]  (c) state  two reasons why a foreign mnc may want to operate in bermuda.  [2]  (d) explain  two reasons why bermuda has a higher level of economic development than many  other countries.  [4]  (e)  analyse the role of the bermudian monetary authority (bma).  [4]  (f) analyse the relationship between gdp per head and life expectancy.  [5]  (g) discuss whether or not bermudian government policy measures designed to reduce  unemployment would increase the inflation rate.  [6]  (h) discuss whether or not higher indirect taxes can reduce the market failure caused by demerit  goods.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/ f/m/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 section b answer any three  questions. each question is introduced by stimulus material. in your answer you may refer to this material and/or  to other examples that you have studied. 2 south africa (sa) experienced a recession in the second half of 2019 and an unemployment  rate of 29%. only a small proportion of this unemployment was frictional. south africa\u2019s foreign  exchange rate fell from 1 sa rand = us$0.08 in 2018 to 1 sa rand = us$0.06 in 2019. south  africa had reduced import tariffs, but in 2019 some south african economists suggested tariffs  should be used to protect its infant industries.  (a) define  frictional unemployment . [2]  (b) explain why an infant industry may need protection.  [4]  (c) analyse how a fall in a country\u2019s foreign exchange rate could reduce a deficit on the current  account of its balance of payments.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a reduction in income tax will end a recession.  [8] 3 new zealand is a small country with a population of 5 million. most new zealand firms are  relatively small and most do not experience diseconomies of scale. in 1894, new zealand was the  first country to introduce a national minimum wage. new zealand experienced a rise in income per  head every year between 2010 and 2019. during this period, 6% of new zealand\u2019s households  experienced absolute poverty.  (a) define diseconomies of scale . [2]  (b) explain two reasons why a high-income household may borrow more than a low-income  household.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a diagram, the effect of an increase in output on average fixed cost (afc) and  total fixed cost (tfc).  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not the introduction of a national minimum wage will reduce poverty.  [8] 4 botswana\u2019s net migration varies. in 2019, botswana had net immigration. since 2010, its  unemployment rate has averaged 18%. between 2010 and 2019, the number of women in the  labour force increased from 380  000 to 490  000. although botswana is one of africa\u2019s richer  countries, its households do not save much of their income.  (a) identify  two reasons why immigration may increase.  [2]  (b) explain two consequences of unemployment.  [4]  (c) analyse why more women may join a country\u2019s labour force.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a government should encourage an increase in saving.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/22/ f/m/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 5 the economic problem means that countries have to decide what to produce. ghana uses much  of its agricultural land to grow cocoa. cocoa is sold to chocolate producers. the world\u2019s main  chocolate producer in 2019 was a us firm with a 14% share of the global market. that firm was  the largest seller of chocolate in the us and, if it merges, may become a monopoly.  (a) define the economic problem . [2]  (b) explain whether land is mobile.  [4]  (c) analyse the causes of a shift to the right in the supply curve of chocolate.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not consumers would benefit from a firm becoming a monopoly.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/22/ f/m/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/22/ f/m/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/22/ f/m/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge  assessment  international education copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. cambridge assessment international education is part of cambridge assessment. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the university of cambridge  local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_s22_qp_11.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document has 12 pages. any blank pages are indicated.  ib22 06_0455_11/4rp   \u00a9 ucles 2022   [turn ove r   *4843284800 *cambridge igcse\u2122       economics 0455/11     paper 1 multiple choice  may/june 2022     45 minutes    you must answer on the mult iple choice answer sheet.    you will need: multiple choice answer sheet   soft clean eraser   soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)       instructions   \uf0b7 there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions.   \uf0b7 for each question there ar e four possible answers a, b, c and d. choose the one you consider correct  and record your choice in soft pencil on the multiple choice an swer sheet.   \uf0b7 follow the instructions on the multiple choice answer sheet.  \uf0b7 write in soft pencil.  \uf0b7 write your name, centre number and candidate number on the mult iple choice answer sheet in the  spaces provided unless this has been done for you.  \uf0b7 do not use correction fluid.  \uf0b7 do not write on any bar codes.  \uf0b7 you may use a calculator.      information  \uf0b7 the total mark for this paper is 30.  \uf0b7 each correct answer will score one mark.  \uf0b7 any rough working should be don e on this question paper.   ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/11/m/j/22  1 a government uses different suppl y-side policy measures to impr ove economic performance.    which policy measure would not satisfy one of the government\u2019s macroeconomic aims?  a changing the tax system which  leads to more tax evasion  b encouraging foreign investment which improves the balance of pa yments  c privatising state industries which increases economic growth  d retraining redundant workers which lowers unemployment     2 what could cause an increase in demand for a factor of producti on?  a decrease in the efficiency of the factor of production  b decrease in the price of an alternative factor of production  c increase in the demand for the good or service produced  d increase in the price of the factor of production    3 which components, in addition to gross domestic product (gdp) per head, are included in the  human development index (hdi)?  a average earnings and inequalities of incomes  b balance of trade and balance of payments  c life expectancy at birth and expected years of schooling  d size of population and age structure of population    4 the us government introduces tariffs on steel imported from ch ina. this increases the price of  imported chinese steel.    whose income would be likely to increase as a direct result?     chinese steel  producers us government a yes yes  b yes no  c no yes  d no no     ",
            "3": "3     \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/11/m/j/22 [turn over  5 a government retrains unemployed industrial workers to increase  employment opportunities. the  policy may have adverse effects on other government macroeconom ic aims.    what illustrates this situation?  a better skilled workers may increase productivity and improve ec onomic growth.  b increased wage-earning capacity may lead to demand-pull inflati on.  c more employed workers may reduce government expenditure on bene fit payments.  d near full employment may result in a more stable balance of pay ments.    6 the diagram shows the demand and supply for apples.    3.00 2.502.001.501.000.50 0$ per kilo 0 200 400 600 800 1000 tonnes (000)s d     to what extent is the market for apples in disequilibrium at a price of $2.50 per kilo?  a demand exceeds supply by 200  000 tonnes.  b demand exceeds supply by 400  000 tonnes.  c supply exceeds demand by 200  000 tonnes.  d supply exceeds demand by 400  000 tonnes.     ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/11/m/j/22  7 the diagram shows the fixed costs, variable costs and total co sts of a firm at output s.    p q r scosts outputo     which distance represents the firm\u2019s variable costs?  a p q  b p s  c q r  d q s       8 the table shows the world output of iron ore and the average y early price for four years.    year world output of iron ore  (billion tonnes) average yearly price  ($ per tonne)  year 1 2.86 128  year 2 2.98 135  year 3 2.22 97  year 4 2.28 95    what can be concluded about the relationship between world outp ut of iron ore and the average  yearly price over the four years?     world output average   yearly price  a highest highest  b highest lowest  c lowest highest  d lowest lowest     ",
            "5": "5     \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/11/m/j/22 [turn over  9 a firm has a high price elasticity of supply for its product.    what does this indicate?  a it can increase revenue by reducing the price.  b it can quickly respond to changes in price.  c it keeps very low volumes of product in stock.  d it produces a good that has close substitutes.    10 a manufacturer of medical supplies benefits from improved road  links to its main markets.    what benefit definitely occurs as a result?  a increased average revenue  b increased external economies of scale  c increased internal economies of scale  d increased market share    11 which row shows an essential characteristic of competitive mar kets and monopoly markets?     competitive markets monopoly markets  a many buyers single seller  b many sellers single buyer  c single buyer many buyers  d single seller many sellers     12 a student has nothing to do on a friday evening. she withdraws  $5 from the $100 she has in a  savings account and buys a present to take to a party, to which  admission is free.    what does this involve?  a an opportunity cost equal to $95  b an opportunity cost equal to other goods she could have bought  for $5  c no opportunity cost, as entrance to the party is free  d no opportunity cost, as she had no better way of using the tim e     ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/11/m/j/22  13 the development of artificial intelligence in machines raises the productivity of capital.    what will be the effect of this?  a the costs of production will increase.  b the demand for capital will increase.  c the price of capital will fall.  d the supply of capital will decrease.    14 which combination is necessary for the construction of a consu mer prices index?     a base year price stability weights  a yes yes yes  b yes no yes  c yes no no  d no yes yes     15 a government removed the quota on goods imported into the coun try.    what is the most  likely result of this?  a a decrease in demand for domestic production  b a decrease in domestic unemployment  c a decrease in exports  d a decrease in the balance of trade deficit     16 what is an advantage of a country having a market economic sys tem with a large private sector?  a firms can become unprofitable if they do not produce what cons umers want.  b market forces often fail to ensur e maximum benefits for society .  c some goods may not be provided at all or not in sufficient qua ntity.  d there is an unequal distribution of income which can increase o ver time.     17 what is an example of a fiscal policy measure?  a increasing the exchange rate  b reducing the power of trade unions  c reducing the rate of corporation tax  d setting a lower interest rate    ",
            "7": "7     \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/11/m/j/22 [turn over  18 why would an increase in the interest rate potentially lead to lower inflation?  a consumers will be more willing to save when interest rates are  high.  b consumers will be more willing to spend when interest rates ar e high.  c producers will be more willing to borrow from banks when inter est rates are high.  d producers will be more willing to invest when interest rates a re high.      19 which government action will not add directly to the quantity or quality of human resources?  a improvement in health facilities  b investment in education and training  c provision of better food and nutrition  d reclamation of land from the sea      20 what is a likely cause of economic growth?  a decreased employment  b decreased investment  c decreased productivity  d decreased taxation     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/11/m/j/22  21 an economy experiences a recession and moves from full employm ent to 5% unemployment.    which movement from x to y on the ppc diagram shows the consequ ence for the economy?    capital goods consumer goodsoa x ycapital goods consumer goodsob x y capital goods consumer goodsoc xycapital goods consumer goodsod x y       22 the table shows how three people, x, y and z, spend their inco me.     person x person y person z  food, clothing and housing 30% 25% 50%  entertainment and leisure 35% 35% 25%  luxury goods 35% 40% 25%    what is the likely order of income, from lowest income to highe st income, for these three people?  a y  \uf0ae x \uf0ae z  b y  \uf0ae z \uf0ae x  c z  \uf0ae x \uf0ae y  d z  \uf0ae y \uf0ae x    ",
            "9": "9     \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/11/m/j/22 [turn over  23 why would standards of living fall when there is a recession?  a the government would increase ta xes to combat the recession.  b the purchasing power of households would fall.  c the value of the domestic currency would increase.  d there would be a rise in the level of immigration.      24 what is the purpose of an economy\u2019s production possibility cur ve (ppc)?  a it answers the question of what to produce in an economy.  b it enables microeconomic decisions to be taken by firms.  c it measures the supply of goods and services available in an ec onomy.  d it shows the productive capacity in an economy at a point in ti me.      25 the governments of low-income countries often allow foreign mu ltinational companies (mncs) to  mine minerals in their country.    which conflict between benefit and cost might this cause the lo w-income countries?     benefit cost  a improved balance of trade training by the mncs  b higher employment loss of a finite resource  c increased profits for the mncs efficient production  d more sustainable development economic growth     26 the table shows some economic indicators.    which increase in the first indicator is most  likely to lead to an increase in the second indicator?    first indicator second indicator  a budget surplus consumer saving  b consumer spending unemployment  c inflation trade surplus  d productivity living standards     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/11/m/j/22  27 what is the definition of foreign exchange rate ?  a the difference between emigration and immigration  b the difference between the values of imports and exports  c the price of one currency in terms of another  d the price of one good in terms of another      28 which activity is correctly linked to the organisation that pr ovides it?     organisation activity  a central bank regulate the rate of inflation  b central bank set direct tax rates  c commercial bank manage the government\u2019s financial accounts  d commercial bank safeguard the country\u2019s foreign reserves      29 which topic is not included in microeconomics?  a consumer demand  b economies of scale  c forms of competition  d inflation      30 what is likely to cause an immediate decrease in the size of t he labour force?  a a fall in the average size of families  b a fall in the birth rate  c a reduction in the age of retirement  d an increase in net immigration     ",
            "11": "11     \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/11/m/j/22  blank page",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to tra ce copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have  unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possib le opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced on line in the cambridge  assessment international educat ion copyright acknowledgements b ooklet. this is produced for eac h series of examinations and is  freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org  after the live examination se ries.   cambridge assessment international education is part of cambrid ge assessment. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the un iversity of cambridge  local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/11/m/j/22  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_s22_qp_12.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document has 12 pages. any blank pages are indicated.  ib22 06_0455_12/fp   \u00a9 ucles 2022   [turn ove r   *9635380947*cambridge igcse\u2122       economics 0455/12     paper 1 multiple choice  may/june 2022     45 minutes    you must answer on the mult iple choice answer sheet.    you will need: multiple choice answer sheet   soft clean eraser   soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)       instructions   \uf0b7 there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions.   \uf0b7 for each question there ar e four possible answers a, b, c and d. choose the one you consider correct  and record your choice in soft pencil on the multiple choice an swer sheet.   \uf0b7 follow the instructions on the multiple choice answer sheet.  \uf0b7 write in soft pencil.  \uf0b7 write your name, centre number and candidate number on the mult iple choice answer sheet in the  spaces provided unless this has been done for you.  \uf0b7 do not use correction fluid.  \uf0b7 do not write on any bar codes.  \uf0b7 you may use a calculator.      information  \uf0b7 the total mark for this paper is 30.  \uf0b7 each correct answer will score one mark.  \uf0b7 any rough working should be don e on this question paper.   ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/12/m/j/22  1 what is an example of a free good?  a defence  b education  c health services  d sunshine      2 a student has nothing to do on a friday evening. she withdraws  $5 from the $100 she has in a  savings account and buys a present to take to a party, to which  admission is free.    what does this involve?  a an opportunity cost equal to $95  b an opportunity cost equal to other goods she could have bought  for $5  c no opportunity cost, as entrance to the party is free  d no opportunity cost, as she had no better way of using the tim e    3 the diagram shows two production possibility curves for a coun try.    lk ocapital goods consumer goods    what might cause a shift from point k to point l in the country \u2019s production?  a a change in what consumers want to buy  b a recession  c more investment  d the use of previously unemployed resources     4 which relationship would be studied by an economist specialisi ng in macroeconomics?  a the relationship between the inflation rate and the unemploymen t rate  b the relationship between the output of a firm and its costs of production  c the relationship between the price of a product and the quantit y demanded by a consumer  d the relationship between the wage rate of workers and demand fo r labour in an occupation ",
            "3": "3     \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/12/m/j/22 [turn over  5 in recent years, a government ha s started to make more use of the free market system. however,  they are doing it very slowly to avoid the disadvantages that a  free market system might bring.    what is a possible disadvantage of the free market system?  a decreased incentive to work  b decreased levels of pollution  c increased efficiency  d increased inequality of income     6 what will cause the demand curve for a good to shift to the ri ght?  a a decrease in the disposable income of consumers  b a decrease in the price of a complement good  c a decrease in the price of a substitute good  d a decrease in the price of the good    7 in the diagram, which demand curve has perfectly elastic deman d?    price oquantitya bc d      ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/12/m/j/22  8 the table shows the demand and supply schedules for rice. the current price is $2.00 per kilo.    price per kilo $ quantity demanded  (million tonnes) quantity supplied  (million tonnes)  2.50   5 30  2.00 10 25  1.50 20 20  1.00 30 15  0.50 40 10    what will happen if the price is reduced to $1.00 per kilo?  a the demand schedule will shift to the left.  b the market will move from shortage to surplus.  c the market will move from surplus to shortage.  d the supply schedule will shift to the right.     9 the diagram shows the fixed costs, variable costs and total co sts of a firm at output s.    p q r scosts outputo     which distance represents the firm\u2019s variable costs?  a p q  b p s  c q r  d q s     10 what could cause profits to be high in a monopoly market?  a barriers to entry  b diseconomies of scale  c elastic demand for the product  d high number of substitutes for the product    ",
            "5": "5     \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/12/m/j/22 [turn over  11 which firm is most  likely to be classified as a small firm in the tertiary sector ?  a a farm  b a hairdresser  c a steelworks  d a supermarket      12 germany is considered a capital-intensive economy while indone sia is considered a   labour-intensive economy.    what does this mean about the economies of germany and indonesi a?  a capital is relatively cheaper than labour in germany while lab our is relatively cheaper than  capital in indonesia.  b germany has many primary sector workers while indonesia has ma ny tertiary sector  workers.  c indonesia has a higher growth in its population size than germ any.  d relatively more low-cost labour is available in germany while capital is more efficient than  labour in indonesia.      13 a bank continues to operate loss-making branches.    which objective is the bank trying to achieve?  a growth  b efficiency  c profit maximisation  d social welfare    14 the table shows how three people, x, y and z, spend their inco me.     person x person y person z  food, clothing and housing 30% 25% 50%  entertainment and leisure 35% 35% 25%  luxury goods 35% 40% 25%    what is the likely order of income, from lowest income to highe st income, for these three people?  a y  \uf0ae x \uf0ae z  b y  \uf0ae z \uf0ae x  c z  \uf0ae x \uf0ae y  d z  \uf0ae y \uf0ae x ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/12/m/j/22  15 which activity is correctly linked to the organisation that pr ovides it?     organisation activity  a central bank regulate the rate of inflation  b central bank set direct tax rates  c commercial bank manage the government\u2019s financial accounts  d commercial bank safeguard the country\u2019s foreign reserves     16 the chart shows a government\u2019s spending in a year.    40 000 35 000 30 000 25 000 20 000 15 000 10 000 5000 0 social security and welfare34 006 health18 660 education15 280 law and order5050 defence2390$ (millions)     what was the total government spending on public goods?  a $2390 million  b $5050 million  c $7440 million  d $33  940 million    ",
            "7": "7     \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/12/m/j/22 [turn over  17 a government levies a specific tax on the supply of cigarettes.  a t  t h e  s a m e  t i m e  i t  s t a r t s  a   campaign to explain the health risks of smoking cigarettes.    which diagram illustrates the effects on the demand and supply of cigarettes?    price o quantityds2 s1a price o quantityds2s1b price o quantityd2d1s2 s1 d1d2s1 s2c price o quantityd       18 a government wishes to pursue an expansionary monetary policy.    what should it do?  a discourage bank lending  b give subsidies to firms  c lower income tax thresholds  d lower interest rates    19 a government introduces a series of economic measures.    what is a supply-side policy measure?  a building more affordable homes to improve labour mobility  b controlling consumer spending to reduce inflation  c lowering interest rates to encourage purchase of expensive good s  d raising pensions to help retired people pay their fuel bills     ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/12/m/j/22  20 what is identified as economic growth?  a a fall in labour productivity  b an increase in  the productive capacity of the economy  c an increase in the consumer prices index (cpi)  d the economy enters a period of recession      21 the retail trade in a country has unemployed workers in one re gion and job vacancies in another  region.    what could explain this?  a costs of employing workers are lower when there is unemployment .  b it is more expensive to live in the area where the retail jobs are available.  c retailing demands the same skills everywhere.  d the geographical mobility of labour has increased.    22 a country wishes to reduce the level of inflation.    which combination of policy measures will be most  successful?     policy measure 1 policy measure 2  a decrease exchange rates increase interest rates  b decrease interest rates increase exchange rates  c increase government spending decrease interest rates  d increase interest rates decrease government spending      23 a government wants to reduce both its budget deficit and the a mount of poverty in its country.    which fiscal policy measure is most  likely to achieve both of these aims?  a decreasing the rate of progressive income tax  b decreasing government spending on welfare benefits  c increasing the rate of progressive income tax  d increasing government spending on welfare benefits     ",
            "9": "9     \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/12/m/j/22 [turn over  24 which components, in addition to gross domestic product (gdp) per head, are included in the  human development index (hdi)?  a average earnings and inequalities of incomes  b balance of trade and balance of payments  c life expectancy at birth and expected years of schooling  d size of population and age structure of population      25 what is likely to cause an immediate decrease in the size of t he labour force?  a a fall in the average size of families  b a fall in the birth rate  c a reduction in the age of retirement  d an increase in net immigration     26 the table shows some economic indicators.    which increase in the first indicator is most  likely to lead to an increase in the second indicator?    first indicator second indicator  a budget surplus consumer saving  b consumer spending unemployment  c inflation trade surplus  d productivity living standards     27 the price of a currency in a fixed exchange rate system is red uced.    what is this called?  a appreciation  b depreciation  c devaluation  d revaluation    ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/12/m/j/22  28 a government removed the quota on goods imported into the coun try.    what is the most  likely result of this?  a a decrease in demand for domestic production  b a decrease in domestic unemployment  c a decrease in exports  d a decrease in the balance of trade deficit    29 w h a t  i s  most  likely to result from a reduction in the value of a country\u2019s currency if there are no  other changes in the economy?  a a trade in goods surplus will fall.  b export prices will rise.  c import prices will rise.  d the inflation rate will fall.    30 the governments of low-income countries often allow foreign mu ltinational companies (mncs) to  mine minerals in their country.    which conflict between benefit and cost might this cause the lo w-income countries?     benefit cost  a improved balance of trade training by the mncs  b higher employment loss of a finite resource  c increased profits for the mncs efficient production  d more sustainable development economic growth     ",
            "11": "11     \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/12/m/j/22  blank page",
            "12": "12      permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to tra ce copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have  unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possib le opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced on line in the cambridge  assessment international educat ion copyright acknowledgements b ooklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is  freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org  after the live examination se ries.   cambridge assessment international education is part of cambrid ge assessment. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the un iversity of cambridge  local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/12/m/j/22  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_s22_qp_13.pdf": {
            "1": "    this document has 12 pages. any blank pages are indicated.  ib22 06_0455_13/2rp   \u00a9 ucles 2022   [turn ove r   *5481907720*cambridge igcse\u2122       economics 0455/13     paper 1 multiple choice  may/june 2022     45 minutes    you must answer on the mult iple choice answer sheet.    you will need: multiple choice answer sheet   soft clean eraser   soft pencil (type b or hb is recommended)       instructions   \uf0b7 there are thirty  questions on this paper. answer all questions.   \uf0b7 for each question there ar e four possible answers a, b, c and d. choose the one you consider correct  and record your choice in soft pencil on the multiple choice an swer sheet.   \uf0b7 follow the instructions on the multiple choice answer sheet.  \uf0b7 write in soft pencil.  \uf0b7 write your name, centre number and candidate number on the mult iple choice answer sheet in the  spaces provided unless this has been done for you.  \uf0b7 do not use correction fluid.  \uf0b7 do not write on any bar codes.  \uf0b7 you may use a calculator.      information  \uf0b7 the total mark for this paper is 30.  \uf0b7 each correct answer will score one mark.  \uf0b7 any rough working should be don e on this question paper.   ",
            "2": "2  \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/13/m/j/22  1 which factor has the correct factor reward identified?     factor factor reward  a capital profit  b enterprise wages  c labour interest  d land rent      2 a student has nothing to do on a friday evening. she withdraws  $5 from the $100 she has in a  savings account and buys a present to take to a party, to which  admission is free.    what does this involve?  a an opportunity cost equal to $95  b an opportunity cost equal to other goods she could have bought  for $5  c no opportunity cost, as entrance to the party is free  d no opportunity cost, as she had no better way of using the tim e     3 what would cause a shift in a country\u2019s production possibility  curve?  a a fall in unemployment  b a recovery from a recession  c a rise in prices  d the destruction of factories in a war     4 which topic is studied in macroeconomics?  a cost-push inflation  b market price determination  c public goods  d the output of a firm    5 china is moving towards a more mixed economic system and reduc ing the role of the public  sector.    which economic policy measure might best achieve this?  a creating excess capacity in state-owned enterprises  b encouraging competition among private sector firms  c protecting infant industries  d subsidising transport infrastructure ",
            "3": "3     \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/13/m/j/22 [turn over  6 the diagram shows the supply and demand for a product.    6 010 000price $ quantity (units)ds     suppliers have decided to produce 10  000 units and charge a price of $6.    what is the result of this decision in the short run?  a a stable equilibrium price will be achieved.  b suppliers will be left with unsold stock.  c the equilibrium market price will increase.  d there will be excess demand at the price of $6.     7 which statement about price elasticity of demand (ped) is corr ect?  a ped measures the percentage change in quantity demanded divided  by the percentage  change in price.  b ped measures the change in price divided by the change in the q uantity demanded.  c ped means a change in price will cause an equal change in the q uantity demanded.  d ped means a change in demand will result in a greater percentag e change in price.    ",
            "4": "4  \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/13/m/j/22  8 a manufacturer of tinned beans mechanises its assembly line. t his increases output by 30% and  reduces labour by 20%.    how and why will this affect supply curve s?    oprice of tinnedbeans quantity of tinned beanss     a s will move to the left due to an increase in average costs.  b s will move to the left due to an increase in the price of tin ned beans.  c s will move to the right due to an increase in consumer demand .  d s will move to the right due to an increase in productivity.      9 the diagram shows the fixed costs, variable costs and total co sts of a firm at output s.    p q r scosts outputo     which distance represents the firm\u2019s variable costs?  a p q  b p s  c q r  d q s     ",
            "5": "5     \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/13/m/j/22 [turn over  10 a cinema has 500 seats. it raised its admission price from $2 to $5 and daily revenue increased  from $800 to $1500.    what can be concluded from this information?  a price elasticity of demand for cinema seats was elastic.  b price elasticity of supply of cinema seats was elastic.  c the cinema operated below full capacity.  d the cinema\u2019s profits rose by $700.     11 what is an outcome of a competitive market?  a high prices and low quality  b low prices and large choice  c high profits and low quality  d low profits and little choice     12 what might prevent an individual choosing a particular occupat ion?  a little opportunity for career progression  b low cost of travelling to work  c no risk to personal health  d wage rate above national minimum wage     13 what might encourage a consumer to spend less and save more?  a the expectation that prices will fall  b the expectation that prices will rise  c the expectation that unemployment will fall  d the expectation that real gdp will rise    ",
            "6": "6  \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/13/m/j/22  14 the table shows how three people, x, y and z, spend their inco me.     person x person y person z  food, clothing and housing 30% 25% 50%  entertainment and leisure 35% 35% 25%  luxury goods 35% 40% 25%    what is the likely order of income, from lowest income to highe st income, for these three people?  a y  \uf0ae x \uf0ae z  b y  \uf0ae z \uf0ae x  c z  \uf0ae x \uf0ae y  d z  \uf0ae y \uf0ae x     15 which activity is correctly linked to the organisation that pr ovides it?     organisation activity  a central bank regulate the rate of inflation  b central bank set direct tax rates  c commercial bank manage the government\u2019s financial accounts  d commercial bank safeguard the country\u2019s foreign reserves      16 what is not usually a macroeconomic aim?  a balance of payments stability  b high government borrowing  c lowering cyclical unemployment  d reducing absolute poverty     ",
            "7": "7     \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/13/m/j/22 [turn over  17 a government decides to increase the indirect tax on petrol. p etrol has an inelastic price elasticity  of demand.    what are likely to be the consequences?     quantity of  petrol bought government  revenue  a decreases decreases  b decreases increases  c increases decreases  d increases increases     18 in a country, there is an increase in the rate of interest to prevent inflation.    which type of macroeconomic policy is this?  a fiscal policy  b monetary policy  c supply-side policy  d trade policy      19 a government significantly incr eases its spending on education  and training over several years.    what will be the likely effect of this policy measure on the ra te of inflation in both the short run  and the long run?     short-run effect long-run effect  a decreases decreases  b decreases increases  c increases decreases  d increases increases      20 what may cause a recession?  a an increase in consumer spending  b an increase in government spending  c an increase in imports  d an increase in investment    ",
            "8": "8  \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/13/m/j/22  21 why might the macroeconomic aim  of full employment conflict wi th the aim of stable prices?  a full employment leads to higher cost of imports.  b full employment leads to increased income inequality.  c full employment leads to increases in wages.  d full employment leads to lower exports.      22 in a country, inflation is 10% and nominal interest rates are 7 %.    which group is most  likely to benefit from this situation?  a borrowers  b e m p l o y e r s   c lenders  d savers     23 which action is not performed by a government as part of its international role?  a building offshore wind farms  b imposing tariffs on imports  c issuing visas to foreign tourists  d providing humanitarian aid to refugees    24 which components, in addition to gross domestic product (gdp) per head, are included in the  human development index (hdi)?  a average earnings and inequalities of incomes  b balance of trade and balance of payments  c life expectancy at birth and expected years of schooling  d size of population and age structure of population     25 what is likely to cause an immediate decrease in the size of t he labour force?  a a fall in the average size of families  b a fall in the birth rate  c a reduction in the age of retirement  d an increase in net immigration    ",
            "9": "9     \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/13/m/j/22 [turn over  26 the table shows some economic indicators.    which increase in the first indicator is most  likely to lead to an increase in the second indicator?    first indicator second indicator  a budget surplus consumer saving  b consumer spending unemployment  c inflation trade surplus  d productivity living standards      27 when are countries most  likely to specialise and trade with each other?  a when the cost of transport between them is high  b when there are large differences in their resource allocations  c when they have access to the same technology  d when they have high tariffs and other protective measures    28 a government removed the quota on goods imported into the coun try.    what is the most  likely result of this?  a a decrease in demand for domestic production  b a decrease in domestic unemployment  c a decrease in exports  d a decrease in the balance of trade deficit    29 a country has a surplus on the current account of its balance o f payments.    what would be most  likely to cause the country to move into deficit?  a devaluation of its fixed exchange rate  b government subsidies to its exporters  c improved technology in other countries  d productivity increases in its export industries     ",
            "10": "10  \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/13/m/j/22  30 the governments of low-income countries often allow foreign mu ltinational companies (mncs) to  mine minerals in their country.    which conflict between benefit and cost might this cause the lo w-income countries?     benefit cost  a improved balance of trade training by the mncs  b higher employment loss of a finite resource  c increased profits for the mncs efficient production  d more sustainable development economic growth     ",
            "11": "11     \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/13/m/j/22  blank page",
            "12": "12    permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to tra ce copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have  unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possib le opportunity.    to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced on line in the cambridge  assessment international educat ion copyright acknowledgements b ooklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is  freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org  after the live examination se ries.   cambridge assessment international education is part of cambrid ge assessment. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the un iversity of cambridge  local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is a department of the university of cambridge.    \u00a9 ucles 2022 0455/13/m/j/22  blank page  "
        },
        "0455_s22_qp_21.pdf": {
            "1": "this document has 8 pages. any blank pages are indicated.  [turn overcambridge igcse\u2122 dc (ks/fc) 303844/3 \u00a9 ucles 2022 *1941279015*economics  0455/21 paper 2 structured questions  may/june  2022  2 hours 15 minutes you must answer on the enclosed answer booklet. you will need:  answer booklet (enclosed) instructions  \u25cf answer four questions in total: section a: answer question 1. section b: answer three  questions.  \u25cf follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper,  ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.  \u25cf you may use a calculator. information  \u25cf the total mark for this paper is 90.  \u25cf the number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [  ].",
            "2": "2 0455/21/ m/j/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 section a read the source material carefully before answering question 1. source material: cyprus cyprus fact file 2015 2019 life expectancy (years) 79 81 gdp per head $23 334 $27 900 population 1 100 000 1 200 000 birth rate (per 1000) 11.0 10.2 cyprus is a small country which had a relatively high hdi ranking in 2019. it exports a range of goods  and services including fruit, pharmaceuticals and clothing. cyprus imports the majority of the food it  consumes but produces most of its own grapes and potatoes. in 2019, the global grape harvest was  affected by bad weather. global grape production fell by 35% which caused a shortage.  approximately 14% of cyprus\u2019s labour force is employed in the primary sector. the average age  of cyprus\u2019s workers is increasing and more of them are now working past retirement age. this is  particularly true of highly qualified workers who tend to be well-paid, healthy and have jobs that do not  require physical strength.  the rise in life expectancy and the increase in the cost of providing state pensions led some economists  to suggest a rise in the retirement age. such a change would have an impact on the government\u2019s  budget balance. in 2019, the cypriot government had a budget surplus. in contrast, cyprus had a  deficit on the current account of its balance of payments. the size of a country\u2019s current account  balance can be influenced by its inflation rate. fig. 1.1 shows selected countries\u2019 inflation rates (%) and  current account balances (% of gdp) in 2019. \u20135%cyprus iceland inflation rate  (%) current account balance as % of gdpkenya mongolia nepal slovenia 510 0 \u201310 \u201315 \u201320 fig. 1.1 inflation rates (%) and current account balances (% of gdp)   in selected countries 2019 the interest rate in cyprus was very low in 2019. it was expected that this would influence the country\u2019s  investment. since 2015, some of the country\u2019s firms have become more capital-intensive. this change  has affected cyprus\u2019s productivity and may have influenced the standard of products produced. in 2019, two concerns for the future of cyprus\u2019s economy were that the quality of some of its agricultural  land may decline and that some of its top entrepreneurs may emigrate.",
            "3": "3 0455/21/ m/j/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 [turn over answer all parts of question 1. refer to the source material in your answers. 1 (a) calculate the number of births in cyprus in 2019.  [1]  (b) identify two indicators of living standards.  [2]  (c) state why the global market for grapes was in disequilibrium in 2019.  [2]  (d) explain two reasons why more well-educated workers tend to work past retirement age than  less-educated workers.  [4]  (e) analyse how a rise in a country\u2019s retirement age is likely to affect its government\u2019s budget.  [4]  (f) analyse the relationship between inflation rates and current account balances.  [5]  (g) discuss whether or not, after 2019, cyprus\u2019s production possibility curve (ppc) is likely to  shift to the right.  [6]  (h) discuss whether or not adopting capital-intensive production will benefit consumers.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/21/ m/j/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 section b answer any three questions. each question is introduced by stimulus material. in your answer you may refer to this material and/or  to other examples that you have studied. 2 australia\u2019s foreign exchange rate fluctuates. the value of australia\u2019s exports is regularly greater  than the value of its imports. australia is papua new guinea\u2019s main trading partner. in 2019, the  government of papua new guinea increased income tax to reduce its inflation rate. it used other  policy measures to increase its economic growth rate.  (a) define foreign exchange rate . [2]  (b) explain two reasons why the value of a country\u2019s exports may be greater than the value of its  imports.  [4]  (c) analyse how an increase in income tax can affect a country\u2019s inflation rate.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not governments should aim for a high rate of economic growth.  [8] 3 trade union membership is much higher in sweden than in most countries. in 2019, 70%  of swedish workers were members of a trade union. more than 85% of swedish workers are  employed in the tertiary sector, compared with only 2% in the primary sector. swedish workers  spend their incomes on a variety of products some of which, e.g. sweets, are demerit goods.  sweden has the 7th highest per head consumption of sweets in the world.  (a) identify two influences on what products a person buys.  [2]  (b) explain two ways a government could decrease the consumption of demerit goods.  [4]  (c) analyse why workers may join a trade union.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not tertiary sector workers are paid more than primary sector workers.  [8] 4 uganda specialises in agricultural products and has a relatively small secondary sector. in the  1990s, the ugandan government privatised most of its firms, including banks and railways.  some economists thought this privatisation was unsuccessful because poverty increased and  unemployment remained high. in recent years, the ugandan government has used supply-side  policy measures to reduce unemployment.   (a) define privatisation . [2]  (b) explain the difference between absolute poverty and relative poverty.  [4]  (c) analyse how specialisation can benefit firms.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not the use of supply-side policy measures will reduce unemployment.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/21/ m/j/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 5 singapore is a high-income country with a shortage of land and labour. singapore is often given  as an example of a market economy. the singaporean government does, however, intervene  in the economy. for example, it encourages its population to eat two servings of fruit and two  servings of vegetables per day.  (a) identify the reward to labour and the reward to land.  [2]  (b) explain how an increase in a worker\u2019s income can affect their mobility of labour.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a demand and supply diagram, how a greater awareness of the health benefits  of eating fruit will affect the market for fruit.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a market economic system benefits an economy.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/21/ m/j/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/21/ m/j/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/21/ m/j/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge  assessment  international education copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. cambridge assessment international education is part of cambridge assessment. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the university of cambridge  local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_s22_qp_22.pdf": {
            "1": "this document has 8 pages. any blank pages are indicated.  [turn overcambridge igcse\u2122 *1056610173* dc (cj/sg) 303865/3 \u00a9 ucles 2022economics  0455/22 paper 2 structured questions  may/june  2022  2 hours 15 minutes you must answer on the enclosed answer booklet. you will need:  answer booklet (enclosed) instructions  \u25cf answer four questions in total: section a: answer question 1. section b: answer three  questions.  \u25cf follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper,  ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.  \u25cf you may use a calculator. information  \u25cf the total mark for this paper is 90.  \u25cf the number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [  ].",
            "2": "2 0455/22/ m/j/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 section a read the source material carefully before answering question 1. source material: happiness bhutan fact file 2018 population 0.8 m gdp per head $3250 government spending $450  m government tax revenue $380  m world happiness index ranking 95th human development index ranking 134th the united nations has published a world happiness index every year since 2012. this index ranks  countries according to life expectancy, freedom, social support, trust, generosity and gdp per head.  new zealand was ranked 8th in the world happiness index in 2019. the governments of both bhutan  and new zealand now consider a number of influences on the happiness of their populations.  while more than half of bhutan\u2019s labour force is employed in agriculture, most people in new zealand  are employed in the tertiary sector. working conditions, working hours, the type of work and pay vary  between the primary and tertiary sectors. productivity is higher in all sectors in new zealand than in  bhutan. this is partly the result of higher investment in capital goods and education in new zealand.  new zealand also has a higher gdp per head. gdp per head ($) can influence net migration (number  of people) as shown for selected countries in 2017 in fig. 1.1. \u201355  000 \u201335  000 \u201315  000 5000 25 000 45 000 65 000bhutan cyprus new zealandkenya mozambique slovenia net migration (number of people) gdp per head ($) fig. 1.1 gdp per head ($) and net migration (number of people) of selected countries 2017 in its 2019 budget, the new zealand government said it would measure its progress not by increases in  gdp but by increases in the quality of people\u2019s lives. to achieve this, it announced increased spending  on some areas including mental health, child poverty and pollution. some economists criticised this  approach. they argued that the best way the government could improve living standards is to reduce  income tax rates. this reduction could change government spending and the quantity of products that  people buy, including cars.",
            "3": "3 0455/22/ m/j/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 [turn over tax revenue had increased in new zealand in 2019, partly because of a rise in revenue from corporation  tax. it was, however, difficult to predict firms\u2019 future profits. this was because of uncertainty about what  would happen to its gdp and its corporation tax rates. answer all parts to question 1. refer to the source material in your answers. 1 (a) calculate bhutan\u2019s gdp in 2018.  [1]  (b) identify two indicators that are in both the world happiness index and the human  development index.  [2]  (c) state why bhutan\u2019s 2018 government budget is likely to have increased total demand in  bhutan.  [2]  (d) explain two reasons why someone may prefer to work in the tertiary sector rather than in the  primary sector.  [4]   (e) analyse how investment in capital goods and education can increase new zealand\u2019s  productivity.  [4]  (f) analyse the relationship between gdp per head and net migration.  [5]  (g) discuss whether or not enterprise is likely to have increased in new zealand after 2019.  [6]  (h) discuss whether or not a cut in income tax rates will increase living standards.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/22/ m/j/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 section b answer any three  questions. each question is introduced by stimulus material. in your answer you may refer to this material and/or  to other examples that you have studied. 2 there was a significant increase in the money supply in angola in 2019. the national bank of  angola was concerned that this would keep inflation above 17% and harm angola\u2019s producers.  the angolan government had concentrated on reducing unemployment, which had fallen from  10% in 2010 to 7% in 2019.  (a) identify two forms of money.  [2]  (b) explain two functions a central bank performs for its government.  [4]  (c) analyse why a government may have lower unemployment as its main aim.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not inflation will harm producers.  [8] 3 in 2019, france produced inside its production possibility curve (ppc). france exports a wide  range of its products. it is the world\u2019s top exporter of luxury perfume and the 7th largest exporter of  soap. changes in technology affect the products people produce and buy. the french government  plans to upgrade its infrastructure for all households to have internet access.  (a) define a production possibility curve . [2]  (b) explain why demand for soap is more price-inelastic than demand for a luxury brand of  perfume.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a demand and supply diagram, how an increase in income will affect the  market for a luxury brand of perfume.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not the public sector should be responsible for the supply of all internet  services.  [8] 4 the south korean government thinks that japan is dumping steel. south korean firms trade with,  and produce in, other countries. some south korean multinational companies (mncs) claim to  reduce poverty in their host countries. in 2019, south korean firms were affected by a depreciation  in south korea\u2019s foreign exchange rate. some firms also experienced a shortage of workers,  which was influenced by the country\u2019s very low birth rate.  (a) define dumping . [2]  (b) explain two reasons why a country\u2019s foreign exchange rate may depreciate.  [4]  (c) analyse how a mnc could reduce poverty in a host country.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a very low birth rate would be a cause for concern for a government.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/22/ m/j/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 5 nicaragua experienced a 4% decrease in gdp in 2019, although household spending rose.  one nicaraguan product that increased in supply was bananas, which are a merit good. the  nicaraguan government encouraged its banana farmers and its other producers to increase their  output. increases in output can affect a firm\u2019s average costs of production.  (a) define supply . [2]  (b) explain two ways a government could increase the consumption of merit goods.  [4]  (c) analyse how the level and pattern of household spending may change when gdp decreases.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not a firm will benefit from an increase in its output.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/22/ m/j/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/22/ m/j/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/22/ m/j/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge  assessment  international education copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. cambridge assessment international education is part of cambridge assessment. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the university of cambridge  local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        },
        "0455_s22_qp_23.pdf": {
            "1": " [turn overdc (nf) 303849/2 \u00a9 ucles 2022this document has 8 pages. any blank pages are indicated. *8981980409*economics  0455/23 paper 2 structured questions  may/june  2022  2 hours 15 minutes you must answer on the enclosed answer booklet. you will need:  answer booklet (enclosed) instructions  \u25cf answer four questions in total: section a: answer question 1. section b: answer three  questions.  \u25cf follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. if you need additional answer paper,  ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.  \u25cf you may use a calculator. information  \u25cf the total mark for this paper is 90.  \u25cf the number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [  ].cambridge igcse\u2122",
            "2": "2 0455/23/ m/j/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 section a read the source material carefully before answering question 1. source material: the esports industry and malta esports fact file 2019 global total revenue $1 billion revenue from europe $300 million total number of viewers globally 454 million growth of viewers compared to 2018 15% esports is now recognised as a sports competition, just like playing other competitive sports such as  football and basketball. in esports, participants compete through video games either as an individual or  as part of a team. esports also attracts large audiences who watch these online competitions. esports  is growing rapidly, both in terms of revenue generated and in the number of viewers. demand has  increased because of increases in incomes and decreases in the price of the technology needed to  play or watch esports. a change in social attitudes has also increased female participation in esports. the fast growth in this industry has attracted both private and public sector investment. private sector  firms sponsor various esports teams and also advertise their products during esports competitions.  public sector investment has come from the governments of china, denmark, malaysia and malta,  mainly in development and training programmes for young esports participants. the government of  malta, a small island country, hopes to make malta a main centre for esports in europe, to attract  visitors for esports events. the aim is for the esports industry to contribute 1% to malta\u2019s gdp, provide  3000 more jobs and improve the current account of its balance of payments. malta\u2019s service sector has always been important and contributes approximately 90% of its gdp. malta  is an attractive tourist destination due to its mild weather. the island is used as a location for many  movies and tv series, which also attracts visitors who want to see the filming locations. however, to  ensure growth is sustainable, the government sees the importance of economic diversification and  does not want the economy to overspecialise. to achieve this, the labour force has to be adaptable and the government has to invest in education and  training. the government provides new scholarship schemes, organises work placements and brings  in professionals from other countries to help train maltese students. however, there are concerns that  these measures may be too expensive and take too long to have a significant impact on the economy. female participation in the labour force is also encouraged. table 1.1 shows the proportion of women  in the labour force (%) and gdp per head ($) of selected countries in 2019. table 1.1 female labour force participation rate and gdp per head  of selected countries 2019 country female labour force participation rate (%)gdp per head ($) bangladesh 36   2 070 france 50  42 640 luxembourg 53 116 730 malta 43  32 020 saudi arabia 23  22 530 yemen 6     710",
            "3": "3 0455/23/ m/j/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 [turn over answer all parts of question 1. refer to the source material in your answers. 1 (a) calculate europe\u2019s percentage contribution to the global total esports revenue in 2019.  [1]  (b) identify two conditions of demand for esports.  [2]  (c) explain how a change in social attitudes would lead to greater participation by women in the  labour force.  [2]  (d) explain two differences between private sector investment and public sector investment.  [4]  (e) analyse how the development of esports in malta can help the government achieve its  macroeconomic aims.  [4]  (f) analyse the relationship between gdp per head and the proportion of females in the labour  force.  [5]  (g) discuss whether or not specialisation at a national level is harmful to an economy.  [6]  (h) discuss whether or not government investment in education and training will help the maltese  economy.  [6]",
            "4": "4 0455/23/ m/j/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 section b answer any three questions. each question is introduced by stimulus material. in your answer you may refer to this material and/or  to other examples that you have studied. 2 voralberg, a region in austria, has the highest income and best healthcare of any region in austria.  it benefits from its short distance to germany and switzerland, and from the free trade between  these countries. however, voralberg hosts only a small number of foreign multinational companies  (mncs) and its inflation is higher than most areas in europe.  (a) define free trade . [2]  (b) explain two possible causes of better healthcare.  [4]  (c) analyse why few mncs may choose to locate in a particular region.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not inflation is always a disadvantage to an economy.  [8] 3 leading jewellery firms in qatar and ukraine have asked their governments to remove trade  protection between them to increase trade in jewellery. the jewellery firms of qatar and ukraine  produce unique products which are improving in quality. they believe that increased trade between  the two countries will enable them to exploit internal economies of scale in jewellery production.  (a) identify two internal economies of scale.  [2]  (b) explain two methods of protection in international trade.  [4]  (c) analyse, using a demand and supply diagram, the effects of higher quality products on the  market for jewellery.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not protection in international trade benefits an economy.  [8] 4 in 1982, nauru had the world\u2019s highest gdp per head. it had a large primary sector and exported  phosphate, a natural fertiliser. however, this natural resource did not last long. nauru is now facing  market failure due to pollution and unhealthy food imports. despite having more imports of goods  than exports of goods, it still records a surplus on the current account of its balance of payments.  (a) define gdp per head . [2]  (b) explain how a country with more imports of goods than exports of goods can still record a  surplus on the current account of its balance of payments.  [4]  (c) analyse the causes of market failure.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not having a large primary sector is a disadvantage to an economy.  [8]",
            "5": "5 0455/23/ m/j/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 5 more government spending creates opportunity costs. this was one of the problems that the  president of france faced in 2017. since he came to power, he has focused on using supply-side  policy measures, rather than monetary policy. trade union membership has reduced in france in  recent years.  (a) define monetary policy . [2]  (b) explain, using an example, the influence of opportunity cost on government decision-making.  [4]  (c) analyse the reasons why trade union membership has reduced in some countries.  [6]  (d) discuss whether or not supply-side policy measures always promote economic growth.  [8]",
            "6": "6 0455/23/ m/j/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 blank page",
            "7": "7 0455/23/ m/j/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 blank page",
            "8": "8 0455/23/ m/j/22 \u00a9 ucles 2022 permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. every  reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (ucles) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the  publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. to avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the cambridge  assessment  international education copyright acknowledgements booklet. this is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download  at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. cambridge assessment international education is part of cambridge assessment. cambridge assessment is the brand name of the university of cambridge  local examinations syndicate (ucles), which is a department of the university of cambridge.blank page"
        }
    },
    "Specimen Papers": {}
}